Match Fixing Report

7/30/2019 Match Fixing Report

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Match fixingIn organisedsports,match fixing, game fixing, race fixing, orsports fixing occurs as a match is played to acompletely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. Where thesporting competition in question is a race then the incident is referred to as race fixing. Games that aredeliberately lost are sometimes called thrown games. When a team intentionally loses a game, or does notscore as high as it can, to obtain a perceived future competitive advantage (for instance, earning a

highdraftpick) rather than gamblers being involved, the team is often said to have tanked the game instead ofhaving thrown it. Inpool hustling, tanking is known as dumping. In sports where a handicap system exists andis capable of being abused, tanking is known assandbagging.

Thrown games, when motivated by gambling, require contacts (and normally money transfers) betweengamblers, players, team officials, and/or referees. These contacts and transfer can sometimes be found, andlead to prosecution, by law or by the sports league(s). In contrast, tanking is internal to the team and very hardto prove. Often, substitutions made by the coach designed to deliberately increase the team's chances of losing(frequently by having one or more key players sit out, often using minimal or phantom injuries as a publicexcuse for doing this), rather than ordering the players actually on the field to intentionally underperform, werecited as the main factor in cases where tanking has been alleged.

Contents[hide]

1 Motivations and causes1.1 Agreements with gamblers1.2 Getting a better draft pick1.3 Better playoff chances1.4 More favorable schedule next year1.5 Match fixing by referees1.6 Match fixing to a draw or a fixed score1.7 Abuse of tie-breaking rules1.8 Individual performance in team sports1.9 Effect of non-gambling-motivated fixing on wagering

2 History2.1 Japan

3 Match fixing and gambling today

4 Match fixing incidents

5 Outside of sports6 See also

7 References

[edit]Motivations and causesThe major motivations behind match fixing are gambling and future team advantage.

[edit]Agreements with gamblersThere may be financial gain through agreements withgamblers. The most infamous example of this in North

America was theBlack Sox Scandalof 1919, in which several members of theChicago White Soxconspiredwith gamblers to fix theWorld Series.

[edit]Getting a better draft pickIn theNational Hockey League(NHL),National Basketball Association(NBA) andAustralian Football League,teams near the bottom of the standings have sometimes been accused of throwing games at the end of the

season to finish with the worst record in the leaguethereby gaining the firstdraft pick. To deter this behavior,these leagues now use adraft lotterywhich does not guarantee the first pick to the team at the bottom of thestandings. Other leagues such as the Australian Football League and theNational Football League(NFL) donot make use of a lottery, which leads to suspicions of match fixing, especially since top draft picks can havetop careers. Like the NFL,Major League Baseball(MLB) does not conduct a draft lottery, but credibleallegations of thrown games in the MLB are uncommon due to the historically weak correlation between draftorder and major-league success (baseball draftees generally do not play immediately for their major leagueclub, but rather start playing for afarm team).
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[edit]Better playoff chancesIn the NBA (but not in the NHL, which re-seeds teams after the first playoff round), there have also beenallegations of teams tanking games in order to finish in sixth rather than fifth place in the conference standings,thus enabling the team in question to evade a possible playoff match with the conference's top seed until thefinal round of playoffs in that conference (for more details seesingle-elimination tournament). For example, the2006Los Angeles Clippersallegedly tanked late season games so they could finish with the 6th seed and playthe 8th-ranked team in the league's Western Conference, theDenver Nuggets, who were the 3rd seed by wayof winning their division. Another quirk in the league's playoff system gave the Clippers even more of anincentive to tank. The NBA is the only one of the fourmajor professional sports leaguesof the United States inwhich home advantage in the playoffs is based strictly on regular-season record without regard to seeding. Ifthe Clippers had finished with the 5th seed in the West, they would have had to face theDallas Mavericks, whodespite being the 4th seed had the second-best record in the conference, which would give the Maverickshome advantage. However, the Clippers would have home advantage in a series against the Nuggets by virtueof a better overall record. If tanking was indeed their strategy, it worked, as the Clippers easily won their firstround series. Following the 2006 season, the NBA changed its playoff format so that the best second-placeteam in each conference would be able to obtain up to the #2 seed should it have the second-best conferencerecord.[1]On occasion, an NFL team has also been accused of throwing its final regular-season game in anattempt to "choose" its possible opponent in the subsequent playoffs. For example, in the closing game of the2004 season, theIndianapolis Coltsfaced theDenver Broncos. With a win, the Broncos would advance to theplayoffs as a wild card and face the Colts as their first round playoff opponent. It would seem the Colts had littleincentive to win as their loss would ensure that they would play a team they dominated in the 2003 Wild Cardgame. Sure enough, the Colts rested their starters, lost the game, and went on to blow out the Broncos thefollowing week in the playoffs.Perhaps the most notable example of this was when theSan Francisco 49ers, who had clinched a playoffberth, lost their regular-season finale in 1988 to theLos Angeles Rams, thereby keeping theNew YorkGiants(who had defeated the 49ers in the playoffs in both 1985 and 1986, also injuring 49er quarterback JoeMontanain the latter year's game) from qualifying for the postseason; after the game, Giants quarterbackPhilSimmsangrily accused the 49ers of "laying down like dogs."[2]

