2 Contents

Contents

General notes

Safety notes ......................................................... 3Foreword ............................................................... 6Description of radio control set .............................. 7Operating notes .................................................. 11Decription of transmitter ...................................... 18Description of LCD screen .................................. 20Using the system for the first time ...................... 21Using the 3D rotary control .................................. 28Assigning external switches and control switches 29Fixed-wing model aircraft (receiver socket sequ.) 30Model helicopters (receiver socket sequence) ..... 32Model boats and cars .......................................... 34Nautic channel (model boats and cars) ............... 35

Program description

Setting up a model memory ................................ 36Menu descriptions in detail .......................... from 37

Model memories

Model select ....................................................... 37Copy / Erase ....................................................... 37

Basic transmitter and model settings

Fixed-wing models .............................................. 38Model helicopters ................................................ 41Model boats and cars .......................................... 45Timers ................................................................ 48Control switches ................................................. 49Receiver outputs ................................................. 50Nautic channel .................................................... 51Trainer mode ....................................................... 52

Servo settings ................................................... 54

Transmitter controls

Transmitter control settings (fixed-wing / helic.) ... 56Throttle limit function .......................................... 58Transmitter control settings (model boats / cars) . 60

Phase trim ......................................................... 68

Mixers

Basic mixer functions ......................................... 69Fixed-wing mixers ............................................... 69Helicopter mixers ................................................ 74Setting up the throttle and collective pitch curve . 77Helicopter mixer - auto-rotation ........................... 80General notes on freely programmable mixers .... 82Free mixers ......................................................... 83Swashplate mixers .............................................. 87

Special functions

Fail-Safe settings, PCM 20 ................................. 88Fail-Safe settings, SPCM 20 ............................... 90

Dual Rate / ExpoFixed-wing models .............................................. 62Model helicopters ................................................ 64Model boats / cars .............................................. 64

Programming examples

Fixed-wing models (general) ................................ 92Non-powered fixed-wing models .......................... 94Including an electric power system ..................... 97Operating electric motor and butterfly system ..... 98Operating timers ................................................100Using flight phases ............................................101Servos running in parallel ...................................102Delta / flying wing model aircraft ........................103F3A models .......................................................106Model helicopters ...............................................110Model boats and cars .........................................114

Multi-proportional modules .................................116Expert switched functions ..................................117Combination of NAUTIC Multi-Prop / Expert mo .118NAUTIC accessories ..........................................119

NAUTIC- typical wiring diagram ..........................120

NAUTIC

Appendix

Trainer system ...................................................121Transmitter accessories .....................................122Approved operating frequencies .........................126Approval certificates, conformity ........................127Guarantee certificate .........................................131

The sole purpose of this manual is to provideinformation. It is subject to modification at anytime, and must not be considered as any form ofobligation on the part of the GRAUPNER company.GRAUPNER accepts no responsibility or liability forerrors or inaccuracies which may be found in theinformation section of this manual.

1st edition, Printed in Germany 02/05

Safety notesPlease read carefully!We all want you to have many hours of pleasure inour mutual hobby of modelling, and safety is an im-portant aspect of this. It is absolutely essential thatyou read right through these instructions and takecareful note of all our safety recommendations.If you are a beginner to the world of radio-controlledmodel aircraft, boats and cars, we strongly advisethat you seek out an experienced modeller in yourfield and ask him for help and advice.These instructions must be handed on to the newowner if you ever sell the transmitter.

ApplicationThis radio control system may only be used for thepurpose for which the manufacturer designed it, i.e.for operating radio-controlled models which do notcarry humans. No other type of use is approved orpermissible.

Safety notes

SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENTand …

RADIO-CONTROLLED MODELS ARE NOTPLAYTHINGS

Even small models can cause serious personal in-jury and damage to property if they are handled in-competently.Technical problems in electrical and mechanicalsystems can cause motors to rev up or burst intolife unexpectedly, with the result that parts may flyoff at great speed, causing considerable injury.Short-circuits of all kinds must be avoided at all ti-mes. Short-circuits can easily destroy parts of theradio control system, but even more dangerous isthe acute risk of fire and explosion, depending onthe circumstances and the energy content of thebatteries.

Aircraft and boat propellers, helicopter rotors, opengearboxes and all other rotating parts which are dri-ven by a motor or engine represent a constant inju-ry hazard. Do not touch these items with any objector part of your body. Remember that a propellerspinning at high speed can easily slice off a fin-ger! Ensure that no other object can make contactwith the driven components.

Protect all electronic equipment from dust, dirt,damp, and foreign bodies. Avoid subjecting theequipment to vibration and excessive heat or cold.Radio control equipment should only be used in„normal“ ambient temperatures, i.e. within the range-15°C to +55°C. Avoid subjecting the equipment toshock and pressure.

Check the units at regular intervals for damage tocases and leads. Do not re-use any item which isdamaged or has become wet, even after you havedried it out thoroughly. Use only those componentsand accessories which we expressly recommend.Be sure to use only genuine matching GRAUPNERconnectors of the same design with contacts of thesame material. Use only genuine GRAUPNER plug-in crystals on the appropriate frequency band.When deploying cables note that they must not beunder tension, and should never be bent tightly orkinked, otherwise they may fracture. Avoid sharpedges which could wear through the cableinsulation.Check that all connectors are pushed home firmlybefore using the system. When disconnectingcomponents, pull on the connectors themselves -not on the wires.

It is not permissible to carry out any modificationsto the RC system components. Avoid reverse polari-ty and short-circuits of all kinds, as the equipmentis not protected against such errors.

Installing the receiving system and deployingthe receiver aerialIn a model aircraft the receiver must be packed insoft foam and stowed behind a stout bulkhead, andin a model boat or car should be protected effec-tively from dust and spray.

The receiver must not make contact with the fusela-ge, hull or chassis at any point, otherwise motor vib-ration and landing shocks will be transmitted directlyto it.When installing the receiving system in a model witha glowplug or petrol engine, be sure to install all thecomponents in well protected positions so that noexhaust gas or oil residues can reach the units andget inside them. This applies above all to the ON /OFF switch, which is usually installed in the outerskin of the model.Secure the receiver in such a way that the aerial,servo leads and switch harness are not under anystrain.The receiver aerial is permanently attached to thereceiver. It is about 100 cm long and must not beshortened or extended. The aerial should be routedas far away as possible from electric motors, ser-vos, metal pushrods and high-current cables. How-ever, it is best not to deploy the aerial in an exactlystraight line, but to angle it: e.g. run it straight to thetailplane, then leave the final 10 - 15 cm trailingdown, as this avoids reception „blind spots“ whenthe model is in the air. If this is not possible we re-commend that you lay out part of the aerial wire inan S-shape inside the model, close to the receiver ifpossible.

Safety notes 3

Safety notes

Installing the servosAlways install servos using the vibration-dampinggrommets supplied. The rubber grommets providesome degree of protection from mechanical shocksand severe vibration.

Installing control linkagesThe basic rule is that all linkages should be in-stalled in such a way that the pushrods move accu-rately, smoothly and freely. It is particularly impor-tant that all servo output arms can move to their fullextent without fouling or rubbing on anything, orbeing obstructed mechanically at any point in theirtravel.It is important that you should be able to stopyour motor at any time. With a glow motor this isachieved by adjusting the throttle so that the barrelcloses completely when you move the throttle stickand trim to their end-points.Ensure that no metalparts are able to rub against each other, e.g. whencontrols are operated, when parts rotate, or whenmotor vibration affects the model. Metal-to-metalcontact causes electrical „noise“ which can interferewith the correct working of the receiver.

Always extend the transmitter aerial fully beforeoperating your model.Transmitter field strength is at a minimum in an ima-ginary line extending straight out from the transmit-ter aerial. It is therefore fundamentally misguided to„point“ the transmitter aerial at the model with theidea of obtaining good reception.When several radio control systems are in use onadjacent channels, the pilots should always standtogether in a loose group. Pilots who insist on stan-ding away from the group endanger their own mo-dels as well as those of the other pilots.

Pre-flight checkingIf there are several modellers at the site, check ca-

refully with all of them that you are the only one on„your“ channel before you switch on your owntransmitter.If two modellers switch on transmitterson the same channel, the result is interference toone or both models, and the usual result is at leastone wrecked model.

Before you switch on the receiver, ensure that thethrottle stick is at the stop / idle end-point.

Always switch on the transmitter first, and onlythen the receiver.

Always switch off the receiver first, and onlythen the transmitter.

If you do not keep to this sequence, i.e. if the recei-ver is at any time switched on when „its“ transmitteris switched off, then the receiver is wide open tosignals from other transmitters and any interfe-rence, and may respond. The model could then car-ry out uncontrolled movements, which could easilyresult in personal injury or damage to property. Theservos may run to their end-stops and damage thegearbox, linkage, control surface etc.Please take particular care if your model is fittedwith a mechanical gyro:Before you switch your receiver off, disconnect thepower supply to ensure that the motor cannot runup to high speed accidentally. The gyro can genera-te such a high voltage as it runs down that the re-ceiver picks up apparently valid throttle commands,and the motor could respond by unexpectedly burs-ting into life.

Range checkingBefore every session check that the system worksproperly in every respect, and has adequate range.This means checking that all the control surfacesrespond correctly and in the appropriate direction to

the transmitter commands at a suitable groundrange.Repeat this check with the motor running, while afriend holds the model securely for you.

Operating your model aircraft, helicopter, boator carNever fly directly over spectators or other pilots,and take care at all times not to endanger people oranimals. Keep well clear of high-tension overheadcables. Never operate your model boat close tolocks and full-size vessels. Model cars should ne-ver be run on public streets or motorways, foot-paths, public squares etc.

Checking the transmitter and receiver batteriesIt is essential to stop using the radio control sys-tem and recharge the batteries well before they arecompletely discharged. In the case of the transmit-ter this means - at the very latest - when the mes-sage „Battery must be charged“ appears on thescreen, and you hear an audible warning signal.It is vital to check the state of the receiver batteryat regular intervals. When the battery is almost flatyou may notice the servos running more slowly, butit is by no means safe to keep flying or runningyour model until this happens. Always replace orrecharge the batteries in good time. Keep to the bat-tery manufacturer’s instructions and don’t leave thebatteries on charge for longer than stated. Do notleave batteries on charge unsupervised. Neverattempt to recharge dry cells, as they may explode.Rechargeable batteries should always be rechargedbefore every session. When charging batteries it isimportant to avoid short-circuits. Do this by firstconnecting the charge lead banana plugs to thecharger, taking care to maintain correct polarity.Only then connect the charge lead to the transmit-ter or receiver battery.

4 Safety notes

Disconnect all batteries and remove them from yourmodel if you know you will not be using it in thenear future.

Capacity and operating timesThis rule applies to all forms of electrical powersource: battery capacity is reduced every time youcharge it. At low temperatures capacity is greatlyreduced, i.e. operating times are shorter in coldconditions.Frequent charging, and / or the use of maintenanceprograms, tends to cause a gradual reduction inbattery capacity. We recommend that you check thecapacity of all your rechargeable batteries at leastevery six months, and replace them if their perfor-mance has fallen off significantly.Use only genuine GRAUPNER rechargeable batte-ries!

Suppressing electric motorsAll conventional electric motors produce sparksbetween commutator and brushes to a greater orlesser extent depending on the motor type; thesparking generates serious interference to the radiocontrol system. In electric-powered models everymotor must therefore be effectively suppressed.Suppressor filters effectively eliminate such interfe-rence, and should always be fitted. Please read thenotes and recommendations supplied by the motormanufacturer.Refer to the main GRAUPNER FS catalogue formore information on suppressor filters.

Servo suppressor filter for extension leadsOrder No. 1040Servo suppressor filters are required if you are obli-ged to use long servo extension leads, as they eli-minate the danger of de-tuning the receiver. The fil-ter is connected directly to the receiver input. In

Sicherheitshinweise

Static chargesLightning causes magnetic shock waves which caninterfere with the operation of a radio control trans-mitter even if the thunderstorm actually occurs se-veral kilometres away. For this reason cease flyingoperations immediately when you notice anelectrical storm approaching.

Static charges through the transmitter aerial canbe life-threatening!

Care and maintenanceDon’t use cleaning agents, petrol, water or othersolvents to clean this equipment. If the case, theaerial etc. gets dirty, simply wipe the surfaces cleanwith a soft dry cloth.

Liability exclusion / CompensationAs manufacturers, we at GRAUPNER are not in aposition to influence the way you install, operateand maintain the radio control system components.For this reason we are obliged to refute all liabilityfor loss, damage or costs which are incurred due tothe incompetent or incorrect use and operation ofour products, or which are connected with suchoperation in any way.

Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the obligationof the GRAUPNER company to pay compensationis limited to the invoice value of that quantity ofGRAUPNER products which was immediately anddirectly involved in the event in which the damageoccurred. This does not apply if GRAUPNER isfound to be subject to unlimited liability accordingto binding legal regulation on account of deliberateor gross negligence.

Safey notes 5

very difficult cases a second filter can be used, po-sitioned close to the servo.

Using electronic speed controllersElectronic speed controllers must be chosen to suitthe size of electric motor which they will control.There is always a danger of overloading and possib-ly damaging the speed controller, but you can avoidthis by ensuring that the controller’s current-hand-ling capacity is at least half the motor’s maximumstall current.

Particular care is called for if you are using a „hot“(i.e. upgrade) motor, as any low-turn motor (smallnumber of turns on the winding) can draw many ti-mes its nominal current when stalled, and the highcurrent will wreck the speed controller.

Electrical ignition systemsIgnition systems for internal combustion enginescan also produce interference which has an adverseeffect on the working of the radio control system.Electrical ignition systems should always be power-ed by a separate battery - not the receiver battery.Be sure to use effectively suppressed spark plugsand plug caps, and shielded ignition leads.Keep the receiving system an adequate distanceaway from the ignition system.

Caution:Radio control systems may only be operated on thefrequency bands and spot frequencies approved ineach EU country. You will find information on fre-quencies in the section entitled „Approved operatingfrequencies“. It is prohibited to operate radio controlsystems on any other frequency, and such misusewill be punished by the relevant authorities.

mc-19 - the latest generation of radio control technology

During the development phase of the mc-19 we re-tained and further refined the overall programmingphilosophy of the mc-24. This system was introdu-ced in 1997 and is renowned throughout the world;many thousands are already in use.In conjunction with the „DS 24 FM“ mini dual-con-version receiver the mc-19 transmitter can controlup to 12 servos separately. This is sufficient, for ex-ample, to be able to operate two rudder servos ortwo elevator servos in an exotic model aircraft.Additional functions can be operated using the re-nowned NAUTIC modules. This means that fans ofscale and multi-function boats can also make fulluse of the mc-19’s advanced facilities.

When used with the new „smc…“ receivers the mc-19 can provide servo travel at extremely high reso-lution with 1024 control increments, ensuring super-fine control using the SUPER-PCM digital modulati-on mode. Naturally we guarantee full compatibilitywith earlier PPM-FM and PCM receiver systems(except for the FM6014 / PCM18).All this means that the mc-19 and its software meetthe requirements of modern modelling in general,and can also cope with more sophisticated pro-gramming, including the needs of the contest flyer.The system’s modern hardware is designed to en-able continuous further development of the softwa-re.

Operating the transmitter’s software could hardly besimpler: a digital rotary control and just four „soft-keys“ make model programming speedy and direct.The beginner in particular will appreciate the clarityand self-explanatory nature of the programmingsystem. However, if you encounter a problem andthe manual is not immediately to hand, a quick but-ton-press calls up the integral „on-line help“ whichwill quickly get you back up to speed.

Please read the safety notes and the technical in-formation. We recommend that you start by check-ing all the functions as described in the instruc-tions. When you have programmed a model, it is im-portant to check all the stored settings on theground before committing the model to the air. Al-ways handle your radio-controlled model with a re-sponsible attitude to avoid endangering yourself andothers.

We in the GRAUPNER team wish you every suc-cess and many years of pleasure with your mc-19,which is a radio control system of the latest genera-tion.

Kirchheim-Teck, July 2004

6 Introduction

The software is carefully arranged in a logicallystructured menu system. Options which are inter-connected in terms of function are clearly organisedin terms of content.

• Basic settings: transmitter, servos, model• Transmitter control settings• Model memories• Switches• Flight phases• Timers• Mixers• Special functions• Nautic functions

The mc-19 provides 20 model memories, each ofwhich can store model settings for different flightphases. Individual phases can be called up in flightsimply by operating a switch, so that you can tryout various settings quickly and without risk. Thiscan be for test purposes or for varying parametersfor different phases of flight.

The large graphic screen makes operating thetransmitter a simple, self-explanatory process. Mi-xers, Dual-Rate / Exponential etc. can all be dis-played in graphic form, and this is extraordinarilyhelpful.

This manual describes each menu in detail, andalso provides dozens of useful tips, notes and pro-gramming examples to complement the basic infor-mation. More general modelling terms, such asTransmitter controls, Dual-Rates, Butterfly andmany others, are all explained in the manual.

At the end of the book you will find comprehensiveinformation on our full range of radio control acces-sory items.

mc-19Expandable radio control system providing up to 12 control functions

Professional high-technology micro-computerradio control system. Ultra-speed low-powersingle-chip micro-computer with 256 kByte (2Mbit) flash memory, 16 kByte (128 kbit) RAM, 73ns command cycle!

With integral high-speed precision A/D converterand proven dual-function rotary encoder with 3DRotary Select programming technology.

• 20 model memories

• World’s first: four-language dialogue menu (German, English, French, Italian).

• 12 control functions. Simplified assignment oftransmitter controls including sticks, externalswitches and switch modules.

• Update-capable software for long future life.

• Ultra-speed low-power single-chip micro-computer with 256 kByte (2 Mbit) flash memory, 16kByte (128 kbit) RAM, 73 ns command cycle!With integral high-speed precision A/D converter.

• 3D rotary encoder in conjunction with 4 programming buttons for accurate adjustment and excellent programming convenience.

• High-resolution MULTI-DATA GRAPHIC LCDscreen provides superb monitoring facilities,accurate graphical representation of curves andcharacteristic lines.

• CONVENIENT MODE SELECTOR allows easyswitching between stick modes 1 to 4 (e.g.throttle right / throttle left)

• 4 switchable types of modulation:

SPCM 20 - super PCM modulation with highsystem resolution of 1024 steps per controlfunction. For smc-14, smc-19, smc-20, smc-19DS, smc-20 DS, smc-20 DSYN, R 330 S re-

ceivers.

PCM 20 - PCM modulation with system reso-

lution of 512 steps per control function. For mc-12, mc-20, DS 20 mc, mc-18 receivers.

PPM 18 - the most widely used standard transmission process (FM and FMsss). For C 8, C 12,C 16, C 17, C 19, DS 18, DS 19, DS 20 re-ceivers, and XP 10, XP 12FM, XN 12, XM 16, R600, R600 light, R 700, C6, SB6 SYN 40S,SR6SYN miniature receivers.

Description of radio control system 7

PPM 24 - PPM multi-servo transmission modefor simultaneous operation of up to 12 servos.For DS 24 FM S receiver

• 3 freely programmable mixers for RC modelaircraft, helicopters, boats, cars and trucks.

• 3-point mixer for throttle, collective pitch and tailrotor, plus gyro offset adjustment. These settingscan be carried out separately for each flightphase.

• Fixed-wing / helicopters: Dual Rate / Expo forCh2 … Ch4, two-stage variable, individuallyswitchable.

• Fixed-wing / helicopters: Trainer system with totalcontrol transfer (all settings carried out on theTeacher transmitter).

• Fixed-wing mixer menu with up to 12 set-upprograms for max. two ailerons and two camber-changing flaps (according to model type).

• Fixed-wing: phase trim for flaps, ailerons, elev-ator, according to model type.

• Helicopter swashplate mixers for 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-point linkages

• Servo adjustment for up to 12 servos: servoreverse, servo centre, symmetrical / asymmetri-cal servo travel adjustment.

• Programmable fail-safe function for PCM andSPCM.

• Two switch-operated timers: stopwatch and flighttime / running time.

• HELP button provides valuable hints on programming and currently selected programming menu

• Model copy function for all model memories• Basic set-up for model aircraft: throttle at Ch1

(idle trim), tailplane (type), Aileron / Flap (servocount), 2nd and 3rd flight phase, Trainer (totalcontrol transfer).

• Basic set-up for helicopters: swashplate type 1… 4, rotor direction, collective pitch minimumforward / back, 2nd flight phase and auto-rotation.Trainer mode (total control transfer).

• Basic set-up for model boats / cars: standardpre-set assignment for channels 1 and 2. Alltransmitter controls, including sticks, trim swit-ches, channel switches, external switches etc.,can also be assigned to channels 1 … 12 withoutrestriction.

• integral „Software Nautic Switch Module“,assignable to any vacant control channel (aNautic-Expert switch module, Order No. 4159 isrequired at the receiver only).All transmitter controls, external switches, trimswitches etc. fitted to the transmitter can beselected and assigned in any combination tooperate the max. 8 switched functions (inputs A… H).

• Two more Nautic transmitter modules (Order No.4108 or 4141) can be installed (Nautic-Expertswitch modules, Order No. 4159 or 4142 arerequired at the receiver).

• With the maximum number of Nautic modulesfitted, the system provides up to 24 reversibleswitched functions, or 8 reversible switchedfunctions and up to 8 proportional functions, plustwo control functions and 7 free functionchannels.

8 Description of radio control system

mc-19Radio control system providing up to 12 control functions

mc-19Micro-computer radio control systemRadio control sets:Order No. 4821 35-MHz-BandOrder No. 4821.B 35-MHz-B-BandOrder No. 4827 40-MHz-BandOrder No. 4827.41* 41-MHz-Band

Transmitter only:Order No. 4821.77 35-MHz-BandOrder No. 4821.77.B 35-MHz-B-BandOrder No. 4827.77 40-MHz-BandOrder No. 4827.77.41* 41-MHz-Band

* For export only

Set contentsmc-19 micro-computer transmitter with integralNiMH transmitter battery, transmitter RF module onthe appropriate frequency, C 17 narrow-band FM re-ceiver on the same frequency (8 servo functions), C577 servo, switch harness, pair of crystals on theselected frequency band.

Recommended battery chargers (accessories)

Order No. 6422 Minilader 2Order No. 6427 Multilader 3Order No. 6426 Multilader 6EOrder No. 6428 Turbomat 6 Plus*Order No. 6429 Turbomat 7 Plus*

Automatic battery chargers with special NiMHcharge programs:Order No. 6419 Ultramat 5*, **Order No. 6417 Ultramat 25*, **Order No. 6416 Ultra Duo Plus 30*, **

* For charging the batteries you will also need thetransmitter charge lead, Order No. 3022, and the receiverbattery charge lead, Order No. 3021.

** 12 V power source required.

Description of radio control system 9

Transmission system SPCM20/PCM20/PPM18/PPM24

Tx transmitter RF integral (10-kHz-spacing 35-,module 35-B-, 40- or 41- MHz band

FMsss T crystals 35-MHz-band chan. 61 ... 80(T= Transmitter) 35-MHz-B-band chan. 182 ... 191

40-MHz-band chan. 50 ... 9241-MHz-band chan. 400 ... 420

Channel spacing 10 kHz

Max. control functions SPCM = 10, PCM = 10, PPM = 9,PPM 24 = 12

Control functions 6 functionsbasic system

Control functions 10 (4 proportional with trims, 6 pro-portional or switched) plus 2 soft-ware control functions

Channel pulse width 1,5 ms (+/-) 0,5 ms

Control resolution, SPCM 20 10bit (1024 Steps),servo travel PCM 20 9bit (512 Steps)

Temperature range -15°C ... +55°C

Telescopic aerial 10-section, approx. 1470mm long

Operating voltage 9,6 ... 12 V

Current drain approx 40 mA (excl. RF module)

Dimensions approx. 225 x 215 x 70 mm

Weight approx. 900g excl. transmitter battery

Type C17 FM S miniature receiver

35MHz band Order No. 317335MHz B-band Order No. 3173.B40MHz band Order No. 402841MHz band Order No. 4028.41*

Operating voltage 4,8 ... 6 V**

Current drain approx. 10 mA

Channel spacing 10 kHz

Sensitivity drain approx. 10 µV

Plugable servos 8

Temperature range approx. -15°C ... +55°C

Aerial lenght approx. 1000 mm

Dimensions approx. 53 x 36 x 14 mm

Weight approx. 29g

Order No. Description4300.6 Telescopic aerial4300.60 Stainless steel telescopic aerial

Recommended upgrade accessories

Replacement parts

AccessoriesOrder No. Description10 mc-19 aluminium transmitter case71 Luxury neckstrap72 Luxury cross-over strap1125 Wide neckstrap1127 Transmitter support system1128 Short stick-tops4178 Diagnosis lead3289 Trainer system3290.3 Pupil module3290.19 Teacher module for mc-191149.35 Helical stub aerial, 35 MHz3093 CONTEST transmitter tray3078 GRAUPNER rainshield for transmitter tray

Specification - mc-19 computer system

Order No. Description4147.1 Latching external switch4160 External switch, long toggle4160.1 External switch, short toggle4160.11 Momentary switch4160.22 Differential switch4160.44 Two-way momentary switch4151 Switch module, 3-position, long toggle4151.1 Switch module, 3-position, short toggle4151.2 Switch module, 2-position, long toggle4151.3 Switch module, 2-position, short toggle4152 Proportional module (slider)4111 Rotary proportional module4112 Stick-top proportional control4113 Three-function stick switch4143 Two-function stick switch4144 Kick-button4184.4 NAUTIC adaptor4108 NAUTIC-Expert module4141 NAUTIC Multi-Prop module5733 Special spanner for external switch nut

Specification - C17 FM S receiver

Operating notes

Opening the transmitter caseBefore opening the transmitter check that it is swit-ched off (move Power switch to „OFF“). Slide bothlatches inward as far as they will go, away from thearrows, until the case back can be folded open anddisengaged. To close the transmitter engage thebottom edge of the case back, fold the panel upagain and slide both latches outward in the directionof the arrows. Take care that no wires get caughtwhen you close the back.

Notes:

• Do not modify the transmitter circuit in anyway, as this invalidates your guarantee andalso invalidates official approval for thesystem.

• Whenever you wish to work on the transmit-ter, start by disconnecting the battery from thetransmitter circuit board to avoid the possibi-lity of short-circuits.

Power supplyThe battery compartment in the transmitter is de-signed to be fitted with a 9.6 V NC or NiMH battery.

The receiver requires a 4.8 V NC battery, of which awide range of different capacities is available.

For safety reasons you should never use dry cells.

When you are using the transmitter you should mo-nitor the battery voltage on the LCD screen. If thevoltage of the transmitter battery falls below a cer-tain point you will hear an audible warning signal.The screen then displays a message reminding youthat the transmitter battery needs to be recharged.

Disposing of dry cells and rechargeable batteriesNever dispose of exhausted batteries in the house-hold rubbish. As end-user you are legally required(„Battery Regulation“) to return old and exhaustedbatteries. They should and must be taken to your lo-cal battery collection point or any shop where batte-ries of a corresponding type are on sale.

To remove the transmitter battery, carefully discon-nect the cable at the main circuit board. Locate therubber bands in the battery compartment and slidethem to the side. Pull out the plug horizontally byhooking your fingernail under the lug on the top ofthe plug.

There is no direct method of checking receiver bat-tery voltage when operating a model, although inPCM20 mode a battery fail-safe can be activated(„Fail-Safe settings“, page 88-89).

Make it a standard part of your routine to check thestate of your batteries at regular intervals. Don’twait until you notice the servos running more slowlythan usual before charging the batteries.

Please refer to the main GRAUPNER FS cataloguefor full details of batteries, chargers, measuringequipment and monitor units for checking batteries.

10 Operating notes

Charging the transmitter battery

The rechargeable transmitter battery can becharged via the charge socket fitted to the sideof the case. The transmitter must be switched„OFF“ for the whole period of the charge process.Never switch on the transmitter when it is still con-nected to the charger; even a very brief interruptionin the charge process can cause the charge voltageto rise to the point where the transmitter is immedi-ately damaged by the excess voltage. Alternativelythe interruption may trigger a new charge cycle,which means that the battery will possibly be sever-ely overcharged. For this reason check carefullythat all connectors are secure, and making reallygood contact. Interruptions due to an intermit-tent contact, no matter how brief, inevitably cau-se the charger to malfunction.

Polarity of the mc-19 charge socket

Commercially available battery charge leads produ-ced by other manufacturers are often made up withthe opposite polarity. For this reason use genuineGRAUPNER charge leads exclusively.

Charging the transmitter battery using a stan-dard chargerThe integral transmitter charge socket is fitted witha safety circuit which prevents reverse current flow.This is designed to prevent damage to the transmit-ter if the charge lead is connected with reverse po-larity, or if the bare ends of the lead short out.This protective measure makes it impossible torecharge the transmitter battery using an automaticcharger, as the charger is unable to check and mo-nitor the battery voltage properly.

Charging the transmitter battery using an auto-matic charger by-passing the reverse flow safetycircuitIf you still wish to use an automatic charger to re-charge the transmitter battery, the reverse flowsafety circuit (protective diode) must be by-passed.This is done by fitting a 20 mm cartridge fuse (5Amp, fast-acting) in the fuse holder. If you by-passthe reverse flow safety circuit, there is a constantdanger of short-circuit between the charge leadplugs. If a short-circuit or reverse polarity occurs,the transmitter’s charge circuit fuse will immediatelyblow. A blown fuse must always be replaced by anew 20 mm glass cartridge fuse (5A, fast-acting).Never attempt to repair the fuse by by-passing it.Replacement fuses are available in any electronicssupply shop.

Notes on recharging transmitter batteries usingan automatic charger• Observe the recommendations provided by the

charger manufacturer and the battery manufactu-rer at all times.

• Carry out a series of test charges to ensure thatthe automatic charge termination circuit workscorrectly with your battery. This applies in parti-cular if you are using an automatic charger desig-ned for NiCd batteries to recharge the standardNiMH battery. You may need to adjust the Delta-Peak trigger voltage, if your charger provides thisoption.

• The charge current must be set using thecharger’s „manual charge current select“ facility,to ensure that the maximum charge current neverexceeds 1.5 A. Never allow the charger to set thecharge current automatically.

• Do not discharge the battery or carry out abattery maintenance program via the integralcharge socket. The charge socket is not suitablefor this application.

• If you intend to charge the transmitter battery ata current higher than 1.5 A, the battery must beremoved beforehand, otherwise the transmittercould be damaged through overheating.

Operating notes 11

Charge currentTo avoid damage to the transmitter the maxi-mum charge current should not exceed 500 mA(0.5 A) with the charge circuit fuse out of circuit(not fitted); with the charge circuit fuse in place:max. 1.5 A.

The automatic charger usually responds to this byterminating the charge process prematurely, genera-ting error messages or refusing completely to char-ge the pack.

Operating notes

Standard chargersOrder No. 6422 Minilader 2Order No. 6427 Multilader 3Order No. 6426 Multilader 6E*Order No. 6428 Turbomat 6 Plus*Order No. 6429 Turbomat 7 Plus*Automatic chargers with special NiMH chargeprograms

Order No. 6419 Ultramat 5*, **Order No. 6410 Ultramat 10*Order No. 6412 Ultramat 12*, **Order No. 6417 Ultramat 25*, **Order No. 6416 Ultra Duo Plus 30*, **

* To recharge the mc-19 system you will also need the transmittercharge lead, Order No. 3022, and the receiver battery charge lead,Order No. 3021.

** 12 V power source required.

Please note:

Always connect the charge lead to the charger first,and only then to the receiver or transmitter battery.This avoids the danger of accidental short-circuitbetween the bare ends of the charge lead.

Charging the receiver battery

The charge lead, Order No. 3021, can be connecteddirectly to the NC receiver battery for charging. Ifthe battery is installed in a model and you have fit-ted one of the following switch harnesses: Order No.3046, 3934 or 3934.3, the battery can be chargedvia the separate charge socket or the charge so-cket which is built into the switch. The switch on theswitch harness must be left at the „OFF“ positionfor charging.

12 Operating notes

Adjusting stick lengthBoth sticks are infinitely variable in length over abroad range, enabling you to set them to suit yourpersonal preference to provide fine, accurate con-trol.

Loosen the retaining screw using a 2 mm allen key,then screw the stick top in or out to shorten or ex-tend it. Tighten the grubscrew again carefully to lockthe set length.

Changing the stick modeEither or both sticks can be converted from self-neutralising to non self-neutralising (ratchet) action:open the transmitter and disconnect the centringspring from the neutralising arm (picture below). Forsafety’s sake, disconnect the transmitter batterybefore you do this.

Raise the neutralisation return arm, disconnect it,and store it in a safe place together with the cent-ring spring, in case you ever need to re-convert thestick unit to „self-neutralizing“ action.

The stiffness of the non-neutralising stick can beset to soft or hard using one or both of the ratchetsprings. The ratchet spring is attached to the twostand-off pillars which are on the side facing thetransmitter circuit board. The spring tension can beadjusted at the side of the brass stand-off pillar.

The ratchet spring can be installed on the sidefacing the transmitter circuit board using the sameprocedure.

To avoid damage, disconnect the transmitter batterybefore you do this.

On no account touch any of the soldered joints onthe transmitter circuit board with any metal object!

Operating notes 13

Operating notes

Stick centring force

The tension of the stick unit centring springs can beadjusted to suit your personal preference: the adjus-tment system is located adjacent to the centringspring. Rotate the adjustment screw with a cross-point screwdriver to set your preferred spring force:

• Turn to the right (clockwise)

= spring force harder

• Turn to the left (anti-clockwise)

= spring force softer.

To avoid damage, remember to disconnect thetransmitter battery before you do this.

Changing frequency bands and channels

Changing the frequency band:The transmitter can be operated on different fre-quency bands by changing the RF module, or alter-natively by fitting a Synthesizer module (see Ap-pendix). First disconnect the transmitter battery bycarefully pulling out the plug. Loosen the fourscrews in the corners of the RF module and removethem. Now disconnect the plug at the transmittercircuit board („A“) and undo the screw „B“ at theaerial base. Fit the new RF module by reversing theprocedure. Check in particular that the screw at theaerial base is correctly seated: the shakeproof was-her must be located between the screw head andthe connector tag of the RF module lead.

Changing the RF channel:The channel, or spot frequency, on which the sys-tem operates is determined by plug-in crystals. Besure to use genuine GRAUPNER FMsss crystalsfor the frequency band in use (see page 126).

