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Materials Properties Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIESTensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Flexural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Creep Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Creep Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Fatigue Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Impact Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
THERMAL PROPERTIESHeat Deflection Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Continuous Use Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Heat Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIESFlammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Smoke Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Toxic Gas Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESVolume Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Surface Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Dissipation Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
TRIBOLOGYWear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Limiting Pressure and Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Environmental Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Gas Permeation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Hydrolysis Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Chemical Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Radiation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
www.victrex.com
1
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Victrex is the sole manufacturer of VICTREX PEEKpolymer, the repeat unit that comprises oxy-1,4-pheny-lene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene, asshown in Figure 1. This linear aromatic polymer is semi-crystalline and is widely regarded as the highestperformance thermoplastic material currently available.A summary of key physical properties is as follows:
HIGH TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE VICTREX PEEK and compounds typically have a glasstransition temperature of 143°C (289°F) and a meltingtemperature of 343°C (649°F). Independent tests haveshown that VICTREX PEEK exhibits a heat distortiontemperature over 335°C (625°F) (ISO 75A-f, carbon fibrefilled) and a Continuous Use Temperature of 260°C(500°F) (UL746B, unfilled).
WEAR RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK has excellent friction and wear propertieswhich are optimised in the specially formulated tribo-logical grades VICTREX 450FC30 and VICTREX 150FC30.These materials exhibit outstanding wear resistanceover wide ranges of pressure, velocity, temperature andcounterfacial roughness.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK has excellent resistance to a wide rangeof chemical environments, even at elevated tempera-tures. The only common environment which dissolvesVICTREX PEEK is concentrated sulphuric acid.
FIRE, SMOKE AND TOXICITYVICTREX PEEK is highly stable and requires no flame-retardant additives to achieve a UL94-V0 rating at 1.5 mm(0.059 in) thickness. The composition and inherent puri-ty of the material results in extremely low smoke andtoxic gas emission in fire situations.
HYDROLYSIS RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK and compounds are not attacked bywater or pressurised steam. Components that are con-structed from these materials retain a high level ofmechanical properties when continuously conditionedin water at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Figure 1: VICTREX PEEK Repeat Unit
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESThe electrical properties of VICTREX PEEK are main-tained over a wide frequency and temperature range.
PURITYVICTREX PEEK materials are inherently pure with excep-tionally low levels of ionic extractables and excellentoutgassing characteristics.
VICTREX PEEK STANDARD PRODUCT RANGE
POWDER150P Low viscosity grade for extrusion compounding.380P Medium viscosity grade for extrusion
compounding.450P Standard viscosity grade for extrusion
compounding.
PELLETS150G Easy flow grade for injection moulding of thin
sections and complex parts.450G General purpose grade for injection moulding
and extrusion.
GLASS FILLED150GL30 Easy flow, 30% glass fibre reinforced for
injection moulding.450GL30 General purpose, 30% glass fibre reinforced
grade for injection moulding and extrusion.
CARBON FILLED150CA30 Easy flow, 30% carbon fibre reinforced for
injection molding.450CA30 Standard viscosity, 30% carbon fibre
reinforced grade for injection moulding.
LUBRICATED150FC30 Easy flow, 30% carbon/PTFE grade for
injection moulding.450FC30 Standard viscosity, 30% carbon/PTFE grade for
injection moulding and extrusion.
DEPTH FILTERED381G Medium viscosity for wire coating, capillary
tubing, film and monofilament extrusion.151G Low viscosity monofilament and multifilament
extrusion grade. Also suitable for injection moulding of thin wall and complex parts.
2
M E C H A N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
VICTREX PEEK is widely regarded as the highest perfor-mance material processable using conventional thermo-plastic processing equipment.
TENSILE PROPERTIESThe tensile properties of VICTREX PEEK exceed those ofmost engineering thermoplastics. A comparative tensileplot of VICTREX PEEK materials is shown in Figure 2,where stress is defined as the applied force divided bythe original cross-sectional area and the strain as theextension per unit length of the sample.
The initial part of each trace in Figure 2 is approximat-ed to be linear and by definition is equivalent to thetensile modulus. Due to the viscoelastic nature of VICTREX PEEK, a range of values for tensile propertiesmay be obtained by testing at different strain rates ortemperatures. Therefore, evaluations of the tensileparameters contained in the data table were conductedin accordance with the ASTM D638 testing standardwith strain rates set at either 5 or 50 mm min-1 (0.2 or2.0 in min-1).
VICTREX PEEK is used to form structural componentswhich experience or continually operate at high tem-peratures. Figure 3 shows a plot of tensile strength ver-sus temperature for VICTREX PEEK materials anddemonstrates a high retention of mechanical propertiesover a wide temperature range.
0
50
100
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300
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4Strain
Stre
ss /
MPa
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450CA30
VICTREX 450GL30
VICTREX 450FC30
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Stre
ss /
psi
Figure 2: Typical Stress Versus Strain Curves for VICTREX PEEK Materials
FLEXURAL PROPERTIESVICTREX PEEK and the high-performance compoundsbased on VICTREX PEEK exhibit outstanding flexuralperformance over a wide temperature range. Due tothe viscoelasticity of these materials, evaluations wereperformed using a defined deformation rate three pointbending test (standards ISO 178 and ASTM D790) withthe results plotted versus temperature in Figures 4 and 5.Flexural strength has been defined as the maximumstress sustained by the test specimen during bending,and flexural modulus as the ratio of stress to strain dif-ference at pre-defined strain values.
