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MCP BKK 81413 Intermodal Transport V1
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OPPORTUNITIES OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
FROM THE EUROPEAN POINT OF VIEW
- Potentials- logistics strengths
- products- light cargo services
- transport modes
Mag. Martin Posset | ProF. Manfred GronaltUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
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BKK, 81413
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
(A) Intermodal Freight Transport Components Loading Units Transport Chain
(B) Land Bridge Market Industries Routes
(C) European Transport Policy 2050 Facts TEN-T White book transport 2050
(D) High Speed Rail Potentials Comparison of Transport Modes: Strengths, Products Lessons learned
Agenda
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
Intermodal Transport & High Speed Rail
HOW DOES IT LOOK LIKE? WHICH POSSIBILITIES DO WE HAVE? WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES? WHAT DO WE HAVE TO CONSIDER?
container yard/carrier
consignor
terminal
consignee
vessel/open seaM2
truck / road
train / rail
light grey objects are not considered in detail
M3
M4
P1P2
E1
E2
port, airport
vessel/open sea
aircraft/airway
P3
shunting
terminal
shunting
shunting shunting
M1
M3
TN TN
HOW DO OTHER TRANSPORT NETWORKS LOOK LIKE?
HOW ARE THEY ORGANIZED? WHAT ARE THEIR TARGETS?
WHERE DO WE GO? WHICH MARKETS AND INDUSTRIES
ARE OF INTEREST? WHO ARE THE ACTORS?
WHAT DOES IT NEED? HOW DOES IT LOOK LIKE? HOW IS IT ORGANIZED?
(B) Land Bridge
(D) High Speed Rail
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
Intermodal Freight Transport
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transportcomponents 1/2
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Transhipment of loading unitsTranshipment of goods
Monomodal transport Multimodal transport
Cooperation Competition Land-sea interface
A B
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transportcomponents 2/2
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INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
ISO Container 20 and 40 standard Container
High Cube Container (HC) voluminous cargo 40 to 45 and higher than ISO Container
Flat Container heavy cargo
Open Top (canvas) Overheight cargo
Hard Top (steel top)
Reefer Container Temperature controlled cargo Freezing or heating
Tank Container Food or chemicals
http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/de/fleet/overview_containers.html
(A) Intermodal Freight Transportloading units: container 1/2
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/de/fleet/overview_containers.html
(A) Intermodal Freight Transportloading units: container 2/2
http://www.palettenhexer.de/produkte.htm
flat wagon
chassis
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transportloading units: swap body
http://www.swap-body.com
flat wagon
http://www.palettenhexer.de/produkte.htmTruck with pneumatic shock absorption
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transportloading units: semi trailer
pocket wagon
http://www.palettenhexer.de/produkte.htm
OR rolling road: complete truck on rail
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transportloading units: handling
http://www.viacombi.eu
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INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain 1/2
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain 2/2
container yard/carrier
placing the load unit
consignor
terminal
consignee
vessel/open sea
stripping
M2
truck / road
train / rail
light grey objects are not considered in detail
truck/roadtrain/railinland ship/inland waterway
aircraft/air network
M3
M4
P1P2
1
E1
E2
P1P2
E1E2M2
M3
M4
prehaulage truck/road endhaulage truck/roadprehaulage train/rail mainhaulage train/rail endhaulage train/rail
mainhaulage inland ship/inland waterway
mainhaulage inland aircraft/air network
port, airport
vessel/open sea
23
4
AP M EP
TN
Transhipment Node i) road/railii) road,rail/inland waterwayiii) road, rail/airwayiv) road, rail, inland waterway/open sea
IT
IT
IT
EITMIT IT
BCD
Door-to-Terminal | Port-to-Terminal | Door-to-AirportPort-to-Door | Door-to-Door | Door-to-PortTerminal-to-Terminal | Terminal-to-Port | Airport-to-AirportTerminal-to-Door | Terminal-to-Port | Terminal-to-Airport | Airport-to-Door
aircraft/airway
P3
shunting
terminal
shunting
Stuffing P: prehaulage M: mainhaulage E: endhaulageT: transhipment T: transhipment
M1 mainhaulage rolling road
shunting shunting
M1
M3 mainhaulage floating road
M3
TN TN
loading unit
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain: train operation
Train length 450 m | 650 m | 1,000 mTrain weight 1,140 t | 1,650 t | 2,500 t
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain: wagon load
UIC, FIATA Conference on Intercontinental corrdiors, new opportunities for rail freight, Sassan Rabet, Xrail CEO (2013): Xrail The European Wagonload Alliance, Vienna 18-19 April 2013.
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain: segments (rail)
UIC, FIATA Conference on Intercontinental corrdiors, new opportunities for rail freight, Sassan Rabet, Xrail CEO (2013): Xrail The European Wagonload Alliance, Vienna 18-19 April 2013.