A more recent example of possible tanking occurred in theice hockey competitionat the2006 WinterOlympics. In Pool B,Swedenwas to faceSlovakiain the last pool match for both teams. Sweden coachBengt-

ke Gustafssonpublicly contemplated tanking against Slovakia, knowing that if his team won, their quarterfinalopponent would either beCanada, the2002gold medalists, or theCzech Republic,1998gold medalists.Gustafsson would tell Swedish television "One ischolera, the otherthe plague." Sweden lost the match 3-0; themost obvious sign of tanking was when Sweden had a five-on-threepower playwith fiveNHLstarsPeterForsberg,Mats Sundin,Daniel Alfredsson,Nicklas Lidstrom, andFredrik Modinon the ice, and failed to put ashot on goal. (Sports Illustratedwriter Michael Farber would say about this particular powerplay, "If the Swedeshad passed the puck any more, their next opponent would have been the Washington Generals.") If he wasseeking to tank, Gustafsson got his wish; Sweden would face a much less formidable quarterfinal opponentinSwitzerland. Canada would lose toRussiain a quarterfinal in the opposite bracket, while Sweden went on towin the gold medal, defeating the Czechs in the semifinals.[3]

[edit]More favorable schedule next yearNFL teams have been accused of tanking games in order to obtain a more favorable schedule the followingseason; this was especially true between 1977 and 1993, when a team finishing last in a five-team divisionwould get to play five of its eight non-division matches the next season against other last-place teams.

[edit]Match fixing by refereesIn addition to the match fixing that is committed by players, coaches and/or team officials, it is not unheard of to

have results manipulated by corruptreferees. Since 2004, separatescandalshave erupted in prominent sportsleagues in Portugal,[4]Germany (Bundesliga scandal), Brazil (Brazilian football match-fixing scandal) and theUnited States (seeTim Donaghy), all of which concerned referees who fixed matches for gamblers. Manysports writers have speculated that in leagues with high player salaries, it is far more likely for a referee tobecome corrupt since their pay in such competitions is usually much less than that of the players.

[edit]Match fixing to a draw or a fixed scoreMatch fixing does not necessarily involve deliberately losing a match. Occasionally, teams have been accusedof deliberately playing to a draw or a fixed score where this ensures some mutual benefit (e.g. both teams
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wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Coltshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Maverickshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nuggetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match_fixing&action=edit&section=4


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advancing to the next stage of a competition.) One of the earliest examples of this sort of match fixing in themodern era occurred in1898whenStoke CityandBurnleyintentionally drew in that year's final "test match" soas to ensure they were both in the First Division the next season. In response,the Football Leagueexpandedthe divisions to 18 teams that year, thus permitting the intended victims of the fix (NewcastleUnitedandBlackburn Rovers) to remain in the First Division. The "test match" system was abandoned andreplaced with automaticrelegation.