The data plotted in Figures 4 and 5 define the excep-tional temperature range over which VICTREX PEEK canbe used as a structural material. However, flexuralstrength measurements made above 200°C (392°F) aresubject to error as the yield point of these materials isgreater than the 5% strain specified in the test stan-dard. Above this value, a linear stress to strain relation-ship cannot be assumed for the calculation of flexuralproperties.
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0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature / °C
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40000
5000032 132 232 332 432
Temperature / °F
Flex
ura
l Str
eng
th /
MPa
Flex
ura
l Str
eng
th /
psi
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450GL30
VICTREX 450CA30
Figure 3: Tensile Strength Versus Temperature for VICTREX PEEK Materials
Figure 4: Flexural Strength Versus Temperature for VICTREX PEEK Materials
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-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature / °C
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-148 -48 52 152 252 352 452 552
Temperature / °F
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450GL30
VICTREX 450FC30
VICTREX 450CA30
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th /
MPa
Ten
sile
Str
eng
th /
psi
3
CREEP PROPERTIESCreep may be defined as the deformation observed ina sample versus time under a constant applied stress. VICTREX PEEK has outstanding creep resistance for anengineering thermoplastic material and may sustainlarge stresses over a useful service life without signifi-cant time induced extension. Figures 6 and 7 displaythe creep behaviour of VICTREX 450G with respect toapplied stress, time and temperature.
The magnitude of stress, time and temperaturerequired to induce accurately measurable (> 0.5%)strains is exceptionally large for an unfilled polymer.Values of creep modulus may be calculated from suchdata and used as a measure of resistance to creepdeformation. The creep moduli for some of the highperformance compounds from the VICTREX PEEKgrade range are plotted against time in Figure 8.
Temperature / °C
Temperature / °F
Flex
ura
l Mo
du
lus
/ G
Pa
Flex
ura
l Mo
du
lus
/ p
si
0
5
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-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 2500
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
-148 -48 52 152 252 352 452
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450GL30
VICTREX 450CA30
Figure 5: Flexural Modulus Versus Temperature for VICTREX PEEK Materials
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Time / s
Ten
sile
Str
ain
/ %
50 MPa (7250 psi)
30 MPa (4350 psi)
20 MPa (2900 psi)
10 MPa (1450 psi)
40 MPa (5800 psi)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Time / s
Ten
sile
Str
ain
/ %
1 MPa (145 psi)
5 MPa (725 psi)
4 MPa (580 psi)
3 MPa (435 psi)
2 MPa (290 psi)
Figure 6: Tensile Strain Versus Time for VICTREX 450G at 23°C (73°F)
Figure 7: Tensile Strain Versus Time for VICTREX 450G at 150°C (302°F)
Figure 8: Creep Modulus Versus Time for VICTREX PEEK at 23°C (73°F) and 150°C (302°F)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Time / s
Mo
du
lus
/ G
Pa
VICTREX 450CA30 at 0.2% strain & 23°C
VICTREX 450CA30 at 0.2% strain & 150°C
VICTREX 450GL30 at 0.1% strain & 23°C
VICTREX 450G at 0.1% strain & 23°C
VICTREX 450G at 0.1% strain & 150°C
0
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1000000
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Mo
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/ p
si
VICTREX PEEK was selected for the sensor housing and structural compo-nents because of its outstanding combination of properties.
4
From the data in Figure 8 it is clear that reinforcementsignificantly enhances the excellent creep resistance ofVICTREX PEEK and that the carbon fibre based com-pounds (CA30) are the highest performance materialstested.
If analogous plots to Figures 6 and 7 are constructed forVICTREX 450CA30 (Figures 9 and 10), the time depen-dent strain behavior over experimentally practicablelifetimes may be evaluated. From the data shown inFigure 9 it is clear that there is little measurable creep atambient temperatures even for the highest values ofstress [80 MPa (11,600 psi)] applied to the VICTREX450CA30 samples.
At elevated temperatures (Figure 10), under the sameapplied stresses, small but measurable time dependentstrains are observed. Although the creep resistance ofnatural VICTREX PEEK is outstanding for an unfilledmaterial, VICTREX 450CA30 can be used to make struc-tural components which will withstand continual load-ing over a wide temperature range.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
Stra
in /
%
Time / s
20 MPa (2900 psi)
40 MPa (5800 psi)
60 MPa (8700 psi)
80 MPa (11,600 psi)
Ten
sile
Str
ain
/ %
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
Time / s
50 MPa (7250 psi)
20 MPa (2900 psi)
40 MPa (5800 psi)
30 MPa (4350 psi)
Figure 9: Tensile Strain Versus Time for VICTREX 450CA30 at 23°C (73°F)
Figure 10: Tensile Strain Versus Time for VICTREX 450CA30 at 150°C (302°F)
CREEP RUPTUREThe performance of thermoplastic materials under aconstant applied stress may also be considered in termsof creep rupture. Creep rupture indicates the maximumloading a material will sustain for a given period beforeit fails, where failure is defined as brittle or neckingdeformation. Figure 11 shows tensile creep rupturedata versus time for natural and reinforced VICTREXPEEK materials.