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(A) Intermodal Freight Transporttransport chain: actors
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
Land Bridge
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: world seaborne trade
8 billion tons1.24 billion tons
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade (26.07.2012)http://www.hafen-hamburg.de/content/weltcontainerumschlag (26.07.2012)W.C., Hildebrand (2008): Management von Transportnetzwerken im containerisierten Seehafenhinterlandverkehr: Ein Gestaltungsmodell zur Effizienzsteigerung von Transportprozessen in der Verkehrslogik, Technische Uni Berlin.
(B) Land Bridgemarket: container transhipments
580,000,000 transhipments
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
28 Mio. TEU = 17,000,000 Container
http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade (26.07.2012)Seidelmann (2010): 40 Jahre Kombinierter Verkehr Strae-Schiene in Europa. UIRR, Brssel.Container Kompendium: http://www.buss-capital.de/fileadmin/user_upload/buss-capital/Vertriebsmaterial/Buss_Capital_Containerkompendium_web.pdf
(B) Land Bridgemarket: world container fleet
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: cargo structure changes
Institut fr Mobilittsforschung: Zukunft der Mobilitt 2005, p. 65
(1) Metal ore, Oil, Mineral fuels, Solid fuels, Agriculture and forestry(2) Transport equipment, Machinery, semi finished products, Food
2000Bulk Cargo (1)General Cargo (2)Other
2025Bulk Cargo (1)General Cargo (2)Other
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
http://www.hanseatic-lloyd.de/corporate/news/archiv/onBoard/artOnBoard3211-01.htmlUNCTAD (2008) Review of Maritime Transport. Geneva: United Nations: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2008_en.pdf
density of transports low (blue) high (red).
Stra
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Suez ca
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Strait of Gibraltar
Bab al-
Madab
Pana
ma c
anal
Cape o
f good
hope
Kap Hoorn
4,9
15,4
2,7
4,4
10
17,7
55.1 Mio
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
Mio TEU
Political situation
weatherpiracy
(B) Land Bridgemarket: main seaborne routes
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
50,000,000 tons = 6,000,000 TEU of trade flow between Asia and Europe in containers (2010)
Share of rail Asia 1.4% Russia 39% Ukraine 63%
Imbalance of flows: 55 % westbound 45 % eastbound
(B) Land Bridgemarket: volumes from Europe To the east
Share of volume
Total cargo flow from Europe to the east
Eurostat: Hungrail, Masoczi Laslo, 2013
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: target regions
Austria Hungary
Czech Rep.Slovakia
Italy
Switzerland
Slovenia
GermanyFrance
Endpoint Vienna: priority countries for land bridge cargoby region
Region East: Austria, Czech Republik, Slovakia, Hungary
Region West: Southern Germany, Eastern France, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Slovenia
The comparative advantage of rail over sea is generally higher when origin and/or destination country/region is rather far away from seaports.
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: import/export shares by region
RU import (%) RU export (%)EU 25 45.9 EU 25 58.9Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 12.9 CIS (RU excl.) 10.2CIS (RU excl.) 11.4 CHINA 4.9CHINA 9.8 TR 5.4AM north 5.6 EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 4.2AM south 4.4 Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 3.6TR 2.0 RO & BG 3.1EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 1.8 Others 6.4Others 6.3 7.6
Ukraine import (%) Ukraine export (%)EU 25 42.6 EU 25 25.6Russia 28.4 Russia 21.3CIS (RU excl.) 8.9 TR 6.9China 7.1 Mid East 8.1Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 4.4 CIS (RU excl.) 7.9TR 2.1 Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 4.2AM north 1.4 AM north 4.1EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 0.8 EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 1.2AM south 0.7 RO & BG 3.2Others 3.4 Others 17.5
Kazakhstan impport (%) Kazakhstan expport (%)Russia 36.8 EU 25 45.4EU 25 25.7 Russia 11.6China 19.5 China 10.9CIS (RU excl.) 6.5 RO & BG 5.6AM north 3.1 Mid East 4.4TR 2.8 CIS (RU excl.) 4.1Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 1.8 AM north 3.0Mid East 0.4 TR 2.9EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 0.3 Asian Pacific (CN excl.) 1.9AM south 0.3 EFTA (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) 0.6Others 2.8 Others 12.6
RUSSIA
UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN
Kummer, Sebastian and Stranner, Gudrun and Nagl, Philipp (2008) Auswirkungen einer Breitspur-Anbindung des Twin-City Raumes Wien/Bratislava aus Sicht von Verkehrswirtschaft und Logistik. Studie. Institut fr Transportwirtschaft und Logistik, WU Wien. This version is available at: http://epub.wu.ac.at/3200/Available in ePubWU: September 2011
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: facts
Austria Hungary
Czech Rep.Slovakia
Italy
Switzerland
Slovenia
Germany
France
Eastbound product groups
Asia = longer trip: higher costs are compensatedwhen faster transport brings extra advantage:
automotive, electronics, semi finished products, chemicals, metal ores
Russia = shorter trip: prefered for oversized or heavyproducts when road transport is too complicated orexpensive:
furniture, food, machinery, heavy and oversize products
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeindustries: relevant industries by region
Italy
Switzerland
Slovenia
GermanyFrance
Austria Hungary
Czech Rep.SlovakiaRegion West Region East
Eurostat: Hungrail, Masoczi Laslo, 2013
Food
Crude materials
Chemicals
Manufactured goods
Machinery and transportequipment
Mineral fuels
Food