Insert the transmitter crystal „T“ in the socket onthe RF module. The frequency band and channelnumber of the transmitter crystal must be the sameas those of the crystal in the receiver, or the sys-tem will not work.

14 Operating notes

Synthesizer modules

Order No. 3858.35 35-MHz-BandOrder No. 3858.40 40-MHz-Band

Standard RF modules for crystalsOrder No. 4809.35 35-MHz-BandOrder No. 4809.40 40-MHz-Band

Re-positioning the telescopic aerialScrew the ten-section telescopic aerial into the ball-and-socket base. The angle of inclination of the ae-rial can be adjusted as follows: loosen the cross-point screw to the side of the socket, swivel theaerial to your preferred angle, then carefully tightenthe screw again.

Notes:

• Do not switch on the transmitter with the RFmodule fitted but the aerial not installed. Alwaysextend the aerial to full length before using thesystem to control a model, and also for testpurposes if the transmitter will be switched on fora long period.

• The field strength radiated by the transmitter is atits lowest in an imaginary line extending straightfrom the tip of the transmitter aerial. Never pointyour aerial straight at the model in an attempt toobtain good reception; the opposite is true.

Installing the transmitter support barsThe transmitter can be fitted with the optional trans-mitter support system, Order No. 1127. This is theprocedure: open the transmitter and remove thecase back, which is prepared to accept the supportsystem bars. Locate the four holes in the case backwhich are designed to accept the support bars, andpush a cross-point screwdriver through them fromthe rear to clear the openings, twisting it gently toact as a drill. Now push the metal bar of the supportsystem through the hole in the back panel, workingfrom the inside. Push the plastic retainer bracket forthe metal bar between the struts in the back panel,and fit two screws from the underside into each bra-cket to secure it.

The support bars are held in place under strong ten-sion by a long spring. If you find the spring tensionuncomfortably high, shorten the spring accordingly.

Installing NAUTIC modules, external switches,switch modules and rotary modulesThe transmitter case is supplied with all the holesfor the installation of optional modules already pre-sent. Start by disconnecting the transmitter batteryto avoid short-circuits.

The holes are sealed by blind grommets which caneasily be pushed out from the inside.

Using a suitable blunt instrument, press out the mo-dule covers on the front face of the transmitter fromthe inside by pushing through the existing holes.Place the new bezel in position, and check that itfits correctly.

Remove the backing paper from the adhesive sur-face of the bezel, position it carefully, then press itdown firmly. Peel the protective film from the printedfront surface of the bezel.

Operating notes 15

Operating notes

The module can now be fitted in the prepared modu-le well from the inside, ensuring that the row ofsockets on the module faces the centre of thetransmitter.

Secure the module using the nuts and rotary knobswhich were previously removed from the potentio-meters and switches. Screw the nuts onto theshafts on the outside of the transmitter and tightenthem carefully using the correct size of spanner.

We recommend using the special spanner, OrderNo. 5733, for tightening the decorative nuts on theexternal switches. The last step is to fit the rotaryknobs on the potentiometer shafts, line them upwith the graduated scale, and tighten the grub-screws.

External switches, rotary modules and switch mo-dules are installed in a similar way.Take particular care not to touch the soldered jointson the circuit board with any metallic object.

Socket assignment on the transmitter circuit boardYou will find a sketch of the transmitter circuit boardon page 19.

Additional transmitter controls can be connected tofunction sockets CH5 ... CH10 on the transmittercircuit board; these include rotary controls, slidersand switch modules (see Appendix). In its standardform the transmitter features two 2-channel slidersinstalled in the centre console, or alternatively one2-channel switch module and one slider; in eithercase the controls are connected to sockets CH5and CH6 as standard. If you wish, you can reversethe direction of operation of the transmitter controlby turning the connector through 180° at the trans-mitter circuit board. However, a more elegant me-thod is to use the „Transmitter control settings“menu, where you can reverse and adjust the trans-mitter controls by means of the system software.

The external switch sockets numbered 0 ... 7 canbe assigned in any arrangement you wish, as allyou have to do to define an external switch for as-signment by the software is to operate that switch,which means that the number of the socket is irrele-vant. However, in the interests of clarity and com-prehensibility we do recommend that you assign thesockets in numerical order, and install the corres-ponding switches in the proper order, from 0 to max.7, in the transmitter case - in so far as that is pos-sible.

A NAUTIC module (Order No. 4141 or 4108) or Trai-ner module (Order No. 3289 or 3290.2) can be con-nected directly to the 14-pin interface using the mc-22 / mc-24 connection adaptor (Order No. 4184.1). Afull description of the individual modules is includedat the appropriate point in this manual.

16 Operating notes

External switchsockets 0 to 7

Function sockets,CH 5 to CH 10

17

Operating buttons:ENTER Input buttonESC Return buttonCLEAR Erase buttonHELP Help button

Description of transmitter

18 Description of transmitter

Option wellsLocations for optional external switches, switchmodules, rotary modules, NAUTIC modules; seeAppendix.

Switches and function modules• 3 external switches as standard• 2 sliders as standard

Digital trimsFor fine adjustment of servo (neutral) position. Abrief push produces a single increment of offset.Screen shows trim position.

LCD screenSee page 20 for explanationContrast adjustment: press rotary control and rotate simultaneously.

Warning signals:• If battery voltage falls below set threshold• If Trainer system malfunctions• If Channel 1 stick is at full-throttle when transmitter

is switched on• Fail-Safe settings required

Ball / socket aerial baseStorage well on back panel

ON/OFF switchNote:Always switch the transmitter on first, then the re-ceiver. After a flight: switch the receiver off first,then the transmitter.

Stick unitsTwo dual-axis stick units providing four independentcontrol functions. Variable-length sticks. The controlfunctions (i.e. stick mode) can be assigned withinthe „Basic model settings“ menu, e.g. throttle left orright. The throttle stick can also be set to be self-neutralising or ratcheted.

Rotary control, provides two-level control

Switches between individual lines within amenu when held pressed-in.

A short press on the rotary control at thebasic display switches to the „Servo dis-play“ menu; within the multi-function list itcalls up the input field.

If rotated in its normal (non-pressed) sta-te, the rotary control selects the desiredmenu from the list in the multi-functionmenu. If you call up a menu point the rota-ry control also changes the entered valuein an inverse video field which appears atthe bottom edge of the screen (light cha-racters on dark background). Set valuestake effect immediately, and are alsostored immediately.

Description of transmitter

Description of transmitter 19

Note:Whenever you intend to work on the interior ofthe transmitter, remember to disconnect thetransmitter battery from the power socket be-forehand. Take great care not to touch solderedjoints with any metallic object, as this couldcause a short-circuit.

It does not matter which way round you connect theexternal switches.

Reversing the orientation of the control connectorsimply reverses its direction of effect.

Socket for connectionto transmitter circuitboard

Plug-incrystal

Jumper for service use:do not touch!

Fuse for automaticcharger (5A, fast acting)

Charge socket

Battery plugpolarity Transmitter fuse

0,5A fast-acting

Battery socket

Socket 0 ... 7 forexternal switches(see Appendix)

Function socket CH5 ... CH 10for transmitter controls (rotaryknobs, switch modules, slidermodules; see Appendix)

Note transmitterbattery pack

directions

0

13

24

56

7CH5

CH6

CH7

CH8

CH9

CH10

Interface distributorsocket

DSC module*

Service Con(GraupnerService only)

Socket forRF-module

Free socket(futurefunction)

+

Polarity of chargesocket

* DSC= Direct Servo Control

RF module

ENTER (Input button):Switch to multi-function list, call up a menu

ESC (Escape button)Return step by step from any menu to the basic display

CLEAR (Erase button)Resets changed values to default settings

HELP (Help button)Supplies a succinct help message regarding any menu

20 Description of LCD screen

Description of LCD screen

Stopwatch in minutes : seconds(count-up /count-down)

Flight time in minutes : seconds(count-up count-down)

Trainer modeproblem

Charge battery

Model memory 1 ... 20

Battery voltage with dynamic bar display. Ifvoltage falls below a pre-set level a warningmessage appears and a buzzer sounds

Transmitteroperatingtime

Model type display:fixed-wing,helicopter, car orboat

Display diagram for all 4digital trims with numericand directional display.Special cut-off trim for Ch. 1

Dual-level rotary controlAdjusts screen contrast in basic

transmitter display with controlpressed in.

A short press at the basic menutakes you to the servo display.

Flight phase nameMove between flight phases usingphysical switch (alternativelyGRAUPNER logo)

Model name

Modulation

Throttle stickat full-throttle

Only in PCM20and SPCM20mode

Nonestudent-

signal

Thrtoo

high!

Battery too

low

Adjust Fail-

Safe

Using the system for the first time 21

Using the system for the first time

The mc-19 transmitter is supplied programmed toPPM18 mode, which suits receivers of the „FM-PPM“ type. If you have purchased a standard radiocontrol set operating on the 35 or 40 MHz bands,you can immediately operate the C-17 receiver sup-plied in this transmission mode. In the transmitter’sdefault state, the two proportional sliders are con-nected to sockets CH6 and CH7 on the main circuitboard. The socket number of the three switches onthe „Multi Switch Board“ is of no importance forfurther programming.

Transmitter

In addition to PPM18 the following transmissionmodes are available:

• PCM20-Mode: mode: with system resolution of512 steps per control function

Receivers: mc-12 S, mc-18 S, mc-20 S, DS 20 S

• SPCM20-Mode: Super PCM modulation with highsystem resolution of 1024 steps per controlfunction.

Receivers: smc-14, smc-19, smc-20, smc-19 DS,smc-20 DS, smc-20 DSYN, R 330 S

• PPM18-Mode: most widely used standardtransmission mode (FM or FMsss)

Receivers: C12 FM S, C16 FMsss, C16 FM S,C17 FM S, C18 FM S, C19 FM S,DS18 FM S, DS19 FM S, DS 20 FMand the miniature receivers XP 10,

The ability of the mc-19 transmitter to switch toother transmission modes means that it can opera-te all GRAUPNER receiving systems supplied todate, i.e. all receivers supplied with PPM-FM andPCM transmitters (with the exception of theFM6014 / PCM 18). It can also drive receivers withnegative pulse output in the 35 and 40 MHz fre-quency bands; the slight travel reduction of theirservos Any slight travel reduction of their servoscan be corrected by increasing servo travel up tomaximum +/- 150% in the „Servo settings“ menu.The neutral position of the servos connected to thereceiver outputs can be adjusted over a wide range.If you wish to use a receiver which is not of the„PPM18“ type, your first step should always be toselect the modulation which matches the receivertype. If this setting is incompatible with the recei-ver, the receiver will simply not work.

The transmission mode can be set in the „Basicmodel settings“ menu (description: page 38). Thebasic procedure for the initial programming of a newmodel memory is found on page 37; programmingexamples are on the section starting on page 92.

Which crystals can be used?An FMsss crystal (black plastic cap) must be fittedin the mc-19 transmitter; it must bear the samechannel number as the crystal in the receiver:

Order No.. 3865. ... for the 35-MHz-bandOrder No. 4051. ... for the 40-MHz-band

Please refer to the main GRAUPNER catalogue fordetails of receivers.

Battery charged?When your transmitter is delivered the battery willbe in the discharged state, so you must first chargeit as described on pages 10 ... 12. If you do not dothis the battery will soon fall below the pre-set trig-ger voltage (approx. 9.3 V), and you will see andhear a warning signal to remind you to recharge it.

Aerial fitted?Do not switch on the transmitter unless the aerialis screwed in. Even for prolonged testing youshould extend the aerial fully, otherwise the trans-mitter may malfunction, with possible damage tothe RF module.Always extend the ten-section transmitter aerialfully before using the transmitter to operate amodel.Transmitter field strength is at a minimum in an ima-ginary line extending straight out from the transmit-ter aerial. It is therefore fundamentally misguided to„point“ the transmitter aerial at the model with theidea of obtaining good reception.

• PPM24-Mode: new PPM multi-servo trans-mission mode for the simultaneous operation of12 servos

Receivers: DS 24 FM S

XP12 FM, XN12, XM16, R600, R600light, R 700 and C6, SB6 SYN 40S,SR6SYN.

Order No. 3864. ... for the 35-MHz bandOrder No. 4064. ... for the 40-MHz band

If you have an older GRUNDIG receiving system(with negative signal output) please note that thesemust be fitted with a GRUNDIG FM crystal (greentag):

22 Using the system for the first time

Receiving systemBe sure to read the installation notes on pages 3 to4 before fitting the receiver and receiver aerial inyour model.

The channel number of the receiver crystal must bethe same as that of the transmitter crystal. Useonly the plug-in crystals with the code letter „R“ (re-ceiver), as listed in the table on page 126.

If you are using a Synthesizer receiver you do notneed a receiver crystal.

The receiver is fitted with polarised sockets, so thatthe servos and power supply cannot be connectedthe wrong way round; you will find that the plugs areslightly bevelled on one edge to match the sockets.

Connect the battery to the ON / OFF switch har-ness supplied, and connect the switch to thesocket on the receiver marked „Batt“.

If you use the DS 24 FM S receiver you can controlup to 12 servos, speed controllers etc. directly. Ser-vos 1 to 10 can be operated independently of eachother using up to six controls connected to the mc-19 transmitter’s main circuit board plus the twodual-axis stick units. Servos 11 and 12 can only beaccessed via (external) switches, one of the sixcontrols CH5 to CH10 (see “Transmitter controlsettings“ - page 56/57) and / or by means of mixerfunctions (see „Free mixers“ - page 83).

As an alternative, two sockets can also be usedwith NAUTIC modules if you need to expand thenumber of functions.

Note:If you wish to use a receiver battery and a speedcontroller with integral BEC* system, the positive(red) wire must normally be disconnected from the3-pin plug, although this does vary according to thetype of controller. Please be sure to read the in-structions supplied with your speed controller beforeyou do this.

1

2 3

rot

Using a small screwdriver, carefully raise the centrelug of the plug (1), withdraw the red wire (2) and in-sulate the exposed contact with insulating tape toprevent possible short-circuits (3).

Using the system for the first time

*Battery Elimination Circuit

Receiverbattery

Select your desired language using the rotary cont-rol.

Press the rotary control or the ENTER button toconfirm your selection.

All the settings which are stored in your transmitterremain unchanged if you switch to a different lan-guage.

The mc-19 transmitter allows you to select one ofthe following four languages:

• German

• English

• French

• Italian

The language is selected by holding the HELP but-ton pressed in when you switch the transmitter on;the following display now appears:

Using the system for the first time 23

If the receiver is ever switched on when the trans-mitter is off, the servos may carry out uncontrolledmovements. You can avoid this by switching thesystem on in this order:

Always switch the transmitter on first,then the receiver.

When switching the system off:

Always switch the receiver off first,then the transmitter.

Range checking:Before every session you should carry out a rangecheck with the model on the ground. The transmitteraerial should be fitted but collapsed completely, andshould be taken a suitable distance away from themodel. All the functions should work smoothly andcorrectly during this test. If your model is powered,repeat the check with the motor running to ensurethat it does not cause interference.

Using the systemfor the first time

Language selection

To make it easier for you to understand the mc-19manual the following two pages contain definitionsof many terms which crop up again and again in therest of the text, together with a basic flow diagramshowing the course of the signal from the transmit-ter control to the point at which it is radiated fromthe transmitter aerial.

Control functionThe term „control function“ can be thought of as thesignal generated for a particular function whichneeds to be controlled - initially independent of itssubsequent progress through the transmitter. In thecase of fixed-wing model aircraft the control func-tions include throttle, rudder and aileron, whereascollective pitch, roll-axis and pitch-axis are typicalof those used in helicopters. The signal of a controlfunction may be assigned directly, or to severalcontrol channels simultaneously via mixers. A typi-cal example of the latter is separate aileron servos,or pairs of roll-axis or pitch-axis servos in helicop-ters. The essential feature of a control function is itsinfluence on the mechanical travel of the correspon-ding servo.

Transmitter control

The term „transmitter control“ is used for the me-chanical elements on the transmitter which are ope-rated directly by the pilot. Their movements in turngenerate corresponding movements in the servos,speed controllers etc. at the receiver end. The trans-mitter controls include the following:

• The two dual-axis stick units for the control func-tions 1 to 4; these four functions can be inter-changed in any way you like through software,e.g. throttle left or right, without having to re-con-nect the servos. For model cars and boats theoutputs can be assigned with complete freedom.The dual-axis stick function for throttle (or airbra-kes) is often referred to as the Ch1 (Channel 1)

24 Using the system for the first time

Definition of termsControl functions, transmitter controls, function inputs, control channels, mixers, externalswitches, control switches

„Transmitter control settings“ affect the course ofthe signal „after“ these points, and it is possible(and likely) that there will be differences betweenthe number of the transmitter control (as statedabove) and the number of the subsequent controlchannel.

Control channel

There is a point in the signal path where the signalcontains all the control information required for aparticular servo – this may be directly generated bya transmitter control or indirectly via a mixer – andfrom this point on we call the signal a control chan-nel. This signal is specific to an individual servo,and is only affected by any adjustments carried outin the „Servo settings“ menu before leaving thetransmitter via the RF module in order to control thecorresponding servo in the model.

Mixer

In the signal flow diagram you will see a wide rangeof mixer functions. Their purpose is to enable acontrol function to affect multiple servos at thebranching point of the mixer input; the range ofmixer programs is extremely wide-ranging. For moreinformation please refer to the numerous mixerfunctions as described in the section starting onpage 69 of the manual.

External switch

The three standard two-position switches, and addi-tional two-position and three-position switches (op-tional - see Appendix), can also be incorporated intothe programming of the transmitter controls. How-ever, all these switches are also capable of control-ling various program options, e.g. starting and stop-ping timers, switching mixers on and off, transfer-ring control in Trainer mode etc. Each externalswitch function (a total of 8 can be connected to thetransmitter circuit board) can be assigned to asmany functions as you wish, see examples.

control.• The two proportional controls located in the

central console, which are connected as stan-dard to sockets CH6 and CH7 on the transmittercircuit board.

• One or more optional 2-channel switch modules,Order No. 4151 or 4151.1, which can beconnected to sockets CH5 … CH10, either inplace of other controls or in addition to them.These switch modules, with long or short switchtoggles, can provide three-position control of aservo, speed controller or similar.

When a proportional transmitter control is operated,the servos follow the position of the control directly,whereas a switch module provides just the three setservo positions.Which transmitter control or switchoperates which of the servos 5 … max. 12 is left upto the user, i.e. the sequence is freely programmab-le, without restriction, and without having to re-con-nect any plugs inside the transmitter. If you areusing the system to control a model car or boat,you have complete freedom in deciding which trans-mitter control operates servos 1 .. max. 12. Thismeans: the standard assignments can be changedat any time, either by changing the stick mode, or(for cars and boats) the complete assignment, inthe menu „Transmitter control settings“ (page 56). Inthe Helicopter menu inputs 6, 7 and 12 are assig-ned permanently to „Throttle“, „Gyro“ and „Throttlelimit“, as several helicopter-specific functions areoperated via these inputs.The transmitter controlsare physical units, and they can be considered toterminate before the signal reaches the function in-put …

Function input

This is an imaginary point in the signal path, andmust not be considered the same as the point onthe circuit board where the transmitter control isconnected! The two menus „Stick mode“ and

Transmitter control switch

It is often desirable to switch a function on or off ata particular position of another transmitter control,e.g. at a defined position of one of the dual-axissticks. Typical examples are switching a stopwatchon and off, extending spoilers automatically (andmany others). The mc-19’s program includes a totalof six „control switches“ of this type, which can beassigned to the Ch1 and Ch3 sticks; see page 49.

This manual includes a range of instructive examp-les which make programming as simple as child’splay. Please refer to the programming examples onpage 92.

Using the system for the first time 25

Digital trims with visual and audible indicators

Both the dual-axis stick units are fitted with digitaltrim systems. When you give the trim lever a briefpush (one „click“), the neutral position of the stickchannel changes by one increment. If you hold thetrim lever in one direction, the trim value changescontinuously in the corresponding direction with in-creasing speed.

The degree of trim offset is also „audible“, as thepitch of the tone changes to reflect the setting.When you are flying a model you can find the trimcentre position easily without having to look at thescreen: if you over-run the centre setting, the trimstays in the centre position for a moment.

The current trim values are automatically storedwhen you switch from one model memory to an-other. The digital trims are also stored separately foreach flight phase within a model memory, with theexception of function „Ch1“ (Channel 1), which isthe throttle / airbrake trim on a fixed-wing model.

The Ch1 trim includes another special functionwhich makes it easy to re-locate the idle throttlesetting of a glowplug motor.

1. Fixed-wing modelsThe Ch1 trim features a special cut-off trim which isdesigned for glowplug motors:You initially use the trim lever in the usual way toselect a reliable idle setting for the motor. If younow move the Ch1 trim lever to its end-point in thedirection of „motor cut-off“, pushing the lever in asingle movement, a marker appears on the screenin the last position. You can now return to the idlesetting for starting the motor simply by pushing thestick once in the direction of „open throttle“. Thecut-off trim feature is disabled if you enter „none“ in

the motor line within the „Model type“ menu (page39).

Notes:Since this trim function is only effective in the di-rection of „motor off“, the illustration above will notapply if you reverse the control direction for thethrottle minimum position of the Ch1 stick in the„Basic model settings“ menu from „back“ (as shownin the picture above) to „forward“.

Of course, you can set the left-hand stick as theCh1 stick if you prefer; see „Basic model settings“menu.

2. Model helicoptersIn helicopter mode the Ch1 trim has another featurein addition to „cut-off trim“ as described under„Fixed-wing models“; this time in conjunction withthe „Throttle limit function“: while the throttle limitslider is in the bottom half of its travel, i.e. in the„start-up range“, the Ch1 trim lever acts as idle trimon the throttle limit. For more information pleaseread the section entitled „Throttle limit“ on page 58.

Note regarding helicopters:The Ch1 trim only affects the throttle servo and notthe collective pitch servos; it also works evenly

over the full stick travel. Please note that the heli-copter throttle servo must be connected to receiveroutput 6 (see receiver assignment, page 33).

26 Using the system for the first time

Digital trimsDescription of function, and Ch1 cut-off trim(Cut-off trim for fixed-wing model aircraft and model helicopters)

Basic method of operating the softwareThe transmitter is programmed using just four but-tons situated to the left of the screen, in conjunc-tion with the crucial element: the rotary control („3Drotary control“).

Input buttons:

• ENTER:

The first time you press the ENTER button youmove from the basic screen display to the multi-function menus. You also press ENTER to call upa selected menu.

• ESC:Pressing the ESC button takes you one stepback at the function select stage, and continuesto return you through the system until you reachthe basic display.

• CLEAR:At the programming stage, pressing CLEARresets a changed parameter back to the defaultvalue. CLEAR is also used to leaf through thepages within the Help function.

• HELP:At any point in the programming process you canpress this button to call up a concise help textwhich informs you how to use the individualmenu in which you are currently located. Withinthe Help text you can leaf through the screenpages by pressing the HELP button again, andleaf through backwards using the CLEAR button.

Using the system for the first time 27

Using the “Data Terminal“Input buttons and function fieldsENTER , ESC , CLEAR , HELP , SEL, STO, CLR, SYM, ASY, , E/A, ➨➨➨➨➨

Function field:In some menus the bottom line of the screendisplays function fields which can be called upusing the rotary control.

E/A ASYSYMSEL STO CLR ENT ➨

Function fields:

• SEL (select): Select this point

• STO (store): Store (e.g. a transmitter controlposition)

• CLR (clear): Erase (e.g. a curve referencepoint)

• SYM Set a symmetrical mixer value

• ASY Set an asymmetrical mixervalue

• Switch symbol field(assignment of externalswitches and control switches)

• E/A Switches menus on and off

• ➨➨➨➨➨ Shifts to second page within amenu (following menu)

Turn the rotary control to move to thefunction fields:

Press the rotary control toactivate a function field:

By turning the rotary control you switch between theparameter fields - in this case „SEL“ and„ - “ ineach case the element which can be changed ap-pears in inverse video, i.e. with a black background.Press the rotary control to move from the selectedparameter field to the value field, etc.

Finally press ESC to return to the multi-function list.

• Menu settingsPress the rotary control or ENTERbriefly to move to a menu.

Now select a line:

ENTER

28 Rotary control

ESC

Basic functions of the „3D rotary control“Contrast adjustment, multi-function list, menu settings, servo display

Functions of the rotary control:The basic method of using the rotary control has al-ready been described on page 27. Here we show anexample of using the rotary control in a practical ap-plication. First switch the transmitter on.

• Adjusting screen contrastPressandrotate

• Select multi-function list

Rotate:(selectmenu)

Call up an input field:

Briefpress:

Change a value:

Rotate:

Confirm input and quit:

Briefpress:

Call up next parameter field:

Rotate:

Servo display:

Brief press:

A brief press on the rotary control takes you fromthe basic display to the servo display.

Pressandrotate

socket number 0 ... 7 to which the switch is con-nected. The same applies to the Ch1 stick, andthe Ch3 stick with model cars and boats: simplymove the stick from the desired „switch off“ po-sition in the direction of „switch on“. This com-pletes the assignment process.

Note:The position to which you eventually move theswitch (in order to assign it) is accepted by thetransmitter as the ON position. For this reasonyou should move the external switch (or the Ch1stick, or - cars and boats - the Ch3 stick) to thedesired OFF position before you activate theswitch symbol by a brief press on the rotarycontrol.

3. Changing the direction of switching:If the switch turns out to work in the wrongdirection, you can correct it as follows: move theswitch to the desired OFF position, select theswitch symbol once more and assign the switchagain, this time with the switch direction youprefer.

4. Erasing a switch:Activate the switch symbol as described underPoint 2, then press the CLEAR button.

Switch assignment 29

Assigning external switches and control switchesBasic procedure

At many points in the program there is the option ofusing an external switch or control switch (see be-low) to operate a function, or to switch between set-tings, such as the DUAL RATE / EXPO function,flight phase programming, mixers and more. Themc-19 allows you to assign several functions to oneswitch.

The process of assigning switches is exactly thesame in all the menus concerned, and we will ex-plain the basic programming procedure at this pointso that you can concentrate on the special featureswhen reading the detailed menu descriptions.

A switch symbol appears in the bottom line of thescreen at all programming points where switchescan be assigned:

If you move to this field using the rotary control, theswitch symbol field changes to inverse video (blackbackground):

This is how you assign an external switch:

1. Brief press on rotary control

2. The following field appears on the screen:

Move desired switchto ON position

Simply move the external switch you wish touse to the „ON“ position - regardless of the

Fixed-wing model aircraft

This program provides convenient support for mo-dels with up to two aileron servos and two flap ser-vos (conventional models), models with V-tail, flyingwings and deltas with two elevon (aileron / elevator)servos and two flap servos. The majority of powermodels and gliders belong to the „normal“ tail typewith one servo each for elevator, rudder, aileronsand throttle (or electronic speed controller, or airbra-kes on a glider). There is also the special modeltype „2 EL Sv 3+8“ which provides a means of con-necting two elevator servos to channels 3 and 8.

If your model features two separate aileron servos(and also in some cases two flap servos), the ail-eron travel of both pairs of control surfaces can beset up with differential movement, i.e. the down-tra-vel can be set independently of the up-travel.

Finally the program caters for camber-changingflaps which can be operated by the transmitter con-trol connected to socket „CH6“. Alternatively a pha-se-specific trim is available for flaps, ailerons andelevator in the menu „Phase trim“.

For deltas and flying wings it is easy to set upmixed elevons, i.e. the aileron and elevatorfunctions can be carried out via common controlsurfaces at the trailing edge of the right and leftwing. The program contains the appropriate mixerfunctions for the two servos as standard.

Up to three flight phases can be programmed ineach of the 20 model memories.

The digital trim positions are stored separately foreach flight phase with the exception of the Ch1 trim.The Ch1 trim provides a simple means of re-locating the correct idle throttle setting.

Two timers are available at all times when flying.The screen also displays the transmitter operatingtime.

The transmitter controls connected to CH5 … 10can be assigned to any of the inputs 5 … 12 in the„Transmitter control settings“ menu.

The DUAL RATE/EXPO functions for ailerons, rud-der, and elevator can be programmed seperately,and you can switch between two variations for eachof them.

„Depending on the model type you have selected,the „Wing mixers“ menu presents you with up to 12pre-defined mixers and coupling functions fromwhich you can choose, in addition to three free mix-ers:

1. Aileron differential2. Flap differential3. Aileron 2 > 4 rudder (switchable)4. Aileron 2 > 7 flap (switchable)5. Airbrake 1 > 3 elevator (switchable)6. Airbrake 1 > 6 flap (switchable)7. Airbrake 1 > 5 aileron (switchable)8. Elevator 3 > 6 flap (switchable)9. Elevator 3 > 5 aileron (switchable)10. Flap 6 > 3 elevator (switchable)11. Flap 6 > 5 aileron (switchable)12. Differential reduction

30 Fixed-wing models

Fixed-wing model aircraft

Receiver socket sequence:The servos must be connected to the receiver out-puts in the following order:

Models with „normal“ tail type:

Models with „V-tail“ tail type:

Models with „Delta / Flying wing“ tail type:

Models with „2 EL Sv 3+8“ tail type

Outputs not required are simply left vacant. Pleasenote the following points in particular:

• If you are using only 1 aileron servo, receiveroutput 5 (right aileron) must be left unused.

• If you are using only 1 flap servo, receiver out-put 7 (right flap) must be left unused.

If you are using a Graupner transmitter to control amodel fitted with a PPM-FM receiving system madeby another manufacturer*, which was formerly flownusing a different make of transmitter, e.g. whenusing the mc-19 for Trainer mode operations, it maybe necessary to re-arrange the servo sequence atthe receiver outputs as described above.

*GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radiocontrol systems will work correctly in conjunction withreceiving systems and radio control equipment made byother manufacturers.

Different methods of installing servos and controllinkages may make it necessary to reverse the di-rection of rotation of some servos when program-ming. The following table provides useful informati-on on this:

Swap over servos3+4 at the receiver

Reverse servos3+4 in the “Servosettings“ menu,and swap over atthe receiver

Reverse servos2+3 in the “Servosettings“ menu,and swap over atthe receiver

Swap over servos2+3 at the receiver

All menus which are relevant to fixed-wing modelsare marked with an „aeroplane“ symbol in the „Pro-gram descriptions“:

This means that you can easily skip irrelevant me-nus when programming a fixed-wing model aircraft.

Reverse servos3+4 in the “Servosettings“ menu

Ailerons correct,elevator reversed

Modeltype

Servo rotatingin wrongdirection

Remedy

V-tail Rudder andelevator reversed

Rudder correct,elevator reversed

Elevator correcht,rudder reversed

Delta,

flying wing

Elevator andailerons reversed

Reverse servos2+3 in the “Servosetting“ menu

Elevator correct,ailerons reversed

Fixed-wing models 31

The continued development of model helicoptersand helicopter components, such as gyros, speedgovernors, rotor blades etc., has led to the currentposition where helicopters are capable of sophisti-cated 3-D aerobatics. In contrast, the beginner tohelicopter flying needs a simple set-up so that hecan quickly get started on the initial stages of ho-vering practice, and then gradually work up to morecomplex models which exploit all the options provi-ded by the mc-19.The mc-19’s helicopter program can cope with allcurrent model helicopters equipped with 1...4 ser-vos for collective pitch control.Each model memory can include two flight phasesplus auto-rotation.Three timers are constantly included in the basicscreen display.

The digital trim settings are stored separately foreach flight phase. You can return to the correct idlethrottle trim for Ch1 simply by pressing a button.

„Dual Rate“ and „Exponential“ are available for roll,pitch-axis and tail rotor; they can be coupled toge-ther, and programmed to provide two settings ineach flight phase.

The transmitter controls connected to CH5 … 10can be assigned to inputs 5 … 12 in virtually anyorder. This is carried out in the menu „Transmittercontrol settings“.

The „Helicopter mixers“ menu provides three-pointcurves for the collective pitch, throttle and tail rotormixers, variable separately for each flight phase.These provide non-linear mixer characteristics, andare also available for the roll and pitch-axis swash-plate mixers. Independently of this feature, the con-trol curve for the Channel 1 stick can also be defi-ned using three points, separately for each flightphase; this feature is not available for fixed-wingmodels. These advanced features are not neededby the beginner, who will initially simply set the ho-ver point to coincide with stick travel centre.

In addition to three linear mixers, which can be as-signed in any way you wish and can also be assig-ned a switch, the „Helicopter mixers“ menu alsoprovides the following pre-programmed mixers:

1. Channel 1 > collective pitch (with 3-point curve)2. Channel 1 > throttle (with 3-point curve)3. Channel 1 > tail rotor (with 3-point curve)4. Channel 1 > gyro (with 3-point)

The throttle limit function (Input 12 in the „Transmit-ter control settings“ menu) provides an effectivemeans of starting the motor in any flight phase. Bydefault the slider connected to CH7 on the transmit-ter circuit board is assigned to input 12, and thiscontrol function determines the maximum throttleservo position, i.e. the slider controls the motorover the idle range. If the slider is moved in the di-rection of full-throttle, the programmed throttle cur-ves then take effect.

Model helicopters

32 Model helicopters

Model helicopters

Receiver socket sequenceNote for modellers upgrading from earlierGRAUPNER systems:Compared with the previous receiver channel se-quence, servo socket 1 (collective pitch servo) andservo socket 6 (throttle servo) have been interchan-ged.

The servos must be connected to the receiver out-put sockets in the following sequence:

Outputs not required are simply left vacant.

For more information on the different types ofswashplate please refer to the „Basic modelsettings“ menu described on page 42.

Servo Function

1 Collective pitch or roll 2, pitch-axis 2

(2-, 3- or 4-servo linkage)2 Roll 1

3 Pitch-axis 1

4 Tail rotor (gyro system)

5 Vacant, or pitch-axis 2

(4-servo linkage)

6 Throttle servo or speed controller(electric motor)

7 Gyro gain

8 Vacant, or speed governor

Note:If you are using a smaller receiver (with fewer out-puts), or a PPM-FM receiver made by another ma-nufacturer*, e.g. for Trainer mode operations, it maybe necessary to re-arrange the receiver servo out-puts as described above.

You may need to correct the direction of servo rota-tion using the servo reverse facility located in the„Servo settings“ menu, page 54.

All menus which are relevant to model helicoptersare marked with a „helicopter“ symbol in the „Pro-gram descriptions“:

* GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radiocontrol systems will work correctly in conjunction withreceiving systems and radio control equipment made byother manufacturers.

This means that you can easily skip irrelevant me-nus when programming a model helicopter.