A more recent example occurred in the1982 FIFA World Cup,West GermanyplayedAustriainthe last matchof group B. A West German victory by 1 or 2 goals would result in both teams advancing; any less andGermany was out; any more and Austria was out (and replaced byAlgeria, who had just beaten Chile). WestGermany attacked hard and scored after 10 minutes. Afterwards, the players then proceeded to just kick theball around aimlessly for the remainder of the match. Algerian supporters were so angered that they wavedbanknotes at the players, while a German fan burned his German flag in disgust.[5]By the second half, the ARDcommentatorEberhard Stanjekrefused any further comment on the game, while the Austrian televisioncommentatorRobert Seegeradvised viewers to switch off their sets. As a result,FIFAchanged its tournamentscheduling for subsequentWorld Cupsso that the final pair of matches in each group are playedsimultaneously.

[edit]Abuse of tie-breaking rulesOn several occasions, "creative" use of tie-breaking rules have allegedly led teams to play less than their best.

An example occurred in the2004 European Football Championship. Because unlikeFIFA,UEFAtakes "head-to-head" play into consideration before overallgoal differencewhen ranking teams level on points, a situationarose in Group C whereSwedenandDenmarkplayed to a 2-2 draw, which was a sufficiently high scoreline toeliminateItaly(which had lower-scoring draws with the Swedes and Danes) regardless of Italy's result withalready-eliminatedBulgaria. Although Italy beat Bulgaria by only one goal and would hypothetically have beeneliminated using the FIFA tie-breaker too, some Italian fans bitterly contended that the FIFA tie-breaker wouldhave motivated their team to play harder and deterred theirScandinavianrivals from, in their view, at the veryleast half-heartedly playing out the match after the score became 2-2.But the FIFA tie-breaker, or any goal-differential scheme, can cause problems, too. There have been incidents(especially inbasketball) where players on a favored team have won the game but deliberately ensured thequotedpoint spreadwas not covered (seepoint shaving). Conversely, there are cases where a team not onlylost (which might be honest) but lost by some large amount, perhaps to ensure a point spread was covered, orto grant some non-gambling related favor to the victor. Perhaps the most famous alleged example was thematch between Argentina and Peru in the1978 FIFA World Cup. Argentina needed a four goal victory to

advance over Brazil, an enormous margin at this level of competition, especially since Argentina had a weakoffense (6 goals in 5 games) and Peru a stout defence (6 goals allowed in 5 games). Yet somehow, Argentinawon 6-0. Much was made over the fact that the Peruvian goalkeeper was born in Argentina, and Peru wasdependent on Argentinian grain shipments, but nothing was ever proven.

Although the Denmark-Sweden game above led to calls for UEFA to adopt FIFA's tiebreaking formula for futuretournaments, it is not clear if this solves the problem - the Argentina-Peru game shows a possible abuse of theFIFA tie-breaker. Proponents of the UEFA tie-breaker argue that it reduces the value ofblow-outs, whetherthese be the result of a much stronger team running up the scoreor an already-eliminated side allowing anunusually large number of goals. Perhaps the most infamous incident occurred in December 1983 whenSpain,needing to win by eleven goals to qualify for theEuro 1984ahead of theNetherlands, defeatedMaltaby ascore of 12-1 on the strength ofninesecond half goals. Especially ininternational football, such lopsidedresults are seen as unsavoury, even if they are honest. If anything, these incidents serves as evidence that theFIFA tie-breaker can cause incentives to perpetrate a fix in some circumstances, the UEFA tie-breaker in

others.

[edit]Individual performance in team sportsBookmakers in the early 21st century accept bets on a far wider range of sports-related propositions than everbefore. Thus, a gambling-motivated fix might not necessarily involve any direct attempt to influence the outrightresult, especially in team sports where such a fix would require the co-operation (and prerequsitely, theknowledge) of many people, and/or perhaps would be more likely to arouse suspicion. Fixing the result of amore particular proposition might be seen as less likely to be noticed - for example, scandalizedformerNational Basketball AssociationrefereeTim Donaghyhas been alleged to have perpetrated some of hisfixes by calling games in such a manner as to ensure more points than expected were scored by both teams,
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thus affecting "over-under" bets on the games whilst also ensuring that Donaghy at least did not look to beoutrightbiased. Also, bets are increasingly being taken on individual performances in team sporting events,which in turn has seen the rise of a phenomenon known asspot-fixing, although it is currently unlikely thatenough is bet on an average player to allow someone to place a substantial wager on them without beingnoticed.