Crudematerials
Chemicals
Manufacturedgoods
Machinery and transport equipment
trends show higher future shares of the industries where rail transport is more competitive(like machinery and transport equipment) that will result in extra growth in rail transport
volumes
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeindustries: import product groups
SITC Bezeichnung to Mio USD893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics 411.921 1.905851 Footwear 265.727 3.713845 Articles of apparel, of textile fabrics, whether or not knitted or crocheted, n.e.s. 258.763 6.148056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 244.997 309781 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicle 242.039 3.227658 Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. 239.669 1.520842 Women's or girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, trousers, shorts, shirts, dresses and skirts, underwear, nightwear 140.424 4.156785 Motor cycles (including mopeds) and cycles, motorized and non-motirized; invalid carriages 123.811 1.703059 Fruit juices (including grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added spirit, whether 91.533 93844 Women's or girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, trousers, shorts, shirts, dresses and skirts, underwear, nightwear 83.785 1.688843 Men's or boys' coats, capes, jackets, suits, blazers, trousers, shorts, shirts, underwear, nightwear and similar a 35.843 602784 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782 and 783 3.094 1.825542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) 2.547 487625 Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds 541 864
I M P O R T
SITC Standard International Trade Classification Westbound
FROM CIS, China, Japan TO Austria, Germnay, Italy
Austria
Italy
Germany
data without oil, gas and coal
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeindustries: export product groups
Container Kompendium: http://www.buss-capital.de/fileadmin/user_upload/buss-capital/Vertriebsmaterial/Buss_Capital_Containerkompendium_web.pdfSeidelmann (2010): 40 Jahre Kombinierter Verkehr Strae-Schiene in Europa. UIRR, Brssel.
E X P O R T
SITC Bezeichnung to Mio USD781 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than m 863.272 19.867112 Alcoholic beverages 307.990 694782 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special-purpose motor vehicles 192.449 1.580056 Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 134.692 153893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics 92.818 1.041553 Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (excluding soaps) 81.242 1.080542 Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) 68.578 5.760783 Road motor vehicles, n.e.s. 65.199 358059 Fruit juices (including grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added sp 52.441 109551 Essential oils, perfume and flavour materials 23.341 261784 Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782 and 783 3.445 7.491541 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of group 542 1.741 1.825713 Internal combustion piston engines and parts thereof, n.e.s. 35 2.631
SITC Standard International Trade Classification Westbound
FROM Austria, Germnay, Italy TO CIS, China, Japan
Austria
Italy
Germany
data without oil, gas and coal
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: Thailand export partners
http://wallfive.com/dark-world-map.html
China23%
Japan19%US
18%
Hong Kong13%
Malaysia10%
Singapore9%
Indonesia8%
export land bridge: (%)China 23Hongkong 13Malaysia 10Singapure 9Total 55
CIA World Factbook(2011) Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgemarket: Thailand import partners
http://wallfive.com/dark-world-map.html
Japan35%
China25%
UAE12%US11%
Malaysia10%
South Korea7%
import land bridge: (%)China 25Malaysia 10Total 35 CIA World Factbook(2011) Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeindustries: products made in Thailand
tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largesttin producer
Industries
rice, cassava (manioc), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans
Agricultureproducts
CIA World Factbook(2011) Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeindustries: potential product flows
textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, jewelry, automobiles, computers and electrical appliances
Export commodities
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels
Import commodities
fruits and vegetable delivered by truck have a spoilage rate of 17-35%
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(B) Land Bridgeroutes: main rail routes
TH
Vienna
|----|BG-NG
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|----|BG-NG
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INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
11,000km overland vs. 20,000km seaway18 20 days vs. 30 40 days1 climate zone vs. 3 climate zonesinland port to inland portrailway siding to railway siding vs. open sea port to open sea portone transport operator vs. road | rail | short sea | open sea
1,435mm track gauge
1,676mm track gauge
1,520mm track gauge
(B) Land Bridgeroutes: comparison
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
European Transport Policy
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyFacts
In the EU the transport industry directly employs around 10 million people and accounts for about 5% of GDP.
EU transport still depends on oil and oil products for 96% of its energy needs
In 2010, the oil import bill was around 210 billion for the EU.
If we do not address this oil dependence, peoples ability to travel and our economic security could be severely impacted with dire consequences on inflation, trade balance and the overall competitiveness of the EU economy.