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450GL30
Stre
ss /
MPa
Stre
ss /
psi
VICTREX 450CA30
Time / s
0
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1E+0 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+070
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0°
90°
0°
90°
Figure 12 shows the effect of fibre reinforcement andorientation for VICTREX PEEK materials. The anglesindicate the direction of testing with respect to meltflow. VICTREX 450CA30 exhibits superior creep ruptureperformance over the other materials tested and tomost high performance thermoplastics. Therefore, VICTREX 450CA30 materials are often used to formcomponents which experience permanent loading athigh temperatures.
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450GL30
Stre
ss /
MPa
Stre
ss /
psi
0
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140
0
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Time / s
Figure 11 shows that there is little difference betweenthe grades at ambient temperatures over the time-scaletested. Therefore, experiments were performed at ele-vated temperatures (Figure 12).
Figure 11: Creep Rupture for VICTREX PEEK Materials at23°C (73°F)
Figure 12: Creep Rupture for VICTREX PEEK Materials at150°C (302°F)
5
FATIGUE PROPERTIESFatigue may be defined as the reduction in mechanicalproperties during continued cyclic loading. In theseexperiments, a tensile sample is stressed to a pre-defined limit and released to zero tension repeatedly ata given frequency using a square waveform. After a cer-tain number of cycles, samples undergo either brittlefailure or plastic deformation. The failure mechanism isoften dependent on the extent of localised heatingthat occurs within the sample during testing and hasbeen shown to vary with frequency.
Figure 13 shows the maximum number of cycles thatnatural VICTREX PEEK materials can withstand underfatigue stress at ambient temperatures.
1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
No. of Cycles to Failure
VICTREX 450G
VICTREX 450CA30
VICTREX 450GL30
Stre
ss /
MPa
Stre
ss /
psi
0
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Figure 13 clearly shows that the excellent fatigue resis-tance of VICTREX 450G is enhanced by both glass andcarbon fibre reinforcement. Independent studies haveshown that these compounds feature the optimumlevel of reinforcement for improved fatigue andmechanical performance.
IMPACT PROPERTIESImpact testing may be classified according to the ener-gy imparted to the impactor prior to contact with thematerial. Low energy studies are performed using apendulum geometry, whereas higher energy failuresare evaluated using falling weight apparatus. Theimpact properties of a material are strongly depen-dent on test geometry (notch radius and position),temperature, impact speed and the condition of thesample (surface defects). Therefore, in an attempt tounify these variables, measurements are often made inaccordance with one of the testing standards.
Figure 13: Fatigue Stress Versus Cycles to Failure forVICTREX PEEK Materials at 23°C (73°F) at 0.5 Hz
VICTREX 450GVICTREX 450GL30VICTREX 450CA30
0
2
4
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8
10
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14
-65 (-85) -20 (-4) 23 (73.4) 100 (212) 250 (482)
Temperature / °C (°F)
-2
No Break
Ch
arp
y Im
pac
t St
ren
gth
/ k
J m
The impact strength of VICTREX PEEK materials wasevaluated using the Charpy test protocol (ISO 179, 0.25mm notch radius) and is shown at various temperaturesin Figure 14.
The data in Figure 14 show that there is little reductionin the impact properties of these materials at sub-ambient temperatures. All VICTREX PEEK samples testedabove 100°C (212°F) could not be broken using theforces and pendulum distances specified in the teststandard.
Comparative studies of the impact strengths of somehigh performance materials are shown in Figures 15and 16 (ASTM D256).
Figure 14: Charpy Impact Strength Versus Temperature forVICTREX PEEK Materials
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
VICTREX450G
VICTREX450GL30
VICTREX450CA30
PAI + 30%Glass
PPS + 40%Glass
Polyimide
Izo
d Im
pac
t St
ren
gth
/ J
m-1
The bar chart shown in Figure 15 allows comparisons tobe made between VICTREX PEEK materials and otherhigh performance compounds. Natural VICTREX 450Ghas the highest unnotched impact strength and remainsunbroken under the Izod test conditions.
Figure 15: Unnotched Izod Impact Strength at 23°C (73°F)for Various High Performance Materials
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PAI + 30%Glass
VICTREX450GL30
VICTREX450CA30
VICTREX450G
Polyimide PPS + 40%Glass
Izo
d Im
pac
t St
ren
gth
/ J
m-1
Izo
d Im
pac
t St
ren
gth
/ f
t lb
in-12.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Figure 16: Notched Izod Impact Strength at 23°C (73°F) forVarious High Performance Materials
Figure 16 shows the effects on the impact strength ofnotching various materials. The geometry of the notchhas been shown to be critical to the measured impactstrength. Therefore, in component design, mouldednotches or acute angles should be avoided.
Instrumented falling weight techniques are used toevaluate higher energy impacts by monitoring the forcesand displacements required to destructively test a sample.
VICTREX 450CA30
VICTREX 450GL30
VICTREX 450G
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-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature / °C
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-148 -48 52 152 252 352 452 552
Temperature / °F
Failu
re E
ner
gy
/ ft
lbs
Failu
re E
ner
gy
/ J
Figure 17: Falling Weight Impact Failure Energy VersusTemperature for VICTREX PEEK Materials
Figure 17 shows the energy to failure of VICTREX PEEKand compounds versus temperature to failure.