One such attempt was described by retired footballerMatthew Le Tissier, who in 2009 admitted that while he

was playing withSouthampton FCback in 1995 he tried (and failed) to kick the ball out of play right after thekick-off of aPremier Leaguematch againstWimbledon FCso that a group of associates would collect on awager made on an early throw-in.[6]Similarly,in 2010Pakistani cricket players were accused of committingspecificno ballpenalties for the benefit of gamblers.[7]

[edit]Effect of non-gambling-motivated fixing on wageringWhenever any serious motivation for teams to manipulate results becomes apparent to the general public,there can be a corresponding effect on betting markets as honest gamblers speculate in good faithas to thechance such a fix might be attempted. Some bettors might choose to avoid wagering on such a fixture whileothers will be motivated to wager on it, or alter the bet they would otherwise place. Such actions will invariablyaffectoddsandpoint spreadseven if there is no contact whatsoever between teams and the relevant gamblinginterests. The rise ofbetting exchangeshas allowed such speculation to play out in real time. For example, theaverage payout on bets backing the 2004 2-2 result between Sweden and Denmark were much lower than

would normally be expected, as heavy betting on that result depressed the odds despite the fact that bothteams vehemently denied they would intentionally attempt to manipulate the result. There has never been anyevidence produced to suggest that the betting patterns witnessed before that match was anything more thanhonest speculation from honest bettors.

[edit]HistorySince gambling pre-dates recorded history it comes as little surprise that evidence of match fixing is foundthroughout recorded history. TheAncient Olympicswere almost constantly dealing with allegationsofathletesacceptingbribesto lose a competition andcity-stateswhich often tried to manipulate the outcomewith large amounts of money. These activities went on despite theoatheach athlete took to protect the integrityof the events and the severe punishment sometimes inflicted on those who were caught. Chariot racingwasalso dogged by race fixing throughout its history.

By the end of the 19th century gambling was illegal in most jurisdictions, but that did not stop its widespreadpractice.Boxingsoon became rife with fighters "taking a dive" - probably because boxing is an individual sportwhich makes its matches much easier to fix without getting caught. Baseballalso became plagued by matchfixing despite efforts by theNational Leagueto stop gambling at its games. Matters finally came to a head in1919 when eight members of theChicago White Soxthrew theWorld Series(seeBlack Sox Scandal). In aneffort to restore confidence,Major League Baseballestablished the office of theBaseball Commissioner, andone ofKenesaw Mountain Landis's first acts was to ban all involved players for life. Strict rules prohibitinggambling persist to this day (SeePete Rose).

[edit]JapanYaoch (?) is aJapaneseword meaning a cheating activity which is committed at placeswhere a match, fight, game, competition, or other contest, is held, where the winner and loser are decided inadvance by agreement of the competitors or related people. It is believed that the word "Yaocho" came fromthe name ("Chobei") of the owner of a vegetable stand (yaoya) during theMeiji period. Created from the first

syllable of "Yaoya" and "chobei", the word "yaocho" was created for a nickname of Chobei. Chobei had a friendcalled "Isenoumi Godayu" (7thIsenoumistablemaster) with whom he played the gameIgo, who had once beenaSumowrestler "Kashiwado Sogoro" (formershikona: "Kyonosato") and now was a "Toshiyori" (astablemaster of Sumo). Although Chobei was a better Igo player than Isenoumi, he sometimes lost games onpurpose to please Isenoumi, so that Isenoumi would continue to buy merchandise from his shop. Afterward,once people knew of his cheating, they started to use "Yaocho" as a word meaning any decision to win/lose amatch in advance by negotiation etc. with the expectation of secondary profit, even though the match seems tobe held seriously and fairly.
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riodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenoumi_stablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenoumi_stablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenoumi_stablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenoumi_stablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match_fixing&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Commissionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Soxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportspersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match_fixing&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_spreadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Match_fixing&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_spot-fixing_controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Le_Tissierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-fixinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-under