34,500 people were killed on EU roads in 2009
EC: white book 2011
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyFacts
In order to establish a single, multimodal network that integrates land, sea and air transport networks throughout the Union, the European policymakers decided to establish the trans-European transport
network, allowing goods and people to circulate quickly and easily between Member States and assuring international connections.
to establish international market-oriented Rail Freight Corridors to meet threechallenges:
strengthening co-operation between Infrastructure Managers on key aspectssuch as allocation of path, deployment of interoperable systems and infrastructure development;
striking the right balance between freight and passenger traffic along theRail Freight Corridors, giving adequate capacity and priority for freight in line withmarket needs and ensuring that common punctuality targets for freight trains aremet;
promoting intermodality between rail and other transport modes byintegrating terminals into the corridor management and development.
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/infrastructures/rail_freight_oriented_network_en.htm
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyTEN-T: Network
The EU 27 comprises 5,000,000 km of paved roads, out of which 65,100 km are motorways, 212,800 km of rail lines, out of which 110,458 km electrified, and 42,709 km of navigable inland waterways. The total investment on transport infrastructure during the period 2000-
2006 was 859 billion.
The cost of EU infrastructure development to match the demand fortransport has been estimated at over 1.5 trillion for 2010-2030.
The completion of the TEN-T network requires about 550 billion until 2020 out of which some 215 billion can be referred to the removal of the main bottlenecks.
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/infrastructures/rail_freight_oriented_network_en.htm
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
TEN T Priority Projects
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyPAN European corridors
Nr. Korridorverlauf Lnge (km)Helsinki (Finnland) Tallinn (Estland) Riga (Lettland) Kaunas (Litauen) Klaipda (Litauen) mit dem Ast A Riga Kaliningrad (Russland) Danzig (Polen)
IIBerlin (Deutschland) Posen (Polen) Warschau (Polen) Brest (Weirussland) Minsk (Weirussland) Smolensk (Russland) Moskau (Russland) Nischni Nowgorod (Russland)
1.830
Dresden (Deutschland) Mikowice (Polen) Breslau (Polen) Kattowitz (Polen) Krakau (Polen) mit dem Ast A Berlin MikowiceDresden (Deutschland) Prag (Tschechien) Brnn (Tschechien) Eisenbahn: Wien (sterreich) resp. Strae: Bratislava (Slowakei) Gyr (Ungarn) Budapest (Ungarn) Arad (Rumnien) Craiova (Rumnien) Sofia (Bulgarien) Plowdiw (Bulgarien) Swilengrad (Bulgarien) Edirne (Trkei) Istanbul mit den sten A Nrnberg (Deutschland) Prag, B Arad Bukarest (Rumnien) Constana (Rumnien), C Sofia Thessaloniki (Griechenland)Venedig (Italien) Triest (Italien) Koper (Slowenien) Ljubljana (Slowenien) Maribor (Slowenien) Budapest (Ungarn) Uschhorod (Ukraine) Lemberg (Ukraine) Kiew (Ukraine)(Kroatien) Zagreb (Kroatien) Becsehely (Ungarn) und C Ploe (Kroatien) Sarajevo (Bosnien und Herzegowina) Osijek (Kroatien) BudapestDanzig (Polen) Grudzidz (Polen) Toru (Polen) Zbrzydowice (Polen) ilina (Slowakei)Zbrzydowice Ostrava (Tschechien)Deutschland sterreich Bratislava (Slowakei) Gyr (Ungarn) Kroatien Serbien Russe (Bulgarien) Lom (Bulgarien) Constana (Rumnien)mit dem Ast A Bukarest (Rumnien) Moldawien UkraineDurrs (Albanien) Tirana (Albanien) Skopje (Mazedonien) Bitola (Mazedonien) Sofia (Bulgarien) Dimitrowgrad (Bulgarien) Burgas (Bulgarien)mit den sten A Durrs Bari (Italien) - Brindisi, B Durrs Tirana - Vlora, C Sofia - Plewen - Gorna Orjahowiza, D Burgas - Swilengrad - Ormenion (Griechenland), E Burgas -Warna (Bulgarien)Helsinki (Finnland) Wyborg (Russland) Sankt Petersburg (Russland) Pskow (Russland) Kiew (Ukraine) Ljubasewka (Ukraine) Chiinu (Moldawien) Bukarest (Rumnien) Russe - Weliko Tarnowo - Kasanlak - Stara Sagora - Dimitrowgrad (Bulgarien) - Chaskowo - Charmanli - Swilengrad - mit den sten A St. Petersburg Moskau (Russland) KiewB Ljubasewka Odessa (Ukraine), C Klaipda (Litauen) Kaunas (Litauen) Vilnius (Litauen) Minsk (WeD Kaliningrad (Russland) Kaunas, E Dimitrowgrad Swilengrad - Ormenion (Griechenland) AlexandroupSalzburg (sterreich) Villach (sterreich) Ljubljana (Slowenien) Zagreb (Kroatien) Belgrad (Serbien) Ni (Serbien) Skopje (Mazedonien) Veles (Mazedonien) Thessaloniki (Griechenland)mit den sten A Graz (sterreich) Maribor (Slowenien) Zagreb, B Budapest (Ungarn) Novi Sad C Ni Sofia (Bulgarien) (Korr. IV Istanbul) und D Veles (Mazedonien) Bitola (Mazedonien) Florina
X
2.360
IX
6.500
VII
VIII
1.300
VI 1.800
V
1.600
IV
3.258
III 1.640
I 550
In addition to the various TENs, there are ten Pan-European corridors, which are paths between major urban centresand ports, mainly in Eastern Europe, that have been identified as requiring major investment.