T H E R M A L P R O P E R T I E S
VICTREX PEEK has a glass transition temperature of143°C (289°F) and, because it is a semi-crystalline ther-moplastic, retains a high degree of mechanical proper-ties close to its melting temperature of 343°C (649°F).
HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE The short term thermal performance of a material maybe characterised by determining the Heat DeflectionTemperature (HDT, ISO 75). This involves measuring thetemperature at which a defined deformation isobserved in a sample under constant applied stress. Acomparative chart of high performance materials usingISO 75 HDT values (Figure 18) for a defined appliedstress of 1.8 MPa (264 psi) shows that VICTREX PEEKcompounds are superior to the other materials tested.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
VICTREX450CA30
VICTREX450GL30
PAI + 30%Glass
PPS + 40%Glass
PPA + 33%Glass
PES + 30%Glass
0
100
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500
600
Tem
per
atu
re /
°C
Tem
per
atu
re /
°F
CONTINUOUS USE TEMPERATUREPolymeric materials are subject to chemical modifica-tion (often oxidation) at elevated temperatures. Theseeffects may be evaluated by measuring the ContinuousUse Temperature (CUT) otherwise known as theRelative Thermal Index (RTI) as defined by UnderwritersLaboratories (UL 746B). This test determines the tem-perature at which 50% of material properties areretained after a conditioning period of 100,000 hours.The UL RTI rating for natural VICTREX PEEK is chartedagainst other engineering materials in Figure 19.
Figure 18: Heat Deflection Temperature for a Range ofHigh Performance Materials
6
7
0
50
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150
200
250
300
VICTREX450G
VICTREX450GL30
VICTREX450CA30
PPA +33% Glass
PAI + 30%Glass
PPS +40% Glass
PES PSU0
100
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400
500
Tem
per
atu
re /
°C
Tem
per
atu
re /
°F
HEAT AGEINGAs part of the Underwriters Laboratories evaluation ofthe physical performance of polymeric materials withrespect to temperature, heat ageing experiments areperformed. These involve conditioning specimens for apre-defined time at a constant temperature and subse-quently measuring their tensile properties. The reten-tion of these properties is calculated with respect to acontrol and is used as a measure of the thermal agingperformance. The outstanding percentage retention oftensile strength and elongation to break for naturalVICTREX PEEK is plotted versus conditioning time inFigure 20.
0
20
40
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80
100
120
0 20 150 500 1500 3500 10000
Exposure Time / h
Ret
enti
on
of
Pro
per
ty /
%
Tensile Strength - 200°C (392°F)Elongation to Break - 200°C (392°F)
Tensile Strength - 310°C (590°F)Elongation to Break - 310°C (590°F)
Figure 19: Relative Thermal Index (RTI) for a Range ofHigh Performance Materials
Figure 20: Tensile Strength and Elongation to BreakVersus Conditioning Time for VICTREX 450Gas Determined by Underwriters Laboratories
F L A M M A B I L I T Y A N DC O M B U S T I O N P R O P E R T I E S
In a fire, the thermal and chemical environment ischanging constantly. Therefore, it is difficult to simulatethe conditions experienced by a material in a fire situa-tion. The four commonly accepted variables are flam-mability, ignitability, smoke and toxic gas emission. The
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Spec
ific
Op
tica
l Den
sity
/ D
s
VICTREX450G
PEI Phenolic PTFE PSPSUPC PVC Polyester ABS
Figure 21: Specific Optical Density for a Range ofEngineering Thermoplastics Measured in Flaming Modefor 3.2 mm (0.126 in) Thick Samples
The data in Figure 21 show that natural VICTREX PEEKhas the lowest value of specific optical density of all thematerials tested.
chemical structure of the VICTREX PEEK is highly stable-and requires no flame retardant additives to achievelow flammability and ignitability values. The composi-tion and inherent purity of VICTREX PEEK results inexcellent smoke and toxicity performance.
FLAMMABILITYThe flammability of a material may be defined as theability to sustain a flame upon ignition from a highenergy source in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. Therecognised standard for the measurement of flammabil-ity is the Underwriters Laboratories test UL94. Thisinvolves the ignition of a vertical specimen of definedgeometry and measures the time for the material toself-extinguish. The average time from a repeated igni-tion sequence is used to classify the material. NaturalVICTREX 450G has been rated as UL94-V0 [1.5 mm(0.059 in) thickness] which is the best possible rating forflame retardancy.
SMOKE EMISSIONThe current standard for the measurement of smokeproduced by the combustion of plastic materials isASTM E662. This uses the National Bureau of Standards(NBS) smoke chamber to measure the obscuration ofvisible light by smoke generated from the combustionof a standard geometry sample in units of specific opti-cal density. The test may be carried out with either con-tinuous ignition (flaming) or interrupted ignition (non-flaming). A comparative bar chart of the specific opticaldensity for a range of engineering plastics is shown inFigure 21.