Model helicopters 33

Model boats / Model cars

34 Model boats / Model cars

Special settings have been incorporated in the mc-19 software for model boats and model cars, in or-der to cope with the increasingly complex demandsof multi-function models of this kind.

As standard only receiver output 1 is assigned tothe left / right function of the right-hand stick, andoutput 2 to the forward / reverse function of the left-hand stick. The flexibility of the transmitter meansthat the user has complete freedom in making thisbasic assignment, and also the assignment of thereceiver outputs to the transmitter controls, so thatthe system fulfils his exact requirements.

In its standard form the transmitter includes a (soft-ware) NAUTIC module (channel multiplier for auxilia-ry functions), and the modeller can exploit this tocontrol a maximum of 16 switched channels and 11proportional functions (with the DS 24 receiver). Ifadditional NAUTIC-Expert modules (Order No. 4108)are installed, up to 48 switched channels and 9 pro-portional functions can be controlled (with the DS24 receiver).

Of course, all these options can also be used bybuilders and operators of model trucks and otherground-based vehicles. The net result is that themc-19 transmitter is so versatile that it represents atrue multi-function radio control system even in itsbasic form.

The two pictures show a range of typical functionsfitted to these types of model. Our programming ex-ample is based on the WESER fire-fighting cruiser,but the same principles apply to other comparablemodels.

Forward / reverse

Right /left

Lamp

Fire monitor

Vertical movement

Radar

Lamp

Fire monitor

Fire monitor

Lamp

Flashinglight

Forward / reverseRight / left

Headlight

Directionindicator

Tipper

mec

hanis

m

Rear light/brake light

Boat sound module

Car sound module

The mc-19 features a software-based Nautic chan-nel which can be assigned to the desired controloutput (1 … 12) n the menu „Basic model set-tings“.

Once you have assigned a channel to the „Nauticchannel“, the „Nautic module“ menu appears in thebasic menu. Note:

The control function which is used as the Nauticchannel - in our example: control function 1 - is thensuppressed in the „Servo settings“ menu, as it canonly be used as the Nautic channel.

In the „Nautic module“ menu you can assign up toeight different control functions (inputs A … H) tothe selected channel (in our example: 1).

At the receiver all you require is the optional NAU-TIC Expert switch module, Order No. 4159, whichcan carry out all 16 switched functions.

NAUTIC Expert switch module

Sixteen switched functions can be controlled byeach switch module: up to eight electrical consu-mers, such as filament bulbs, LEDs etc., with amaximum current drain of 0.7 A each, can be con-nected directly to the module (battery wiring dia-gram: Fig. 1).

Two switched functions are possible for each so-cket using the 3-core lead, Order No. 3941.6.

For electric motors or other electrical consumersdrawing currents higher than 0.7 A you need to usesupplementary NAUTIC switch modules or rever-sing modules.

To obtain a forward - stop - reverse function, con-nect the reversing module to the Expert switchmodule using a synchronous distributor lead; in thiscase note that one plug of the reversing modulemust be connected with reversed polarity (file offthe edges of this plug slightly).

For directly connected electrical consumer units, anexternal power supply is required, e.g. a GRAUP-NER receiver battery of adequate capacity; this isalso required for operating relays. Other batterieswith a voltage of up to 20 V can be connected usingthe connecting lead, Order No. 3941.6.

See page 119 for the complete range of NAUTICaccessories, together with details of connectingthem.

These are activated and assigned in the usual waysimply by operating them (see page 29).

Nautic ChannelNautic module (channel multiplier for auxiliary functions)

Nautic channel 35

All the available external switches, transmitter cont-rols, stick units and trim switches can be assignedto CH5 … CH10.

Detailed description of programmingReserving a new memory

If you have already read through to this point in the manual you will undoubtedly have made your first attempt at programming the system already. Even so, it is im-portant to describe each menu here in detail, to ensure that you have comprehensive instructions for each application you are likely to encounter. In this section westart with setting up a „free“ model memory prior to „programming“ a new model:

ENTER ESC

ESC

ESCENTER

ENTER

Caution:All the transmitter’s functions are barred, and thetransmitter does not broadcast a signal, until youconfirm the model type you have selected. If youswitch off the transmitter before you set the modeltype, the screen automatically switches to the dis-play shown at the bottom of the page when turnedon again. You must always define a model type!

• If the warning „Throttle too high“ appears on thescreen ..

.. move the throttle stick back in the direction ofidle.

Note:This warning only appears if the throttle setting isnot at idle, in accordance with the settings youhave entered in the „Motor“ section of the „Basicmodel settings“ menu. (see page 39) If you are notusing a motor, enter „none“ at this point; this disab-les the throttle warning message.

• If the message „Set Fail-Safe“ appears on thescreen ..

.. please read the section describing the „Fail-safe“ menu on pages 88 ... 91.

36 Program description

ENTER

Basic transmitter displayFrom the basic display press ENTER to move tothe „Multi-function menu“. You can return to thebasic screen at any time by pressing ESC.

Note:Adjust the screen contrast if necessary by pressingand turning the rotary control.If necessary select the „Model select“ menu fromthe list using the rotary control.

Now press ENTER or the rotary control to moveon to the „Model select“ menu.

The model memories marked „**free**“ are not yetin use. Memories which are already occupied ap-pear with the model name at the appropriate point,as entered in the menu „Basic model settings“(page 38). Use the rotary control to select one ofthe free model memories 1 to 20, then pressENTER or the rotary control.

You are now invited to select the basic model type,i.e. either „fixed-wing“, „helicopter“, „boat“ or „car“.

Use the rotary control to select the appropriate mo-del type, then press the rotary control or theENTER button to confirm your choice. The screenswitches back to the basic display: the model me-mory is now reserved.

It is now only possible to change this modelmemory to a different model type if you first erasethe model memory („Model memory“ menu, page37).

Thrtoo

high!

SetFail

Safe

If you answer NO, the process is interrupted, andyou are returned to the previous screen page. If youanswer YES with the rotary control and confirm yourchoice with ENTER, or by pressing the rotary cont-rol, then the selected model memory is erased.

“Erase model“

Use the rotary control to select the line „Erase mo-del“, and press ENTER or the rotary control.

... and confirm your selection by pressing the rotarycontrol, or press ENTER. Pressing ESC takes youback to the previous menu page without switchingmodels.

Notes:• If the warning message „Throttle too high“

appears when you switch models, the throttlestick (Ch1) is set towards full throttle andshould be moved back to idle.

• If the message „Set Fail-Safe“ appears when

The transmitter can store up to 20 complete sets ofmodel data, including the digital trim values set bythe four trim levers. The trims are automaticallystored, which means that the settings you havecarefully established through test-flying are not lostwhen you swap models. If you have entered amodel name in the „Basic model settings“ menu(page 38), the name appears after the modelnumber.

Use the rotary control to select the „Select model“line, and press ENTER or the rotary control.

Note:If you wish to erase the currently active model me-mory in the basic display, you will be required to de-fine the model type „Heli“, „Fixed-wing“, „Boat“ or„Car“ immediately. However, if you erase a non-acti-ve model memory, then the message „**free**“ ap-pears in the Model select menu.

“Copy model →→→→→ model“

Use the rotary control to select the line „Copy mo-del > model, and press ENTER or the rotary control:

Use the rotary control to select from the list the mo-del you wish to erase …

“Select model“

Model memoriesSelect modelErase modelCopy model -> model

Use the rotary control to select from the list the mo-del you wish to use …

Caution:The erasure process is irrevocable. All modelmemory data is reset to the factory default set-tings.Not possible now Battery

voltage too low

Program description: Model memories 37

you switch models, you should check your Fail-Safe settings. This only applies if the transmit-ter is set to PCM20 or SPCM20 transmissionmode.

• If the battery voltage is too low, it may not bepossible to switch model memories for safetyreasons. In this case the screen displays thismessage:

… and press the rotary control. The program re-sponds with the security query: „Do you really wantto erase model …?“

Select the model to be copied using the rotary cont-rol …

... and press the rotary control. In the “Copy to mo-del“ window you now select the target memory

Use the rotary control to select the first character inthe symbol field. A short press on the rotary control(or turning it when pressed in) moves to the nextposition in the name, at which you can again selecta character. Pressing CLEAR inserts a space atthat point.Select each character in the name with the rotarycontrol pressed in. The next space is indicated by adouble arrow <—> below the input field.

The model name appears in the basic display, andalso in the „Select model“ and „Copy / Erase“ me-nus.

Stick modeBasically there are four possible ways of arrangingthe principal control functions of a fixed-wing modelon the two dual-axis sticks: the primary functionsare aileron, elevator, rudder and throttle (or airbra-kes) for a fixed-wing model. Which of these optionsyou select depends on your individual preferencesand flying style.Once you have selected „Stick mode“ you will seeSEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the ro-tary control, and the current stick mode is displayedwith a black background. Now use the rotary controlto select one of the options 1 to 4. Pressing CLEARresets the function to stick mode „1“.

Selecting NO interrupts the process, and returnsyou to the previous page. If you select YES with therotary control and confirm your choice with ENTERor by pressing the rotary control, then the selectedmodel is copied into the chosen target model me-mory.

When you confirm the selected model memory bypressing the rotary control or pressing ENTER, thesecurity query appears: „“Do you really want to copymodel … to … ?“

and confirm your choice with ENTER or a briefpress on the rotary control. Alternatively you can in-terrupt the process with ESC. It is possible to over-write a model memory which already contains mo-del data.

Basic model-specific settings for fixed-wing model aircraft

38 Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model

Before you start programming specific parameters,some basic settings must be entered which applyonly to the currently active model memory. Selectthe menu line in the usual way with the rotary cont-rol pressed in.

Model name

You can enter up to 11 characters to define a modelname. Switch to the next screen page ( ) with abrief press of the rotary control; here you can enterthe model name by selecting characters from asymbol list:

Basic model settings

➨

MODE 1Throttle at left stick

MODE 2Throttle at right stick

MODE 3Throttle at left stick

MODE 4Throttle at right stick

elev. down full throttle

idleelev. up

left

rudd

er

left

aile

ron

right rudder

right aileron

full throttle

left

rudd

er

right rudder left

aile

ron

right aileron

elev. down

elev. up

elev. down

elev. up

left

rudd

er

right rudder

full throttle

idle

left

aile

ron

right aileron

full throttle

idle

left

aile

ron

right aileron

elev. down

elev. up

left

rudd

er

right rudder

Once you have selected „Modulation“ you will seeSEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the ro-tary control, and the current modulation is displayedwith a black background. Now use the rotary controlto select one of the four possible modulations. Themodulation you set takes effect at once, i.e. youcan immediately test the signal transmission to thereceiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to „PCM20“ mo-dulation.

The mc-19 transmitter differentiates between fourdifferent types of modulation:

PCM20: System resolution of 512 steps per chan-nel, for „mc“ or „DS mc“ type PCM recei-vers, for up to 10 servos.

SPCM20: Super PCM modulation with high systemresolution of 1024 steps per control func-tion, for „smc“ type receivers, for up to 10servos.

PPM18: Most commonly used standard transmis-sion mode (FM or FMsss) for all othertypes of GRAUPNER PPM-FM receivers,for up to 9 servos.

PPM24: PPM multi-servo transmission mode forsimultaneous operation of up to 12servos. For the „DS 24 FM S“ receiver.

Modulation

Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model 39

“none“: The model is a glider, with nomotor. The throttle warning mes-sage „Throttle too high“ is disab-led (see page 20).

“Throttle min. The idle position of the throttle /back“: airbrake stick (Ch1) is back, i.e.

towards the pilot.

“Throttle min. The idle position of the throttle /

forward“: airbrake stick (Ch1) is forward,

i.e. away from the pilot.

Notes:• The Ch1 trim acts only at the idle end of the

range, i.e. only at the „back“ or „forward“ end ofthe stick travel.You can check the setting in the „Servo display“menu.

• Cut-off trim: this special function is described onpage 26

Tail

Motor at Ch1

“normal“: Most fixed-wing model aircraft havea „normal tail“. For example, this

includes all powered models andgliders in which each of the func-tions elevator and rudder is opera-ted by one servo.

“V-tail“: The elevator and rudder controls areoperated by two control surfacesset in a V-shape, each controlled bya separate servo. The two-waycoupling function for the rudder andelevator control systems is auto-matically carried out by the pro-gram. The ratio of rudder travel toelevator travel can be adjusted inthe „Dual Rate“ menu (page 62).

“Delta/Flying The mixed elevon (aileron and ele

wing“: vator) control system requires twoseparate servos, one in each wing.Two further wing flaps can also becontrolled.

“2 EL Sv 3+8“: This option is designed for modelaircraft with two elevator servos.When the elevator stick is moved,the servo connected to receiveroutput 8 moves in parallel with stan-dard elevator servo. The elevatortrim lever affects both servos.

Note regarding „2 EL Sv 3+8“:In this mode a transmitter controlwhich is assigned to input 8 in the„Transmitter control settings“menu is de-coupled from servo „8“;this is for safety reasons.

Once you have selected the appropriate line youwill see SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Usethe rotary control to select a suitable name from the16 pre-sets, and assign a switch using the switchsymbol at bottom right.

For more information on flight phase programmingplease refer to page 68.

seconds using the right field, then the stopwatchcounts backward from the set time.

If the switch is OFF, both timers can be stoppedfrom the basic display by pressing ESC, then resetto the initial value using CLEAR.

Since the timers are equally applicable to all fourmodel types, a more detailed description of the ti-mer functions can be found on page 48.

Phase 2 bzw. Phase 3

Once you have selected the „Aileron / Flap“ line youwill see SEL at the bottom edge of the screen.Press the rotary control, and the current setting isdisplayed with a black background. Now use the ro-tary control to select one of the three options.The mixers and associated adjustment facilitieswhich appear in the „Wing mixers“ menu vary ac-cording to the data you enter here. The softwareprovides a maximum of 12 ready-made mixers forup to two aileron servos and two camber-changingflap servos.

Timers

40 Program description: Basic settings, fixed-wing model

Trainer

For more information on the Trainer system pleaserefer to page 52.

Receiver output

Press the rotary control to move to the next page ofthe display. Here you can assign the „control chan-nels“ for servos 1 … 12 to any receiver output youwish to use. However, please note that the displayin „Servo display“ refers exclusively to the „controlchannels“, i.e. the outputs are not swapped over.

This enables you to adjust the default sequence ofthe receiver outputs to match other makes* of radiocontrol system, and also to suit receivers with asmaller number of servo sockets.

Ailerons / Camber-changing flaps

Two timers are shown in the basic display: onestopwatch and one flight timer. In this menu pointthese timers can be assigned to a switch using theswitch symbol on the right; this switch is then usedto turn the timer on and off.

Once a switch has been assigned, if either of the ti-mers is started with an initial value of „0:00“, it willrun forward up to a maximum of 999 minutes and59 seconds, after which it restarts at „0:00“. On theother hand, if you use the left SEL field to set atime of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to 59

In this menu line you can assign a „transfer switch“for Trainer (teacher / pupil) mode operations, usingthe switch symbol at bottom right.

* GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radiocontrol systems will work correctly in conjunction withreceiving systems and radio control equipment made byother manufacturers.

Once you have selected „Modulation“ you will seeSEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the ro-tary control, and the current modulation is displayedwith a black background. Now use the rotary controlto select one of the four possible modulations. Themodulation you set takes effect at once, i.e. youcan immediately test the signal transmission to thereceiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to „PCM20“ mo-dulation.

The mc-19 transmitter differentiates between fourdifferent types of modulation:

PCM20: System resolution of 512 steps per chan-nel, for „mc“ or „DS mc“ type PCM recei-vers, for up to 10 servos.

SPCM20: Super PCM modulation with high systemresolution of 1024 steps per control func-tion, for „smc“ type receivers, for up to 10servos.

PPM18: Most commonly used standard transmis-sion mode (FM or FMSSS) for all othertypes of GRAUPNER PPM-FM receivers,for up to 9 servos.

PPM24: PPM multi-servo transmission mode forsimultaneous operation of up to 12servos. For the „DS 24 FM S“ receiver.

Stick modeBasically there are four possible ways of arrangingthe principal control functions of a model helicopteron the two dual-axis sticks: the primary functionsare roll, pitch-axis, tail rotor and throttle / collectivepitch. Which of these options you select dependson your individual preferences and flying style.

Once you have selected „Stick mode“ you will seeSEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press the ro-tary control, and the current stick mode is displayedwith a black background. Now use the rotary controlto select one of the options 1 to 4. Pressing CLEARresets the function to stick mode „1“.

Use the rotary control to select the first character inthe symbol field. A short press on the rotary control(or turning it when pressed in) moves to the nextposition in the name, at which you can again selecta character. Pressing CLEAR inserts a space atthat point.

Select each character in the name with the rotarycontrol pressed in. The next space is indicated by adouble arrow <—> below the input field.

The model name appears in the basic display, andalso in the „Select model“ and „Copy / Erase“ me-nus.

Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter 41

Basic model settingsBasic model-specific settings for model helicopters

Before you start programming specific parameters,some basic settings must be entered which applyonly to the currently active model memory. Selectthe menu line in the usual way with the rotary cont-rol pressed in.

Model name

You can enter up to 11 characters to define a modelname. Switch to the next screen page ( ) with abrief press of the rotary control; here you can enterthe model name by selecting characters from asymbol list:

Modulation

➨

MODE 1Throttle at left stick

MODE 2Throttle at right stick

MODE 3Throttle at left stick

MODE 4Throttle at right stick

pitch axis throttle

throttle

tail

roto

r

roll

tail rotor

roll

throttle

tail

roto

r tail rotor

roll roll

pitch axis

pitch axis

pitch axis

pitch axis

tail

roto

r tail rotor

throttle

throttle

roll roll

throttle

throttle

tail

roto

r tail rotor

pitch axis

pitch axis

left

rudd

er

right rudder

pitch axis throttle

CLEAR resets the swashplate type to „1 servo“.The swashplate mixer ratios are set in the „Helimixers“ menu, in the same way as swashplate ro-tation.

42 Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter

The mc-19 includes several programs for controllingthe swashplate, differing in the number of servoswhich are used to provide collective pitch control.Hold the rotary control pressed in initially to selectthe „Swashplate type“ line …

Swashplate type

… then press the rotary control briefly to set thenumber of servos in the inverse field.

“1 Servo“: The swashplate is tilted by one roll /pitch-axis servo. Collective pitch iscontrolled by one separate servo.

“2 servo“: The swashplate is moved axially bytwo roll servos for collective pitch con-trol; pitch-axis control is de-coupled bya mechanical compensating rocker(HEIM mechanics).

3Sv (2roll): Symmetrical three-point swashplatelinkage using three linkage points ar-ranged equally at 120°, actuated byone pitch-axis servo (front or rear) andtwo roll servos (left and right). For col-lective pitch control all three servosmove the swashplate axially.

3Sv (2 pitch:Symmetrical three-point linkage asaxis) above, but rotated through 90°, i.e. one

roll servo on one side, and two pitch-axis servos front and rear.

4Sv (90°): Four-point swashplate linkage usingtwo roll and two pitch-axis servos.

2

Swashplate type: 1 servo

2

1

Swashplate type: 2 servos

3

2

1

Swashplate type: 3 servos (2 pitch-axis)

Swashplate type: 4 servos (90°) 2 pitch-axis / 2 roll

25

1

3

In this line you can select the SEL field, then usethe rotary control to select a suitable name from the

Two timers are shown in the basic display: onestopwatch and one flight timer. In this menu pointthese timers can be assigned to a switch using theswitch symbol on the right; this switch is then usedto turn the timer on and off.Once a switch has been assigned, if either of thetimers is started with an initial value of „0:00“, it willrun forward up to a maximum of 999 minutes and59 seconds, after which it restarts at „0:00“.

On the other hand, if you use the left SEL field toset a time of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to59 seconds using the right field, then the stopwatchcounts backward from the set time.If the switch is OFF, both timers can be stoppedfrom the basic display by pressing ESC, then resetto the initial value using CLEAR.Since the timers are equally applicable to all fourmodel types, a more detailed description of thetimer functions can be found on page 48.

Phase 2

Collective pitch minAt this point you can set up the direction of operati-on of the throttle / collective pitch stick to suit yourpreference. This setting is crucial to the correctoperation of all the other options in the helicopterprogram which affect the throttle and collectivepitch function, i.e. the throttle curve, idle trim,channel 1 > tail rotor mixer etc.

The meaning is as follows:

„forward“:Minimum collective pitch when thecollective pitch stick (Ch1) is „forward“(away from you);

„back“: Minimum collective pitch when thecollective pitch stick (Ch1) is „back“(towards you).

CLEAR sets the collective pitch min. position to„forward“.

Direction of rotation of main rotorIn this line you enter the direction of rotation of themain rotor:

„left“: viewed from above, the main rotor rotatesanti-clockwise.

„right“: viewed from above, the main rotor rotatesclockwise.

CLEAR switches to „left“.

The program requires this information in order to setup the mixers to work in the correct „sense“; thisapplies to the following mixers which compensatefor rotor torque and motor power:

„Heli mixers“ menu: Channel 1 → collective pitch,Channel 1 → throttle,Channel 1 → tail rotor,Channel 1 → gyro,

Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter 43

Note:The Ch1 trim always affects the throttle servo only.As standard what is known as the „throttle limiter“ isset (see page 58); this limits the travel of thethrottle servo in the direction of maximum throttle,acting separately from the collective pitch servos.This point can be programmed in the „Transmittercontrol settings“ menu for Input 12.

Timers

right-handrotation

left-handrotation

Receiver output

44 Program description: Basic settings, model helicopter

10 pre-sets, and assign a switch using the switchsymbol at bottom right.

Auto-rotation

The name „Auto-rotation“ is permanently assignedto Phase 3, and cannot be altered. The only availab-le option is to assign a switch to it using the switchsymbol at bottom right on the screen.

Note:The „Auto-rotation“ flight phase has precedenceover all other flight phases.

Trainer

In this menu line you can assign a „transfer switch“for Trainer (teacher / pupil) mode operations, usingthe switch symbol at bottom right.

For more information on the Trainer system pleaserefer to page 52.

Press the rotary control to move to the next page ofthe display. Here you can assign the „controlchannels“ for servos 1 … 12 to any receiver outputyou wish to use. However, please note that thedisplay in „Servo display“ refers exclusively to the„control channels“, i.e. the outputs are not swappedover.

This enables you to adjust the default sequence ofthe receiver outputs to match other makes* ofsystem, and also to suit receivers with a smallernumber of servo sockets.

* GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radiocontrol systems will work correctly in conjunction withreceiving systems and radio control equipment made byother manufacturers.

Once a switch has been assigned, if either of thetimers is started with an initial value of „0:00“, it willrun forward up to a maximum of 999 minutes and59 seconds, after which it restarts at „0:00“.On the other hand, if you use the left SEL field toset a time of up to 180 minutes, and a time of up to59 seconds using the right field, then the stopwatchcounts backward from the set time.If the switch is OFF, both timers can be stoppedfrom the basic display by pressing ESC, then resetto the initial value using CLEAR.Since the timers are equally applicable to all fourmodel types, a more detailed description of thetimer functions can be found on page 48.

Nautic channel

Once you have selected „Modulation“ you will seeSEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Press therotary control, and the current modulation is display-ed with a black background. Now use the rotarycontrol to select one of the four possible modulati-ons. The modulation you set takes effect at once,i.e. you can immediately test the signal transmissi-on to the receiver. Pressing CLEAR switches to„PCM20“ modulation.The mc-19 transmitter differentiates between fourdifferent types of modulation:

PCM20: System resolution of 512 steps per chan-nel, for „mc“ or „DS mc“ type PCM recei-vers, for up to 10 servos.

SPCM20: Super PCM modulation with high systemresolution of 1024 steps per control func-tion, for „smc“ type receivers, for up to 10servos.

PPM18: Most commonly used standard transmis-sion mode (FM or FMSSS) for all othertypes of GRAUPNER PPM-FM receivers,for up to 9 servos.

PPM24: PPM multi-servo transmission mode forsimultaneous operation of up to 12servos. For the „DS 24 FM S“ receiver.

Timers

Two timers are shown in the basic display: onestopwatch and one „run“ timer. In this menu pointthese timers can be assigned to a switch using the

Use the rotary control to select the first character inthe symbol field. A short press on the rotary control(or turning it when pressed in) moves to the nextposition in the name, at which you can again selecta character. Pressing CLEAR inserts a space atthat point.

Select each character in the name with the rotarycontrol pressed in. The next space is indicated by adouble arrow <—> below the input field.

The model name appears in the basic display, andalso in the „Select model“ and „Copy / Erase“menus.

Program description: Basic settings, model car and boat 45

The mc-19 features a software-based Nauticchannel which can be assigned to the desiredcontrol output (1 … 12) in this menu. Once youhave assigned a channel to the „Nautic channel“,the „Nautic module“ menu appears in the basicmenu. For more details of this please see page 51.

Basic model settingsBasic model-specific settings for model cars and boats

Before you start programming specific parameters,some basic settings must be entered which applyonly to the currently active model memory. Selectthe menu line in the usual way with the rotarycontrol pressed in.

Model name

You can enter up to 11 characters to define a modelname. Switch to the next screen page (➨) with abrief press of the rotary control; here you can enterthe model name by selecting characters from asymbol list:

Modulation switch symbol on the right; this switch is then usedto turn the timer on and off.

Once you have selected „Nautic channel“ you willsee SEL at the bottom edge of the screen. Pressthe rotary control, and the select field is displayedwith a black background. Now use the rotary controlto select one of the 12 control channels. PressingCLEAR switches back to „??“.

46 Program description: Basic settings, model car and boat

Receiver output

Press the rotary control to move to the next page ofthe display. Here you can assign the „controlchannels“ for servos 1 … 12 to any receiver outputyou wish to use. However, please note that thedisplay in „Servo display“ refers exclusively to the„control channels“, i.e. the outputs are not swappedover.This enables you to adjust the default sequence ofthe receiver outputs to match other makes* ofsystem, and also to suit receivers with a smallernumber of servo sockets.

* GRAUPNER does not guarantee that GRAUPNER radiocontrol systems will work correctly in conjunction withreceiving systems and radio control equipment made byother manufacturers.

47

Once you have completed the settings in the„Timer“ sub-menu, the screen displays the setvalue; in our example this is 10.00 minutes.The timer starts counting down when you operatethe assigned switch or transmitter control.

Audible signal sequence:30 sec. before zero: triple tone

single tone every twoseconds

20 sec. before zero: double tonesingle tone every twoseconds

10 sec. before zero: every secondsingle tone every second

5 sec. before zero: every second, at higherfrequency

null: long tone, displayswitches to inverse video

Press CLEAR with the timer stopped to reset the„Timer“.

Note:Count-down timers are identified in the basicdisplay by a flashing colon (:) between the minutesand seconds fields.

If you have selected „boat“ or „car“ as the modeltype, the procedure for using the timers is exactlythe same, except that the name „Run time“ issubstituted for „Flight time“.

Switching between “count-up“ and “count-down“

Count-up timer:If you assign a switch to the timer, and if it isprogrammed to start running at the initial value„0:00“, it will count „up“ until a maximum of 999minutes and 59 seconds, at which point it startsagain at 0:00.

„Timer“ (count-down timer)Use the left-hand SEL field to set a start timewithin the range 0 to 180 minutes and use the right-hand SEL field to set a start time between 0 and 59seconds (or any combination of the two).

(CLEAR = „0“ or „00“).Procedure:

1. Select the SEL field with the rotary control,

2. Brief press on the rotary control,

3. Set the pre-set time in the inverse minutes /seconds field using the rotary control (notpressed in),

4. A brief press on the rotary control concludesthe process.

When you operate the assigned switch, the timersstart from this pre-set initial value and count back-ward („timer function“). If necessary, you can resetthe timer beforehand by pressing CLEAR in thebasic display. When the pre-set time has elapsed,the timer does not stop; instead it continues runningso that you can read off the over-run, i.e. the timeelapsed after zero.

You will find the „Timer“ sub-menu in the „Basicmodel settings“ menu. To carry out timer settings,hold the rotary control pressed in and select theappropriate line of the display.

„„Stopwatch“ and „Flight timer“/„Run timer““

These two timers are located in the right-hand halfof the basic screen display.The stopwatch can be set to count up or down, andcan be started and stopped using any externalswitch or control switch (see next page). To set theswitch select the switch symbol field at thebottom edge of the screen. The method of assigninga switch / control switch is described on page 29.

If the timer has been stopped, pressing CLEAR inthe basic display resets it to the programmed initialvalue; see below („Timer“ section).

The flight (or run) timer always starts when thestopwatch is started, but it continues to run evenwhen you stop the stopwatch. It can only be stop-ped by pressing ESC when the stopwatch is alreadystopped. It can only be reset to 0:00 in the stoppedstate by pressing CLEAR.

TimersTimers in the basic display

48 Program description: Basic setting, Timers

Many functions are best controlled automatically bya particular (freely programmable) position of theCh1 transmitter stick, rather than by a conventionalexternal switch.

Typical applications• Switching an on-board glowplug energiser on

and off, according to the throttle position or mo-tor speed. In this case the switch for the plugenergiser is controlled by a mixer at the trans-mitter.

• Switching a stopwatch on and off, to time themotor run of an electric motor.

• Switching a coupled aileron / rudder mixer (aile-ron 2 > 4 rudder) on and off automatically whenairbrakes are extended, for example, to allowyou to match the model’s angle of bank to theslope of the ground when landing on a ridge, asthe mixed rudder would affect the model’s hea-ding at this time.

• Extending the airbrakes plus automatic elevatorpitch trim compensation on the landing approachwhen the throttle stick is reduced below a pre-set switching point.

The mc-19 transmitter’s software features two ofthese control switches which can be assigned tothe Ch1 stick: „G1“ is triggered at around -80% offull travel, and „G2“ at around +80%. Both controlswitches can be included without restriction in thefree programming of the switches, i.e. they can beassigned to a function instead of an external(physical) switch.This means that you are given the opportunity toassign one of the control switches G1 or G2 insteadof an external switch at any point in the softwarewhere switches are assigned. All you have to do ismove the Ch1 stick from its end-point (= off) in thedirection of neutral.

Program description: Basic settings, Control switches 49

Control switchesAutomating switching processes

Control switchesAutomating switching processes

Many functions are best controlled automatically bya particular (freely programmable) position of theCh1 or the Ch3... transmitter stick, rather than by aconventional external switch.

Typical applications• Switching an on-board glowplug energiser on

and off, according to the throttle position or mo-tor speed. In this case the switch for the plugenergiser is controlled by a mixer at the trans-mitter.

• Switching a stopwatch on and off, to time themotor run of an electric motor.

• etc.

The mc-19 transmitter’s software for model carsand boats features six of these control switches forthese purposes; they can be assigned to the Ch1and Ch3 sticks: „G1“ and „G3“ are switched on ataround -80% of full travel, while „G2“ and „G4“ areswitched on at around +80%. „G5“ and „G6“ areboth „on“ at both sides of the neutral point, if theassociated stick is moved from the centre positionby more than about 10%.

Both control switches can be included withoutrestriction in the free programming of the switches,i.e. they can be assigned to a function instead of anexternal (physical) switch.

This means that you are able to assign one of thecontrol switches G1 … G6 instead of an externalswitch at any point in the software where switchesare assigned. All you have to do is move the Ch1 orCh3 stick from its end-point (= off) in the directionof neutral, or either forward or back from the neutralsetting.

Press CLEAR line by line if you wish to switchback to the default settings.

However, if you now wish to change the throttleservo setting, note that the adjustments must becarried out in the line for „Servo 6“ in the „Servoadjustments“ menu.

The mc-19 software enables the user to swap overall servo outputs 1 to maximum 12, in order toobtain maximum flexibility in respect of receiverservo assignment. This facility is provided on thesecond page of the „Receiver output“ sub-menu inthe „Basic model settings“ menu.

Typical applications:• If you are using a smaller receiver with six or

even just four servo sockets, it may be neces-sary to swap over the receiver servo sockets inorder, for example, to control a second camber-changing flap, a second aileron servo or a tailrotor gyro.

• Interchanging servo sockets can also be neces-sary for Trainer mode operations when using amodel set up for a different make of equipment,to avoid having to re-connect the servos at thereceiver.

• In the mc-19 helicopter program the outputs forthe collective pitch servo and the throttle servoare different from all earlier GRAUPNER/JR mcsystems: the throttle servo is now assigned toreceiver output „6“ and the collective pitch servoto output „1“, and it may be that you prefer toretain the earlier configuration.

In all these cases the facilities offered in this menupoint will help you. Without having to carry out anyfurther alterations concerning the many set-upparameters, mixer functions etc., you simply enterthe new servo assignment in the software. However,if you subsequently have to make changes to

Receiver outputChanging servo assignment

50 Program description: Basic settings, Receiver output

… and, in the same way, servo No. 1 is assigned tooutput 6:

Notes:• If you swap over the receiver outputs, please

note that the programmed fail-safe settings„Hold“ and „Pos.“ in SPCM20 mode always referto the receiver socket numbers, and the batteryfail-safe settings in PCM20 mode always refer tooutputs 1 to 8.

• Please note also that the display of servo positi-ons in the „Servo position“ menu always refersto the control channel number or „servo number“,and not to the receiver outputs, which may havebeen swapped over. The „Servo position“ menuis accessed by a brief press on the rotary cont-rol from the transmitter’s basic display.

settings such as servo travel adjustment, Dual Rate/ Expo, mixers etc., you must always refer to thereceiver assignment as defined in the basic set-up.

Example:Helicopter program: you wish to assign the throttleservo at receiver output 6 to output 1, and move thecollective pitch servo from output 1 to output 6:

Select the „Output 1“ line on the screen display andthen press the rotary control briefly. Now turn therotary control in the now inverse field containing theservo number, so that servo No. 6 is assigned tooutput 1 …

Program description: Basic settings, Nautic channel 51

The mc-19 features a software-based Nauticchannel which can be assigned to the desiredcontrol output (1 … 12) in the „Basic model set-tings“ menu.

Once you have assigned a channel to the „Nauticchannel“, the „Nautic module“ menu appears in thebasic menu.

Note:The control function which is used as the Nauticchannel - in our example: control function 1 - is thensuppressed in the „Servo settings“ menu, as it canonly be used as the Nautic channel.

In the „Nautic module“ menu you can assign up toeight different control functions (inputs A … H) tothe selected channel (in our example: 1). You canassign all the available external switches,transmitter controls, stick units, trim switches 1 …4, and other controls connected to CH5 … CH10,completely without restriction.