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Most of the motive for match fixing is helping each other's ranking to keep their salary higher accordingtoKeisuke Itai, who disclosed how it goes. For example, wrestlers inJuryodesperately try toavoidmakekoshiand exchange or buy the match result otherwise their salary would be nothing, literally 0 yen,with the participation wage of 150,000 yen every two month if they getmakekoshiand their ranking would godown toMakushita, the lesser ranking fromJuryoin which you can earn 1,036,000 yen monthly with someprizes.

Economists, using statistical analysis, have shown very strong evidence of bout fixinginSumowrestling.[8](See also2011 in sumo)

[edit]Match fixing and gambling todayInfluenced by baseball's experiences, theNFLandNBAhave followed MLB's lead and adopted a hard lineagainst gambling on its games, especially by those directly involved in the league. TheNCAAtakes an evenharder line:

It prohibits athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators at member schools, plus staff of memberconferences, from gambling on anysport in which the NCAA holds a championship or inDivision I FBSfootball(in which the NCAA does not sponsor an officialchampionship).[9]

It also prohibits venues in championship play from carrying advertising for any form of gambling, including state

lotteries.[10]

Each of these organizations was, and may still be influenced by fears that their games could come under theinfluence of gamblers in the absence of these tough measures. Critics of such hard line measures note that inspite of such policies, such influence nonetheless does occur.InBritainthe authorities in bothgovernmentand sport have taken a softer line on gambling. Following decadesof relatively lax, intermittent and ineffective enforcement of laws prohibiting gambling, sports betting was finallylegalized and regulated in the 1960s. Organizations such asThe Football Associationseem to have taken thestance that gambling on their events is inevitable. The FA only prohibits betting on a match by those directlyinvolved in the game in question. Footballers (or coaches, managers, etc.) are not prohibited from betting onmatches that do not involve their own team.

In 1964, the greatBritish football betting scandalof the 1960s was uncovered. A betting ring organizedbyJimmy Gauldand involving several Football League players had been fixing matches. The most famous

incident involved threeSheffield Wednesdayplayers, including two England international players, that weresubsequently banned from football for life and imprisoned after it was discovered they had bet against theirteam winning in a match againstIpswich Town. Asimilar scandalhad occurred in 1915.The integrity of horse racing remains an ongoing concern since gambling is an integral part of this sport.Recent allegations of race fixing have centered around the recently-formedbetting exchangeswhich unliketraditionalbookmakersallow punters to layan outcome (that is, to bet against a particular runner). LeadingexchangeBetfairhas responded to the allegations by signing Memorandums of Understanding with the JockeyClub, The FA, theInternational Cricket Council, theAssociation of Tennis Professionalsand other sportingauthorities. These memoranda of understanding are evidence of the vast difference between British and

American attitudes[citation needed] as of 2008 it would be almost unthinkable for an American sports league tosign such an agreement with a bookmaker or betting exchange.[citation needed]

It should be noted that while Britishfootballhas never been rocked by match fixing allegations on the scale oftheBlack Sox scandal(the aforementioned incidents involved league matches, not major championships),

football match-fixing has become a serious problem in parts ofContinental Europe.

Crickethas been scandalized by several gambling and match fixing allegations in recent years, particularly thecase ofHansie Cronjein the late 1990s, culminating in theWorld Cupinvestigations of 2007. These highlypublicised enquiries were prompted by the surprise defeat ofPakistanin the Cup byIrelandand thesubsequent murder investigation into the sudden death, straight after the match, of Pakistan's head coac hBobWoolmer. Cricket match-fixing and the fallout of the Woolmer case have since become the subject ofcrime/thriller literature in the novel Raffles and the Match-Fixing Syndicate(2008) by Adam Corres. Accordingto the head of the ICC's anti-corruption unitPaul Condon, cricket is the most bet on sport in the world, andfixing is found at every level of the sport and is a significant problem.[11]
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The high salaries of some of today'sprofessionalathletes likely serves to insulate their leagues from player-instigated match fixing. In theNCAAand in leagues where the salaries are comparatively less (or, in the caseof the amateur NCAA, zero), match fixing by players remains a serious concern.