TOXIC GAS EMISSIONThe emission of toxic gases during combustion of apolymer cannot be considered purely as a function ofthe material. The component geometry, heat release,conditions of the fire, and the synergistic effects of anytoxic gases affect the potential hazard of the materialin an actual fire situation. VICTREX PEEK, like manyorganic materials, produces mainly carbon dioxide andcarbon monoxide upon pyrolysis. The extremely lowconcentrations of toxic gases emitted have been evalu-ated using the Aircraft Standards (BSS 7239,ATS1000/ABD0031). This procedure involves the com-plete combustion of a 100 g (0.22 lb) sample in a 1 m3 (35.3 ft3) volume and subsequent analysis of thetoxic gases evolved. The toxicity index is defined as thesummation of the concentration of gases present nor-malised against the fatal human dose for a 30 minuteexposure. VICTREX 450G gives a 0.22 toxicity index withno acid gases detected.
E L E C T R I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
VICTREX PEEK is often used as an electrical insulatorwith outstanding thermal, physical and environmentalresistance.
VOLUME RESISTIVITY Volume resistance and resistivity values are used as aidsin choosing insulating materials for specific applica-tions. The volume resistance of a material is defined asthe ratio of the direct voltage field strength appliedbetween electrodes placed on opposite faces of a speci-men and the steady-state current between those elec-trodes. Resistivity may be defined as the volume resis-tance normalised to a cubical unit volume.
As with all insulating materials, the change in resistivitywith temperature, humidity, component geometry andtime may be significant and must be evaluated whendesigning for operating conditions. When a direct volt-age is applied between electrodes in contact with aspecimen, the current through the specimen decreasesasymptotically towards a steady-state value. Thechange in current versus time may be due to dielectricpolarisation and the sweep of mobile-ions to the elec-trodes. These effects are plotted in terms of volumeresistivity versus electrification time in Figure 22.
The larger the volume resistivity of a material, thelonger the time required to reach the steady-state cur-rent. Natural VICTREX 450G has an IEC 93 value of 6.5 x 1016 Ω cm at ambient temperatures, measuredusing a steady-state current value for 1000 s appliedvoltage. Using the same experimental technique, the
200°C (392°F)
23°C (73°F)
140°C (284°F)
1E+11
1E+12
1E+13
1E+14
1E+15
1E+16
1E+17
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time / s
Vo
lum
e R
esis
tivi
ty /
Ω c
m
volume resistivity of VICTREX 450G is plotted versustemperature in Figure 23. This shows that high valuesfor the volume resistance of natural VICTREX PEEK areretained over a wide temperature range.
Figure 22: Volume Resistivity Versus Electrification Time for VICTREX 450G
Vo
lum
e R
esis
tivi
ty /
Ω c
m
1E+10
1E+11
1E+12
1E+13
1E+14
1E+15
1E+16
1E+17
1E+18
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature / °C
Temperature / °F32 132 232 332 43282 182 282 382 482
SURFACE RESISTIVITYThe surface resistance of a material is defined as theratio of the voltage applied between two electrodesforming a square geometry on the surface of a speci-men and the current which flows between them. Thevalue of surface resistivity for a material is independentof the area over which it is measured. The units of sur-face resistivity are the Ohm (Ω), although it is commonpractice to quote values in units of ohm per square. Acomparative bar chart of surface resistivities for somehigh performance engineering polymers at ambienttemperatures is shown in Figure 24. This shows thatnatural VICTREX 450G has a surface resistivity typical ofhigh performance materials.
Figure 23: Volume Resistivity Versus Temperature for VICTREX 450G
8
9
Figure 24: Surface Resistivities for Various EngineeringPolymers Tested at 25°C (77°F) with 50% Humidity
0
5E+15
1E+16
1.5E+16
2E+16
2.5E+16
VICTREX 450G Polyimide PTFE PET
Surf
ace
Res
isti
vity
/ Ω
RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY AND DIELECTRICDISSIPATION FACTORVICTREX PEEK can be used to form components whichsupport and insulate electronic devices. Often thesecomponents experience alternating potential-fieldstrengths at various frequencies over wide temperatureand environmental changes. The material response tothese changes may be evaluated using IEC 250. Thisstandard test evaluates the relative permittivity of amaterial and relates sinusoidal potential-field changesto a complex permittivity and a dielectric dissipationfactor (tan δ). The permittivity of a material (εr) isdefined as the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor inwhich the space between and around is filled with thatmaterial (Cx) and the capacitance of the same electrodesystem in a vacuum (Cvac).
εr = Cx / CvacThe relative permittivity in an alternating current formsthe complex relationship,
εr* = εr' - jεr'' where εr' is the storage permittivity, j is a complex num-ber and εr'' is the imaginary loss permittivity. When sucha potential difference is applied to a viscoelastic materi-al the finite response time induced by the materialmeans that there is a phase-lag (δ) in the measuredcapacitance. This phase-lag may be described by therelationship,
Cx = Co (ωt+δ)where Co is the maximum capacitance measured.Therefore, an expression for the viscoelastic phase lag(tan δ) can be derived from consideration of the storageand loss permittivities.
tan δ = εr'' / εr'Low values of tan δ are desirable for component oper-ating conditions as this implies that the material willcontinuously insulate without excessive losses.The values of tan δ and relative permittivity over widetemperature and frequency ranges are shown in Figures25 and 26 respectively.
From the data reported in Figure 25, natural VICTREXPEEK has a typical loss-tangent profile compared withother high performance materials over the temperaturerange tested.