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyTEN-T: Austrian railway network
N
Length 6,300 km | 10,000 km (transport way connection | track kilometers)Electrified 3,327 km | 5,000 km (transport way connection | track kilometers)Track gauge 1,435 mmInfrastrucutre 296 Tunnels | 1,131 Stations | 4,000 Crossings | 6,700 Bridges |
17 TerminalsFleet 1,069 locos | 30,000 cargo wagons | 2,806 passengers wagon
Trains planned 14,800 p.a. | ad-hoc 17,000 p.a.Rides 7,000 p.d. | 2,150,000 p.a. (2/3 passengers and 1/3 cago)
Speed passengers max. 230 km/h and 120 km/h cargoOthers 9 railway companies, 10 infrastructure operators
Volume passengers 224 m. (190 m. suburban | 34 m. intercity)cargo 113 m. tons | 25,6 b. tkm
Punctuality 96.5%
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyTEN-T: ERA European Railway Agency
The European Railway Agency (ERA) based in Lille/Valenciennes, France, helps to build an integrated European railway area by reinforcing rail safety and promoting interoperability. Set up in 2006, ERA develops
common technical specifications and common approaches to safety, working closely with stakeholders from the rail sector as well as with
national authorities, the EU institutions and other interested parties. Featuring a dedicated Safety Unit, ERA also monitors and reports on
rail safety in the EU.
The European Railway Agency plays a central role in promoting interoperability and harmonising technical standards, strengthening cooperation between EU Member States and rail
stakeholders.
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/interoperability/index_en.htm
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport PolicyTEN-T: ERTMS European Rail Traffic Management System
ERTMS is a major industrial project being implementedby Europe, a project which will serve to make railtransport safer and more competitive.
One component of ERTMS, the European Train Control System (ETCS), guarantees a common standard that enables trains to cross national borders and enhances safety.
aims to ease the circulation of high-speed trains through thevarious train networks of the European Union.
The ETCS (European Train Control System). A train-based computer, the Eurocab, compares the speed of the train as transmitted from the track with the maximum permitted speed and slows down the train automatically if the latter is exceeded.
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/interoperability/ertms/
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(C) European Transport Policywhite book transport 2050
the goal of optimising the performance of multimodal logistic chains, including by making greater use of more energy-efficient modes to limitclimate change below 2C:
By 2030, the goal for transport will be to reduce GHG emissions to around 20% below their 2008 level
A reduction of at least 60% of GHGs by 2050 with respect to 1990 is requiredfrom the transport sector
30% of road freight over 300 km should shift to other modes such as rail orwaterborne transport by 2030, and more than 50% by 2050
By 2050, complete a European high-speed rail network. Triple the length of theexisting high-speed rail network by 2030 and maintain a dense railway network in all Member States. By 2050 the majority of medium-distance passenger transportshould go by rail.
Halve the use of conventionally-fuelled cars in urban transport by 2030; phasethem out in cities by 2050; achieve essentially CO2-free city logistics in majorurban centres by 2030
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
High Speed Rail
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: interior
http://inhabitat.com/hassell-unveils-high-speed-rail-vehicle-inspired-by-1960s-muscle-car/
http://www.apetogentleman.com/products/friday-five-royal-warrant-shaving-concorde-train-back-shaver-v2-tree-hotel-and-old-is-gold-spice/
http://www.train-photos.com/picture/number14439.asphttp://www.hochgeschwindigkeitszuege.com/oesterreich/railjet-foto-galerie.php
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ICE2_Innen.JPG
http://de.bombardier.com
http://www.oebb.at
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: train design
http://de.bombardier.com
http://www.oebb.at
http://inhabitat.com/hassell-unveils-high-speed-rail-vehicle-inspired-by-1960s-muscle-car/
http://forcechange.com/1166/new-very-high-speed-train-goes-220-mph-and-has-no-centralized-engine/
http://www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10467/740_read-916/#gallery/1829
AGV Alstomrailjet
twindexx
DLR NGT
Grna
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: intermodal train design
http://www.bahnbilder.de/name/einzelbild/number/361302/kategorie/deutschland~e-loks~br-182-private.htmlhttp://karow900.startbilder.de/name/einzelbild/number/125635/kategorie/Privatunternehmen~ITL+Eisenbahn+GmbH~Diverse+Loks.htmlhttp://bahnbilder.warumdenn.net/14124.htmhttp://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/chronik/Zwei-Waggons-in-Villach-entgleist/12550192http://www.bahnbilder.de/bild/schweiz~bls-bern-loetschberg-simplon-bahn~lotschberg-sudrampe-hohenweg/579431/rollende-landstrasse-auf-dem-bietschtal-viadukt-aufnahme.html
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: factors affecting modal choice
Greening of the supply chainFluctuating fuel price
Railroad operational strategiesImproved energy efficiency
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: modal split
Modal split of freight transport % in total inland freight tonne-kmThis indicator is defined as the percentage share of each mode of transport in total inland transport expressed in tonne-kilometres (tkm).
