MatterProperties and Classification

AP ChemistryCroatan High School

Thanks to David English

Matter

• Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass

• Examples of matter include….• Matter does not include ENERGY–Relationship between matter and energy is important

Classification

• Scientists like to classify what they study–Provides order –Produces a standard language

Classification in Chemistry

• Chemists study matter so we need a classification system for matter

Kinds of Matter

• Matter can be subdivided into two types based on how many PHASES exist in the sample

Kinds of Matter

• Phase: A region of matter with a set of unique properties and definite boundaries

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• So….• either we have 1 phase or more

than 1 phase• First question to ask yourself: Is

there one or more than one phase?

Kinds of Matter

Matter

• One PhaseHomogeneous

• Multiple Phases

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous Matter

• The next question that you would ask yourself is:

• Can the sample of homogeneous matter be separated into parts by physical means?–Two possible answers: yes or no

Kinds of Matter

• Pure Substance

Homogeneous MatterCAN IT BE SEPARATED?

HomogeneousMixture

YesNO

Kinds of Matter

• Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture that exists in one phase–Also known as a solution

Kinds of Matter

• Solutions–Two Parts: •Solvent: Part of the mixture in greatest amount•Solute: Part in lower amount–Can have more than one

Kinds of matter

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• Solutions–Solutions can contain different amounts of solute per amount of solution •Variable composition

Kinds of Matter

• Solutions:–Each part of the solution keeps its own properties–True of all types of mixtures•Not just solutions

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of MatterSolutions

ExamplesTeaSalt WaterGasoline

Kinds of Matter

• Solutions–Can be separated by•Evaporation–Due to components maintaining their own boiling points–Example: Salt water

Kinds of Matter

• Evaporation is a major technique in obtaining salt.

Kinds of Matter

• Pure Substance

Homogeneous MatterCAN IT BE SEPARATED?

HomogeneousMixture

YesNO

Kinds of Matter

Pure Substances

Elements Compounds

Kinds of Matter

• ELEMENTS–Made of one kind of particle (atom)–Cannot be broken down to something simpler

Kinds of Matter

• Elements• Classified using the Periodic

Table–Represented by Chemical Symbols

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• Elements: metals

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• Elements: Nonmetals

Kinds of Elements

Kinds of Matter

• Elements: Metalloids

Kinds of Elements

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• Compounds–Pure substance composed of 2 or more elements combined in DEFINITE RATIOS

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

• Compounds• Chemical Bond: Force of

attraction that holds atoms together to make a compound–Major topic for later

• Molecule: Multiple atoms held together by chemical bonds. The simplest unit of a compound

–Law of Definite Proportions:Individual compounds are always composed of the same elements in exactly the same proportion by mass–Example: Water is always composed of Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1 to 8 mass ratio

Kinds of Matter

• Law of Definite Proportions allows us to use chemical formulas to represent chemical compounds.

• The chemical formula for a compound is constant–Water is always H2O, Ammonia is always NH3

Kinds of Matter

• Compounds: –Parts cannot be separated by physical means (filtration, evaporation…)

Kinds of Matter

• Compounds–When compounds are broken down it is by chemical means–Bonds break ,atoms rearrange, new bonds form to give new, pure substances

Kinds of Matter

Kinds of Matter

Matter

One PhaseHomogeneous

Multiple PhasesHeterogeneous

Kinds of Matter

• Big difference in heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous mixture is particle size–Solutions have particle size in range of atoms and/or molecules–Heterogeneous mixture: particles greater than 1000 nm diameter

Kinds of Matter

• Heterogeneous Mixtures–Variable in composition–Parts of mixture can be separated by physical means•Often based on particle size–filtration