The comparative plot shown in Figure 26 displays theexcellent electrical performance of natural VICTREXPEEK over nine decades of applied frequency. Althoughmany of the electrical properties of the material aredescribed as typical of thermoplastic materials, VICTREXPEEK retains these excellent insulating properties over awide range of temperature and frequency.
1E-4
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Frequency / Hz
Loss
Tan
gen
t
23°C (73°F) 120°C (248°F)160°C (320°F)200°C (390°F)250°C (482°F)
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Frequency / Hz
Rel
ativ
e Pe
rmit
tivi
ty
23°C (73°F) 120°C (248°F)160°C (320°F)200°C (390°F)250°C (482°F)
Figure 25: Loss Tangent of VICTREX 450G at TemperaturesBetween 23°C (73°F) and 250°C (482°F) at FrequenciesBetween 50 Hz and 100 MHz
Figure 26: Relative Permittivity of VICTREX 450G atTemperatures Between 23°C (73°F) and 250°C (482°F) atFrequencies Between 50 Hz and 100 MHz
T R I B O L O G Y
Tribology may be defined as the interaction of contact-ing surfaces under an applied load in relative motion. If the surface of a material is viewed on a microscopicscale, a seemingly smooth finish is, in fact, a series ofasperities. Therefore, if two materials are then placedin contact and moved relative to one another, theasperities of both surfaces collide. The removal ofasperities may be considered as wear, and resistance tothe motion as a frictional force. VICTREX PEEK, andcompounds based on VICTREX PEEK, are used to formtribological components due to their outstanding resis-tance to wear under high pressure (p) and high velocity(v) conditions. The friction and wear behaviour of amaterial may be evaluated using one of several testgeometries. The data given in this publication weregenerated in unlubricated conditions using an AMSLERpad on ring test rig. The rotating disc used in this appa-ratus was 60 mm (2.36 in) in diameter with a 6 mm(0.236 in) depth and was ground to a 0.4 µm Ra surfacefinish.
WEARThe useful life of components which function in tribo-logically demanding environments is governed by thewear. The performance of a material may be quantifiedby evaluating either the specific wear rate (υsp),
υsp = ____ F . D
where V represents the volumetric loss of the sample, F the force applied and D the total sliding distance, orthe specific wear factor (k),
k = dh . 1 dt p . v
where dh/dt represents the rate of height loss mea-sured in the sample. The lower the wear rate or wearfactor, the more resistant a material is to tribologicalinteractions. Figure 27 shows a comparative wear factorbar chart of some of the materials commonly used indemanding tribological situations. These data showthat VICTREX 450FC30 has an extremely low wear fac-tor for a thermoplastic material.
FRICTION The friction of a sliding tribological contact may bedefined as the tangential force (F) required to move aslider over a counterface,
F = µ N
where N represents the normal force and µ is the coef-ficient of friction. Values of µ quoted for polymers varywith the thermal characteristics of the material andexperimental conditions. Therefore, the value of µ
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Graphite Porous Bronze VICTREX 450FC30 Polyimide + 15%Graphite
Wea
r Fa
cto
r 10
-6 /
MPa
h m
min
-1
Figure 27: Wear Factor at 200°C (390°F), with 3 m s-1
(600 ft min-1) and 20 kg (44 lb) Load for some of theHighest Tribological Performance Materials
V
and F may vary for VICTREX PEEK components whichexperience ‘real-life’ tribological contacts. This variableforce may be considered in terms of two elements: adeformation term involving the dissipation of energy ina local area of asperity contact, and an adhesion termoriginating from the contact of the slider and the coun-terface.
VICTREX 450FC30, a special tribological grade, containsoptimum levels of PTFE and graphite to reduce andmaintain the coefficient of friction at a low value. Inaddition, the carbon fibre reinforcement enhances themechanical and thermal performance of the material. Acomparative bar chart of high tribological performancematerials is shown in Figure 28.
Graphite Porous Bronze VICTREX 450FC30 Polyimide + 15%Graphite
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
/ µ
Figure 28: Coefficient of Friction for a Range of Materialsat 200°C (390°F), with v = 3 m s-1 (600 ft min-1) and 20 kg (44 lb) Load
10
11
The measured variation in the value of the coefficientof friction with temperature for VICTREX 450FC30 isshown in Figure 29.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
50 100 150 200 250
Temperature / °C
122 172 222 272 322 372 422 472Temperature / °F
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
/ µ
LIMITING PRESSURE AND VELOCITYMaterials used for tribologically sensitive applicationsare classified by defining the limiting product of pres-sure x velocity (Lpv). Limiting behaviour is taken as thepv condition under which the material exhibits exces-sive wear, interfacial melting or crack growth fromploughing. Materials in critical tribological interactionsmay undergo either a pressure or a velocity inducedfailure. A pressure induced failure occurs when theloading of a sample increases to the point at which thesample undergoes fatigue crack growth from an asperi-ty removal. A velocity induced failure occurs at thepoint when the relative motion between surfaces issuch that thermal work at the material interface is suffi-cient to catastrophically increase the wear rate.Comparative Lpv charts of materials commonly used toform bearings are shown in Figures 30 and 31. Theexperimental conditions were chosen to reflect realisticbearing conditions for in-engine applications.