At the receiver all you require is the optional NAU-TIC Expert switch module, Order No. 4159, which iscapable of carrying out all the appropriate auxiliaryfunctions from the receiver.

Nautic Module(Channel multiplier for auxiliary functions)

These are assigned in the usual way simply byselecting the desired input with the rotary controlpressed in, and then activating the input field with ashort press on the rotary control as you operate theselected control (see also page 29).

Trainer modeTotal control center

The model to be controlled by the pupil must beprogrammed completely in one of the Teachertransmitter’s model memories, including all itsfunctions, trims and any mixed functions. Whencontrol is transferred to the pupil, the Pupil trans-mitter only passes out the signals from the sticksand any other transmitter controls which may beconnected. Only a total transfer of control is pos-sible.All the parts which need to be installed are includedin the opto-electronic Trainer system set, Order No.3289. See the Appendix for instructions on installingthe system components.

Setting up the Teacher transmitter

You must assign a Trainer transfer switch; this isdone on the right of the screen. We recommend themomentary switch, Order No. 4160.1, or the kick-switch (converted to momentary switch function;see Appendix), Order No. 4144, as these switchesenable the flight tutor to regain control instantly atany time. The Teacher transmitter can be operatedin PPM18, PPM24, PCM20 or SPCM20 transmis-sion mode.

52 Program description: Basic settings, Trainer mode

Setting up the Pupil transmitter

The Pupil transmitter must be fitted with a Trainerpupil module; this unit is connected to the transmit-ter circuit board instead of the RF module, andtransfers the control signals via the light-pipe lead.

The following transmitters can be used as the Pupilunit: GRAUPNER/JR FM414, FM4014, FM6014,

mc-10*, mc-12*, mc-14, mc-15, mc-16, mc-16/20,mc-17, mc-18, mc-20, mc-19, mx-22** and mc-24,with 4 to 8 control functions.

* Requires Pupil module, Order No. 3290.10.

** Requires Pupil module, Order No. 3290.33.

Important:The Pupil transmitter must always be set tooperate in PPM mode, regardless of themodulation set on the Teacher transmitter.

The control functions of the Pupil transmitter mustact directly on the control channels, i.e. the receiveroutputs, without the involvement of any type ofmixer.

If you are using an „mc“ or „mx“-series transmitter itis best to erase a free model memory and use thatmemory in its basic setting. The stick mode of thePupil transmitter should be set to suit the pupil’spreference, either by swapping over the connectingleads of the transmitter controls, or - in the case ofmc and mx-series transmitters - simply by selectingstick mode 1...4. Be sure to set up the throttle /collective pitch function and the idle trim correctlyon the Pupil transmitter.

With „D“ and „FM“ type transmitters you must alsocheck the direction of servo rotation and makecorrections if necessary. All other functions arecarried out by the Teacher transmitter.

When assigning the control functions the usualconventions must be observed:

Channel Function

1 Throttle / Collective pitch

2 Aileron / Roll

3 Elevator / Pitch-axis

4 Rudder / Tail rotor

Trainer operations - total control transfer

Link the two transmitters using the light-pipe lead:the plug marked „M“ (Master) must be fitted in thesocket on the Teacher transmitter, and the plugmarked „S“ (Slave) in the socket of the Pupiltransmitter. Switch both transmitters on.

You must assign a transfer switch for Trainer modeoperations. This is carried out in the „Basic modelsettings“ menu.

If the switch is closed, i.e. activated, then thesystem is in Trainer mode. The Teacher transmittercan only resume control of the model by operatingthe transfer switch.

In Trainer mode the basic display does not changein any way.

Checking that the system works correctly:

Operate the Trainer switch you have assigned:

• If the Trainer system is working correctly, therewill be no error message when you operate theassigned transfer switch.

Program description: Basic settings, Trainer mode 53

• If the screen displays „no Pupil signal“ on theleft, the link between the Pupil transmitter andthe Teacher transmitter is defective. If this shouldhappen, all functions are transferred automatical-ly to the Teacher transmitter regardless of theswitch position, to ensure that the model is neverout of control.

If the Trainer link is not correct, or if the Trainersystem is not connected at all, the following war-ning message appears in the „Basic model settings“menu and also on the basic display:

no pupil signal

Possible faults:• Interface in Pupil transmitter not connected cor-

rectly in place of the RF module

• Pupil transmitter not ready for use

• Pupil transmitter not set to PPM mode

• Light-pipe not connected properly

• Light-pipe lead loose in plug: if this should hap-pen, press lightly on the end of the connector (1)to release the light-pipe clamp mechanism, thenpush the light-pipe lead (2) in as far as it will go.

Check that there is no dirt or dust in the light-pipe openings.

1

2

The neutral position can be shifted within the range-125% to +125% of normal servo travel, regardlessof the trim lever position and any mixers you haveset up. The centre setting affects the associatedservo directly, independently of all other trim andmixer settings. However, please note that anextreme shift of the servo’s neutral point mayresult in servo travel to one side of neutral only,as total servo travel is limited to +/-150% forboth electronic and mechanical reasons.

CLEAR resets the value to „0%“.

Column 2 “Rev“The direction of servo rotation can be adjusted tosuit the actual installation in your model. Thismeans that you don’t need to concern yourself withservo directions when installing the mechanicallinkages in the model, as you can reverse them ifnecessary. The direction of rotation is indicated bythe symbols „=>“ and „<=“. Be sure to set thedirection of servo rotation before you make adjust-ments to the remaining options!

CLEAR resets the direction of rotation to „=>“.

Column 4 “Servo travel“

In this column you can adjust servo travel symmet-rically or asymmetrically (different each side ofneutral). The adjustment range is 0 ... +150% ofnormal servo travel. The reference point for the setvalues is the setting in the „Centre“ column.

To set a „symmetrical“ travel, i.e. to adjust travelequally on both sides of neutral, select SYM; selectASY to set asymmetrical travel. In the latter casemove the associated transmitter control (stick,slider, rotary knob or switch module) to the appropri-ate end-point; when you press the rotary control theinverse servo travel field switches between the leftfield (negative direction) and the right field (positivedirection).

Column 3 “Centre“

The facility to offset the servo travel centre isintended for adjusting servos whose centre settingis not standard (servo centre point at 1.5 ms), andalso for minor adjustments, e.g. when fine-tuningthe neutral position of control surfaces on themodel.

The graph alongsideshows an example ofasymmetrical servotravel, with a travelsetting of -50% and+150%. Servo travel/Transmitter controltravel

In this menu you can adjust parameters which onlyaffect the servo connected to a particular receiveroutput, namely the direction of servo rotation,neutral point and servo travel.

Basic procedure:1. Hold the rotary control pressed in and select the

relevant servo (1 to 12).2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, SYM or

ASY in the bottom line, prior to making the ad-justments required.

3. Press the rotary control: the corresponding inputfield goes into inverse video (dark background).

4. Set the appropriate value using the rotary control.5. Finally press the rotary control again to end the

input process.

Important:The numbers in the servo designations refer to thereceiver output socket to which a particular servo isconnected. These numbers do not necessarilycoincide with the numbering of the transmittercontrol function inputs, and indeed any coincidencewould be purely accidental. The mc-19’s sophistica-ted programs mean that the numbers are unlikely tobe the same in any case. For example, changingthe stick mode does not affect the numbering (i.e.receiver socket sequence) of the servos.

As a basic rule, always start with the servo settingin the left-hand column!

Servo settingsServo direction, centre, travel

54 Program description: Servo settings

CLEAR resets the changed parameter to 100%

Important:In contrast to the „Transmitter control settings“menu this setting affects the servo directly, regard-less of how the control signal for this servo isgenerated, i.e. either directly by a stick channel, orby means of any type of mixer function.

Program description: Servo settings 55

Transmitter control settings

In addition to the 2 dual-axis stick units for thecontrol functions 1 to 4, additional transmittercontrols (sliders, rotary knobs, switch modules) canbe connected to the sockets marked CH5 to CH10.

In contrast, inputs 11 and 12 are pure „softwareinputs“ and can only be assigned to one of thetransmitter controls CH5...CH10.In the standard configuration the two controls in thecentre console of the mc-19 are connected to thefollowing inputs:

These two transmitter controls, and other controlsconnected to function inputs 5 to 10, can now beassigned freely in this menu, with absolutely norestriction. A side-effect of this arrangement is thatone transmitter control can also be set to operateseveral function inputs simultaneously, e.g. 11 and12. As an option, an external switch can also beassigned to each input; see below.

Note:In the „Helicopter“ model type, function input „6“ isde-coupled, i.e. it has no effect, as this controlchannel is reserved for the throttle servo. Input 12 is

also defined as the throttle limiter; its function isexplained at the end of the menu description.

Basic procedure:

1. Select the appropriate input 5 to 12 with therotary control pressed in.

2. Use the rotary control to select SEL, theswitch symbol, SYM or ASY in the bottomline of the screen, so that you can carry outthe adjustments you wish to make.

3. Press the rotary control: the input field youwish to modify switches to inverse video(dark background).

4. Adjust the travel using the rotary control; ifnecessary operate the selected transmittercontrol or switch, so that the software de-tects it. Press the rotary control to end theinput process.

Column 2 “Assigning control switches andswitches“

Select one of the function inputs 5 to 12 with therotary control pressed in.

Use the rotary control to select SEL, or (if SEL isalready in inverse video) press the rotary controlbriefly to move to the assignment facility …

Basic procedures for assigning transmitter controls and switches

Trans. control Trans. socket Function inputLeft slider oralternativelyLeft 2-channelswitch module

CH 6 free

Right slider CH 7 free

assigned to the selected function input; the screendisplays its socket number.

Switch module control:

If you assign a 2-channel switch module to the inputinstead of an analogue, i.e. proportional, slider or ro-tary control, then a 3-position switched function isavailable, e.g. motor „off“ / „half-throttle“ / „full power“.

External switch control:

If you assign one of the external switches on thecentre console to the input, then this control chan-nel works like an On / Off switch. It is then possibleto switch to and fro between two end-point valuesusing this simple switch, e.g. motor ON / OFF.

After you have assigned an external switch, thescreen displays the switch number followed by aswitch symbol which indicates the direction ofswitching, e.g.:

56 Program description: Transmitter control settings

… so that the „Operate desired switch or transmittercontrol“ window is superimposed on the screen.Now move the appropriate transmitter control, oroperate the selected switch. The software automati-cally detects this, and the „moved“ control is

Note:The method of adjusting travel is described below.This can also be used to affect the end-point whenassigning a switch.

Safety note:It is important to define as „free“ all thoseinputs not currently required, to eliminate therisk of operating them accidentally using trans-mitter controls which are not meant to be in use;if you neglect to do this, you may be in for anunwelcome surprise at some time.

Column 4 “-Travel+“

In this column you set the travel of the transmittercontrol within the range -125% to +125%. At thesame time you can use the software to reverse thedirection of effect of the transmitter control. Incontrast to altering servo travel, changing thetransmitter travel setting affects all mixer andcoupling inputs, i.e. all servos which are influencedby that transmitter control.

Transmitter control travel can be adjusted symmetri-cally (SYM) to both sides, or asymmetrically (ASY).In the latter case you must move the stick in theappropriate direction before altering the setting.When the field changes to inverse video (darkbackground) you can change the setting using therotary control. Pressing CLEAR resets the transmit-ter control travel to 100%.

Program description: Transmitter control settings 57

Transmitter control settingsThrottle limit functionThrottle limit: input 12

Meaning and application of “throttle limit“

If the Ch1 stick is moved to the collective pitchminimum position in flight, the throttle servo doesnot normally run to its idle position. The throttlecurve which determines this is set up in the „Helimixers“ menu. (For separate flight phases you canset different throttle curves using flight phaseprogramming).

Generally speaking, the throttle servo does notmove to the idle position at the collective pitchminimum position in any of these flight phases,which means that the motor cannot be started, asthe throttle is too far open. Regardless of this: if thethrottle is too far open when you switch on thetransmitter, you will hear an audible warning, andthe following message appears on the basic dis-play:

This is where the throttle limiter comes into its own,as it avoids this problem when the motor is to bestarted. Using a separate transmitter control - bydefault the left-hand slider connected to CH6 -control of the throttle servo can be de-coupled fromthe pre-set throttle curve and brought under exclusi-ve control of the slider.

In the Heli program input 12 is reserved for thethrottle limit function.The travel of the throttle servo connected to recei-ver output 6 is limited by a transmitter controlassigned to input 12, independent of the position ofthe Ch1 stick. This allows the operator to move theservo to the idle position.

The position of this slider restricts the throttle servoat any point in the direction of full throttle, i.e. itlimits the throttle. This „throttle limit“ continues tohave effect as long as the set value of the throttlelimit control is lower than the maximum travel of thethrottle servo which you can achieve using the Ch1stick.

Tip:You can call up the „Servo display“ menu to checkthe influence of the throttle limit slider. Bear in mindthat servo output 6 controls the throttle servo on themc-19.

Throttle limit in conjunction with the digital trim:

When used with a throttle limit slider, the Ch1 trimplaces a marker at the set idle position of themotor; at this point the motor can be stopped usingthe trim. If the trim is in its end-range (see displayindicator), then a single click immediately takes youback to the marker, i.e. to the pre-set idle position.

The cut-off trim only acts as idle trim on the throttlelimit in the bottom half of the slider travel, i.e. themarker is only set and stored within this range:

Throttle too

high

58 Program description: Transmitter control settings

The right-hand positive value in the „Travel“ columnmust therefore be large enough to ensure that itdoes not limit the full-throttle setting available viathe Ch1 stick when the control is at its maximumposition. Usually this means a value in the range100% to 125%. The left-hand negative value of theinput should be set in such a way that the throttle isclosed completely when the digital Ch1 trim is alsoused, so that you can reliably stop the motor. Forthis reason you should leave the bottom value ofthe throttle limit slider at +100%.

At the same time the „Throttle limit“ function alsoprovides an additional level of safety if, for examp-le, the helicopter is carried to the take-off site withthe motor running: you simply move the control toits minimum position, and this prevents any acci-dental movement of the Ch1 stick affecting thethrottle servo.

Important note:If you set function input 12 to „free“, you do notswitch off the Throttle limit function, but onlyswitch the limiter to „half-throttle“.

59

Basic procedure:

1. Select the appropriate input 1 to 12 with therotary control pressed in.

2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, theswitch symbol, SYM or ASY in the bottomline of the screen, so that you can carry outthe adjustments you wish to make.

3. Press the rotary control: the input field youwish to modify switches to inverse video(dark background).

4. Adjust the travel using the rotary control; ifnecessary operate the selected transmittercontrol or switch, so that the software de-tects it. Press the rotary control to end theinput process.

Erasing an assignment:

1. Select the appropriate input 1 to 12 with therotary control pressed in.

2. Turn the rotary control to select SEL, so thatyou can carry out the adjustment you wish tomake.

3. Press the rotary control: the input field youwish to modify switches to inverse video(dark background).

4. Press the CLEAR button, then press therotary control to end the input process.

60 Program description: Transmitter controls

Transmitter control settings

As already mentioned on page 34, by default theonly fixed control assignments in the „Car“ and„Boat“ model types are input 1 to „transmittercontrol 2“ (= left / right function of the right-handstick) and input 2 to „transmitter control 3“ (=forward / reverse function of the left-hand stick).

Thanks to the flexibility of the basic transmittersoftware it is possible in this menu to change boththe basic assignment, and also the assignment ofthe other inputs to transmitter controls, to suit theexact requirements of the model builder and driver.There are no restrictions to this, i.e. it is evenpossible to assign any transmitter control to multip-le function inputs simultaneously if that is yourwish, e.g. inputs 8 and 12.

In addition to the two dual-axis stick units for thecontrol functions 1 to 4, all the other transmittercontrols (sliders, rotary knobs, switch modules)connected to the sockets marked CH5 to CH10 canbe assigned to any function input, such as Trim 1 …Trim 4 or any of the external switches fitted to thetransmitter.

In the standard configuration the two controls in thecentre console of the mc-19 are connected to thefollowing inputs:

Column 2 “Assigning transmitter controls and

switches“

Select one of the function inputs 1 to 12 with therotary control pressed in.Use the rotary control to select SEL, or (if SEL isalready in inverse video) press the rotary controlbriefly to move to the assignment facility …

Basic procedures for assigning transmitter controls and switches

Switch module control:If you assign a 2-channel switch module to theinput instead of an analogue, i.e. proportional, slideror rotary control, then a 3-position switched functionis available, e.g. motor „off“ / „half-throttle“ / „fullpower“.

External switch control:If you assign one of the external switches on thecentre console to the input, then this controlchannel works like a selective switch It is thenpossible to switch to and fro between two end-pointvalues using this simple switch, e.g. motor ON /OFF.After you have assigned an external switch, thescreen displays the switch number followed by a

… so that the „Operate desired switch or transmittercontrol“ window is superimposed on the screen.Now move the appropriate transmitter control or trimslider or operate the selected switch. The softwareautomatically detects this, and the „moved“ controlis assigned to the selected function input thescreen displays its socket number.

Trans. control Trans. socket Function inputLeft slider oralternativelyLeft 2-channelswitch module

CH 6 free

Right slider CH 7 free

by that transmitter control.

Transmitter control travel can be adjusted symmetri-cally (SYM) to both sides, or asymmetrically (ASY).In the latter case you must move the stick orswitch in the appropriate direction before alteringthe setting. When the field changes to inverse video(dark background) you can change the setting usingthe rotary control. Pressing CLEAR resets thetransmitter control travel to 100%.

Program description: Transmitter control settings 61

Note:The method of adjusting travel is described below.This can also be used to affect the end-point whenassigning a switch.

Only the stick functions Control 1 … Control 4 areavailable in the „Dual Rate / Expo“ menu whenassigned to an input in this menu.

Safety note:It is important to define as „free“ all thoseinputs not currently required, to eliminate therisk of operating them accidentally using trans-mitter controls which are not meant to be in use;if you neglect to do this, you may be in for anunwelcome surprise at some time.

Column 4 “-Travel+“

switch symbol which indicates the direction ofswitching, e.g.:

In this column you set the travel of the transmittercontrol within the range -125% to +125%. At thesame time you can use the software to reverse thedirection of effect of the transmitter control. Incontrast to altering servo travel, changing thetransmitter travel setting affects all mixer andcoupling inputs, i.e. all servos which are influenced

The Dual Rate curve is shown simultaneously in thegraph (CLEAR = 100%).

Programming:

Dual Rate function

If you wish to switch between two possible D/Rsettings, select the symbol and assign anexternal switch as described in the section „Assig-ning external and control switches“.

Examples of different Dual Rate values:

Dual Rate / ExpoControl characteristics for aileron, elevator and rudder

The Dual Rate / Expo function provides a means ofswitching to reduced control travels, and of influen-cing the travel characteristics, for aileron, elevatorand rudder (control functions 2 ... 4). This can becarried out in flight by means of external switches.Dual Rate works in a similar way to servo traveladjustment in the „Servo settings“ menu, but theDual Rate function does not affect the servo direct-ly; instead it affects the corresponding stick func-tion, regardless of whether that function controls asingle servo or multiple servos via any number ofcomplex mixer and coupling functions.For each switch position the servo travels can beset to any value within the range 0 to 125% of fulltravel.The exponential control characteristic works in adifferent way. If you set a value greater than 0%,exponential provides fine control of the modelaround the centre position of the primary controlfunctions (aileron, elevator and rudder), withoutforfeiting full travel at the end-points of stick travel.If you set a value lower than 0%, travel is increasedaround the neutral position, and reduced towardsthe extremes of travel. The degree of „progression“can therefore be set to any value within the range -100% to +100%, where 0% equates to normal,linear control characteristics.Another application for exponential is to improve thelinearity of rotary-output servos, which are thestandard nowadays. The movement of the controlsurface is inevitably non-linear with a rotary servo,as the linear movement of the output disc or leverdependent upon the position of the linkage

reduces progressively as the angular movementincreases, i.e. the rate of travel of the controlsurface reduces steadily towards the extremes,dependent upon the position of the linkage point onthe output disc or lever.

You can compensate for this effect by setting anExpo value greater than 0%, with the result that theangular travel of the output device increasesdisproportionately as stick travel increases.

Like Dual Rates, the Expo setting applies directly tothe corresponding stick function, regardless ofwhether that function controls a single servo ormultiple servos via any number of complex mixerand coupling functions. The Expo function can alsobe switched on and off in flight if you assign aswitch to it.

Since switches can be assigned to the Dual Rateand Expo functions with complete freedom, it isalso possible to operate multiple functions usingone and the same switch. The result of this is thatDual Rates and Expo can be controlled simultane-ously using a single switch, and this can be advan-tageous - especially with very high-speed models.

The graphic screen displays the curve characteris-tics directly. When you select the appropriate menuline, the central vertical line follows the movementof the stick concerned, so that you can easilyobserve how the curve value changes relative tothe movement of the transmitter control.

62 Program description: Dual Rate / Expo

Select the SEL field to change the Dual Rate value,and use the rotary control in the inverse video fieldto set the values for each of the two switch positi-ons separately:

Caution:The Dual Rate value should always be at least 20%of total control travel, otherwise you could lose allcontrol of that function.

The Expo curve is displayed simultaneously in thegraph (CLEAR = 0%).

„up-elevator“:

and „down-elevator“

Note:In software terms it would be possible to assign oneof the two control switches G1 or G2 which areavailable at the Ch1 stick, but since these aretriggered at +80% and -80% of the transmittercontrol travel, this is not a very practical alternati-ve.

Exponential functionIf you wish to switch between two possible settings,select the field and assign an external switchas described on page 29. The assigned switchappears in the screen display together with a switchsymbol which indicates the direction of operationwhen you move the switch.

For example, the system enables you to fly with alinear curve characteristic in the one switch positi-on, and to pre-set a value other than 0% in theother switch position.To change the Expo value, first select the SELfield, then use the rotary control in the inversevideo field to set separate values for each of thetwo switch positions:

Examples of different Expo values

Combination of Dual Rate and ExpoIf you have assigned Dual Rates and Expo to thesame switch, both functions are switched simultan-eously, e.g.:

Program description: Dual Rate / Expo 63

In these examples the Dual Rate value is 100% ineach case.

The Dual Rate curve is shown simultaneously in thegraph (CLEAR = 100%).

Dual Rate / ExpoControl characteristics for roll, pitch-axis, tail rotor

The Dual Rate / Expo function provides a means ofswitching to reduced control travels, and influencingthe travel characteristics, for the roll, pitch-axis andtail rotor servos (control functions 2 ... 4). This canbe carried out in flight by means of an externalswitch. A separate curve for control function 1(motor / collective pitch) can be set separately forthrottle, collective pitch and tail rotor in the „Helimixers“ menu. These curves feature 3 separatelyprogrammable points.

Dual Rate works in a similar way to servo traveladjustment in the „Servo settings“ menu, but theDual Rate function does not affect the servo direct-ly; instead it affects the corresponding stick func-tion, regardless of whether this function controls asingle servo or multiple servos via any number ofcomplex mixer and coupling functions.

For each switch position the servo travels can beset to any value within the range 0 to 125% of fulltravel.

The exponential control characteristic works in adifferent way. If you set a value greater than 0%,exponential provides fine control of the modelaround the centre position of the primary controlfunctions (roll, pitch-axis and tail rotor), withoutforfeiting full travel at the end-points of stick travel.If you set a value lower than 0%, travel is increasedaround the neutral position, and reduced towards theextremes of travel. The degree of „progression“

can be set within the range -100% to +100%, where0% equates to normal, linear control characteristics.Another application for exponential is to improve thelinearity of rotary-output servos, which are thestandard nowadays. The movement of the controlsurface is inevitably non-linear with a rotary servo,as the linear movement of the output disc or leverreduces progressively as the angular movementincreases, i.e. the rate of travel of the controlsurface reduces steadily towards the extremes,dependent upon the position of the linkage point onthe output disc or lever. You can compensate forthis effect by setting an Expo value greater than0%, with the result that the angular travel of theoutput device increases disproportionately as sticktravel increases.

Like Dual Rates, the Expo setting applies directly tothe corresponding stick function, regardless ofwhether that function controls a single servo ormultiple servos via any number of complex mixerand coupling functions. The Expo function can alsobe switched on and off in flight if you assign aswitch to it.

Since switches can be assigned to the Dual Rateand Expo functions with complete freedom, it isalso possible to operate several functions using oneand the same switch. The result of this is that DualRates and Expo can be controlled simultaneouslyusing a single switch, and this can be advantage-ous - especially with very high-speed models.

The graphic screen displays the curve characteris-tics directly. When you select the appropriate menuline, the central vertical line follows the movementof the stick concerned, so that you can easilyobserve how the curve value changes relative tothe movement of the transmitter control.

Programming:

Dual Rate function

If you wish to switch between two possible D/Rsettings, select the symbol and assign anexternal switch as described in the section„Assigning external and control switches“, asdescribed on page 29.

The assigned switch appears in the screen displaytogether with a switch symbol which indicates thedirection of operation when you move the switch.Select the SEL field to change the Dual Rate value,and use the rotary control in the inverse video fieldto set the values for each of the two switch positi-ons separately:

64 Program description: Dual Rate / Expo

Examples of different Dual Rate values:

The Expo curve is displayed simultaneously in thegraph (CLEAR = 0%).

Examples of different Expo values:

Caution:The Dual Rate value should always be at least 20%of total control travel, otherwise you could lose allcontrol of that function.

Exponential function

If you wish to switch between two possible settings,select the field and assign an external switchor one of the control switches, as described onpage 29. The assigned switch appears in the screendisplay together with a switch symbol which indica-tes the direction of operation when you move theswitch.For example, the system enables you to fly with alinear curve characteristic in the one switch pos-ition, and to pre-set a value other than 0% in theother switch position.

To change the Expo value, first select the SELfield, then use the rotary control in the inversevideo field to set separate values for each of thetwo switch positions.

In these examples the Dual Rate value is 100% ineach case.

Combination of Dual Rate and Expo

If you have assigned Dual Rates and Expo to thesame switch, both functions are switched simulta-neously, e.g.:

„back cyclic“:

and „forward cyclic“

The dotted vertical line shows the momentaryposition of the pitch-axis stick.

Program description: Dual Rate / Expo 65

The Dual Rate curve is shown simultaneously in thegraph( CLEAR = 100%).

Programming:

Dual Rate function

If you wish to switch between two possible D/Rsettings, select the symbol and assign anexternal switch as described in the section „Assign-ing external and control switches“, as described onpage 29.

Examples of different Dual Rate values:

Dual Rate / ExpoSwitchable control characteristics for the primary sticks: Ch1 … Ch4

The Dual Rate / Expo function provides a means ofswitching to reduced control travels, and influencingthe travel characteristics, for all the stick functions(Ch1 … Ch4) assigned to any input in the „Trans-mitter control settings“ menu. This can be carriedout by means of an external switch while the modelis running.

Dual Rate works in a similar way to servo traveladjustment in the „Servo settings“ menu, but theDual Rate function does not affect the servo direct-ly; instead it affects the corresponding stick func-tion, regardless of whether this function controls asingle servo or multiple servos via any number ofcomplex mixer and coupling functions.

For each switch position the servo travels can beset to any value within the range 0 to 125% of fulltravel.

The exponential control characteristic works in adifferent way. If you set a value greater than 0%,exponential provides fine control of the modelaround the centre position of the primary controlfunctions, without forfeiting full travel at the end-points of stick travel. If you set a value lower than0%, travel is increased around the neutral position,and reduced towards the extremes of travel. Thedegree of „progression“ can be set within the range -100% to +100%, where 0% equates to normal,linear control characteristics.

Another application for exponential is to improve thelinearity of rotary-output servos, which are thestandard nowadays. The movement of the controlsurface is inevitably non-linear with a rotary servo,as the linear movement of the output disc or leverreduces progressively as the angular movementincreases, i.e. the rate of travel of the controlsurface reduces steadily towards the extremes,dependent upon the position of the linkage point onthe output disc or lever. You can compensate forthis effect by setting an Expo value greater than0%, with the result that the angular travel of theoutput device increases disproportionately as sticktravel increases.

Like Dual Rates, the Expo setting applies directly tothe corresponding stick function, regardless ofwhether this controls a single servo or multipleservos via any number of complex mixer andcoupling functions. The Expo function can also beswitched on and off while the model is running ifyou assign a switch to it.

Since switches can be assigned to the Dual Rateand Expo functions with complete freedom, it isalso possible to operate several functions using oneand the same switch. The result of this is that DualRates and Expo can be controlled simultaneouslyusing a single switch, and this can be advantage-ous - especially with very high-speed models.

The graphic screen displays the curve characteris-tics directly. When you select the appropriate menuline, the central vertical line follows the movementof the stick concerned, so that you can easilyobserve how the curve value changes with controltravel.

66 Program description: Dual Rate / Expo

Select the SEL field to change the Dual Rate value,and use the rotary control in the inverse video fieldto set the values for each of the two switch positi-ons separately:

Caution:The Dual Rate value should always be at least 20%of total control travel, otherwise you could lose all

The Expo curve is displayed simultaneously in thegraph (CLEAR = 0%).

„Ch3 stick, e.g. back“:

and „Ch3 stick, e.g. forward“

Note:In software terms it would be possible to assign oneof the two control switches G1 or G2 present at theCh1 stick, but since these are triggered at +80% and-80% of the transmitter control travel, this is not avery practical alternative.

Exponential function

If you wish to switch between two possible settings,select the field and assign an external switch,as described on page 29. The assigned switchappears in the screen display together with a switchsymbol which indicates the direction of operationwhen you move the switch.

For example, the system enables you to run yourmodel with a linear curve characteristic in the oneswitch position, and to pre-set a value other than0% in the other switch position.To change the Expo value, first select the SELfield, then use the rotary control in the inversevideo field to set separate values for each of thetwo switch positions.

Examples of different Expo values:

Combination of Dual Rate und ExpoIf you have assigned Dual Rates and Expo to thesame switch, both functions are switched simulta-neously, e.g.:

Program description: Dual Rate / Expo 67

In these examples the Dual Rate value is 100% ineach case.

control of that function.

Phase trimFlight phase-specific trims for flaps, ailerons and elevator

relevant name and switch to „Phase 2“ and (ifrequired) „Phase 3“:It is best to install the phase select switch orswitches in an easily reached position; we recom-mend either a differential switch, Order No. 4160.22,or a two-function stick-switch, Order No. 4143,which can be fitted by any GRAUPNER ServiceCentre.Either switch can be assigned both to „Phase 2“and also to „Phase 3“, in each case with the „nor-mal“ phase in the centre.Once the switches are set, you should assignnames to the switch positions, e.g.: switch „back“from centre = „Landing“; switch „forward“ fromcentre = „Speed“, etc.

You can select from the following names:

• Normal

• Launch, Launch 2

• Thermal, Thermal 2

• Distance, Distance 2

• Speed, Speed 2

• Aerobat, Aerobat 2

• Landing, Landing 2

• Aerotow

• Test, Test 2

If you have not set up „Phase 2“ and „Phase 3“ inthe „Basic model settings“ menu, i.e. you have notassigned names and switches to these alternativephases, you automatically remain in flight phase 1 -„normal“.The number and name of this flight phase arepermanently assigned, and cannot be altered. Forthis reason the „normal“ phase is not stated asPhase 1 in the „Basic model settings“ menu; it issimply hidden.

68 Program description: Phase trim

If you select this „Phase setup“ menu with thisbasic arrangement, i.e. without setting up flightphases, you will find just the „normal“ line on thescreen, whose pre-set values of 0% are not usuallychanged.

If you wish to enter values other than „0“, e.g. tohave more lift at launch, or to be able to fly moreslowly when thermalling, or faster when flying speedtasks, but WITHOUT having to change the basicsettings each time, then you need to use alternativeflight phases. This is done by activating „Phase 2“and, if necessary, „Phase 3“ in the „Basic modelsettings“ menu.

To do this you move to that menu and assign a

Once assigned, these names will appear in thetransmitter’s basic display, and in the „Phase trim“menu.

Setting up flight phase trimsIn the „Phase trim“ menu you can adjust the trimsfor the previously selected flight phases.

The first step is to switch to the desired phase (the* indicates the currently active phase) …

… and set the trim values as required.

You can activate the different phases by operatingthe assigned phase select switch or switches.

Values can be set within the range -125% to+125%. However, these values are normally insingle figures or low double figures.

Note:When setting up „Phase trim“, only „ELEV“, „AILE“and „ELEV“ will be available on the screen, or - asshown above - „FLAP“, „AILE“ and „ELEV“; thisdepends on the information you have entered in the„Aileron / flap“ line of the „Basic model settings“menu.

flap servos have already been set up in the „Mo-del type“ menu.

• If your transmitter is equipped with a 2-channelswitch module and a slider, you may wish toswap over the two 5-pin plugs at the transmittercircuit board, or assign transmitter control 7 (theslider) to „input 6“ in the „Transmitter controlsettings“ menu. By default the slider is assignedto socket „CH7“. Note that a transmitter controlassigned to input 7 in the „Transmitter controlsettings“ menu will be de-coupled by the softwa-re if two camber-changing flaps are defined; thisis designed to eliminate the danger of errorswhen a flap command is given.

Basic programming procedure:1. Select the mixer with the rotary control pressed

in. Depending on the mixer, the bottom line ofthe screen now displays SEL or SYM and ASY(for setting mixer ratios separately for each sideof centre), and also .

2. Select one of these fields using the rotary cont-rol.

3. Press the rotary control briefly (inverse fieldmoves to the selected line).

4. Use the rotary control to set the mixer ratio, andassign a switch if desired. Both negative andpositive parameter values can be set; this allowsyou to reverse the direction of servo rotation ifnecessary, i.e. if one of the control surfacesoperates in the wrong „sense“. (CLEAR = 0%).

5. Press the rotary control briefly to leave themenu.

Assigning switches

All mixers in the „Wing mixers“ menu can beassigned an (optional) external switch so that theycan be switched on and off in flight. If you call upthis line you will see the (by now) familiar switchsymbol .

What is a mixer?Basic function

In many models it is often desirable to use a mixerto couple various control systems, e.g. to link theailerons and rudder, or inter-connect a pair of servoswhere two control surfaces are actuated by separa-te servos. In all these cases the signal which flowsdirectly from the „output“ of a transmitter stick tothe associated servo is „bled off“ at a particularpoint, and the derived signal is then processed insuch a way that it affects the „input“ of anothercontrol channel, and therefore eventually anotherreceiver output.Example: controlling two elevator servos fromthe elevator stick.