[edit]Match fixing incidents In 1919, gamblers bribed several members of theChicago White Soxto throw theWorld Series. This became

known as theBlack Sox Scandaland was recounted in book and movie form asEight Men Out.

In 1951, District AttorneyFrank Hoganindicted college basketball players forpoint shavingfrom four New Yorkschools, includingCCNY,Manhattan College,New York UniversityandLong Island University.

In 1978, mobsters connected with the New YorkLucchese crime family, among themHenry HillandJimmyBurke, organized apoint shaving schemewith key members of theBoston Collegebasketball team.

On August 24, 1989, former baseball playerPete Rosevoluntarily accepted a permanent ban fromMajorLeague Baseballfor allegedly betting onCincinnati Redsgames while managing the team. Rose would laterconfirm the truth of the allegations in his 2004 autobiography,My Prison Without Bars.

In 1994, a comprehensivepoint shavingscheme organized by campus bookmakerBenny Silmanand involvingplayers from theArizona State Universitymen's basketball team was uncovered with the assistance ofLas

Vegasbookmakers, who grew suspicious over repeated large wagers being made against Arizona State.[12]

In February 1999 aMalaysian-based betting syndicate was caught attempting to install a remote-control deviceto sabotage the floodlights atFA Premier LeagueteamCharlton Athletic'sgroundwith the aid of a corruptsecurity officer. If the match had been abandoned after half-time, then the result and bets would have stood.Subsequent investigations showed that the gang had been responsible for previously unsuspected "floodlightfailures" atWest Ham'sgroundin November 1997, and again a month later atCrystal Palace'sgroundduring ahome match of Palace's groundsharing tenantWimbledon.[13][14]

In 2000 theDelhipolice intercepted a conversation between a blacklisted bookie and theSouthAfricancricketcaptainHansie Cronjein which they learnt that Cronje accepted money to throw matches. TheSouth African government refused to allow any of its players to face the Indian investigation unit, which openedup a can of worms. A court of inquiry was set up and Cronje admitted to throwing matches. He wasimmediately banned from all cricket. He also namedSaleem Malik(Pakistan),Mohammed

AzharuddinandAjay Jadeja(India). Jadeja was banned for 4 years. They too were banned from all cricket. Asa kingpin, Cronje exposed the dark side of betting, however with his untimely death in 2002 most of his sourcesalso have escaped law enforcement agencies. Two South African cricketers,Herschelle GibbsandNicky Boje,are also wanted by the Delhi police for their role in the match fixing saga. A few years before in1998,AustralianplayersMark WaughandShane Warnewere fined for revealing information about the'weather' toa bookmaker.

The Italian Football Federation said in October 2000 it had found eight players guilty of match-fixing. Threewere from Serie A sideAtalantaand the other five played for Serie B sidePistoiese. The players wereGiacomoBanchelli,Cristiano DoniandSebastiano Siviglia(all Atalanta) andAlfredo Aglietti,Massimiliano

Allegri,Daniele Amerini,Gianluca LilloandGirolamo Bizzarri(all Pistoiese). The charges related to an ItalianCup first round tie between the two sides inBergamoon August 20, 2000 which ended 1-1. Atalanta scored atthe end of the first half and Pistoiese equalised three minutes from full time. Atalanta qualified for the secondround.Snai, which organises betting on Italian football, said later it had registered suspiciously heavy betting

on the result and many of the bets were for a 1-0 halftime score and a fulltime score of 1-1.

InJune 2004inSouth Africa, thirty-three people (including nineteenreferees, club officials, a matchcommissioner and an official of theSouth African Football Association) were arrested on match-fixing charges.