Figure 29: Variation of the Coefficient of Friction withTemperature for VICTREX 450FC30, v = 0.17 m s-1
(34 ft min-1) and 19 kg (41 lb) Load
Figure 30: Lpv for a Range of Bearing Materials at 20°C(68°F), with v = 3 m s-1 (600 ft min-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
VICTREX 450FC30
PA 6/6 + Graphite +
Glass
Polyimide + 15%
Graphite
POM Carbon Filled PTFE
White Metal
Oil Impregnated
Bronze
Lpv
/ M
Pa m
min
-1
Lpv
/ p
si f
t m
in-1
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
The bar chart shown in Figure 31 contains fewer mate-rials than Figure 30 because many of the bearing mate-rials featured fail at temperatures below that of thesecond test.
Lpv
/ M
Pa m
min
-1
0
200
400
600
800
VICTREX450FC30
Polyimide + 15%Graphite
Graphite PorousBronze
Figure 31: Lpv for a Range of Bearing Materials at 200°C(390°F), with v = 3 m s-1 (600 ft min-1)
Under these specific conditions, VICTREX PEEK is shownto be among the highest performance materials.However, bearings for many applications are producedin large numbers where production speed and costs arecritical. VICTREX PEEK is the only high performance tri-bological material which can be injection moulded toform finished components without further thermaltreatment. Although Lpv values are a useful guide tocomparative tribological performance, there are noabsolute values because identical experimental condi-tions cannot be reproduced. Comparative data for highperformance tribological materials at ambient and ele-vated temperatures are shown in Table 1 (page 12) .
VICTREX PEEK was selected because of its durability and wear resistance fora tip seal in a scroll compressor.
Material 20°C (68°F) 200°C (390°F)
Load Lpv µ(a) Wear rate(b) Load Lpv µ(a) Wear rate(b)
kg MPa µm min-1 kg MPa µm min-1
(lbs) m min-1 (in min-1) (lbs) m min-1 (in min-1)VICTREX 450FC30 40 (88) 794 0.17 3.2 (.000125) 40 (88) 622 0.14 132 (0.0052)VICTREX 450G 8 (17.6) 145 0.58 7.5 (.000295) 8 (17.6) 147 0.51 150 (0.0059)VICTREX 450CA30 22 (48.4) 376 0.28 3.8 (.000148) 13 (28.6) 445 0.25 -PA 6/6+ Graphite, Glass Fibre 10 (22) 71 0.76 - - - - -Polyimide, Graphite 30 (66) 895 0.24 0.84 (.000033) 20 (44) 670 0.21 125 (0.0049)POM 5 (11) 71 0.34 - - - - -Carbon Filled PTFE 25 (55) 447 0.25 4.2 (.000164) - - - -White Metal(c) 15 (33) 265 0.16 - - - - -Oil Impregnated Bronze(c) 25 (55) 804 0.09 3.5 (.000138) - - - -Graphite Porous Bronze(c) - - - - 20 (44) 403 0.25 75 (0.003)
(a) Average of the coefficient of friction at Lpv and 50% Lpv. (b) Wear rate at 50% Lpv. (c) One time lubrication with a mineral oil.
Table 1: Comparative Tribological Data, with v = 183 m min-1 (600 ft min-1)
ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK can be used to form components whichfunction in aggressive environments or need to with-stand frequent sterilisation processes. The useful service life of such devices depends on retention of thephysical properties.
GAS PERMEATIONThe permeability of crystalline and amorphous VICTREXPEEK-based APTIV™ film is shown in Table 3 for a varietyof common gasses. It provides better barrier propertiesthan many other commonly used polymeric films.
Table 2: Permeability of Amorphous and Crystalline VICTREX PEEK-Based APTIV™ Film 100 µm (0.004 in) Thickness at 1 bar
Gas Morphology Units Permeation Rate
Carbon Dioxide Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 424 (279)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 952 (625)
Helium Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 1572 (1032)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 3361 (2208)
Hydrogen Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 1431 (940)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 3178 (2090)
Methane Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 8 (5.3)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 24 (16)
Nitrogen Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 15 (10)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 27 (18)
Oxygen Crystalline cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 76 (50)Amorphous cm3 m-2 day-1 (in3 ft-2 day-1) 171 (112)
Water Vapor Crystalline g m-2 day-1 (g ft-2 day-1) 4 (0.4)Amorphous g m-2 day-1 (g ft-2 day-1) 9 (0.8)
12
13
HYDROLYSIS RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK and compounds are not chemicallyattacked by water or pressurised steam. These materialsretain a high level of mechanical properties when con-tinuously conditioned at elevated temperatures andpressures in steam or water. The compatibility of thesematerials with steam was evaluated by conditioninginjection moulded tensile and flexural bars at 200°C(392°F) and 1.4 MPa (200 psi) for the times indicated inTable 4. The data demonstrates the ability of compo-nents made from VICTREX PEEK to continuously oper-ate in, or be frequently sterilised by, steam. The initialincrease in the mechanical properties is due to therelaxation of moulded-in stresses and further develop-ments in crystallinity due to thermal treatment.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCEVICTREX PEEK is widely regarded to have superb chem-ical resistance and is regularly used to form compo-nents which function in aggressive environments orneed to withstand frequent sterilisation processes. Forspecific information about the suitability of VICTREXPEEK for a particular chemical environment please con-tact a Victrex representative at your local office (detailson the back cover of this guide). Alternatively, a chemi-cal resistance list is available for download from ourwebsite at www.victrex.com.