The mc-19 transmitter software contains a largenumber of pre-programmed coupling functions asstandard, which are designed to mix together two(or more) control channels. The mixer required inthis example is supplied „ready-made“, and just hasto be activated in the software in the „tail“ line ofthe „Basic model settings“ menu.

The software also includes three freely program-mable linear mixers in the fixed-wing and helicopterprograms, all of which can be used in each modelmemory.

For more information please refer to the generalnotes on „Free mixers“ in this manual, in the sectionstarting on page 83.

Display varies according to selected model type

The mc-19 program contains a series of pre-programmed coupling functions, and all you have todo is set the mixer ratios and (optionally) assign aswitch. The number of pre-programmed mixerfunctions in the mixer list will vary according to thepre-set „model type“ (tail type, number of wingservos, with or without motor - see page 38). Forexample, if your model is not fitted with camber-changing flaps, and you have not entered any flapservos in the „Basic model settings“ menu, all theflap mixers in the program are automatically sup-pressed, such as „Brake 1 -> NN“ in „Motor forward/ back“. This makes the menu clearer and easier tounderstand, and also avoids programming errors.

Notes:• For the camber-changing flap system any trans-

mitter control assigned to „input 6“ can be used;see „Transmitter control settings“, page 56.This control operates the two flap servos con-nected to receiver outputs 6 and 7, provided that

Program description: Fixed-wing mixers 69

Wing mixers

Channel receiveroutput

Control functioninput

The adjustment range of -100% to +100% makes itpossible to set the correct direction of differentialregardless of the direction of rotation of the aileronservos. „0%“ corresponds to a normal linkage, i.e.no differential, while „-100%“ or „+100%“ representsthe „split“ function.For aerobatic flying it is necessary to set lowabsolute differential values, to ensure that themodel rotates exactly along its longitudinal axiswhen an aileron command is given. Moderatevalues around -50% or +50% are typical for makingthermal turns easier to fly. The split setting (-100%,+100%) is popular with slope flyers, when aileronsalone are often used for turning the model.

Note:Although negative values can be programmed toreverse the direction of servo rotation, this is notusually necessary if the correct channels are used.

Mixer neutral point (offset)

The neutral point of the mixers

• aileron NN

• elevator → NN

• flap → NN

is by default the zero point of the transmittercontrol, i.e. that is the point at which they have noeffect. At the end-point of the transmitter control thefull mixer value is applied.

The neutral point („offset“) of the mixer:

• Airbrake → NN

is by default the forward position of the Ch1 stick(throttle / airbrakes), at which the airbrakes arealways retracted.

Aileron differentialAileron differential compensates for an unwantedside-effect which occurs when ailerons are de-flected: the problem known as „adverse yaw“: whenthe ailerons are deflected, the drag generated bythe down-going aileron is greater than that producedby the up-going aileron. The differential drag causesa yawing motion around the vertical axis in theopposite direction to the desired turn. This effect ismuch more pronounced in model gliders with highaspect ratio wings than in power models with theirmuch shorter moment arms, and usually has to becountered by giving a simultaneous rudder deflec-tion in the opposite direction to the yaw. However,this in turns causes additional drag and lowers theaircraft’s efficiency.Electronic aileron differential is one answer, but itcan only be used if a separate servo is employedfor each aileron. Aileron differential reduces theangular travel of the down-going aileron relative tothe up-going aileron, and this reduces the drag andtherefore the adverse yaw.Mechanical solutions are also possible, but theyusually have to be „designed in“ when the model isbuilt, and in any case significant mechanicaldifferential tends to cause additional slop in thecontrol system. Electronic differential offers thefollowing important advantages:Each aileron is operated by a separate servo, and ifthe model has plug-in wings the aileron servos canbe installed in the wings themselves. This givesshorter linkages, resulting in a virtually slop-freeaileron linkage with reliable centring.It is also easily possible to vary the degree ofdifferential without affecting the travel of the up-going aileron.In the extreme case it is possible to suppress thedown-aileron deflection completely, i.e. only the up-going aileron moves at all, and this arrangement is

sometimes called the „split“ setting. Split aileronsnot only tend to suppress adverse yaw, but caneven generate positive yaw, which means that themodel yaws in the direction of the turn when anaileron command is given. In the case of largemodel gliders smooth turns can then be flown usingailerons alone, which otherwise is usually by nomeans the case.

0% (normal)

50% (differential)

100% (Split)

70 Program description: Fixed

Camber-changing flap differential

The aileron / flap mixer (see below) is designed tosuperimpose an aileron function on the flaps. Flapdifferential works like aileron differential, andproduces a reduced flap movement in the down-direction when they are used as ailerons.

The adjustment range of -100% to +100% makes itpossible to set the correct direction of differential,regardless of the direction of rotation of the servo.„0%“ corresponds to a normal linkage, i.e. the servotravel is the same up and down. A setting of „-100%“ or „+100%“ means that the down-travel ofthe flaps is reduced to zero when an aileron com-mand is given („split“ setting).

Note:Negative values are not usually necessary if thecorrect channels are used.

Aileron 2 →→→→→ 4 rudder

(optional) external switch or control switch isassigned to this function, the mixer can be swit-ched on and off in flight, so that you can control theailerons and rudder separately if and when you sodesire.

Aileron 2 →→→→→ 7 flap

This mixer feeds a variable amount of the aileronsignal into the flap channel. When an aileron com-mand is given, the flaps „follow“ the ailerons,although usually through a smaller angle, i.e. themixer ratio is usually less than 100%. The adjust-ment range of -150% to +150% allows the user toset up the aileron direction to match that of theailerons, regardless of the direction of rotation ofthe flap servos.

Brake 1 →→→→→ 3 elevator

next page). Similar problems can also be encoun-tered if a motor is installed with the incorrectdownthrust angle, resulting in a pitch trim changewhen the throttle is opened or closed. This mixerfeeds a corrective signal to the elevator to dampout this unwanted moment. The adjustment range is-150% to +150%, but „usual“ values are generally inthe low double figures.

Brake 1 →→→→→ 6 flap

Program description: Fixed-wing mixers 71

In this case the rudder automatically „follows“ whenan aileron command is given, and the mixer ratio(degree of following) can be set by the user. Cou-pled aileron / rudder (sometimes abbreviated toCAR) is especially useful for suppressing adverseyaw in conjunction with aileron differential, and thiscombination usually makes smooth turns very easyto fly. Naturally, the rudder can still be controlledseparately by means of its dedicated stick. If an

When any form of airbrakes is extended, there isusually an unwanted change in pitch trim (nose upor nose down); this is especially the case when abutterfly (crow) braking system is employed (see

Brake 1 →→→→→ 5 aileron

When you operate the brake function, both aileronservos move together for the landing approach; themixer ratio can be set to any value in the range -150% to +150%. It can also be useful to deflectboth ailerons up slightly when the airbrakes areextended.

When you operate the brake function (Ch1 stick)both flap servos move together for the landingapproach; the mixer ratio can be set to any value inthe range -150% to +150%. Down-flap is usuallyselected.

If you have set up all three airbrake mixers for yourmodel, it is then possible to program a specialconfiguration known as the „crow“ or „butterfly“arrangement for glide path control. In the butterflysetting both ailerons are deflected up and both flapsdown. The third mixer provides elevator trim tocounteract any unwanted pitch trim change andmaintain the model’s airspeed at a safe level.

This inter-action between the flaps, ailerons andelevator is used to control the glide angle on thelanding approach. Optionally the butterfly settingcan also be used without the airbrakes or spoilers.

If your model features full-span (strip) aileronswhich also operate as camber-changing flaps, thetwo mixers „Brake 1 →→→→→ 5 ailerons“ and „Brake 1 →→→→→ 3elevator“ can be combined for glide path control. Inthis case extreme up-flap is applied, but the flapscan still be controlled as ailerons. Elevator pitchtrim compensation is usually required.

If you have programmed aileron differential, theresponse of the ailerons will inevitably be adverselyaffected by the extreme „up“ deflection of theailerons in the butterfly setting, because the differ-ential travel reduces or entirely suppresses thedown-aileron deflection. However, the „up“ travel of

the ailerons is also greatly restricted because theyare already at an extreme „up“ position. The remedyhere is to apply „Differential reduction“, which isexplained in its own section later.

Elevator 3 →→→→→ 6 flap

The flaps can be used to enhance the effect of theelevator in tight turns and aerobatics, and this mixerfeeds part of the elevator signal to the flap servos.The mixer direction must be set so that the flapsmove down when up-elevator is applied, and viceversa.

Elevator 3 →→→→→ 5 aileron

This mixer allows the ailerons to reinforce theelevator response in the same way as the previousmixer.

Flap 6 →→→→→ 3 elevator

72 Program description: Fixed-wing mixers

Combination of the “brake →→→→→ NN“ mixers:“Crow“ or “Butterfly“ setting

Flap 6 →→→→→ 5 aileron

This mixer causes a variable proportion of the flapsignal to be mixed in with the aileron channels 2and 5 so that the ailerons follow the movement ofthe flaps, albeit normally with a smaller deflection.This provides more even lift distribution over the fullwingspan.

If the camber-changing flaps are lowered, either byentering an offset in the „Transmitter controlsettings“ menu or by means of a transmitter controlassigned to „input 6“, a pitch trim change (up ordown) may occur. Alternatively it may be desirablefor slight down-elevator to be applied automaticallywhen the flaps are raised slightly, in order to increa-se the model’s basic airspeed. This mixer can beused to achieve both purposes. When the flaps aredeployed, this mixer causes the elevator setting tobe corrected according to the flap deflection. Theend-effect is therefore dependent only upon themagnitude of the corrective value you set.

Program description: Fixed-wing mixers 73

Differential reductionThe problem of reduced aileron response in thebutterfly configuration has been mentioned earlier: ifaileron differential is employed, the aileron responsemay be adversely affected through the extreme „up“deflection of the ailerons on the landing approach,permitting virtually no further up-movement; on theother hand the „down“ travel has already beenreduced by the programmed differential setting. Thenet result is significantly reduced aileron responsecompared to the normal setting of the controlsurfaces.

In this case you really should use „Differentialreduction“ wherever possible. This reduces thedegree of aileron differential when you invoke thebutterfly setting using the airbrake stick. Differentialis reduced progressively, or even eliminated altoge-ther, as the airbrake stick is moved towards its end-point.

A value of 0% means that the full programmedaileron differential is retained. A value equal to thepercentage if aileron differential means that theaileron differential is completely eliminated at themaximum butterfly setting, i.e. when the airbrakesand other glide path control surfaces are fullyextended. If you set a value above that of the setaileron differential, the aileron differential is elimina-ted even before full travel of the airbrake stick isreached.

In this menu all the flight phase-specific heli-mixersare described. These mixers are used to completethe basic set-up of a model helicopter.

When you operate the selected switch for a particu-lar flight phase, the associated phase is superim-posed at the bottom edge of the screen, e.g.„normal“.You can now enter the desired settings for this flightphase.Three-point mixers are available in all flight phasesfor the settings of the collective pitch, throttle andtorque compensation curves. Using these mixers itis possible to program non-linear mixer characteris-tics along the travel of the transmitter stick.

Basic programming procedure:

1. Select the mixer with the rotary controlpressed in. The bottom line of the screen nowshows SEL (depending on the mixer), whichis used to switch between the three curvepoints.

2. A short press on the rotary control with theSEL field in inverse video allows you to setthe linear mixer ratios directly: set the mixervalue using the rotary control.

(CLEAR = 0% or 100%).

3. A second brief press ends the input process.

4. Press ESC to leaf back.

Heli mixersFlight phase-specific mixers for collective pitch, throttle and tail rotor

In the „Basic model settings“ menu a method ofswitching flight phases can be activated by assign-ing the appropriate switches to „Phase 2“ and „Auto-rotation“. With the former you can switch betweenthe phases „normal“ and a second phase, whichyou can name yourself. The third phase - Auto-rotation - has precedence over the other two pha-ses.

Switches can now be assigned for carrying out thephase switching process.

Flight phase trimming

If you wish to set up a particular flight phase, youmust first assign a switch to it.Operate the appropriate switch to select the desiredflight phase, i.e. the phase which you wish toprogram (see illustration).

Settings for the “normal“ flight phase

Settings for flight phase 2

Settings for “Auto-rotation“

• Normal

• Hover, Hover 2

• Aerobat, Aero 2, Aero 3D

• Speed, Speed 2

• Test, Test 2

You can adjust the trims for the control functions„roll“, „pitch-axis“ and „tail rotor“ separately for eachflight phase, i.e. for the currently active phase.

74 Program description: Helicopter mixers

Phase 1 always bears the designation „normal“. Forthe second phase any of the following names canbe selected:

(switch 2: “Acro“ in this example)

(switch 1 in this example)

Collective pitch curve (Ch1→ collective pitch)

In this menu you can see the three-point curvesettings. The settings shown here produce a linearcurve.

This display refers only to the control curve of thecollective pitch function.

The control curve is determined by three points,which can be set separately for each flight phase.

These three points, i.e. the two end-points „Coll.pitch low (L)“ = -100% control travel and „Coll. pitchhigh (H)“ = +100% control travel, and the hoverpoint exactly at the centre point (marked „1“ in theillustration) initially describe a linear collective pitchcurve characteristic.

The programming procedure in detail:First switch to the desired flight phase, i.e. thephase whose name is displayed on the screen, e.g.„normal“.

Typical collective pitch curves for different flightphases:

Channel 1 →→→→→ throttle

This display refers only to the control curve of thethrottle servo.The throttle curve can also be defined using up to 3points.

• The throttle must be fully open at the end-point ofthe throttle / collective pitch stick (exception:auto-rotation).

• The hover point is normally located at the centreof the control travel, and the throttle settingshould be adjusted in such a way relative to thecollective pitch curve that the correct systemrotational speed is obtained at this point.

• At the minimum position of the throttle / collecti-ve pitch stick the throttle curve should be set upin such a way that the motor runs at a distinctlyhigher speed compared to the idle setting, withthe clutch reliably engaged. In all flight phasesthe motor is started and stopped using the gaslimiter (see below), which has absolute priority.

If you are used to a different radio control systemwhich uses two separate flight phases for this -

Program description: Helicopter mixers 75

Example of a linear controlcurve

„with idle-up“ and „without idle-up“ - please notethat this complication is now superfluous.

Note:It is easier and more flexible to increase systemrotational speed below the hover point using themc-19 program than using „idle-up“ as employed inprevious mc radio control systems.

Ensure that the gas limiter is closed before youstart the motor, i.e. the throttle can only be adjustedwithin the idle range using the idle trim. Please besure to read the safety notes on page 79 whichrefer to this. If the idle is set too high when youswitch on the transmitter, you will see and hear aclear warning!

The following three diagrams show typical 3-pointthrottle curves for different flight phases, such ashover, aerobatics and 3-D flying.

Typical throttle curves for different flight phases

Notes on using the „Throttle limit“ function:We strongly recommend that you make use of thethrottle limit function („Transmitter control set-tings“ menu, page 58). Using this function thethrottle servo is completely disconnected from thethrottle / collective pitch stick when the throttle limitslider is at its bottom end-point; the motor idles andonly responds to the Ch1 trim. This feature enablesyou to start the motor from within any flight phase.Once the motor is running, slide the throttle limiterto the opposite end-point, so that full control of thethrottle servo is returned to the throttle / collectivepitch stick. It is important that the throttle limitershould not restrict the throttle servo at its top end-point; you can avoid this by setting the controltravel to 125% in the „Transmitter control settings“menu.

Static torque compensation (Ch1 →→→→→ tail rotor)

76 Program description: Helicopter mixers

The purpose of this mixer is to provide static torquecompensation. First ensure that the direction ofmain rotor rotation has been entered correctly.

This mixer should be set up in such a way that thehelicopter does not rotate around the vertical (yaw)axis (i.e. deviate from the hover heading) during along vertical climb or descent, due to the change intorque of the main rotor. At the hover the yaw trimshould be set using the digital tail rotor trim leveronly. For a reliable torque compensation setting it isessential that the collective pitch and throttlecurves have been set up correctly, i.e. that mainrotor speed remains constant over the full

adjustment range of collective pitch.

This curve applies only to the control curve of thetail rotor servo when the throttle / collective pitchstick is moved.

As standard, the software includes a tail rotor curvewith a linear mixer ratio of 30%. You can modify themixer, and set asymmetrical mixer ratios above andbelow the hover point, using the method describedabove.

In the auto-rotation flight phase this mixer isautomatically switched off.

Adjusting gyro gainGyro gain can be varied proportionally betweenminimum and maximum by means of a sliderassigned to the „Gyro 7“ line in the „Transmittercontrol settings“ menu (see page 60). This couldbe transmitter control 7, which in the standardtransmitter configuration is connected to socketCH7 on the transmitter circuit board. In this casegyro gain is maximum at full deflection of the slider,and zero at the opposite end-point. Of course, themc-19 software allows you to limit the gain adjust-ment range by altering the setting for transmittercontrol travel to both sides of neutral.

Most modern gyro systems feature proportional,infinitely variable adjustment of gyro gain; seebelow for typical diagrams.

An example of using variable (static) gyro gainwould be to exploit maximum stabilisation fornormal, slow flying, but to reduce gyro gain for fastcircuits and aerobatics. If you wish to use differentsettings, we recommend that you program differentflight phases.

Adjusting the gyro sensorTo set up a gyro to achieve maximum possiblestabilisation of the helicopter around the verticalaxis, please note the following points:

• The control system should be as free-movingand accurate (slop-free) as possible.

• There should be no „spring“ or „give“ in the tailrotor linkage.

• You must use a powerful and - above all - fastservo.

When the gyro sensor detects a deviation in yaw,the faster it adjusts the thrust of the tail rotor, thefurther the gyro gain adjustor can be advancedwithout the tail of the model starting to oscillate,and the better is the machine’s stability around thevertical axis. If the corrective system is not fastenough, there is a danger that the model’s tail willstart to oscillate even at low gyro gain settings, andyou then have to reduce gyro gain further usingslider „7“ to eliminate the oscillation.

If the model is flying forward at high speed, orhovering in a powerful headwind, the net result ofthe stabilising effect of the vertical fin combinedwith the gyro’s stabilising effect may be an over-reaction which manifests itself as tail oscillation. Inorder to obtain optimum stabilisation from a gyro inall flight situations, gyro gain can be adjusted fromthe transmitter via slider „7“.

Adjusting the throttle and collective pitch curvesA practical procedure

Although the throttle and collective pitch controlsystems are based on separate servos, they arealways operated in parallel by the throttle / collecti-ve pitch stick (except when auto-rotation is invo-ked). The Helicopter program automatically couplesthe functions in the required way.

In the mc-19 program the trim lever of controlfunction 1 only affects the throttle servo, i.e. as idletrim (see motor cut trim, page 26).

The process of adjusting throttle and collectivepitch correctly, i.e. setting the power curve of themotor to match the collective pitch setting of themain rotor blades, is the most important aspect ofsetting up any model helicopter. The mc-19’sprogram provides independent adjustment facilitiesfor the throttle, collective pitch and torque compen-sation curves.

These curves can be defined using three referencepoints. All you have to do to define the controlcurves is set individual values for the centre settingand the two end-points of the throttle / collectivepitch stick.

However, before you set up the throttle and collecti-ve pitch function it is important to adjust the mech-anical linkages to all the servos accurately, inaccordance with the set-up notes provided by thehelicopter manufacturer.

Note:With the mc-19 the hover point should alwaysbe set to the centre position of the throttle/collective pitch stick.

Idle setting and throttle curveThe idle setting is adjusted exclusively with thethrottle limiter closed, using the trim lever of theCh1 function. The bottom point „L“ (low) setting ofthe throttle curve defines the throttle setting whenthe helicopter is in a descent, but without affectingthe hover setting.

This is a case where you can exploit flight phaseprogramming to use different throttle curves -previously termed „idle-up“ in earlier mc systems.An increased system rotational speed below thehover point proves to be useful in certaincircumstances, for example for fast, steep landingapproaches with greatly reduced collective pitch,and for aerobatics.

The diagram shows a curvewith a small range of variationof the throttle setting of belowthe reference point “1“

Different throttle curves are programmed for eachflight phase, so that you can use the optimum set-up both for hovering and aerobatics:

• Low system rotational speed with smooth, gentlecontrol response and low noise in the hover.

• Higher speed for aerobatics with motor powersettings close to maximum. In this case thethrottle curve also has to be adjusted in thehover range.

The basic set-up procedure

Although the mc-19 transmitter provides a broadrange of adjustment for the collective pitch curveand throttle curve, it is essential that you first

adjust all the mechanical linkages in the modelaccording to the information supplied by the heli-copter manufacturer, i.e. all the system linkagesshould already be approximately correct in mech-anical terms. If you are not sure of this, an experi-enced helicopter pilot will be glad to help you withthis basic set-up.

The throttle linkage must be adjusted in such a waythat the throttle is just at the „fully open“ position atthe full-throttle setting. When the throttle limiter is atthe idle setting, the Ch1 trim lever should just beable to close the throttle completely, without theservo striking its mechanical end-stop (quickthrottle adjustment: see page 26).Take your time, and carry out these adjustmentsvery carefully by adjusting the mechanical linkageand / or changing the linkage point on the servooutput arm or the throttle lever. Only when you areconfident that all is well should you start optimizingand fine-tuning the throttle servo using thetransmitter’s electronic facilities.

Caution:Read all you can about motors and helicopters,so that you are aware of the inherent dangersand the cautionary measures required beforeyou attempt to start the motor for the first time!

With the basic set-up completed, it should bepossible to start the motor in accordance with theoperating instructions supplied with it, and adjustthe idle setting using the trim lever of the throttle /collective pitch stick. The idle position which youset is indicated in the transmitter’s basic screendisplay by a horizontal bar at the display of the Ch1trim lever’s position. Refer to page 26 of this manualfor a full explanation of the digital trims.

Program description: Helicopter mixers 77

Approximately at the mid-point of the collectivepitch stick the model should lift off the ground andhover at the rotational speed you wish to use. If thisis not the case, correct the setting as follows:

1. The model does not lift off until the collectivepitch stick is above the centre point.

a) Rotational speed too low.Remedy: increase the valuefor the throttle servoparameter at the centre pointof the stick travel in the „Ch1> throttle“ mixer.

b) Rotational speed too high.Remedy: increase the bladepitch value for collective pitchat the stick centre setting; thisis done in the „Ch1 >collective pitch curve“ menu.

2.The model lifts off below the centre point.

a) Rotational speed toohigh.Remedy: reduce the throttleopening in the „Ch1 >throttle“ mixer at the stickcentre point.

b) Rotational speed too low.Remedy: reduce the bladepitch value for collectivepitch at the stick centresetting; this is done in the„Ch1 > collective pitchcurve“ menu.

Important: you should persevere with thisadjustment procedure until the model hovers at thecorrect rotational speed at the centre point of thethrottle / collective pitch stick. All the other modelsettings depend upon the correct setting of thisparameter!

The standard set-up

The remainder of the standard adjustment proced-ure is completed on the basis of the fundamentalset-up which you have just carried out, i.e. weassume that the model now hovers in normal flightat the centre point of the throttle / collective pitchstick at the correct rotational speed. This meansthat your model helicopter is capable of hoveringand also flying circuits in all phases whilst main-taining a constant system rotational speed.

The climb setting

The combination of throttle hover setting, collectivepitch setting for the hover and the maximumcollective pitch setting („Coll. pitch high“) nowprovides you with a simple method of achievingconstant system rotational speed from the hoverright to maximum climb.

Start by placing the model in an extended verticalclimb, holding the collective pitch stick at its end-point: motor speed should not alter compared withthe hover setting. If motor speed falls off in theclimb, when the throttle is already fully open and nofurther power increase is possible (this assumesthat the motor is correctly adjusted), then you

should reduce maximum blade pitch angle at fulldeflection of the collective pitch stick, i.e. in the„collective pitch high“ position. Conversely, if motorspeed rises during the vertical climb, you shouldincrease the pitch angle. This is done by selectingthe „H“ (high) point and changing the reference pointvalue using the rotary control.

This diagram shows the changesto the collective pitch maximumvalue „H“.

Now bring the model back to the hover, which againshould coincide with the mid-point of the Ch1 stick.If you find that the collective pitch stick now has tobe moved from the mid-point in the „higher“ direc-tion, then you should correct this deviation byincreasing the collective pitch angle at the hoveruntil the model again hovers at the stick centrepoint. Conversely, if the model hovers below themid-point, correct this by reducing the pitch angleagain.

You may find that it is also necessary to correct thethrottle opening at the hover point.

78 Program description: Helicopter mixers

This diagram only shows thechange in the hover point, i.e.collective pitch minimum andmaximum have both been left at-100% and +100%.

Continue adjusting these settings until you really doachieve a constant rotational speed over the fullcontrol range between hover and climb.

The descent adjustment should now be carried outfrom a safe height by fully reducing collective pitchto place the model in a descent from forward flight;adjust the collective pitch minimum value („collect-ive pitch low“) so that the model descends at anangle of 60 … 80°.

This diagram shows the changes inthe collective pitch minimum value„L“.

Once the model descends reliably as described,adjust the value for „Throttle low (L)“ so that systemrotational speed neither increases nor declinesduring the descent. This completes the set-upprocedure for throttle and collective pitch.

You must never switch abruptly from idle to theflight setting by suddenly increasing system rota-tional speed. This causes the rotor to acceleratequickly, resulting in premature wear of the clutchand gear train. The main rotor blades are generallyfree to swivel, and they often cannot keep pacewith such swift acceleration, and may respond byswinging far out of their normal position, perhapsresulting in a boom strike.

Once the motor is running you should slowlyincrease system rotational speed using the throttlelimiter.

Program description: Helicopter mixers 79

Final important notes

Before you start the motor, check carefully that thethrottle limiter is completely closed, so that thethrottle can be controlled by the trim lever alone. Ifthe throttle is too far open when you switch on thetransmitter, you will see and hear a warning. If youignore this and start the motor with the throttle toofar advanced, there is a danger that the motor willimmediately run up to speed after starting, and thecentrifugal clutch will immediately engage. For thisreason you should

always grasp the rotor head firmlywhen starting the motor.

However, if you accidentally start the motor with thethrottle open, the rule is this:

Don’t panic!Hang on to the rotor head regardless!

Don’t let it go!

Immediately close the throttle, even though theremay be a risk of damaging the helicopter’s drivetrain, because:

it is vital that YOU ensurethat the helicopter cannot possibly

move off by itself in an uncontrolled manner.

The cost of repairing a clutch or even the motoritself is negligible compared to the damage which amodel helicopter can cause if its spinning rotorblades are allowed to wreak havoc.

Make sure that nobody else is standingin the primary hazard zone around the

helicopter.

Auto-rotation allows full-size and model helicoptersto land safely in a crisis, i.e. if the power plantshould fail. It can also be used if the tail rotorshould fail, in which case cutting the motor andcarrying out an auto-rotation landing is the onlypossible way of avoiding a high-speed uncontrol-lable rotation around the vertical axis, invariablyterminating in a catastrophic crash.

When you switch to the auto-rotation phase thehelicopter mixers change as shown in this screenshot:

During an auto-rotation descent the main rotor is notdriven by the motor; it is kept spinning only by theairflow through the rotor plane caused by the speedof the descent.

The rotational energy stored in the still spinningrotor can be exploited to allow the machine to flareout, but this can only be done once. For this reason„autos“ are only likely to be successful if the pilothas plenty of experience in handling model helicop-ters, and has also set up the functions listed abovewith great care.

Once you have sufficient experience you shouldpractise auto-rotation landings at regular intervals,not only so that you can demonstrate your all-roundflying skill by flying the manoeuvre in competitions,but also so that you are in a position to land thehelicopter undamaged from a great height if themotor should fail.

Helicopter mixersAuto-rotation settings

For this purpose the program provides a range ofadjustment facilities which are designed to help youfly your helicopter in its unpowered state.

Please note that the rotation setting takes the formof a complete third flight phase, for which all theadjustment facilities are available which can bevaried separately for all flight phases, i.e. transmit-ter control settings, trims, collective pitch curvesettings etc.

Ch1 → → → → → tail rotor

In powered flight the maximum blade pitch angle islimited by the motor power which is available;however, in auto-rotation the angle is only limited bythe point at which the airflow over the main rotorblades breaks away. Nevertheless, to providesufficient upthrust even when rotational speed isfalling off, it is necessary to set a greater maximumcollective pitch value. Start by setting a valuewhich is about 10 to 20% higher than the normalcollective pitch maximum, to prevent the helicopterballooning up again during the flare following theauto-rotation descent. If this happens, the rotationalspeed of the main rotor will quickly decline to thepoint where it collapses, and the helicopter ends upcrashing to the ground from a considerable height.Under certain circumstances the collective pitchminimum setting may also differ from the normalflight setting; this depends on your piloting style fornormal flying. In any case you must set a sufficient-ly generous collective pitch minimum value forauto-rotation to ensure that your model can bebrought from forward flight at moderate speed into adescent of around 60...70° when collective pitch isreduced to minimum.

Most helicopter pilots already use such a setting fornormal flying, and if this applies to you, you cansimply adopt the same value.

Approach angle undervarying windconditions.

If the angle is too shallow, increase the value.

For auto-rotation the collective pitch stick itselfmay not be positioned right at the bottom of itstravel; instead it is typically between the hoverposition and the bottom end-point, giving the pilotscope for correction if necessary, i.e. the chance toadjust the model’s pitch inclination using the pitch-axis control.You can shorten the approach by pulling back onthe pitch-axis stick and gently reducing collectivepitch, or alternatively extend the approach bypushing forward on the pitch-axis stick and gentlyincreasing collective pitch.

“Throttle“ setting

In a competition the pilot is expected to cut themotor completely, but for practice purposes this iscertainly not advisable. Instead set the throttle sothat the motor runs at a reliable idle during auto-rotation, so that you can open the throttle immedia-tely to recover from an emergency.

“Tail rotor“ setting

For normal flying the tail rotor is set up in such away that it compensates for motor torque when thehelicopter is hovering. This means that it alreadygenerates a certain amount of thrust even in itsneutral position. The level of thrust is then varied bythe tail rotor control system, and also by the

80 Program description: Helicopter mixers

Program description: Helicopter mixers 81

various mixers which provide all manner of torquecompensation, while the tail rotor trim is also usedto compensate for varying weather conditions,fluctuations in system rotational speed and otherinfluences.

However, in an auto-rotation descent the main rotoris not driven by the motor, and therefore there is notorque effect for which compensation is required,i.e. which the tail rotor would have to correct. Forthis reason all the appropriate mixers are automati-cally switched off in auto-rotation mode.

However, the basic tail rotor setting must be diffe-rent for auto-rotation, as the compensatory thrustdescribed above is no longer required.

Cut the motor and set the helicopter horizontal. Withthe transmitter and receiving system switched on,fold both tail rotor blades down and change theblade pitch angle to zero degrees using the „Tailrotor“ menu. Viewed from the tail, the tail rotorblades should now be parallel to each other. Depen-ding on the friction and running resistance of thegearbox you may find that the fuselage still yawsslightly in an auto-rotation descent. The relativelyslight torque which causes this effect must then becorrected if necessary by adjusting the tail rotorblade pitch angle. This value will always be a smallfigure between zero degrees and a pitch angleopposed to the direction of tail rotor pitch requiredfor normal flight.

General notes regarding freely programmable mixers

The two menus „Fixed-wing mixers“ and „Helimixers“, described on the preceding pages, containa wide range of ready-programmed coupling func-tions. The basic meaning of mixers has alreadybeen explained on page 69, together with theprinciple on which they work. In the followingsection you will find more general informationrelating to „free mixers“:The mc-19 offers three freely programmable mixersin every model memory, whose inputs and outputscan be selected to suit your exact requirements.These three mixers are certainly adequate in mostcases, but in any case are invariably sufficientwhen you also exploit the possibilities of the ready-made fixed-wing and helicopter mixers for modelaircraft.

Any control function (transmitter control 1 to 12)can be assigned as the input signal of a „freemixer“. Alternatively any external switch can beassigned as the input signal using what is termedthe „switch channel“ (see below). The controlfunction itself consists of the transmitter controlsignal and any control characteristics as defined,for example, in the „Dual Rate / Expo“ and „Trans-mitter control settings“ menus.The mixer output acts upon a freely selectablecontrol channel (1 to max. 12 - depending onreceiver type). Before the signal is passed to theassociated servo the only influences which can actupon it are those defined in the „Servo settings“menu, i.e. the servo reverse, neutral point offsetand travel functions.One control function can be set up to affect severalmixer inputs simultaneously, if, for example, sever-al mixers are to be arranged to work in parallel.Conversely it is possible for several mixer outputsto affect one and the same control channel.

The following description of the free mixers includesexamples of such arrangements.

In software terms the freely programmable mixer isalways switched on by default, but it is possible toassign an optional ON / OFF switch to the mixer.However, since there are so many functions towhich switches can potentially be assigned, youshould take care not to assign too many functionsto any particular switch.

The two important mixer parameters are asfollows:

… the mixer ratio, which defines the extent to whichthe input signal acts on the output of the controlchannel which is programmed as the mixer output.

… the neutral point, which is also termed the„offset“. The offset is that point on the travel of atransmitter control (stick, rotary knob or switchmodule) at which the mixer has no influence on thecontrol channel which is defined as its output.Normally this is the centre point of the transmittercontrol, but the offset can be placed at any point onthe control’s travel.

Switch channel “S“ as mixer input:

In many cases a constant control signal is all thatis required as the mixer input; a typical applicationwould be for an electric glider without airbrakes,where the electric motor could be switched on andoff using the now free channel 1, or for extendingand retracting a retractable undercarriage connectedto control channel 12. You can adjust a speedcontroller or set the servo travel for a retract sys-tem by adjusting the mixer ratio. If you then assignan external switch or control switch, you can switchto and fro between the two mixer end-points, as if

you were moving a transmitter control from oneend-point to the other when using that control as theinput signal.

To identify this special arrangement, this mixerinput control function in the program is designated„S“ for „switch channel“. If you do not want themixer output to be affected by the standard trans-mitter control, the control can be disconnected fromthe function input of the „receiving“ control channelby entering „free“ in the „Transmitter controlsettings“ menu; see page 56. The menu descriptionwhich follows includes an example which will makethis function clear.

82 Program description: Free mixers

linear curve, or have to offset the mixer neutralpoint, then you should set or leave the pre-setmixers at „0“, and program one of the free mixersinstead.

Erasing mixers

If you need to erase a mixer that you have alreadydefined, simply press the CLEAR button in theinverse video field of the „from“ column.