In the summer of 2004,Betfairprovided evidence of race fixing toCity of London Policethat led to the arrestofjockeyKieren Fallonand fifteen others on race fixing charges. On 7 December 2007 the judge in the caseordered the jury to find Fallon not guilty on all charges.
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In late 2004, the game betweenPanioniosandDinamo Tbilisiin the 2004-05UEFA Cupwas suspected ofbeing fixed after British bookmakers detected an unusually high number of half-time bets for a 5-2 win fortheGreekside, which was trailing 0-1. As the final result ended up being 5-2, suspicions of fixing quicklyemerged, but were quickly denied by both clubs, althoughUEFAstarted an investigation.

2005 Bundesliga scandal: InJanuary 2005, theGerman Football Association(DFB) andGermanprosecutorslaunched separate probes into charges that refereeRobert Hoyzerbet on and fixed several matches that he

worked, including aGerman Cuptie. Hoyzer later admitted to the allegations; it has been reported that he wasinvolved withCroatgambling syndicates. He also implicated other referees and players in the match fixingscheme. The first arrests in the Hoyzer investigation were made on January 28 in Berlin, and Hoyzer himselfwas arrested on February 12 after new evidence apparently emerged to suggest that he had been involved infixing more matches than he had admitted to. Hoyzer has been banned for life from football by the DFB. OnMarch 10, a second referee, Dominik Marks, was arrested after being implicated in the scheme by Hoyzer. Stilllater (March 24), it was reported that Hoyzer had told investigators that the gambling ring he was involved withhad access toUEFA's referee assignments for international matches andChampions LeagueandUEFACupfixtures several days before UEFA publicly announced them. Ultimately, Hoyzer was sentenced to serve 2years and 5 months in prison.

In July 2005,ItalianSerie BchampionsGenoawas arbitrarily placed last in the division, and thereforecondemned to relegation inSerie C1, after it was revealed that they bribed their opponents in the final match ofthe season,Veneziato throw the match. Genoa won the match 3-2 and had apparently secured promotion

toSerie A.

Brazilian football match-fixing scandal: In September 2005, aBrazilianmagazine revealed that two footballreferees,Edlson Pereira de Carvalho(a member ofFIFA's referee staff) and Paulo Jos Danelon, hadaccepted bribes to fix matches. Soon afterwards, sport authorities ordered the replaying of 11 matches in thecountry's top competition, theCampeonato Brasileiro, that had been worked by Edlson. Both referees havebeen banned for life from football and face possible criminal charges. Brazilian supporters have taken to shout"Edlson" at a referee who they consider to have made a bad call against their team, in a reference to thescandal.

2006 Serie A scandal("Calciopoli"): In May 2006, perhaps the largest match fixing scandal in the history ofItalian Serie A football was uncovered by Italian Police, implicating league championsJuventus, andpowerhousesAC Milan,Fiorentina, andLazio. Teams were suspected of rigging games by selecting favorablereferees, and even superstar Italian World Cup team goalkeeperGianluigi Buffonwas charged with betting on

football games.[2]Initially, Juventus were stripped of their titles in 2004-05 and 200506, all four clubs werebarred fromEuropeanclub competition in 2006-07, and all except Milan were forcibly relegated to SerieB.[15]After all four clubs appealed, only Juventus remained relegated due while Milan were allowed to enter thethird qualifying round of theChampions League(they went on to win the tournament.) The stripping ofJuventus' titles stood.[16]`

2007NBAReferee Scandal: In July 2007 it was revealed thatNational Basketball AssociationrefereeTimDonaghyhad gambled on 10 to 15 games, including games which he refereed. The matter is currently beinginvestigated by theFederal Bureau of Investigationas well as the NBA.

2008 The Fix: Book byDeclan Hillalleges that in the2006 World Cup, the group game between Ghana andItaly, the round-of-16 game between Ghana and Brazil, and the Italy-Ukraine quarter-final were all fixed by

Asian gambling syndicates to whom the final scores were known in advance.[17]The German FootballFederation (DFB) and German Football League (DFL) looked into claims made in aDer Spiegel[18]interview

with Hill that two Bundesliga matches were fixed byWilliam Bee Wah Lima fugitive with a 2004

Documents

Match Fixing Report