VICTREX PEEK replaced a bronze alloy in a distributor gear.
Property Standard Control Time/hours
75 350 1000 2000 2500
Tensile Strength/MPa (psi) ISO 527VICTREX 450G 103 (14,900 111 (16,100) 109 (15,800) 109 (15,800) 109 (15,800) 109 (15,800)VICTREX 450GL30 182 (26,400) 133 (19,300) 126 (18,300) 122 (17,700) 125 (18,100) 121 (17,500)Flexural Strength/MPa (psi) ISO 178VICTREX 450G 165 (23,900) 188 (27,300) 192 (27,800) 185 (26,800) 196 (28,400) 181 (26,300)VICTREX 450GL30 277 (40,200) 227 (32,900) 210 (30,500) 214 (31,000) 214 (31,000) 213 (30,900)Flexural Modulus/GPa (psi) ISO 178VICTREX 450G 4.1 (590,000) 4.4 (640,000) 4.4 (640,000) 4.2 (610,000) 4.4 (640,000) 4.0 (580,000)VICTREX 450GL30 11.3 (1,640,000) 10.5 (1,520,000) 9.6 (1,390,000) 10.4 (1,510,000) 10.3 (1,490,000) 10.0 (1,450,000)
Table 2: A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of VICTREX PEEK Materials After Conditioning in Steam at 200°C (392°F) and 1.4 MPa (200 psi)
The data in Figure 32 show that the VICTREX PEEK hasa greater resistance to radiation damage than theother materials tested.
RADIATION RESISTANCEThermoplastic materials exposed to electromagnetic orparticle based ionising radiation can become brittle.Due to the energetically stable chemical structure ofVICTREX PEEK, components can successfully operate in,or are frequently sterilised by, high doses of ionisingradiation. A comparative bar chart of thermoplasticmaterials is shown in Figure 32, where the recordeddose is at the point at which a slight reduction in flex-ural properties is observed.
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6
1E+7
1E+8
1E+9
1E+10
Gam
ma
Do
se /
Rad
s
VICTREX 450G
Epoxy Silicone Polyimide PSUPS PC Phenolic FEP POM PTFE
Figure 32: The Oxidative Gamma Radiation Dose at whicha Slight Deterioration of Flexural Properties Occurs
VICTREX PEEK-based VICOTE® Coatings are durable and impact resistant toimprove parts performance in large or small volume production runs.
14
OUTGASSING CHARACTERISTICS OFVICTREX PEEK GRADES
• Total Mass Loss (TML) – the total mass of material thatis outgassed from the test sample when maintainedat a specific temperature for a specific time.
• Collected Volatile Condensable Material (CVCM) – isthe quantity of outgassed matter from the test sam-ple which is condensed and collected at a given tem-perature and time.
• Water Vapour Regained (WVR) – is the mass of waterregained by the test sample after conditioning at50% RH and 23°C (74°F) for 24 hours.
Data was generated in accordance with ASTM E-595-84.VICTREX PEEK was heated to 125°C (257°F) for 24 hunder a vacuum of 5x10-5 Torr. All values are expressedas a percentage of the weight of the test sample.Acceptable limit for TML is 1.0% maximum and forCVCM is 0.1% maximum.
VICTREX PEEK GRADE %TML %CVCM %WVR
VICTREX 450G 0.26 0.00 0.12
VICTREX 450GL30 0.20 0.00 0.08
VICTREX 450CA30 0.33 0.00 0.12
15
NOTES
16
NOTES
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1
Victrex plc is the leading global manufacturer of Polyaryletherketones, high-end polymers, which are sold under the brand names VICTREX®
PEEK™, VICTREX® PEEK-HT™, VICOTE® and APTIV™. With production facilities in the UK backed by sales and distribution centres serving more than30 countries worldwide, our global market development, sales, and technical support services work hand-in-hand with customers offeringpractical assistance in the areas of processing, design and application development. Contact us today to find out how we can help you.
VICTREX PLC BELIEVES THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS BROCHURE IS AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND/OR USES OF THE PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS, BUT IT IS THE CUSTOMER'SRESPONSIBILITY TO THOROUGHLY TEST THE PRODUCT IN EACH SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO DETERMINE ITS PERFORMANCE, EFFICACY AND SAFETY FOR EACH END-USE PRODUCT, DEVICE OR OTHER APPLICATION. SUGGESTIONS OF USES SHOULDNOT BE TAKEN AS INDUCEMENTS TO INFRINGE ANY PARTICULAR PATENT. THE INFORMATION AND DATA CONTAINED HEREIN ARE BASED ON INFORMATION WE BELIEVE RELIABLE. MENTION OF A PRODUCT IN THIS DOCUMENTATION ISNOT A GUARANTEE OF AVAILABILITY. VICTREX PLC RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY PRODUCTS, SPECIFICATIONS AND/OR PACKAGING AS PART OF A CONTINUOUS PROGRAM OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. VICTREX® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARKOF VICTREX MANUFACTURING LIMITED. PEEK™, PEEK-HT™, T-SERIES™, MAX-SERIES™ AND APTIV™ ARE TRADEMARKS OF VICTREX PLC. VICOTE® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF VICTREX PLC.
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