Mixer switches

In our example above , an external switch „1“ andthe control switch „G1“ have been assigned to thethree linear mixers 1 to 3.The switch symbol shows the current switch state.The extreme right-hand column shows whether themixer in question is currently switched „off“ or „on“.Any mixer to which no switch has been assigned ispermanently switched on.

“Type“ column

Including the trimIf you are using one of the primary control functions1 ... 4 (sticks) you can set the trim value of thedigital trim lever to affect the mixer input, if youwish. Use the rotary control to select „Tr.“ in theinverse video field for the mixer you are program-ming.

Additional special features of free mixers

Mixer input = mixer outputIf you set up a mixer whose input is the same as itsoutput, e.g. 8 > 8, the effect is increased servotravel (if you set a mixer value > 0%) or reducedtravel (if you set a negative value). If you set avalue of -100% the servo travel is reduced to zero,and if you set it within the range -100% to -150%the direction of the mixer is reversed!

For each model memory (1 to 20) three linearmixers are available, with the additional possibilityof non-linear characteristic curves.In this first section we will concentrate on theprogramming procedure for the first screen page.We will then move on to the method of program-ming mixer ratios, as found on the second screenpage of this menu.

Basic programming procedure:

1. Select mixer 1 ... 3 with the rotary controlpressed in.

2. Define the mixer input „from“ and the mixeroutput „to“.

3. Optionally: include the trim levers for themixer input signal (Type column); mixer No. 1only.

4. Assign a mixer switch if required.

5. Define the mixer ratios on the second screenpage.

6. Switch back to the first page by pressingESC.

Mixer “from →→→→→ to“

After a brief press on the rotary control, use therotary control to enter one of the control functions1...12 or the switch channel S in the selected mixerline in the inverse video field of the „from“ column.In the interests of clarity the control functions 1 ... 4are abbreviated as follows when dealing with thefixed-wing mixers:

Ch1 Throttle / airbrake stick

AIL Aileron stick

ELE Elevator stick

RUD Rudder stick

Free mixersLinear mixers

Note;Don’t forget to assign a transmitter control tothe selected control function 5 ... 12 in the„Transmitter control settings“ menu.

Switch channel:The letter „S“ (switch channel) has the effect ofpassing a constant input signal to the mixer input,e.g. in order to switch a motor on and off. Forapplications of this kind, assigning the switchchannel avoids „tying up“ a proportional module.Please refer to the section „General notes regardingmixers“ on page 82.An additional SEL field now appears in the „to“column. At this point you can define the controlchannel as the mixer destination, i.e. the mixeroutput. At the same time additional fields will alsoappear in the bottom line of the screen.

Example:

Program description: Free mixers 83

… and in the Heli program:

Ch1 Throttle / collective pitch stick

AIL Roll stick

ELE Pitch-axis stick

RUD Tail rotor stick

In this example three mixers have already beendefined. The second mixer („Brake > 3 elevator“) isalready familiar to us from the „Fixed-wing mixers“menu. As a general rule you should always usethese pre-programmed mixers first if possible.Admittedly, if you need asymmetrical mixer ratioson both sides of centre, or wish to program a non-

One of the few exceptions to this rule is „Collectivepitch trim via a separate transmitter control“.

Important notes:• It is important to remember when dealing with

serial links that the travels of the individual mi-xers are cumulative when multiple stick com-mands are made simultaneously, and there isthen a danger that the servo concerned may stri-ke its mechanical end-stops. If necessary reducethe servo travel in the „Servo settings“ menu,and / or reduce the mixer values.

• When using a PCM transmission link the controldata is compressed before being transmitted,and if you use more than 8 servo outputs on aPCM receiver, the servos connected to receiveroutputs 9 and 10 may be slightly less thansmooth-running if the mixers „1 > 9“, „1 > 10“ and„2 > 10“ are in use.

If you are using one of the newer SPCM receivers,these effects may occur at outputs 9 and 10 if youhave programmed this type of mixer combination,i.e. where several servos are controlled in parallelby a single transmitter control. This does notconstitute a malfunction of the radio controlsystem.

Mixer ratios and mixer neutral point

Now that we have explained the wide-ranging natureof the mixer functions, the following section descri-bes how to program linear and non-linear mixercurves.For each of the three available mixers the mixercurves are programmed on a second page of thescreen display. Select the number of the mixer youwish to adjust, and select the arrow button „➨“using the rotary control. A brief press on the rotarycontrol or the ENTER button takes you to thegraphics page.

Linear mixers 1 ... 3: setting linear curvesAs an example with a practical application we willdefine a linear mixer curve in the next sectiondesigned to solve the following problem:We have a powered model with two flap servosconnected to receiver outputs 6 and 7, which wereprogrammed in the „Basic model settings“ menu.These control surfaces are to be employed aslanding flaps, i.e. when the associated transmittercontrol is operated they deflect down only. However,this flap movement requires an elevator trim correc-tion to counteract a pitch trim change.In the „Transmitter control settings“ menu assigna free linear slider to input 6, e.g. control 7 (if for inthis case control 6 is not a slider on your transmit-ter). The control assigned to input 6 controls the twoservos connected to receiver outputs 6 and 7 in thestandard way, operating as simple wing flaps.

„Transmitter control settings“ menu:

84 Program description: Free mixers

This enables you to define a three-point controlcurve for any transmitter control using the mixers 1… 3.

Before we come to setting mixer ratios, and conclu-de with a few examples, we have to consider whathappens if a mixer input is allowed to act on thepre-set coupling of aileron servos, flap servos orcollective pitch servos:

••••• Fixed-wing models:Depending on the number of wing servos set inthe „Aileron / Flap“ line of the „Basic modelsettings“ menu, outputs 2 and 5 at the receiverare reserved for the aileron servos, and outputs 6and 7 for the two flap servos.

If mixer outputs are programmed to this type ofcoupled function, you have to consider thedirection of effect, depending on the controlchannel:

Mixer Effect

NN → 2 Aileron effect

NN → 5 Aileron has flap function

NN → 6 Flap effect

NN → 7 Flap has aileron function

••••• Model helicopters:Depending on the type of helicopter, up to fourservos may be employed for collective pitchcontrol, connected to receiver outputs 1, 2, 3 and5. The mc-19 software links them together toprovide the functions collective pitch, roll andpitch-axis.

• It is not advisable to mix one of the transmittercontrols into these occupied channels using thefree mixers available outside the „Heli mixers“menu, as you may inadvertently generate someextremely complex and unwanted inter-actions.

Note:If you select two flaps („2FL“) in the „Model type“ menu,input 7 is automatically blocked to avoid possiblemalfunctions.Start by moving this transmitter controlto the forward end-point and adjust the landing flaplinkages so that they are in the neutral position atthis slider setting. If you pull the slider back, the flapsshould deflect down; if they move up, you must reversethe direction of servo rotation.Now we turn to the firstmixer on the screen on page 85, which provideselevator trim correction. This is the mixer 6 > ELE, towhich switch 6 has been assigned:

Pressing the CLEAR button erases the mixer ratio.

The „optimum“ value for our purposes will inevitablyneed to be established through a flight testingprogram.

Use the rotary control to move to the arrow ➨ in thebottom line. A brief press on the rotary control nowswitches to the second screen page:

(You can reset the mixer neutral point to centreautomatically by selecting CLR).

Symmetrical mixer ratiosThe next step is to define the mixer values aboveand below the mixer neutral point, starting from thecurrent position of the mixer neutral point. Selectthe SYM field, so that you can set the mixer valuesymmetrically relative to the offset point you havejust programmed. Press the rotary control briefly,then set the values in the two left-hand inversevideo fields within the range -150% to +150%.Remember that the set mixer value always refers toa control travel of 100%! Setting a negative mixervalue reverses the direction of the mixer.

If this display appears to, you have not activatedthe mixer by operating the assigned external switch- in this case „1“. To correct this, operate the switch:

The solid vertical line in the graph represents thecurrent position of the transmitter control assignedto input 6. The solid horizontal line shows the mixerratio, which currently has the value zero over thewhole stick travel; this means that the elevator willnot „follow“ when the flaps are operated.The first step is to define the offset (mixer neutralpoint):The dotted vertical line indicates the position of themixer neutral point („offset“), i.e. that point along thecontrol travel at which the mixer has no influenceon the channel connected to its output. As standardthis point is set to the centre position.

In our example the neutral position of the flaps islocated at the forward end-point of the slider, so wemust also shift the mixer neutral point exactly tothat position. Move control 6 in the direction of+100%, select STO using the rotary control andpress the rotary control briefly. The dotted verticalline now moves to this point - the new mixer neutralpoint - which always retains the „OUTPUT“ value ofzero in accordance with the mixer definition.

As it happens, this setting is difficult to show in ascreen shot, so we will change the „offset“ value tojust +75%. Since we have set the mixer neutral point at +75%

of control travel, as shown above, the elevator„ELE“ will already exhibit a (slight) down-elevatoreffect at the neutral point of the landing flaps, andthis, of course, is not wanted. To avoid this problemwe shift the mixer neutral point back to 100%control travel, as described earlier.

If you were now to reset the offset from 75% to,say, 0% control travel, the screen would look likethis:

Program description: Free mixers 85

Asymmetric mixer ratios:For many applications we need to set up differentmixer values on either side of the mixer neutralpoint.

If you select the ASY field and (in our example)move the elevator stick in one direction, the mixerratio for each direction of control can be set separa-tely:

Note:If you are setting up a switch channel mixer of the„S > NN“ type you must operate the assignedswitch to achieve this effect. The vertical line thenswitches between the left and right sides.

Examples:

1. You wish to set up external switch number 7 asthe aero-tow release using a servo connected toreceiver output 9. In the following screen shotthe 1st linear mixer is set up for this application,with the switch channel „S“ as mixer input:

Any transmitter control which happens to belinked to input 9 should be de-coupled in thesoftware by setting it to „free“ in the „Transmit-ter control settings“ menu. Define the mixerratios and mixer directions for both directions ofthe external switch „7“ as described above.

Alternatively you can obtain the same effect usingthe „Transmitter control settings“ menu alone,simply by assigning an external switch - instead ofa transmitter control - to a free input.

2. This example applies to model helicopters:

You may wish to assign a slider to the collectivepitch trim function in the Heli program, e.g. usingtransmitter control 6 assigned to input 8; if so,use this procedure: set input 6 to „free“ in the„Transmitter control settings“ menu, assigntransmitter control 6 to input 8. Now simply defi-ne a free mixer 8 > 1 with a symmetrical mixerratio of, say, 25%. Due to the internal coupling,this transmitter control now acts equally on allexisting collective pitch servos, without affectingthe throttle servo.

86 Program description: Free mixers

In the „Swashplate type“ line of the „Basic modelsettings“ menu you have already defined thenumber of servos which are installed in your heli-copter for collective pitch control; see page 42. Withthis information the mc-19 program automaticallycouples together the functions for roll, pitch-axisand collective pitch as required, i.e. you do notneed to define any additional mixers yourself.

If you have a model helicopter which only has asingle collective pitch servo, this menu point is - ofcourse - superfluous, since the three swashplateservos for collective pitch, pitch-axis and roll arecontrolled independently of each other. In this casethe swashplate mixer menu does not appear in themulti-function list. With all other swashplate linka-ges employing 2 ... 4 collective pitch servos, themixer ratios and directions are set up by default, ascan be seen in the screen shot above. The pre-setvalue is 61% in each case, but the value can bevaried within the range -100% to +100% if required,after a brief press on the rotary control (CLEAR =61%.)

If you do not wish to assign the swashplate controlsystem (collective pitch, roll and pitch-axis) to thetransmitter sticks in the conventional way, then thefirst step is to change the mixer directions (+ or -),before you attempt to correct the directions of servorotation.

Swashplate mixers

HEIM mechanics with 2 collective pitch servos:

• The collective pitch mixer acts on the two collec-tive pitch servos connected to receiver sockets 1+ 2;

• the roll mixer also acts on the two collectivepitch servos, but the direction of rotation of oneservo is reversed, and

• the pitch-axis mixer acts on the pitch-axis servoalone.

Note:Ensure that the servos do not strike their mechani-cal end-stops if you change the servo mixer values.

Collective pitch, roll and pitch-axis mixers

Program description: Swashplate mixers 87

With this arrangement „hold“ mode is effectivewhen interference first strikes, but after the setdelay has elapsed the servos move to previous-ly determined positions until the receiver againpicks up a valid control signal. If the receiverpicks up valid signals again, these Fail-Safeservo positions are immediately abandoned.

The delay time, i.e. the time from the onset ofinterference to the triggering of the FAIL-SAFEmode, can be set to any of three values: 0.25sec., 0.5 sec and 1.0 sec. These options aredesigned to cater for models flying at differentspeeds.

Pressing CLEAR resets the fail-safe setting inthe inverse video field to „hold“.

Setting the servo positionsThe FAIL-SAFE servo positions are freely program-mable for the receiver outputs 1 ... 8. Use the rotarycontrol to select the STO field. Now move servos 1... 8 to the appropriate positions using the transmit-ter controls, then briefly press the rotary control tostore the positions as the fail-safe settings.

Fail-Safe settingsFail-safe in the „PCM20“ transmission mode

This menu appears in the multi-function list only ifyou have selected the PCM20 transmission mode.This mode of operation must be pre-set in thememory-specific „Basic model settings“ menu.The PCM20 transmission mode can be used withall receivers with „mc“ in the type designation (mc-12, mc-18, mc-20, DS 20 mc etc.).

Fail-safe programming for SPCM20 mode will bediscussed in the next section.In this menu you can define the behaviour of thereceiver when a problem in the link between trans-mitter and receiver occurs, and you can also exploitthe option of moving one servo to a particularposition when the voltage of the receiver batteryfalls below a certain value („battery fail-safe“).

Fail-safe and interference

The operational security of Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) is inherently higher than that of simple PulsePosition Modulation (PPM), since the receiverincorporates an integral micro-processor which iscapable of processing received signals even whenthey are „noisy“.

Only if the received signal is incorrect or garbleddue to outside interference does the receiverautomatically replace the invalid signal with the lastreceived correct signal, which is stored in thereceiver. This procedure suppresses brief interfe-rence caused by local drops in field strength andsimilar momentary problems, which otherwise resultin the familiar „glitches“.

Caution:If you are using one of the PCM transmissionmodes (PCM, SPCM) we strongly recommendthat you make use of its safety potential byprogramming the fail-safe throttle position of aglow-powered model to idle, or the throttleposition of an electric-powered model to „motorstopped“. In this way you ensure that the modelis much less likely to cause havoc if subjectedto interference; if this should occur on theground, the model could otherwise cause se-rious personal injury or damage to property.

If you select the PCM 20 transmission mode buthave not yet carried out the fail-safe programming,you will see a warning message on the screen whenyou switch on the transmitter. The message re-mains on-screen in the basic display for a fewseconds:

If a longer period of interference affects the radiolink between transmitter and receiver, the PCM20operating mode offers two optional types of FAIL-SAFE programming, and you can select yourpreferred one using the left-hand SEL field.

1. „Hold“ modeIf you set „hold“ after a brief press on the rotarycontrol, interference causes the servos to staycontinuously at the position corresponding to thelast valid signal until the receiver picks upanother signal which it recognises as valid.

2. Variable FAIL-SAFE programming with over-write(display: „.25s, 0.5s or 1.0s“).If you set a pre-selected time instead of „hold“mode, the display initially changes as follows:

88 Program description: Fail-safe

Adjust Fail-

Safe

Select your preferred servo position using the rotarycontrol.

Pressing the CLEAR button switches the „BatteryF.S.“ function off.

If the battery fail-safe signal is triggered, you canregain control of the affected channel by brieflyoperating it (throttle stick for a fixed-wing model,assigned control for channel 1 with a helicopter,right / left function of the right-hand stick with modelcars and boats; alternatively the transmitter controlof any mixer input which affects servo 1). Thisdisengages the FAIL-SAFE servo, and it returns tothe pilot’s commanded position.

This data is transmitted to the receiver at regularintervals, so that the receiver can always revertto them if interference should strike.

You will see a brief message on the screen whenyou store the data by giving the rotary control abrief press.

The FAIL-SAFE servo positions can be overwrit-ten at any time by selecting the appropriatemenu and storing the transmitter settings anew.

Note:Some PCM receivers feature outputs 9 and 10,but variable fail-safe settings are not availablefor them; both servos always move to the centreposition if interference occurs.

Receiver battery FAIL-SAFEAs soon as the receiver battery voltage falls belowa particular value, a servo which is assignedpermanently in the „Battery F.S.“ section of the Fail-Safe menu runs to one out of 3 definable positions,with the intention of indicating to the pilot that thereceiver battery is failing. In the programs for fixed-wing model aircraft, cars and boats this is the servoconnected to channel 1 (throttle / airbrake, ordirectional control with model cars and boats). Inthe helicopter programs the servo connected tochannel 1 is used for this (exception: mc-12 recei-ver), which can then be used to switch on sometype of visual warning signal.

Caution:The „Battery fail-safe“ function makes a usefulcontribution to flying safety, but you shouldnever be tempted to rely upon it as a standardwarning of „time to land“, not least because thedischarge behaviour of batteries varies widelyaccording to type, and in any case the character-istics of the battery change as it ages.

You can program any of three positions as thebattery fail-safe setting for servo 1, and they areselected using the right-hand SEL field:

• + 75% travel in the one direction,• 0% servo centre, or• - 75% travel in the opposite direction.

Program description: Fail-safe 89

If this should occur, you must immediately initiatethe landing approach in order to have the bestpossible chance of landing the model withoutdamage.

Use the rotary control to select the STO field atbottom right of the screen. Now move those servosof 1 ... 8 for which you have selected Position modeto the appropriate positions using the transmittercontrols - all servos simultaneously.

Briefly press the rotary control to store the positi-ons as the fail-safe settings. This data is transmit-ted to the receiver at regular intervals, so that thereceiver can always revert to them if interferenceshould strike.

You will see a brief message on the screen whenyou store the data.

In this way you ensure that the model is muchless likely to cause havoc if subjected to interfe-rence; if this should occur on the ground, themodel could otherwise cause serious personalinjury or damage to property.

If you select the SPCM 20 transmission mode buthave not yet carried out the fail-safe programming,you will see a warning message on the screen whenyou switch on the transmitter. The message re-mains on-screen in the basic display for a fewseconds:

If interference affects the radio link between trans-mitter and receiver, the „Fail-Safe“ function determi-nes the receiver’s behaviour. In SPCM20 transmis-sion mode any servo can either:

1. maintain („hold“) the current position when inter-ference strikes; all the servos programmed to„hold mode“ stay continuously at the positioncorresponding to the last valid signal until thereceiver picks up another signal which it recogni-ses as valid; or

2. move to a freely selectable position („Pos“) wheninterference occurs. In contrast to PCM20 modethe receiver outputs 1...8 can be programmedindividually to „hold“ or „position“ mode, withouta pre-set delay time. Receiver outputs 9 and 10always stay in „hold“ mode.

90 Program description: Fail-safe

Fail-Safe settingFail-safe in the „SPCM20“ transmission mode

This menu appears in the multi-function list only ifyou have selected the SPCM20 transmission mode.This mode of operation must be pre-set in thememory-specific „Basic model settings“ menu.

The SPCM20 transmission mode can be used withall receivers with „smc“ in the type designation(smc-19, smc-20, smc-19 DS, smc-20 DS, etc.).

Fail-safe programming for the PCM20 mode isdiscussed in the previous section.The operational security of Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) is inherently higher than that of simple PulsePosition Modulation (PPM), since the receiverincorporates an integral micro-processor which iscapable of processing received signals even whenthey are „noisy“. Only if the received signal isincorrect or garbled due to outside interference doesthe receiver automatically replace the invalid signalwith the last received correct signal, which is storedin the receiver. This procedure suppresses briefinterference caused by local drops in field strengthand similar momentary problems, which otherwiseresult in the familiar „glitches“.

Caution:If you are using one of the PCM transmissionmodes (PCM, SPCM) we strongly recommendthat you make use of its safety potential byprogramming the fail-safe throttle position of aglow-powered model to idle, or the throttleposition of an electric-powered model to „motorstopped“.

Use the rotary control to select the channels 1 to 8( ), and press the rotary control briefly to switcheach channel between „hold“ ( ) and „position“ ( )mode.

91

mc-19 programming techniquesPreparation, e.g. with a fixed-wing model aircraft

Programming model data into an mc-19...

... is easier than it may appear at first sight.

There is one basic rule which applies equally to allprogrammable radio control transmitters: if the pro-gramming is to go smoothly and the systems workas expected, the receiving system componentsmust first be installed correctly in the model, i.e.the mechanical systems must be first-rate. Thismeans: ensure that each servo is at its correct neu-tral position when you fit the output lever or discand connect the linkage to it. If you find this is notthe case, correct it! Remove the output arm, rotateit by one or more splines and secure it again. Virtu-ally all modern transmitters offer facilities for offset-ting the neutral position of servos, but this is nosubstitute for a correct mechanical installation; thisfunction is only intended for fine tuning. Any sub-stantial deviation from the „0“ position may result inadditional asymmetry when the signal undergoesfurther processing in the transmitter. Think of it thisway: if the chassis of a car is distorted, you may beable to force the vehicle to run straight by holdingthe steering wheel away from centre, but it does notmake the chassis any less bent, and the basic pro-blem remains. Another important point is to set upthe correct control travels as far as possible byusing the appropriate linkage points in the mechani-cal system; this is much more efficient than makingmajor changes to the travel settings at the transmit-ter. The same rule applies: electronic travel adjust-ment facilities are designed primarily to compensa-te for minor manufacturing tolerances in the servosand for fine adjustment, and not to compensate forpoor-quality construction and defective installation.

If two separate aileron servos are installed in afixed-wing model aircraft, the ailerons can also beemployed as airbrakes by deflecting both of themup - simply by setting up a suitable mixer.

Such systems are generally more often used ingliders and electric gliders than in power models.Insuch cases the servo output arms should be offsetforward by one spline relative to the neutral point,i.e. towards the leading edge, and fitted on the ser-vo output shaft in that position.

The mechanical differential achieved by this asym-metrical installation takes into account the fact thatthe braking effect of the up-going ailerons increaseswith their angle of deflection, and this means thatmuch less travel is usually required in the down-direction than the up-direction. Similar reasoningapplies to the installation of the flap linkage whenseparately linked flap servos are installed, designedto be used in a butterfly (crow) system. Here againan asymmetrical linkage point is useful. The brakingeffect of the crow system is provided primarily bythe down-movement of the flaps rather than the up-movement of the ailerons, so in this case the servooutput arms should point aft, i.e. offset towards thetrailing edge, as this makes greater travel availablefor the down-movement. When this combination oflowered flaps and raised ailerons is used, the aile-rons should only be raised to a moderate extent, astheir primary purpose in this configuration is to sta-bilise and control the model rather than act as bra-kes.

You can „see“ the difference in terms of brakingeffect by deploying the crow system, then lookingat the underside of the wing from the front. The lar-ger the projected area of the deflected control sur-faces, the greater the braking effect.

This type of asymmetrical installation of the servooutput arms can also make sense when setting upsplit flaps or landing flaps on a power model.

Once you have completed your model and set upthe mechanical systems accurately in this way, youare ready to start programming the transmitter. Theinstructions in this section are intended to reflectstandard practice by describing the basic generalsettings first, and then refining and specialisingthem to complete the set-up. After the first test-flight, and in the course of continued test-flying,you may need to adjust one or other of the model’ssettings. As your piloting skills improve and yougain experience you might feel the need to try outdifferent control systems and other refinements,and to cater for these requirements you may findthat the text deviates from the obvious order ofoptions, or that one or other of the options is men-tioned more than once.

At this point, just before you start programming themodel data, it is worthwhile thinking carefully abouta sensible layout of the transmitter controls.

92 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

… and define your preferred throttle direction, i.e.throttle minimum „forward“ or „back“, because thedefault setting is „none“ (i.e. no motor).

The basic difference between „none“ and „throttlemin. forward / back“ is the effect of the Ch1 trim.The trim is effective over the full stick travel if„none“ is entered, but it only affects the idle range ifyou enter „throttle min. forward / back“. However, italso affects the „direction of effect“ of the Ch1stick, i.e. if you switch from „forward“ to „back“ orvice versa, you do not also have to reverse thedirection of the throttle servo. For safety reasonsyou will also see a warning message if you switchon the transmitter with the throttle stick positionedtowards „full-throttle“ - but only if you have alreadyset „throttle min. forward / back“.Your choice of „none“ (no motor) or„throttle min. forward / back“ alsoaffects the range of mixers availablein the „Fixed-wing mixers“ menu. The mixers „Bra-ke 1 > NN“ are only present if you choose „none“(no motor), otherwise they are suppressed.

If the model in question is one with the emphasison „power“ - whether the power of an electric motoror internal combustion engine - you will probablyencounter few problems in this matter, because thetwo stick units are primarily employed to control thefour basic functions „power control (= throttle)“, „rud-der“, „elevator“ and „aileron“. Nevertheless, you stillhave to call up the ...

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

Your choice of „none“ (no motor) or „throttle min.forward / back“ also affects the range of mixersavailable in the „Fixed-wing mixers“ menu. Themixers „Brake 1 > NN“ are only present if you choo-se „none“ (no motor), otherwise they are sup-pressed. In addition to these basic matters you willcertainly need to consider carefully how best tocontrol any „auxiliary functions“ featured on yourmodel. In contrast, if your model is a glider or elec-tric glider the whole situation may be rather diffe-rent.

The immediate question is: what is the best way ofoperating the motor and braking system? Now,some solutions have proved to be practical, andothers less so.

For example, it is not a good idea to be forced to letgo of one of the primary sticks in order to extendthe airbrakes or deploy the crow braking systemwhen your glider is on the landing approach. It sure-ly makes more sense to set up switchable func-tions for the Ch1 stick (see programming example:page 98), or to assign the braking system to thestick, and shift the motor control to a slider - oreven a switch. With this type of model the electricmotor is often little more than a „self-launching sys-tem“, and is used either to drag the model into thesky at full power, or to pull it from one area of lift tothe next at, say half-power, and for such models athrottle switch is usually quite adequate. If theslider or switch is positioned where you can easilyreach it, then you can switch the motor on and offwithout having to let go of the sticks - even on thelanding approach.

Incidentally, similar thinking can be applied to flapcontrol systems, regardless of whether they are„just“ the ailerons, or full-span (combination) controlsurfaces which are raised and lowered in parallel.

To control the flaps allyou need is an externalswitch with a long toggle(Order No. 4160), or adifferential switch (OrderNo. 4160.22), and theideal location for it is onthe outside edge of thetransmitter on the sameside as the throttle /brake stick. The switchcan then be reached atany time without havingto let go of the sticks.

In contrast, the motorcan be controlled veryeffectively by meansof a two-positionswitch (Order No.4143) or a three-positi-on switch (Order No.4113) mounted in thestick itself. Theseswitches have to beinstalled by your localGRAUPNER ServiceCentre.

If you don’t wish to use a stick switch, the motorshould be controlled by a switch installed on theside of the transmitter opposite to the hand whichholds the model for launching. In other words: if youlaunch the model with your right hand, then the mo-tor switch should be in the „outside left“ position,and vice versa.Once you are satisfied that all these preparationshave been completed successfully, programmingcan begin.

Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 93

Thrtoo

high

Once you have selected a free model memory, youare requested to select the type of model to be pro-grammed. Since in this example we are program-ming a fixed-wing model, we select the fixed-wingmodel symbol using the rotary control, and confirmwith ENTER or a brief press on the rotary control.The screen now reverts to the basic display.

Once you have called up the „Model select“ optionit is not possible to interrupt the process, i.e. youmust choose one or other model type. However, ifyou make a mistake you can always correct it sim-ply by erasing the model memory.

Now that you have overcome this first hurdle, youcan start on the actual transmitter settings to suitthe model ...

... in the „Model memory“ menu, where you selecta vacant memory and confirm your choice by pres-sing the ENTER button, or giving the rotary controla brief press.

First steps in programming a new modelExample: non-powered fixed-wing model aircraft

When programming a new model you should startwith the line ...

»Call up model« (page 37)

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

At this point you can enter the „Model name“,check the settings for „Stick mode“, „Modulation“,and „Motor at Ch1“ and change them if necessary:

• „none“: trim works independently of the stickposition.

• „Throttle min. forward or back“: Ch1 trim workson idle range (forward or back) only. If the throttlestick is the „full-throttle“ direction when youswitch the transmitter on, you will be warned ofthis with the message „Throttle too high“.

Note:Selecting a motor or no motor also affects the ran-ge of mixers available in the „Fixed-wing mixers“menu. For this reason we first consider „none“ (nomotor) in the following programming example.In the next two lines you select the basic arrange-ment of the servos in the model, and inform thetransmitter of your choice:

Note:

If your model is fitted with only one camber-changing flap servo, you should still select„2FL“. Later, in the „Fixed-wing mixers“ menu,you should select the „Ail. 2 > 7 flap“ mixer andset it to 0%. You can still exploit all the othermixers available at that point in the usual way.

At this point you should check that the servos areconnected to the receiver in the standard Graupnersequence:

Note:

If you set up a V-tail, but the „up / down“ and / or„left / right“ functions work the wrong way round,please refer to the table in the right-hand column ofpage 31. The same procedure can be used if youset up flaperons (superimposed ailerons and flaps)and they work the wrong way round.

The following settings apply to a model with a „nor-mal“ tail and „none“ (no motor); if your model has aV-tail the settings can be adopted virtually unchan-ged. However, if the model is a delta or flying wingthe situation is not quite so straightforward. A spe-cial programming example covering this model typewill be found on page 103.

94 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

Tail: „Normal“, „V-tail“, „Delta / flying-wing“ or „2 EL Sv 3 + 8“ (twoelev. servos at channels 3+8)

Ailerons / flaps: 1 or 2 aileron servos and 0 or 2flap servos

»Servo settings« (page 54)

In this menu you can set various parameters rela-ting to the servos, i.e. direction of rotation, neu-tral setting and servo travel, to suit the require-ments of the model.

By „requirements“ we mean adjustments to servocentre and servo travel which are needed to com-pensate for minor tolerances in servos and slightinaccuracies on the model.

Note:

The facilities provided in this menu for settingasymmetrical servo travels are not intended forsetting differential travel on ailerons and / or cam-ber-changing flaps. There are functions designedspecifically for this in the „Fixed-wing mixers“menu.

Once you have completed the settings describedso far, a fixed-wing model or powered model (thelatter if you state the idle direction of the throttlestick in the „Model type“ menu) will, in principle, fly.

However, there are no „refinements“ in this set-up,and it is the refinements which will give you morelong-term fun in your flying. Assuming that you arealready capable of flying your model safely, it istime to get a taste of these extra facilities; to thisend we now move on to the menu ...

»Fixed-wing mixers« (page 69)

This menu will show a varying range of options de-pending on the information you have entered in the„Basic model settings“ menu. Of particular interestat the moment are „Aileron differential“ and the„Aileron > rudder“ mixer.

As already described in detail on page 70, the pur-pose of aileron differential is to eliminate adverseyaw.

When a model aircraft turns, the down-going aileronproduces more drag than the up-going one whenboth move through the same angle, and this causesthe model to yaw in the opposite direction to theturn. This can be eliminated by setting differentialservo travel. A value between 20% and 40% is usu-ally a good starting point, but the „perfect“ settingnearly always has to be established by practicaltesting.

The same applies to the option „Flap differential“ ifyour model also features two camber-changing flapservos.The „Aileron 2 > 4 rudder“ mixer serves a similarpurpose, but also makes many models generallyeasier to handle when turning. A value of around50% is usually a practical starting point. However, itis advisable to be able to switch this function off,particularly if you have ambitions as an aerobaticpilot; this is done by assigning a physical switch tothe mixer.Setting up a „Brake 1 > 3 elevator“ mixer is usuallyonly necessary if your model suffers a marked pitchtrim change (model balloons up or dives) when youdeploy any form of braking system. This problemusually only arises if ailerons are set to deflect „up“for braking, or are used in combination with a butter-fly (crow) system. If you set up such a mixer it isimportant to test the setting at a safe height, andadjust the trim compensation if necessary.

If the ailerons are set up to act as brakes in a but-terfly (crow) system, then you should always entera value for differential reduction (see page 73) -setting 100% is the safe option here!

Differential reduction means that aileron differentialis suppressed to a greater or lesser extent whenyou operate the airbrake stick. The purpose of thisis to increase the down-going aileron travel on thelanding approach, with the aim of improving aileronresponse.

If the wing is equipped with two camber-changingflap servos in addition to two separately actuatedailerons, then the „Aileron 2 > 7 flap“ mixer trans-fers the aileron movements to the flaps; we suggestthat the flaps should not follow the movement of theailerons to a greater extent than about 50%. Howe-ver, if you have only installed one flap servo, thenleave this mixer at 0%.

Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 95

The „Flap 6 > 5 aileron“ mixer works in the opposi-te direction; depending on the layout of the modelwe suggest values between about 50% and 100%for this option. The flaps are controlled using the 2-channel switch module or the linear slider con-nected to the CH6 socket on the transmitter circuitboard.

The remaining options in the „Fixed-wing mixers“menu are designed to provide further fine-tuning ofmulti-flap wing systems and are largely self-expla-natory.

When you have completed the model-specific set-tings to this point, you are probably ready to consi-der the model’s first flight. At this point you shouldcertainly take the time to carry out a series of „dryruns“, i.e. check all the settings thoroughly whilethe model is still on the ground. Remember that aserious programming error may damage more thanjust the model. If you are not sure of any point, askan experienced model pilot for advice.

... in order to adjust the overall set-up to suit yourrequirements and flying style.

Dual Rates are used to adjust the magnitude of thestick’s effect. However, if it is only the control re-sponse around neutral which is too powerful forcomfortable flying, i.e. the maximum travels areacceptable, then „Exponential“ can be employed,either instead of Dual Rates or in addition to them.

If during the test phase you realise that one or otherof the settings needs to be changed in order totailor the model’s control response to your prefe-rences - perhaps the servo travels are too great ortoo small overall - then we suggest that you turn tothe following menu ...

»Dual Rate/Exponential« (page 62)

96 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

Expanded programming: Including an electric power system

In the preceding programming instructions we havealready reserved the Ch1 transmitter control for theairbrakes, which means that we have to exploreother possibilities for controlling the motor:

The simplest method of including an electric motorin a model set-up is to use a 2-channel switch mo-dule (e.g. Order No. 4151 or 4151.1) or a 2-channelproportional module (e.g. Order No. 4152 or 4111) asthe transmitter control - see example 1.