Eurostat 2013: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsdtr220&language=en
Road transport is based on all movements of vehicles registered in the reporting country. Rail and Inland waterways transport is generally based on movements on national territory, regardless of the nationality of the vehicle or vessel,
but there are some variations in definitions from country to country.
Railways18,8%
Roads74,8%
Inland waterways6,4%Railways
18,4%
Roads75,4%
Inland waterways6,2%
Railways2,3%
Roads83,7%
Waterways14,0%
2001 2011 2012
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: connecting Thailand
2018 phase 1: 12,988,798 people 4,707,873 people excl. BKK
2022 phase 2: 16,001,952 people 7,721,027 people excl. BKK
Rising middle class and commuters as potential customers
Connecting Laos, Malaysia and Singapore:
23,695,124 people 15,414,199 people excl. BKK
Connecting Thailand to Asia and Europe
2
Kuala LumpurSingapore
1
1
1
1
32
Beijing
1
3
3Vientiane
2
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: cargo & passengers on one network
DAYTIME passengers
NIGHTTIME cargo
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railpotentials: cargo & passengers on one network
standard passenger and cargo trainequipment
terminals for cargo handling lower speed (120 to 160 km/h) more capacity (economies of scale) Safer processes because of
decoupling cargo and passengerhandling
shorter travelling time for passengertrains
smoothed network utilization (dayand night)
high speed light cargo can also goby passenger trains
complete transport system(intermodal transport)
special rolling stock special loading units or paletts (e.g.
Euro Palett) special equipment for loading and
unloading of cargo (e.g. Forklift) special platforms and storage
facilities for non-synchronizeddelivery and picking (passengersand cargo)
schedule considering loading and unloading of cargo at stations
longer travelling time for passengersdue to loading and unloading
logistics concept for first and last mile
high speed light cargo (e.g. newspapers, electronic parts)
Dedicated passenger and cargo trainsMixed passenger and cargo trains
http://de.bombardier.com
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes: volume
Comics (2013): ECT European Gateway Services
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes: routes
11.000 km overland vs. 20.000 km seaway18 20 days vs. 30 40 days1 climate zone vs. 3 climate zonesinland port to inland portrailway siding to railway siding vs. open sea port to open sea portone transport operator vs. road | rail | short sea | open sea
Hungrail, Masoczi Laslo, 2013
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes: capital lockup
value of goods per container: 70,000 EUROinterest per year: 3,500 EUROinterest per day: 9.6 EURO
18 days: 172 EURO
40 days: 384 EURO
EURO
TRAVEL TIME
18 days 40 days
172 EURO
384 EURO
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes
SPEED Shunting and
priority of passengers
FLEXIBILITY Fixed schedulesDOOR-to-DOOR Network densityNETWORK ACCESS Stations and
terminalsCOST High infrastructure
costECONOMIC
BARRIER Distance dependent
PROMPTNESS Block- and
DirecttrainsPREDICTABILITY SchedulesSAFETY and
SECURITY High standards for
dangerous goodsFREQUENCY No ban on drivingPRIZE Economies of scaleENVIRONMENT >= 30% less GHG
road >= 70% less GHG air
CONSPROS
RAIL
Kille, C., Schmidt, N. (2008): Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Gterverkehrs, Studie zum Vergleich der Verkehrstrger im Rahmen des Logistikprozesses in Deutschland, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
SMALL ENTERPRISESTRUCTURE of
TRANSPORTINDUSTRY communication and
integration into supplychains is difficult
SUB-CONTRATOR STRUCTURE Complex management
structureSAFETY and SECURITY Theft, accidents and
fatalitiesEXTERNAL COSTS 5 times higher than
IWW (1,000 tkm) 2 times higher than rail
(1,000 tkm)
SPEED 50 to 80 km/h 36 avg.DOOR-to-DOOR Existing roadnetworkCONNECTIVITY High networkdensityFLEXIBILITY Different trucksINFRASTRUCTURE COST Road transportdoes not cover itscorresponding costs therefore it ischeap compared to other transportmodes