Alternatively, you could use a two-position externalswitch (Order No. 4160 or 4160.1) to control themotor, with the advantage that you could switch astopwatch on and off with the same switch - seeexample 2.

The most sophisticated variant is the solution de-scribed on page 49, where a control switch is usedto start and stop the stopwatch automatically, sothat the stopwatch records the motor run time. Thisis set up by assigning a control switch in the „Ti-mer“ line of the „Basic model settings“ menu.

Example 1:

Using a linear slider or 2-channel module

If one of the integral 2-channel modules (switchmodule or linear slider) is used, then setting it up tocontrol an electric motor is extremely simple: allyou have to do is connect the speed controller tothe corresponding servo socket at the receiver.

However, do bear in mind that servo outputs 2 + 5and 6 + 7 may already be linked in the software,depending on the model type you have set and thenumber of aileron and flap servos.Instead you could connect the 2-channel module to,say, CH8 or CH9 on the transmitter circuit board, oradopt the simpler method of assigning an integraltransmitter control to a different input. This is car-ried out in the menu ...

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

For example, you could assign a control connectedto CH7 to input „8“, and set input „7“ to „free“ asshown in the illustration above.

To set up the servo travel to match your speed con-troller you move to the menu ...

»Servo settings« (page 54)

Example 2

Using a two-position external switch (externalswitch, Order No. 4160 or 4160.1)

This variant implements a pure ON / OFF function,and causes the motor to burst into life abruptly -unless, that is, your speed controller features whatis known as „soft-start“.

At the receiver end you would use either a simpleelectronic switch, or - if you prefer a „soft“ motorstart - a proportional speed controller.

The settings required for this are carried out in themenu ...

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

First check which inputs are really free (see Ex-ample 1), e.g. input 8 if you have selected 2 aileronservos and 2 flap servos in the „Basic model set-tings“ menu.

First select SEL with a brief press on the rotarycontrol, then activate „Assign switch or transmittercontrol“ in the second column. Move your chosenexternal switch (in this case „1“) from the proposedmotor OFF position to motor ON. The control travelcan be adjusted to suit the speed controller in the3rd column.

Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 97

Controlling the electric motor and butterfly with the Ch1 stick(Butterfly system as landing aid: ailerons up, flaps down)

(Example 3:)

Before we start the programming of this third ex-ample, and turn our attention to expanding the basicprogramming we have already discussed, we needto consider briefly the position of the throttle / brakestick at „motor OFF“ or „brake OFF“. Usually theCh1 stick is moved forward to open the throttle, andback to extend the brakes. However, if you adoptthis „classic“ configuration, and switch, say, from„motor OFF“ (stick „back“) to the braking system,„full brake“ would immediately be applied, and viceversa: if you switch from „brakes retracted“ to po-wer, this would instantly switch to „full power“.

These inter-connected effects are definitely notdesirable, and to avoid them we recommend thatyou position the „zero point“ of both systems sothat they coincide. With the mc-19 system the off-set point of the fixed-wing mixer „Brake > NN“ (thismixer is also required), is fixed at „stick forward“,so the following programming example shows howto position „motor OFF“ and „brake OFF“ together,at „forward“.

In the menu …

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

98 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

leave the „motor at Ch1“ line at „none“, or change tothis setting if necessary. This is essential, otherwi-se the „Brake 1 > NN“ mixers which we need in thefollowing section are suppressed in the „Fixed-wing mixers“ menu.

Important note:As it is essential to set the motor to „none“, thisalso automatically disables the „Throttle toohigh“ power-on warning! For this reason pleasetake great care to set the Ch1 stick to the correctposition before you switch on the receiving sys-tem.

The next step is to ensure that the motor is swit-ched off „forward“, and is switched on when the Ch1stick is moved „back“, i.e. towards the pilot’s body.

To achieve this you may have to move to the …

»Servo settings« (page 54)

and reverse the direction of servo 1.

For safety’s sake you should check this settingnow, before you continue with the programmingprocedure.

Take the transmitter and model to a location whereit is safe to run the motor. Switch on the transmitterand move the Ch1 stick fully forward. Hold yourmodel firmly, or ask a friend to hold it for you.Check that the propeller is free to rotate withoutcausing havoc, then prepare your model for use.

If the motor does not run in the „stick forward“ posi-tion, everything is in order. However, check the sys-tem anyway by gradually moving the stick backtowards you until the motor begins to run. Stop themotor, then switch off the receiving system in themodel and finally switch off the transmitter.

Note:If the motor does not start, or rotates in thewrong direction, there are other problems whichyou must correct before you resume program-ming.

Once you are confident that the direction of the Ch1stick is „correct“ as far as the motor is concerned,the next step is to ensure that its effect on the mo-tor can be switched on and off. This is carried out inthe menu …

»Free mixers« (page 83)

… where you need to program a free mixer „Ch1 >Ch1“. When you have done this, move to the(switch) column and assign your selected „change-over switch“ to this mixer; ideally this would be astick switch installed by a GRAUPNER ServiceCentre (see Appendix). This is done by activatingthe switch assignment with a brief press on therotary control, and moving the switch from „forward“to „back“, i.e. towards you. In this example this isthe external switch at socket 1.

With the mixer switched on, move to the secondscreen page using the ➨➨➨➨➨ button, and there set astarting point of -100% for the SYMmetrical mixervalue.

If you now return to the basic display by pressingESC, a brief press on the rotary control takes youto the menu …

»Servo display« (page 54)

Programming example: Fixed-wing models 99

Now use the rotary control to move to STO (under„Offs.“), move the Ch1 stick to the „forward“ end-point and press the rotary control briefly: the valueunder „Offs.“ changes from 0% to approx. +100%and the graphic display of the mixer characteristicline displayed on the right also changes accordin-gly.

… where you can immediately check the effect ofthe settings you have made so far: with the mixerswitched off, the bar display for Channel 1 followsthe movement of the Ch1 stick. With the mixer swit-ched on it stops - as shown - at around -100%.

Note:If you carry out this test with the receiving systemand power system switched on, please take great

fcare that you operate the switch only in the „motorOFF“ position! If you ignore this, there is a dangerthat the power system will be severely overloadedby being switched on abruptly, and it could evensuffer damage.

To conclude the programming procedure, move theselected „change-over switch“ back to the „motorON“ position, i.e. „forward“; switch back to the multi-function menu and from there to the menu …

»Fixed-wing mixers« (page 69)

… where you can - assuming that you have notalready done this in your general model program-ming - select the line „Brake 1 > 5 aileron“ and setthe desired aileron travel when the Ch1 stick is ope-rated in the up direction („Brake“). In the(switch) column assign your selected „change-overswitch“ by pressing the rotary control briefly andmoving the switch from „forward“ to „back“.

If your model also features camber-changing flaps,and you have therefore selected „2 AIL 2 FL“ in the„Aileron / flap“ line of the „Basic model settings“menu, locate the „change-over switch“ you havejust operated, move it „forward“ again and switch tothe line „Brake 1 > 6 flap“ with the rotary controlpressed in. You can now set the desired down-de-flection of the flaps when the Ch1 stick is moved(this flap position is termed „crow“ or „butterfly“; seealso page 98), and assign the external switch whichalso acts as the change-over switch, as alreadydescribed.

If you now switch back to the „Servo display“menu and move the Ch1 stick, you will see that thebar display for Channel 1 either remains at around -100% while the displays for Channels 2 + 5 (andalso the flaps 6 + 7, if set up) follow the stick mo-vement, or the other way round: the latter stay ataround 0% and only the Channel 1 display moves.

In the basic display start by pressing the CLEARbutton, so that the stopwatch switches to the „Ti-mer“ function. The timer can now be started andstopped using the throttle control.

If you now return to the transmitter’s basic displayto check the system, you will see that the stop-watch and flight timer start running when you movethe stick past the switching point in the direction offull-throttle, and that the stopwatch stops againwhen you move the stick back to the idle position.

Alternatively, if you control your motor with an ex-ternal switch as described in Example 2, you donot need any of the previously described controlswitches. All you need to do is locate the switchwhich you use to turn your motor on and off, andassign the same switch to the „Timers“, with thesame switching direction, so that these start run-ning at the same moment as you switch on themotor.

In contrast, if you have decided on the solutiondescribed in Example 1, then unfortunately there isno alternative but to operate the motor and timersseparately.

100 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

»Timers« (page 48)

To record the effective motor run time during a flightyou simply need to assign a switch in the „Timers“line of the „Basic model settings“ menu.

If, following on from the model programming descri-bed on the preceding pages, you have decided onExample 3, or you are using the Ch1 stick (throttle/ brake stick) to control motor power - independentlyof this programming example - then you can use itscontrol switch to turn the stopwatch on and off auto-matically.

To assign the control switch set the Ch1 stick to theidle position and move to the „Timers“ line in the„Basic model settings“ menu.

Operating the timer using the Ch1 stick or an external stick

Select the switch symbol and activate the switchassignment with a brief press on the rotary control,then move the throttle / brake stick from its idleposition in the direction of „full throttle“. After ashort period the switch „G1l“ or „G2l“ will appear onthe screen as a switch symbol. If you now movethe stick back towards idle, you will see that theswitch symbol changes again at around 80% ofstick travel: between the „idle position“ and the swit-ching point the switch symbol is „open“, beyond thisit is „closed“.

Tip:When using an electric motor the motor run is usu-ally limited by the capacity of the battery, and inthis case you would normally set the stopwatch to„count down“. Simply enter the maximum permittedmotor run in the „Timer“ column, e.g. „5 min.“. Asdescribed on page 48, the piezo buzzer starts toemit warning tones „30 sec“ before „zero“.

Using flight phases

Within any model memory you can program up tothree different flight phases (stages of flight), eachincorporating settings which can be entirely differentto the others.

Each flight phase can be called up by means of aswitch. Flight phases represent the simplest andmost convenient method of switching betweendifferent model settings in flight, programmed fordifferent stages of a typical flight, such as normal,thermal, speed, distance etc.

And this is how it’s done ...

We assume that the model is already programmedin the transmitter’s model memory, has been set upcarefully, test-flown and properly trimmed.

First move to the menu …

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

Each of the two switch end-points of this differentialswitch is assigned to one flight phase, starting fromthe centre position. We recommend that the switchdirection should match the phase names: as shownin the left-hand illustration, for example, „Phase 2“is „back“ from the centre position, while „Phase 3“is „forward“.

Select the appropriate line, name, and switch assi-gnment in the „usual“ way, i.e. by turning and pres-sing the rotary control.

Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 101

… and then to the line „Phase 2“ and / or „Phase 3“,in which you should assign a specific name to eachflight phase. The purpose of this name is to helpyou differentiate between the flight phases. It willlater appear in the transmitter’s basic screen dis-play, and also in the „Phase trim“ menu.

In order to change from one phase to another it isnecessary to assign a switch. For selecting up to 3flight phases, left or right outer side of the transmit-ter.

Note:The names you assign to the various phases are ofno significance in programming terms - with theexception of Phase 1, which should always be assi-gned the name „normal“. As such it is always activeeven if you disable the flight phases.

For general model flying three flight phases areusually quite sufficient:

• „Thermal“ for launch and „staying up“,• „Normal“ for normal conditions, and• „Speed“ for flying in „top gear“.

At this point all three phases have been set up andassigned names; however … if you operate thephase switch you will soon notice that nothing haschanged, i.e. all the settings for the control sur-faces, and especially the wing flaps, are the same.

To change these settings, call up the menu ...

»Phase trim« (page 68)

… move the phase switch to the appropriate positi-on, and enter the desired values in the standardway by turning and pressing the rotary control.

If you now switch on the receiving system (orswitch to „Servo display“) and select the differentphases in turn, you will see a difference in controlsurface response, or in the bar display for the ser-vos.

102 Programming examples: Parallel servo

Programming example: servos running in parallel

Example 2:In many cases a second servo is required to run inparallel with an existing servo; for example, if asecond elevator or rudder is to be actuated by aseparate servo, or where a second servo is neededto cope with very high control forces, or where twoservos are required for a large control surface dueto the high torsional forces involved.

This task could be solved simply by connectingboth servos together in the model using a conventi-onal Y-lead. However, this has the drawback that thelinked servos cannot be adjusted individually fromthe transmitter, i.e. you forfeit the basic advantageof the computer radio control system: freely variableservo settings.

The following example makes use of the „Free mix-ers“ menu, which offers the advantage of asymmet-rical and / or non-linear curves.

In this example we will connect two rudders „in par-allel“. The second rudder could be connected toreceiver output 8, which is not already in use.

… and set up a mixer „Tr SR > 8“. In the „Type“ co-lumn select the „Tr“ setting, so that the rudder trimaffects both rudder servos.

Finally switch to the graphics page and set a sym-metrical mixer input of +100%:

Here again, for safety reasons it is really essentialthat you set input 8 to „free“ in the „Transmittercontrol settings“ menu.

»Free mixers« (page 83)

Example 1:The simplest method of operating two elevators inparallel (servos 3 + 8) is to use the „Tail“ menu.

First switch to the menu …

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

… and set „2EL Sv 3+8“ in the „Tail“ menu.

The first step is to switch to the menu …

Programming example: Delta / flying wing

On page 92, where the section on fixed-wing modelprogramming starts, you will find general notes re-garding installing and setting up the RC system in amodel, and - of course - this applies equally to del-tas and flying wings. The information on test-flyingand refining the settings is also relevant, includingthe section on programming flight phases.

In their characteristic shape and geometry, deltasand flying wings differ very clearly from „normal“models even at first sight, but the difference in theservo arrangement required is rather more subtle.The „classic“ model delta or flying wing generallyhas only two control surfaces, which act both asailerons (in opposite directions) and as elevators (inthe same direction), in a similar way to the superim-posed rudder / elevator functions of a V-tail. Moremodern designs tend to be more complex; one (ortwo) inboard control surfaces may be used purelyas elevators, while the outboard ailerons also act aselevators, but to a reduced extent. If a flying winghas four or even six wing control surfaces, it is cer-tainly feasible nowadays to set them up with cam-ber-changing flap functions and / or even a butterfly(crow) system.

However, most of these models still rank as „clas-sic“ deltas and flying wings, and for them the ser-vos should be connected to the receiver as follows(see also page 50):

If your delta or flying wing is of more „modern“ con-figuration, the „normal“ servo sequence has proveduseful; this arrangement can also be used forcanards:

Move to the menu ....

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

Programming example: Delta and flying wing 103

… and select the following options in each line,according to the receiver output sequence you haveselected:

“Motor“: None (no motor). Ch1 trim acts equallyalong the whole travel, or „throttle min.forward / back“. Trim acts only at idlerange.

“Tail“: „Delta / flying wing“ or „Normal“ type

„Aileron / flap“: Two ailerons „2AIL“ and - ifpresent-two flaps„2FL“.

The primary function of these settings is to definethe range of wing mixers which will be offered. Ifyou select the „Delta / flying wing“ tail type, thesoftware automatically superimposes the elevatorand aileron functions. In this case the control travelcan be adjusted by varying the Dual Rate settingsin the „Dual Rate / exponential“ menu (see page62).

If you select this option, all settings of the „NN >elevator“ wing mixer in the menu ...

»Flächenmischer« (Seite 69)

… act upon the elevator (up / down) function of thetwo elevon (combined aileron / elevator) servos.

The flap mixer and flap differential only appear inthe list if you have also entered „1FL“ or „2FL“ inthe „Delta / flying wing“ model type.

104 Programming examples: Fixed-wing models

Programming a model delta using the „normal“tail setting

Alternatively, if you select the „normal“ tail type inthe „Basic model settings“ menu, and connect theservos to the receiver according to the lower of thetwo receiver socket sequence diagrams on the pre-vious page, the aileron function of the two elevonservos will work correctly, but not the elevator func-tion. In the „normal“ tail type you have to force thetwo aileron servos and the two flap servos to movein the same direction and provide an elevator effectwhen an elevator command is given. The procedurestarts by selecting the menu ...

»Fixed-wing mixers« (page 69)

… where you set values other than zero for thefixed-wing mixers „Elevator > NN“.

With this set-up the tailless model is considered tobe a „normal“ four-flap wing (two ailerons and twoflaps), and therefore has all the options associatedwith this wing type. The method involves the „Ele-vator > NN“ mixers, which were originally intendedonly for pitch trim compensation and non-standardapplications. In this case they are „abused“ by set-ting higher values than normal, in order to transferthe elevator signal to the control surfaces of thetailless model.

Switch to the menu „Transmitter control settings“and leave input 6 for controlling the two „camber-changing flaps“ (if present) „free“, since in the caseof a delta these are generally only controlled by thefixed-wing mixer mentioned above, and not separa-tely.

Instead assign a slider to input 5. This can then beemployed as elevator trim for the ailerons (andflaps), as none of the fixed-wing mixers include theassociated trim - especially that of the elevatorstick - so the digital trim levers cannot be used forthis purpose.

Switch to the menu …

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

(The following settings are model-specific, and youmust check carefully that they work correctly onyour model before accepting them.)

Set inputs 6 and 7 to „free“ in the second column.

However, if you prefer to use the normal elevatortrim lever, set the „Elevator > NN“ mixer and „Flap> NN“ mixers to 0%, and instead set up free linearmixers to do the job.

This is done by calling up the menu ...

»Free mixers« (page 83)

… and assign, say, the transmitter control con-nected to CH7 to this input. Now switch to the „Tra-vel“ column and reduce the travel of the transmittercontrol for „input 5“ symmetrically to around 50%, oreven less, because: the lower this value, the finerthe trim control.

… and setting up one linear mixer „Tr ELE > 5“ (forthe simplest case), and possibly „Tr ELE > 6“. Nowthe ailerons will move in the same direction, likeflaps, when you move the elevator stick. The effectof the „Tr“ option is that the elevator trim lever alsoaffects the associated mixer when you operate theelevator stick.

Move to the graphics page of this menu to set therequired mixer ratios: to obtain the same direction ofmovement as the wing mixers, you will have toprogram a symmetrical value of approximately„-50%“, for MIX 1, and approximately „+70%“ forMIX 2; compare the wing mixer settings above.Check the settings, and above all the direction ofeffect, in the servo display, and change the prefix ifnecessary.

Since transmitter control 7 is no longer required,you should disable it in the „Transmitter controlsettings“ menu. Simply set input 5 to „free“ in thesecond column.

Programming examples: Fixed-wing models 105

Many years ago the author operated a model deltawith the mc-20, programmed exactly in this way,with the following additional refinements: flap set-tings used as trim for different flight modes, andbutterfly (crow) as landing aid - the latter exploitingthe „Brake 1 > 2 aileron“ and „Brake 1 > 6 flap“ wingmixers to provide complete compensation for pitchtrim changes. In this case the term „ailerons“means the outboard wing control surfaces, and„flap“ the inboard pair of control surfaces.

A modern sweptback flying wing can be operated inthe same way. These models also feature inboardand outboard control surfaces: the former forward ofthe Centre of Gravity, the latter aft of it. Deflectingthe inboard control surface(s) down increases liftand produces an up-elevator effect. Deflecting themup creates the opposite effect. In contrast, the out-board ailerons have the reverse effect: a down-de-flection produces a down-elevator effect, and viceversa. In this case there are really no limits to whatyou can achieve with careful thought and the mc-19’s sophisticated mixers.

However, please note that you should be extremelycareful when setting differential travel with such aconfiguration, regardless of the type of servo arran-gement you are using. This is because differentialtravels tend to produce an asymmetrical elevatoreffect on a tail-less model, rather than the desiredadverse yaw reduction. For this reason it is ad-visable to start with a differential setting of 0%, atleast for the first few flights. When you are familiarwith the model and feel the need to experiment, itmay then be feasible under certain circumstancesto try differential settings deviating from zero. Forlarger models it may be advisable to install wingletsfitted with rudders, i.e. small vertical surfaces atthe wingtips. If these are actuated by two separateservos, they can be controlled as described in the

example on page 102 dealing with „Servos running inparallel“.

You may also want both rudders to deflect outwardswhen a braking system is operated using the Ch1stick, and this can be achieved as follows: if youhave selected the „normal“ tail type, set up a fur-ther mixer „Ch1 > 3“ with a suitable travel setting.The offset should be set to +100%, as the Ch1stick is usually at the forward end-point when theairbrakes are retracted, and the winglet rudders arerequired to deflect outwards proportionally when thebrakes are extended.

106 Programming example: F3A model

Programming example: F3A model aircraft

F3A models belong to the category of poweredfixed-wing model aircraft designed for competitionflying. They may be powered by an internal combus-tion engine or an electric motor. Electric-poweredmodels are eligible to fly in the international F3A„pattern“ class, and also in the F5A electric aero-batic class.

On page 92, where the section on fixed-wing modelprogramming starts, you will find general notes re-garding installing and setting up the RC system in amodel, and - of course - this applies equally to F3Amodels, and therefore does not need to be repeatedat this point.

If an F3A model is accurately built, it usually exhi-bits flying characteristics which are almost comple-tely neutral. The perfect aerobatic model has a verysmooth but precise control response, and anymovement around any one of its flight axes shouldnot affect the other axes.

F3A models are flown using aileron, elevator andrudder controls. The use of separate servos for eachaileron is almost universal. The flying controls aresupplemented by control of motor power (throttlefunction) and in many cases a retractable undercar-riage. As a result the servo assignment for channels1 to 5 is no different to the fixed-wing models wehave already described.

The auxiliary function „Retracts“ is usually assignedto one of the auxiliary channels 6 to 9. Ideally the

retracts are operated using a channel switch withouta centre detent. An optional „extra“ - used only ifnecessary - is mixture adjustment control for thecarburettor. This is generally controlled by a slideron the transmitter connected to one of the auxiliarychannels otherwise not in use.

When assigning functions to the auxiliary channelsat the transmitter, it is advisable to ensure that thecontrols required are within easy reach, since theadvanced aerobatic pilot has very little time to thinkabout letting go of the sticks - especially whenflying in a competition.

ProgrammingThe basic programming of the transmitter has alrea-dy been described in detail in the section startingon page 92, so this section concentrates on tipsspecific to F3A models.

Im Menü ...

»Servo settings« (page 54)

… you can adjust the servo settings to suit yourmodel. It has proved advisable to use at least 100%servo travel, as precision of control can be percep-

tibly better if relatively large servo travels are em-ployed. This should be borne in mind when buildingthe model and designing the control surface linka-ges. Any minor corrections required can be made inthe 3rd column during the initial test flights.

The next step is to select the menu ...

»Basic model settings« (page 38)

… and activate the idle trim for Channel 1 (normally„back“; i.e. full-throttle forward). The digital trim nowworks at the idle end of stick travel. The „cut-offtrim“ enables you to switch immediately from the„motor stopped“ position to the idle position youhave previously set just by applying a single „click“on the trim lever.

The remaining settings can be left as shown in theillustration.You may find it necessary to assign transmittercontrols to particular inputs to operate the retract-able undercarriage and carburettor mixture adjust-ment. This is carried out in the menu ...

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

For example, you may like to use an external ON /OFF switch connected to input 8 for the retracts,and a proportional control, e.g. slider 9 connected toinput 7, for mixture adjustment.

The mixers are activated using one and the sameexternal switch, e.g. switch No. „2“, which thereforehas to be assigned to both mixers.

Press ENTER (or the rotary control) to move to thesecond screen page, and set the appropriate mixerratios. In both cases the mixer neutral point shouldbe left at the centre point of the Ch1 stick arc.

Select the ASY field, and set 0% for both mixersabove the centre point of the control, and the follow-ing settings below the centre point, i.e. in the direc-tion of idle:

MIX 1: -60% ... -80%, andMIX 2: -5% ... -10%.

Beispiel MIX 1:

Programming examples: F3A model 107

The retracts are extended and retracted when youoperate switch „2“. You may need to adjust the tra-vel of the transmitter control, and perhaps reversethat channel by setting a negative setting for travel.F3A models fly at extremely high speeds, and re-spond very „solidly“ to corrective movements of theservos. However, in competition flying it is vital thatall abrupt control movements and correctionsshould be kept to a minimum, as the judges willinvariably notice any lack of smoothness and docka few points, so it is advisable to set exponentialcontrol characteristics on the stick functions.

Switch to the menu ...

»Dual Rate/Exponential« (page 62)

Exponential values of around +30% on aileron, ele-vator and rudder have proved to be a good startingpoint, and you can set them in the right-hand col-umn of this menu using the rotary control. Thesevalues provide smooth, well-defined control of thetypical F3A model. Many experts use higher values;even up to +60% exponential.If you operate the radio control system in the PCM-20 or SPCM-20 mode, it is advisable to store suit-able fail-safe settings using the menu ...

»FAIL-SAFE settings« (page 88)

In the following section we consider the PCM20mode.

In its default form the transmitter prescribes „holdmode“ as the fail-safe setting; this equates to „donothing“, i.e. the receiver continuously passes thelast valid signals to the servos in the model: it„holds them still“. This is more or less the worstpossible setting for a power model, and might wellensure, for example, that the model tears uncontrol-lably across the flying field, representing a seriousrisk to pilots and spectators alike! For this reasonwe strongly recommend that you should at least setthe motor to idle or stop, to avoid precisely thisrisk. We also advise that all control surfaces shouldrevert to neutral, and the undercarriage should ex-tend. Once you have made these settings youshould certainly check them again once the modelhas been test-flown and trimmed out.The „Battery fail-safe“ function, which is triggeredwhen the voltage of the receiver battery falls belowa particular point, moves the carburettor optionallyto -75%, 0% or +75% of throttle servo travel. If thisshould happen, you can re-activate the throttle atany time simply by moving the throttle stick.

Since F3A models generally have two aileron ser-vos, it has proved useful to deflect both aileronsslightly „up“ for the landing. In most cases this cau-ses the model to fly a little more slowly and with amore stable attitude on the landing approach.

To achieve this you will need to program mixers inthe menu ...

»Free mixers« (section starting on page 83)

Both ailerons are usually required to deflect „up“ asa landing aid, in parallel with the movement of thethrottle stick, but only from the half-throttle settingin the direction of idle. The further the stick is mo-ved towards the idle position, the more the ailerons

deflect up. The reverse occurs when you open thethrottle: the ailerons are returned to neutral to avoidthe model suddenly ballooning up.

A little down-elevator must usually be mixed in toensure that the model does not climb when the ail-erons / flaps are extended.

To meet these two requirements you need the twomixers shown in the illustration below.

This completes the basic set-up for a typical F3Amodel.

108 Programming examples: F3A modell

Correcting model-specific errorsIt is an unfortunate fact of life that even very care-fully built models exhibit minute faults and inaccura-cies which produce unwanted deviations when themodel is flying; the mixers of a computer radio cont-rol system are then required to compensate forthese deficiencies. In this section we will describehow to carry out the adjustments required, but ple-ase note the following points before we get started:it is vital to ensure that the model is built as accura-tely as humanly possible, is balanced perfectlyaround the lateral and longitudinal axes, and thatmotor downthrust and sidethrust are set correctly.

1. Rudder causes unwanted movement aroundthe longitudinal and lateral axesIt is often the case that a rudder command cau-ses the model to rotate slightly around the longitudinal and / or lateral axes. This is particularlytroublesome in what is known as knife-edgeflight, where the model’s total lift is generated bythe fuselage, aided by the rudder deflection. Theresult is that the model rotates and changesheading slightly, as if the pilot were applying aileron or elevator at the same time. These tenden-cieshave to be corrected with compensationaround the lateral axis (elevator) and around thelongitudinal axis (aileron).These corrections can be achieved easily withthe mc-19, exploiting the „free mixers“ onceagain. For example, if the model rotates to theright around the longitudinal (roll) axis when therudder is deflected, then a mixer is set up whichdeflects the ailerons slightly to the left. Headingchanges around the lateral (elevator) axis can becorrected in a similar way using a mixer actingupon the elevator:

a) Correction around the lateral axis (elevator)

MIX „RUD → ELE“

Asymmetrical setting. The exact values requiredmust be found by flight testing.

b) Correction around the longitudinal axis (aileron)

MIX „RUD → AIL“Asymmetrical setting. The exact values re-quired must be found by flight testing.In most cases relatively small mixer values arecalled for, typically below 10%, but this does varyfrom model to model. If you use one of the curvemixers 5 or 6, the mixer ratios can be adjustedeven more accurately to match different rudderdeflections. Again, no definite values can be sta-ted, as they vary from model to model.

2. Vertical climb and descentMany models exhibit a tendency to deviate fromthe ideal line in vertical climbs and descents. Tocorrect this we need an elevator neutral positionwhich varies according to the throttle setting. Forexample, if the model tends to pull out of a verti-cal descent by itself when the motor is throttledback, slight down-elevator must be mixed in atthis throttle setting.As a rule you will need to set mixer values below5%, but once again there is no substitute for test-flying.

3. Rolling (movement around the longitudinalaxis) at idleWhen you reduce the throttle setting, the modelmay tend to roll slightly in one direction. Clearlyan aileron correction must be made. However, itis much more elegant to let a mixer correct thiseffect than to move the stick manually. Hereagain, set up a mixer:

MIX „Ch1 > AIL“, which is programmed with avery small mixer ratio. The adjustment processshould only be carried out in calm weather. Oftenall you need to do is apply the mixer in the con-

trol segment between half-throttle and idle. Toachieve this, set one reference point in the cen-tre of the stick travel.

4. Rolling when ailerons and flaps are extendedIf you fly the landing approach with both aileronsdeflected up, the model may show a tendency toroll slightly due to minor variations in aileronservo travel (or constructional inaccuracies); i.e.the model may turn to either side by itself. Onceagain, this tendency can easily be correctedusing a mixer to vary the compensation accor-ding to the position of the ailerons / landingflaps. MIX „Ch1 > AIL“You must provide a means of switching the mi-xer on and off using the external switch whichcontrols the aileron / landing flap function. Themixer therefore only has any effect when theaileron / landing flap function is activated. Theoptimum value has to be found by test-flying.

Summary

The settings described on this page are intendedprimarily for the expert flyer who needs an F3Aaerobatic model which flies with absolutely accura-te, neutral control response. Please bear in mindthat refining the flying characteristics of a model tothis extent involves tremendous effort, time, sensi-tivity and expertise. Some experts continue theprogramming procedure even when they are flying.It is not advisable to try this if you are just a mode-rately advanced pilot making your first attempt withan F3A aerobatic model. You would be well advisedto request help from an experienced pilot, and carryout the fine-tuning adjustments mentioned here oneby one, with the expert at your side, until your mo-del exhibits the neutral flying characteristics youdesire. At this point, when your model is flying per-fectly, you can forget all about trimming, and con-centrate on flying the aerobatic manoeuvres them-selves, which are not always easy to fly well.

109

… model type „Heli“. Confirm your choice with abrief press of the rotary control (or ENTER), and thescreen immediately switches to the basic display.

If the warning „Throttle too high“ appears, move thecollective pitch stick to the minimum position, andthe message will disappear. The next step is to se-lect a name for the model memory you have se-lected; the name is entered in the menu …

A brief press on the rotary control (or the ENTERbutton) selects the ...

Programming example: model helicopter

In this programming example we assume that youhave already read and understood the descriptionsof the individual menus, and are by now familiarwith the general handling of the transmitter. We alsoassume that you have built and adjusted the heli-copter exactly according to the kit instructions. Theelectronic facilities provided by the transmittershould never be used to compensate for majormechanical inaccuracies.

As so often in life, there are various ways andmeans of reaching a particular destination whenprogramming the mc-19. In this example our intenti-on is to provide a sensibly structured course ofaction, so that you have a clear idea of logical pro-gramming techniques. Where there are several pos-sible methods, we first describe the simplest andmost easily understood solution. It is likely that thehelicopter will work perfectly set up in this way, butnaturally you are still free to try out other solutionsat a later stage in case they suit you better.

As our programming example we take the GRAUP-NER STARLET 50 helicopter, with three swashplatelinkage points distributed equally at 120°, abeginner’s set-up without enhanced throttle curve,with no method of influencing the gyro from thetransmitter, and with no speed governor (regulator).We have deliberately chosen this simple program-ming project in order to demonstrate that it is pos-

sible to produce a helicopter which flies extremelywell with relatively little programming effort.

Nevertheless, we don’t want to keep from you allthe possible expansion facilities: the basic descrip-tion is followed by set-up notes on gyro gain, speedgovernors and different helicopter mechanics.

To initiate this sample programming exercise switchto the menu ...

»Model select« (page 37)

… and select a free model memory using the rotarycontrol:

Once you have entered the „model name“ youshould check once more the basic settings youhave already programmed, i.e. that the „stickmode“ is correct, and the „modulation“ matchesyour receiver.

In the next three lines we come to the first settingswhich are specific to helicopters:

In the „Swashplate type“ line select the number ofservos which are used to actuate the swashplate. Inthe second line - „Rotor direction“ - we determinethe direction of rotation of the main rotor as viewedfrom above. In the „Collective pitch min.“ line set„forward“ or „back“ to suit your preference. This set-ting must not be changed later when you are pro-gramming the direction of collective pitch or throt-tle.

At this point, if you have not already done so, theservos should be connected to the receiver in thefollowing order:

110 Programming examples: Model helicopters

»Basic model settings« (page 41)

The mixer ratios and mixer directions for the swash-plate servos for collective pitch, roll and pitch-axisare set in the menu ...

»Swashplate mixer« (page 87)

You will find that they are pre-set to +61% in eachcase. If the swashplate does not respond correctlyto the stick movements, the first step is to changethe mixer directions from „+“ to „-“ if necessary. Thesecond step is to reverse the servo directions in the„Servo settings“ menu.

Note:Please note one important difference in the mc-19 /mx-22 and mc-24 compared to previous GRAUP-NER mc radio control systems: the first collectivepitch servo and the throttle servo have been inter-changed.

Now move to the menu ...

»Servo settings« (page 54)

… where you can set up the travels and directionsof rotation of the individual servos. The basic aimhere should be to keep servo travels at +/- 100%wherever possible, as this maintains best possibleresolution and accuracy. Use „Rev.“ if necessary toreverse the direction of rotation of any servo; docheck carefully that the direction you set really iscorrect. The tail rotor servo must operate in such away that the nose (!) of the helicopter moves in thesame direction as the movement of the tail rotorstick.

A glance at the menu ...

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

… will show you that control 6, connected to socketCH6, is assigned to input 12, whereas all other in-puts are programmed to „free“ by default. Input 12serves as throttle limiter. It acts solely on output„6“, to which the throttle servo is connected.

Just to remind you:The throttle limiter does not control the throttle ser-vo; it just limits the travel of this servo in the for-ward direction, according to the setting of the throt-tle limiter. The throttle servo is usually controlled bythe collective pitch stick via the throttle curve you

Even if you are a beginner to flying and are not yetready for this, it is advisable at least to define theauto-rotation switch, so that you have an „emergen-cy cut“ switch for the motor. This is done in the sub-menu „Auto-rotation“: press the rotary control brieflyand move one of the ON / OFF switches (2-positionswitch) to the „ON“ setting. On the right the switchnumber (here, for example, „2“) appears. The AR(auto-rotation) switch should be located at a positi-on on the transmitter where you can easily reach itwithout letting go of a stick, e.g. above the collecti-ve pitch stick.

Another tip:Please get used to giving all the switches a com-mon „on“ direction; then a quick glance at the trans-mitter before flying will soon reassure you that allswitches are „off“. If you wish, you could at thispoint move to the line above and assign a flightphase switch for flight phase 2, but this simple pro-gramming example deliberately excludes such refi-nements.

Programming examples: Model helicopters 111

have set. For more details please see the sectionson pages 58 and 59 of the manual.Now select the ASY field in the „Travel“ column,and increase the value in the inverse field from100% to 125%, with the throttle limiter pushed fullyforward. This ensures that the throttle limiter cannotpossibly restrict the full throttle travel dictated bythe collective pitch stick when the model is in flight.An additional transmitter control needs to be activa-ted in the menu ...

»Basic model settings« (page 41)

Now push the collective pitch stick fully forward tothe maximum collective pitch point (collective pitchminimum has already been set to „back“). You cannow adjust this point on the collective pitch curveusing the rotary control, with the aim of producing acollective pitch maximum setting of around 9° atthe main rotor blades.A rotor blade set-up gauge, e.g. the GRAUPNERitem, Order No. 61, is very useful when setting upblade pitch angles. This point should be located ataround 50%.Now pull the collective pitch stick right back to thecollective pitch minimum position. Set the bladepitch angle for this setting to 0 to -4°, depending onyour piloting ability.

You have now completed the basic settings at thetransmitter, i.e. the procedure which you will need touse time and again when setting up new models.The actual helicopter-specific set-up is carried outprimarily in the menu ...

»Heli mixers« (page 74)

In the very first line you will see the „Channel 1 >coll. pitch“ function, and a brief press on the rotarycontrol enables you to set up a three-point curve; inmost cases this is quite adequate.

The reference point for hovering should generally bethe mechanical centrepoint of the collective pitchstick, as this position feels completely natural tomost pilots. You can, of course, set up the curve tolocate the hover at a different point, but you shouldnot be tempted to do this unless you know exactlywhat you are doing. Start by setting the collectivepitch stick to centre. Assuming that you previouslyadjusted the servos in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions, the servo output armswill now (usually) be at right-angles to the servocase. If you have not already done so, adjust themechanical linkages to the rotor head so that all theblades are set to a collective pitch angle of 4° to 5°positive for the hover. All known helicopters will flyat this approximate setting.

112 Programming examples: Model helicopters

If you now switch to the auto-rotation phase - youwill see the name of the flight phase „Autorot“ at thebottom of the screen - you will find the „old“ collecti-ve pitch curve once more. In this phase you shouldset the same values as in the normal phase, withthe following exception: increase the maximum coll-ective pitch angle by about 2°, i.e. at the extremeforward position of the stick. This gives slightlymore pitch for flaring the model when practising„autos“ at a later (!) date.

Once you have set up the collective pitch curve,operate the auto-rotation switch to return to the „nor-mal“ helicopter mixers.

Now move to the „Ch1 > throttle“ line where youcan set up the throttle curve.

With the throttle limiter closed and the idle trim fullyopen, pull the collective pitch stick to the „fullyback“ position and move it slightly to and fro. Thethrottle servo should not respond to this movement.This arrangement gives you a seamless transitionfrom idle trim to the throttle curve. You will probablyneed to make further adjustments to the throttlecurve, but this must be carried out later as part ofthe flight-testing process.

If you now switch temporarily to the „auto-rotation“flight phase, a pre-set value of -90% appears in the„Throttle“ line. This can be increased to around +/-125%, depending on the direction of servo rotation.

This setting ensures that the motor stops reliably inthe auto-rotation phase (to cope with an emergen-cy). Later, when you have gained sufficient experi-ence to practise auto-rotation landings, the settingshould be changed to a value which provides a reli-able idle.

Switch „Auto-rotation“ off, and we can move back tothe first menu list.

First, the control travel of the idle trim setting mustbe adjusted to smatch the gas curve. Set it to about65%.

Programming examples: Model helicopters 113

Call up the „Ch1 > tail rotor“ line: this is where youcan set the static torque compensation (DMA) forthe tail rotor. For the moment you can safely acceptthe pre-set values of -30% at the bottom end ofstick travel and +30% at the opposite end, althoughyou may find it necessary to adjust the settingsslightly later.

Now switch back to the auto-rotation phase for amoment. The set-up curve is disabled here, with theresult that the tail rotor servo no longer responds tocollective pitch commands (when the main rotor isnot powered, there is no torque to be corrected).

If your gyro features gain control from the transmit-ter - unlike the model we are using in this example -you can safely store the standard gain value in themodel memory. To be able to adjust gyro gain fromthe transmitter you will need to set up anothervacant proportional control. This can be assigned tothe „Gyro“ input in the menu ...

»Transmitter control settings« (page 56)

Move the slider fully forward, and move to the ASYfield in the „Travel“ column using the rotary control.At this point set the maximum gain of the gyro to avalue such as 50%, which represents a safe fixedvalue when the slider is at its forward end-stop. Youwill probably need to adjust the value in the courseof flight-testing.

Additional notes on setting up gyros can be foundon page 76.

Further adjustmentsIf you have followed this programming example youwill have a helicopter which is set up properly, andin an ideal state for hovering practice and simplecircuits. Of course, you may wish to activate furtherfunctions depending on your skill and flying experi-ence. If you wish to fly using different rotor speedsand trim set-ups you will need to activate a seriesof „flight phases“, which can be called up via swit-ches which you assign.

The first step in this process is to call up the menu...

»Basic model settings« (page 41)

… and assign a relevant name and switch to „Pha-se 2“.

You ought to be quite clear in your mind that auto-rotation always has absolute priority over any otherphases. This simply means: if you operate the auto-rotation switch, you immediately move to the auto-rotation phase from any of the other two flight pha-ses.

Now move back to the „Helicopter mixers“ menu,switch to „Phase 2“ (which you have just set up),and modify the settings accordingly. Since the mc-19 features digital trims, in the Heli program all fourtrim positions are stored separately for each flightphase, in addition to the other menu settings whichyou entered separately for each flight phase.

If you have set up your helicopter as described inthis programming example, you will find that it iscapable of carrying out extremely challenging flighttasks even though it is no competition machine. Wesuggest that you should not make use of additionalfunctions until your model is flying perfectly, so thatyou will be in a position to recognise and appreciateany improvements. It is always best to implementadditional refinements one at a time whenever pos-sible, otherwise you won’t know which change hasbrought about any improvement. Bear in mind thatthe good pilot is not recognised by the number ofcomplex functions with which he can cope, but bythe results he can obtain when flying a relativelysimple set-up.

Now switch to the menu …

»Basic model settings« (page 45)

… and assign the model a unique name. Afterentering the last letter press ESC.

Set the correct modulation to suit the receiver youare using, and confirm your choice again.

If you wish to use the integral Nautic module, entera vacant channel in the „Nautic channel“ line, e.g.„7“, and press the ESC button (inputs 1 to 4 areassigned to the dual-axis sticks by default). Thisaction automatically releases the „Nautic Module“menu. The NAUTIC-Expert module, Order No. 4159,should now be connected to the receiver socket ofthe same number, i.e. in this case „7“.

114 Programming examples: Model boats and cars

Programming model boats and trucks

Programming model boats and trucks

In this programming example we assume that youhave already read and understood the descriptionsof the individual menus, and are by now familiarwith the general handling of the transmitter.

We also assume that you have built and adjustedthe model exactly according to the kit instructions,since the most important pre-condition for accurate,efficient programming is the correct installation ofthe mechanical systems to be controlled by the RCsystem. The electronic facilities provided by thetransmitter should never be used to compensate formajor mechanical inaccuracies.

The transmitter’s programming options are not in-tended to compensate electronically for „buildingerrors“. Be sure to set all servos accurately to cen-tre before connecting them; the same applies toelectronic speed controllers if they do not featureautomatic centre detection.

As our programming example we have taken theGRAUPNER WESER fire-fighting cruiser, which is atypical multi-function model boat. The same se-quence can be applied to many other models - evenmodel cars.

Before you start programming please take the timeto consider a logical arrangement of the transmitterfunctions, and whether the integral Nautic softwaremodule can be used.

Our general advice is that you should use the dual-axis sticks for the model’s basic control functions,and the sliders and / or external switches for all theauxiliary working systems.

Programming procedureUse the rotary control to select a vacant modelmemory, and confirm your choice with a brief presson the rotary control. In the following window selectthe model type „Model boat“ or „Model car“, andconfirm your selection with another brief press.

Connect the RC components as shown in the dia-gram below. The auxiliary working systems whichcan be controlled via the NAUTIC-Expert moduleare functions such as lighting, radar unit etc. A typi-cal wiring diagram can be found in the appendix tothese instructions.

The left / right function of the right-hand dual-axisstick is already pre-set as „input 1“, and the forward/ back function of the left-hand stick as „input 2“.

These default settings can be modified, new trans-mitter controls can be assigned, and already assig-ned controls can be erased again.

The method of programming the NAUTIC module isdescribed in the section of these instructions en-titled „NAUTIC channel“: see page 51.

Now you have to assign the working systems to thetransmitter controls. The first step is to move to themenu …

»Transmitter control settings« (page 60)

Note:Since the Nautic module has been assigned to in-put 7, this channel is suppressed in the „Servosettings“ menu, to avoid it being assigned to ano-ther function.

If you wish to erase a transmitter control which youhave already assigned, all you have to do is pressthe CLEAR button to switch that input „free“. Other-wise operate the transmitter control you wish toassign.

Assign suitable transmitter controls to the search-light lift servo and the fire monitor rotation servo ina similar way.

Continuing with our example, the rotation servo isconnected to receiver socket 5, so a transmittercontrol must be assigned to input 5. Here you coulduse one of the two sliders, or an additional proporti-onal rotary module (Order No. 4111).

You can also assign external switches, for example,for switching water pumps on and off, or other auxi-liary working systems, using the same procedure.The screen displays a number followed by a switch

Programming examples: Model boats and cars 115

In our example only inputs 1 and 2 are requiredactually to control the model. Inputs 3 … 6 and 8 …12 can therefore be used for additional functions.(Just to remind you: input 7 has already been defi-ned as the Nautic channel.)

To assign another transmitter control select thedesired input, e.g. 5, and use the SEL field to acti-vate the „Assign switches or controls“.

With this type of switch you can turn MINISWITCHES (Order No. 3294) connected to the re-ceiver on and off.

Now we need to adjust the travels of the searchlightlift mechanism and the rotary movement of the firemonitors. This is necessary if the servo’s naturaltravel is not sufficient to reach the end-points of themechanism, or if the mechanism strikes its end-stops before the servo has completed its maximumangular travel.

Switch to the menu …

»Servo settings« (page 54)

position symbol. The number is assigned perma-nently to the external switch socket, and the func-tion of the symbol is easiest to understand if yousimply operate the switch experimentally.

… and select the appropriate symbol with the rotarycontrol pressed in. Use SYM to activate the travelsetting. We suggest that you start by re-setting thetravels from the default 100% to 0%.

Move the selected slider to one of its two end-points, then select ASY and increase the value forservo travel until the lift mechanism just reaches itsend-point.

Now move the slider to its opposite end-point andrepeat the procedure.

Set up the rudder system in this menu using thesame procedure.

Note:If you need to adjust the neutral setting by morethan about 25% in order to set the rudders to thecentral position, you should adjust the mechanicalrudder system, e.g. by removing the servo outputarm, moving it round one spline, and re-fitting it.Only then correct the rudder travel. Do not exceed amaximum rudder deflection of 45° in either direc-tion.

If you wish to operate a sound module, we recom-mend installing a two-way momentary switch (OrderNo. 4151.33). Alternatively, these units can be cont-rolled using one of the dual-axis stick units, but thisis not so convenient in practice. To be able to con-trol the sound module you could use the vacantinput 4 and assign the momentary switch mentio-ned above in the usual way using the „Transmittercontrol settings“ menu.

NAUTIC multi-proportional modulesFor the PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes

Module required at the transmitter

NAUTIC Multi-Prop module

Order No. 4141(up to two modules can be fitted)

Method of workingThe NAUTIC Multi-Prop module expands onestandard control function to provide fourfunctions, i.e. three additional servo socketsare available for each module at the receiverend. A maximum of two Prop modules can beinstalled in the transmitter.

Requirements for connecting NAUTICMulti-Prop modules to the function in-puts CH8 ... CH10:

1. The transmitter and receiver must be setto PPM18 or PPM24 mode.

2. The control function selected must not bein use simultaneously as input channel oroutput channel of any mixer, i.e. „fixed-wing mixer“ or „free mixer“!

Important:Before connecting the NAUTIC Switch modu-le or Prop module please program the trans-mitter as follows:

1. Use the „Erase model“ function in the„Model memory“ menu to erase themodel memory you are using, and setthe model type to „Model boat / car“.

2. Set the „servo travel“ of the channel towhich a NAUTIC module is connected to150% symmetrically; this is carried out inthe „Servo settings“ menu.

3. Make sure the direction of servo rotationis standard (not reversed), and checkthat the servo centre is at 0%.

If one of the servos connected to the deco-der at the receiver end „jitters“ slightly at fulltravel, adjust the servo centre within a rangeof about -20% to +20%.

This completes the set-up procedure at thetransmitter.

Installing and connecting NAUTIC modu-les in the mc-19 transmitter

The modules are installed in vacant modulewells as described in the notes on page 20 ofthis manual.Connect the 5-pin plug to one of the socketsCH8 to CH10 on the transmitter circuitboard, bearing in mind the restrictions out-lined above. Connect the single-core wireterminating in a four-pin plug to the mc-19 /mc-22 / mc-24 adaptor lead, Order No.4184.1.The jumpers supplied with the adaptor leadmust be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in-stalled in the transmitter.

If a second module is installed, locate thesingle-core wire terminating in a 4-pin plug,and connect it to the first module, which isalready installed.

mc-19 transmitter connections _______________________________________

116 NAUTIC

NAUTIC Expert switched functionsFor PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes

Module required at the transmitter

16-channel NAUTIC Expert ModuleOrder No. 4108

(up to two modules can be installed)

Method of workingThe NAUTIC Expert Module expands onecontrol function to provide 16 switched chan-nels. All eight switches have a centre positi-on, providing a genuine forward-stop-re-verse function; this requires the use of aswitch module, Order No. 3754.1, or a rever-sing module, Order No. 3754.2, at the recei-ver. Three of the eight switches are self-neutralising from both directions, and twofrom one direction. The other three switchesare designed for forward - stop - reversefunctions, and are not self-neutralising. Amaximum of two modules can be installed inthe transmitter module wells, giving a total of32 switched functions.

Requirements for connecting NAUTICExpert modules to the function inputsCH8 ... CH10:

1. The transmitter and receiver must be setto PPM18 or PPM24 mode.

2. The control function selected must not bein use simultaneously as input channel or

output channel of any mixer, i.e. „fixed-wing mixer“ or „free mixer“!

Important:Before connecting the NAUTIC Switch mod-ule or Prop module please program thetransmitter as follows:

1. Use the „Erase model“ function in the„Model memory“ menu to erase themodel memory you are using, and setthe model type to „Model boat / car“.

2. Set the „servo travel“ of the channel towhich a NAUTIC module is connected to150% symmetrically; this is carried out inthe „Servo settings“ menu.

3. Make sure the direction of servo rotationis standard (not reversed), and checkthat the servo centre is at 0%.If one of the servos connected to thedecoder at the receiver end „jitters“slightly at full travel, adjust the servocentre within a range of about -20% to+20%.

Installing and connecting NAUTIC modu-les in the mc-19 transmitter

The modules are installed in free modulewells as described in the notes on page 20 ofthis manual. Connect the 5-pin plug to one ofthe sockets CH8 to CH10 on the transmittercircuit board, bearing in mind the restrictionsoutlined above.

Connect the single-core wire terminating in afour-pin plug to the mc-19 / mc-22 / mc-24adaptor lead, Order No. 4184.1.

The jumpers supplied with the adaptor leadmust be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in-stalled in the transmitter.

If a second module is installed, locate thesingle-core wire terminating in a 4-pin plug,and connect it to the first module, which isalready installed.

mc-19 transmitter connections ______________________________________

NAUTIC 117

Combination of NAUTIC Prop and NAUTIC Expert modulesFor PPM18 and PPM24 transmission modes

Modules required at the transmitter

16-channel NAUTIC Expert moduleOrder No. 4108(up to two modules can be installed)

NAUTIC Multi-Prop moduleOrder No. 4141

Method of workingIf a combination of NAUTIC Expert and NAU-TIC Prop modules is used, one receiveroutput is expanded to provide 4 servosockets, and the second receiver outputprovides 16 switched functions. Both modu-les are installed and connected as alreadydescribed on pages 116 and 117. Pleaseread the set-up notes and requirementsdescribed at that point.

The jumpers supplied with the adaptor lead4184.4 must be fitted to both NAUTIC modu-les installed in the transmitter.

118 NAUTIC

mc-19 transmitter connections _______________________________

NAUTIC accessories

NAUTIC accessories

Required at the receiver end

Order No. Module Note

4159 2-/16-channelNAUTIC-Expert switchmodule

For each 16-channel NAUTICExpert module inthe transmitter one2/16 channel NAU-TIC Expert switchmodule is required.

4142 NAUTIC-Multi-Prop-Decoder

Four servos canbe connected

3941.6 Flat socketwith 3-corelead

For connectingconsumer unitsdrawing up to 0,7Aper switched chan.

3936.32

or

3936.11

Synchronousdistributor 320or 100 mmcable lenght

For connectingNAUTIC switch orreverse modules

3754.1 NAUTICswitch module

Direct connection,or two modulesusing synchro-nous distributor

3754.2 NAUTIC re-verse module

Parallel connectionto 2 channels orvia synchronousdistributor

Specification, Expert switch module

Current drain approx. 3 mA

Dimensions approx. 69x42x20 mm

Weight approx. 47 g

Specification, Multi-Prop decoder

Current drain approx. 10 mA

Dimensions approx. 69x42x20 mm

Weight approx. 27 g

Connecting equipment to the NAUTICExpert module at the receiver

Each switch module can operate up to 16switched functions.

The module can be connected directly toeight electrical consumer units, such asfilament bulbs, LEDs etc. - but not electricmotors - with a current drain of up to 0.7 Aeach.

See Fig. 1 for battery connection.

Two switched functions per socket are pos-sible using the 3-core lead, Order No.3941.6.

See Fig. 2.

NAUTIC switch or reverse modules areavailable for electric motors and other electri-cal units drawing higher currents, see Figs.3 + 4.

To obtain a forward - stop - reverse function,connect the reverse module to the Expertswitch module using the synchronous distri-butor lead, noting that one plug attached tothe reverse module must be connected the„wrong“ way round: you will need to file offthe edges of the plug slightly to permit this.

An external power supply, e.g. a GRAUPNERreceiver battery of adequate capacity, isrequired for directly connected electricalconsumer units and for switching relays.Other batteries up to max. 30 V can be con-nected using the connecting lead, Order No.3941.6.

Nautic reverse module, Order No. 3754.2

Specification

Switch module3754.1

Reverse module3754.2

Exciter voltage 4,8 ... 12 V 4,8 ... 12 V

Max. switchedcurrent

16 A 16 A

Switched volta-ge up to app.

24 V 24 V

Dimensions inmm approx

50x27x26 50x30x26

Weight approx 25 g 45 g

NAUTIC 119

Nautic switch module, Order No. 3754.1

free

Alternatively

two NAUTIC Expert switch modules

or

two NAUTIC Multi-Prop decoders can beconnected.

Please read the notes on pages 116 and117

NAUTIC - typical wiring diagram

120 NAUTIC

Speed

controller

Receiver

Trainer system with light-pipe lead

Order No. 3289

Allows you to transfer all functions complet-ely to the pupil transmitter, and expand thefunctions of the mc-19 transmitter toteacher`s transmitter functions.

Note:The Teacher transmitter must be fitted withan interface distributor, Order No. 4182.3, toallow the components to be connected. If noother supplementary system is to be con-nected, the mc-22 / mc-24 adaptor lead(Order No. 4184.1) can be used instead ofthe interface distributor. A momentary switch,Order No. 4160.11, or a kick button, OrderNo. 4144 is required as a safe means oftransferring control.

Suitable pupil transmitters:

D 14, FM 414, FM 4014, FM 6014, mc-10,mc-12, mc-14, mc-15, mc-16, mc-16/20, mc-17, mc-18, mc-19, mc-20, mc-22, mx-22 andmc-24.

The transfer function is activated in the„Basic model settings“ menu (page 38) ofthe Teacher transmitter. The Teacher trans-mitter can be used in any of the operatingmodes PPM18, PPM24, PCM20 or SPCM20.

The Pupil transmitter should be operated inits basic setting. If this is an mc-series ormx-series transmitter, select a model memo-ry and erase the contents, switch it to PPMmode (mc-22 / mx-22 / mc-24: PPM18 orPPM24 mode), and, if necessary, enter amodel name. All other settings, such as mixerand coupling functions are carried out by theTeacher transmitter. Only the stick mode canbe adjusted to meet the pilot’s requirements.

If you are using a D 14, FM 414, FM 4014,FM 6014, FM 6014 / PCM 18 transmitter, youshould check the direction of servo rotationand stick mode, and if necessary correctthem by re-connecting the appropriate cab-les inside the transmitter.

Replacement part and individual compon-ents:

Order No. 3290.2 Teacher socket, alone

Order No. 3290.3 Pupil socket, requiredfor additional Pupiltransmitters

Order No. 3290.4 Light-pipe lead for Trai-ner system.

Connections in the mc-19 Teacher trans-mitter

Install the Teacher module at a suitable posi-tion in the transmitter case. Connect the 10-pin plug attached to the Teacher module tothe interface distributor (or to the mc-22 /mc-24 adaptor lead, Order No. 4184.1).

If you are connecting the Teacher transmitterto a Pupil transmitter using the opto-electro-nic light-pipe lead, locate the plug marked„M“ (Master) on the light-pipe lead and con-nect it to the Teacher module.

See the next page for a connection diagramfor the Teacher transmitter.

Connections in the mc-19 Pupil transmit-ter

Disconnect the connecting lead from thePupil module (it is not required with thesetransmitter types).

Screw the Pupil connector to a free socket inthe case.

Disconnect the 4-pin connector attached tothe RF module of the mc-19 transmitter, andplug it into the 4-pin Pupil socket.

See the next page for a connection diagramfor the Pupil transmitter.

Appendix 121

Trainer systemConnections in the mc-19 transmitter

Connections in the mc-19 Teacher transmitter

Connections in the mc-19 Pupil transmitter

Accessories

mc-19/mc-22/mc-24 NAUTIC adaptorOrder No. 4184.4

For connecting NAUTIC modules to the mc-19 interface distributor, Order No. 4182.3.The jumpers supplied with the adaptor leadmust be fitted to the NAUTIC modules in thetransmitter.

mc-19 Teacher moduleOrder No. 3290.19

Allows the transmitter to be used as theTeacher transmitter in conjunction with Pupiltransmitters of the following types: D 14, FM414, FM 4014, FM 6014, mc-10, mc-12, mc-15, mc-16, mc-16/20, mc-17, mc-18, mc-19,mc-20, mc-22, mx-22 and mc-24.

Required for upgrading the transmitter to aprofessional Trainer system using the opto-electronic Trainer set, Order No. 3290.

122 Appendix

Accessories

4160.11

4160.44

4160.22

4160

4160.1

4147.1

Momentary switch

Order No. 4160.11

Self-neutralising, for momentary switchedfunctions. Required as start / stop button forstopwatch functions.

2-way momentary switch

Order No. 4160.44

Self-neutralising, for two momentary swit-ched functions on one switch.

Differential switch (3-position switch)

Order No. 4160.22

Switches between two or three mixer func-tions, flight phases etc.

External switches

On / Off switches for operating auxiliaryfunctions, e.g. mixers.

Order No. 4160 for switching one function;long toggle.

Order No. 4160.1 for switching one function;short toggle.

Latching external switch

Order No. 4147.1 for switching one function.

The latching On / Off switch has a mechani-cal lock which prevents the toggle beingmoved accidentally. The switch can only beoperated by simultaneously lifting and tippingthe toggle.

If you have assigned a switch to an impor-tant coupling function, and operating theswitch accidentally would cause the model tocrash, a latching switch should always beused.

2-channel switch module

Order No. 4151 with long toggleOrder No 4151.1with short toggle

These switches have three positions, provi-ding the means to switch a speed controllerover the range forward - stop - reverse, orsimilar applications. Also suitable for On / Offfunctions such as retracts, lamps etc. With-out its decorative bezel the switch modulecan be installed in any vacant option well inthe transmitter.

2-channel switch module

Order No. 4151.2 with short toggleOrder No. 4151.3 with long toggle

Upgrade module with On / Off switch.Suitable for switching speed controllers,retracts, lamps etc.

2-channel proportional module

Order No. 4152

Expansion module for controlling full-travellinear functions; can also be used as a pro-portional transmitter control, e.g. for mixers,throttle limiter etc.

2-channel momentary switch

Order No. 4151.33

For switching signals on briefly, e.g. soundmodule.

Appendix 123

Proportional rotary module

Order No. 4111

Expansion module for proportional rotaryfunctions.

Appendix

Kick button*

Order No. 4144

Pressing the button once turns the switch on;pressing it again causes the button to springout to the „off“ position again. The kick buttoncan be converted into a momentary buttonby removing the latching spring; in this casethe function remains switched „on“ only aslong as the button is held pressed in. Werecommend having the kick button installedby your local GRAUPNER Service Centre.

Two-function stick switch*

Order No. 4143

Stick unit with single-pole change-overswitch for two switched functions. Ideal forauxiliary functions; especially useful forcompetition pilots.

Three-function stick switch*

Order No. 4113

The change-over switch integrated into thestick has a centre setting and is designed toprovide three switched functions.

Can be used for auxiliary functions e.g.launch, neutral and speed modes for high-speed and F3B models, or as motor switch(OFF / half-throttle / full-throttle) for F3Emodels.

Stick unit with rotary proportional con-trol*

Order No. 4112

The rotary proportional control integrated intothe stick is designed for use with non self-neutralising functions, or to operate a speedcontroller or similar special application.

Transmitter RF modules

Order No. 4809.35 for the 35-MHz-bandOrder No. 4809.35.B for the 35B-MHz-bandOrder No. 4809.40 for the 40-MHz-bandOrder No. 4809.41* for the 41-MHz-band* for export only

The spot frequency is selected by means ofplug-in crystals (see page 126). The crystalin the transmitter must bear the same num-ber as the crystal in the receiver. Use onlygenuine GRAUPNER crystals.

* These units have to be installed by yourlocal GRAUPNER Service Centre. If the kickbutton, Order No. 4144, is to be used asTrainer transfer switch, you must first con-vert it to momentary action.

TPLL-SYNTHESIZER transmitter RF mo-dules TE SYN FM

For GRAUPNER/JR mc-19 and mc-22 FMtransmitters; converts transmitter to PLLSynthesizer channel selection.

Order No. 3858.35 for the 35-MHz-bandOrder No. 3858.40 for the 40-MHZ-band

for the 41-MHz-band

The PLL Synthesizer module enables theoperator to dial in the desired channel num-ber (spot frequency). Once selected usingthe x 10 and x 1 channel selectors, thetransmitter frequency is automatically gene-rated by the Synthesizer system with greataccuracy. No transmitter crystals are re-quired.

124 Appendix

Transmitter support bar system

Order No. 1127

The support bars can be snapped into the„storage“ and „support“ positions. The entiretransmitter top surface is unobstructed, forcomplete freedom of access. Bored for neck-strap attachment. The method of installationis described on page 15. The neckstrap isnot included in the set.

Luxury neckstrap

Order No. 71 38 mm wide

Adjustable-length neckstrap with extra-softneck padding. The padding features a Velcroclosure, making it easy to remove for clea-ning.

Luxury cross-over strap

Order No. 72

38 mm wide with 2 spring hooks

For pilots who like their transmitter to „stayput“. The cross-over strap is variable inlength and can easily be adjusted to providefatigue-free operation.

Wide neckstrap

Order No. 1125

30 mm wide with spring hooks

Selectable channels:

35-MHz-band:Order No. 3858.35 61 ... 80 / 182 ... 191

40/41-MHz-band:Order No. 3858.40 50 ... 92 / 400 ... 420

Aluminium mc-22 transmitter case

Order No. 10

Rigid, high-quality, lockable aluminium caseof attractive design. Foam padded insertprovides shock protection for transmitter,receiver, servos and accessories for sto-rage and transport.

Dimensions approx. 400 x 300 x 150 mm

Pair of short stick tops

Order No. 1128

For pilots who prefer to use their thumbs.

Helical aerial

Order No. 1149.35 for the 35-MHz-bandOrder No. 1149.40 for the 40-MHz-band

A short, flexible aerial, providing optimumfreedom of movement and unfettered accessto the transmitter. For technical reasons theradiated power of the helical aerial is not ashigh as that of a telescopic aerial extended tofull length.

The standard telescopic aerial, as suppliedwith the transmitter, should be used for allapplications where security and safety aretop priority, e.g. high-speed models andlarge-scale model aircraft,

Overall length of helical aerial:approx. 400 mm.

Appendix 125

Protective stick switch caps

Order No. 4110 (pack of 2)

These caps are made of high-quality alumini-um and protect the delicate stick switchesand kick buttons from damage - especially inthe transport case.

Approved operating frequencies, available crystals, frequency pennantsThis radio control system may only be operated on the frequencies and channels approved for each EU nation. Please check the legalsituation in your own country. It is prohibited to operate a radio control system on any frequency and channel other than those listed.! !

126 Appendix

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128 Appendix

Appendix 129

Notes

130 Appendix

Notes

Guarantee certificate Wir gewähren auf dieses Erzeugnis eine Garantie vonThis product is warrantied for

Sur ce produit nous accordons une garantie de 24 Monatenmonthsmois

Die Fa. Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henrietten-straße 94-96, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck gewährt abdem Kaufdatum auf dieses Produkt eine Garantievon 24 Monaten. Die Garantie gilt nur für die be-reits beim Kauf des Produktes vorhandenen Materi-al- oder Funktionsmängel. Schäden, die auf Abnüt-zung, Überlastung, falsches Zubehör oder unsach-gemäße Behandlung zurückzuführen sind, sind vonder Garantie ausgeschlossen. Die gesetzlichenRechte und Gewährleistunsansprüche des Verbrau-chers werden durch diese Garantie nicht berührt.Bitte überprüfen Sie vor einer Reklamation oderRücksendung das Produkt genau auf Mängel, dawir Ihnen bei Mängelfreiheit die entstandenen Un-kosten in Rechnung stellen müssen.

Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henriettenstrasse 94 -96, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany guaranteesthis product for a period of 24 months from date ofpurchase. The guarantee applies only to material oroperational defects which are present at the time ofpurchase of the product. Damage due to wear, over-loading, incompetent handling or the use of unsui-table accessories is not covered by the guarantee.The user’s statutory and warranty rights are notaffected by this guarantee. Please check the pro-duct carefully for defects before you make a claimor send the item to us, since we are obliged tomake a charge to cover our costs if the product isfound to be free of faults.

La société Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Henrietten-straße 94-96, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Allemagne,accorde sur ce produit une garantie de 24 mois àpartir de la date d´achat. La garantie prend effetuniquement sur les vices de fonction-nement et dematériel du produit acheté. Les dommages dûs à del´usure, à de la surcharge, à de mauvais acces-soires ou à d´une application inadaptée, sont exclusde la garantie.

Cette garantie ne remet pas en cause les droits etprétentions légaux du consommateur. Avant touteréclamation et tout retour du prouit, veuillez s.v.p.cotrôler et noter exactement les défauts ou vices.

Garantie-UrkundeWarranty certificate / Certificate de garantie

Computer-System mc-19

Übergabedatum:Date of purchase/delivery:Date de remise:

Name des Käufers:Owner´s name:Nom de l´acheteur:

Straße, Wohnort:Complete adress :Domicie et rue :

Firmenstempel und Unterschriftdes Einzelhändlers:Stamp and signature of dealer:Cachet de la firme et signaturedu detailant :

Servicestellen / Service / Service après-vente

Graupner-ZentralserviceGraupner GmbH & Co. KGPostfach 1242D-73220 Kirchheim

EspanaFA - Sol S.A.C. Avinyo 4E 8240 Maneresa

☎ (+34) 93 87 34 23 4

ItaliaGiMaxVia Manzoni, no. 8I 25064 Gussago

☎ (+39) 3 0 25 22 73 2

SchweizGraupner ServicePostfach 92CH 8423 Embrach-Emb-raport

☎ (+41) 43 26 66 58 3

UKGLIDERSBrunel DriveNewark, NottinghamshireNG24 2EG

☎ (+44) 16 36 61 05 39

Belgie/NederlandJan van MouwerikSlot de Houvelaan 30NL 3155 Maasland VT

☎ (+31)10 59 13 59 4

Servicehotline☎ (+49)(01805) 472876Montag - Freitag930 -1130 und 1300 -1500 Uhr

FranceGraupner FranceGérard Altmayer86, rue ST. AntoineF 57601 Forbach-Oeting

☎ (+33) 3 87 85 62 12

SverigeBaltechno ElectronicsBox 5307S 40227 Göteborg

☎ (+46) 31 70 73 00 0

LuxembourgKit Flammang129, route d’Arlon8009 Strassen

☎ (+35) 23 12 23 2

Ceská Republika/Slo-venská RepublikaRC Service Z. HnizdilLetecka 666/22CZ-16100 Praha 6 -Ruzyne

☎ (+42) 2 33 31 30 95

Appendix 131

❏ 35-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4821❏ 35-MHz-Set B-Band Best.-Nr. 4821.B❏ 35-MHz-Einzelsender Best.-Nr. 4821.77❏ 35-MHz-Einzelsender B-Band Best.-Nr. 4821.77.B

❏ 40-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4827❏ 40-MHz-Einzelsender Best.-Nr. 4827.77❏ 41-MHz-Set Best.-Nr. 4827.41*