CONSPROS
ROAD
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes
SPEED Shunting and
priority of passengers
FLEXIBILITY Fixed schedulesDOOR-to-DOOR Network densityNETWORK ACCESS Stations and
terminalsCOST High infrastructure
costECONOMIC
BARRIER Distance dependent
PROMPTNESS Block- and
DirecttrainsPREDICTABILITY SchedulesSAFETY and
SECURITY High standards for
dangerous goodsFREQUENCY No ban on drivingPRIZE Economies of scaleENVIRONMENT >= 30% less GHG
road >= 70% less GHG air
CONSPROS
RAIL
Kille, C., Schmidt, N. (2008): Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Gterverkehrs, Studie zum Vergleich der Verkehrstrger im Rahmen des Logistikprozesses in Deutschland, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
NETWORK & DOOR-to-DOOR Special loading
units, fixed hubsHEAVY and
VOLUMINOUS CARGO
Too expensive and space restrictions
PRIZE 1 ton is up 1,400
Euro
SPEED Very highPUNCTUALITY Determined by slotsSAFETY AND
SECURITY Low insurance cost FLEXIBILITY Fast response to
market needsCAPITAL LOCKUP Short transit time
CONSPROS
AIR
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes
SPEED Shunting and
priority of passengers
FLEXIBILITY Fixed schedulesDOOR-to-DOOR Network densityNETWORK ACCESS Stations and
terminalsCOST High infrastructure
costECONOMIC
BARRIER Distance dependent
PROMPTNESS Block- and
DirecttrainsPREDICTABILITY SchedulesSAFETY and
SECURITY High standards for
dangerous goodsFREQUENCY No ban on drivingPRIZE Economies of scaleENVIRONMENT >= 30% less GHG
road >= 70% less GHG air
CONSPROS
RAIL
Kille, C., Schmidt, N. (2008): Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Gterverkehrs, Studie zum Vergleich der Verkehrstrger im Rahmen des Logistikprozesses in Deutschland, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
SPEED 30 to 40 days
deep sea + last mile
INLAND NETWORK
Transhipment isneeded
FREQUENCY Fixed schedules
VOLUME 70 to 95% of global
tradeNETWORK ISO container is
worldwide availableSAFETY AND
SECURITY High due to fixed
relationCOST 1,000 Euro west to
east 2,000 Euro east to
west
CONSPROS
DEEP SEA SHIPPING
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes
SPEED Shunting and
priority of passengers
FLEXIBILITY Fixed schedulesDOOR-to-DOOR Network densityNETWORK ACCESS Stations and
terminalsCOST High infrastructure
costECONOMIC
BARRIER Distance dependent
PROMPTNESS Block- and
DirecttrainsPREDICTABILITY SchedulesSAFETY and
SECURITY High standards for
dangerous goodsFREQUENCY No ban on drivingPRIZE Economies of scaleENVIRONMENT >= 30% less GHG
road >= 70% less GHG air
CONSPROS
RAIL
Kille, C., Schmidt, N. (2008): Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Gterverkehrs, Studie zum Vergleich der Verkehrstrger im Rahmen des Logistikprozesses in Deutschland, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
TRANSIT TIME locks, priority of
passengers, 6 km/hFREQUENCY less departuresINFRASTRUCTURE Bridges and water levelDEPENDENCY ON
WEATHER low and high water, ice
etc.COST Transhipment,
prehaulage and endhaulage
NO DRIVING BAN
possible to goall time
CAPACITY High capacityENERGY low energy
cost per tkmEXTERNAL
COST lowest
external costcompared to other transportmodes
ENVIRONMENT low noise
emissions
CONSPROS
INLAND WATERWAYS IWW
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railcomparison of transport modes
SPEED Shunting and
priority of passengers
FLEXIBILITY Fixed schedulesDOOR-to-DOOR Network densityNETWORK ACCESS Stations and
terminalsCOST High infrastructure
costECONOMIC
BARRIER Distance dependent
PROMPTNESS Block- and
DirecttrainsPREDICTABILITY SchedulesSAFETY and
SECURITY High standards for
dangerous goodsFREQUENCY No ban on drivingPRIZE Economies of scaleENVIRONMENT >= 30% less GHG
road >= 70% less GHG air
CONSPROS
RAIL
Kille, C., Schmidt, N. (2008): Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Gterverkehrs, Studie zum Vergleich der Verkehrstrger im Rahmen des Logistikprozesses in Deutschland, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.
SPEED Requires
transhipment, prehaulage and endhaulage
INLAND NETWORK Transhipment is
neededTRANSPORT
PROCEDURE many processesACTORS Many actors involved
NETWORK & DOOR-to-DOOR
combination of railand road offersdense network
BUNDLING Different flows of
customers and destinations canbe combined
INFRASTRUCTURE long distance rail
and short distance truck
ENVIRONMENT Bundling of flows
and combinationof strong transportmodes
CONSPROS
COMBINED TRANSPORT
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railproducts: rail and high speed rail
Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen Gterverkehr 70
Many actors, small whole salemarket small shipping units
FurniturePaper
Many actors, whole salemarket
ToysOver night transport of newspapers
Publishingand Printing
AutomotiveTimber
Small shipping units
Lead time, temperature control, door-to-door network
Lead time, temperature control, door-to-door network
Lead time, temperature control, door-to-door network
MedicalTechnology
Electronic and Computers
Manufacturing
Metal products
Metal production
Glass
Rubber
Chemicals
Mineral oil
Special handlingMining
Small shipping units, high flexibility
Fishery
Forestry
Small shipping units, door-to-door network, fast response
Textile
Tobacco
Food
High value, low tonnage, smallshipping units, special handling
Leather
Prehaulage for deep seashipping, fast response
Clothing
Agriculture
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railproducts: parcel delivery
http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/kreis-mettmann/wulfrath/wuelfrath-diese-paket-station-ist-rund-um-die-uhr-geoeffnet-1.145457http://www.techstagram.com/2013/05/04/internet-paul-miller/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/78-of-adults-believe-internet-access-a-fundamental-right-50-want-no-regulation/31649http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distribution_differences.jpghttp://www.dpd.lv/en/main/shipping/shipping_in_general/packinghttp://heavypedals.at/
parcel | package delivery high value low weight (max up to 31.5 kg) low to medium volume (10 x 15 cm up to max 200 cm) 24 hour delivery individual shipments BUT great number of orders by region, city etc
regional consolidation by rail local distribution by cargo bike or light truck regional consolidation by rail
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Railstrengths, barriers and solutions
STRENGTHS Working capital saving Short lead time High volume transport Safe transport Reliable and Predictable transit
times Provide new jobs Reduce dependence on oil Environmental friendly Sustainable and reliable product Intermodal transport = door-to-door
transportSOLUTIONS
Civil society integration/governance Safe, reliable door-to-door network and logistics concept
Common information technology and space Dedicated cargo trains
Multimodal infrastructure Coordinated governance
Electronic way bill and custom declaration Coordinated Cross-border schedules, Common train control system, transport
regulations and documents
BARRIERS Commercial effort and market price
(accpetance civil society) Lack of customer commitment Market intelligence Right choice of partners Low level of information transparency
between railway companies Preparation and investment needed Organization of processes Identification of return flows Cross-border Interoperability (train control
system, customs)
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413(D) High Speed Raillessons learned & conclusion
Uniform rolling stock for long distance and regional transport (CH) raises flexibility Next generation of high speed trains will be double stack trains multipurpose use High speed trains max up to 250 km/h else extremely expensive Dedicated Cargo trains with maximum speed of 120km/h to 160km/h raises utilization Dedicated infrastructure (cargo) is extremely expensive
A to B: consider the complete transport system: Hub and spoke system, milkruns raisesconnectivity
Connectivity & Reliability are critical success factors Synchronized Time tabels/schedules shorter transit times Systems and system integration raises interoperability High speed trains requrie automated train control systems visual driving is not possible/safe!
International financing by world bank, WTO, foreign direct investment requires more than high speedrail value added to all people, green/sustainable transport
Coordinated governance to guarantee cross-border interoperability (Laos, Malysia, China etc.) and train operation coordination raises interoperability
Rail = mass transport mode, rising middle class and commuters Railway transport has to be affordable not exclusive - raises number of potential customers Civil society integration during the planning phase (railway infrastructure is expensive people
want to know what happens with their money) - strengthens acceptance
multifunctional infrastructure + multipurpose rolling stock
door-to-door system view + modern control system
sustainable solution = green transport + cross border coordination
value added to all people = affordable + integration
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
Intermodal Transport & High Speed Rail
INDEPENDENCE of fossil fuels SAFE + GREEN transport of people and
cargo
container yard/carrier
consignor
terminal
consignee
vessel/open seaM2
truck / road
train / rail
light grey objects are not considered in detail
M3
M4
P1P2
E1
E2
port, airport
vessel/open sea
aircraft/airway
P3
shunting
terminal
shunting
shunting shunting
M1
M3
TN TN
RELIABLE transit times COMPETITIVE transport system
CONNECTIVE infrastructure NETWORK coverage
INTERMODAL transport INTEROPERABLE system
INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE
BKK | 81413
http://www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10467/740_read-916/#gallery/1829
University of Natural Resources and Lifes Sciences, ViennaFeistmantelstreet 4
1180 ViennaAustria | EU
h2 projekt.beratung KGObere Viaduktgasse 10/7
1030 ViennaAustria | EU
Mag. Martin Posset
phone 0043 676 50 16 506mail [email protected]
[email protected]@h2pro.at