MASTER'S THESIS M-656

WEINERT, J r . , Richard Peter, THE CONFEDER- ATE REGULAR ARMY: 1861-1865.

The American University, M. A ., 1964 History, general

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

TIŒ COUFEDÜIRATE REGULAR ARMY. I 86 I - 1 8 6 3

by

R i c h a r d P̂ i W e i n e r t ,

S u b m i t t e d t o t h e

F a c u l t y of t h e C o l l e g e o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s

of The A m e r ic a n U n i v e r s i t y

i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f

t h e R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g r e e

o f

M a s te r of A r t s

S i g n a t u r e s o f C o m m i t t e e :

C h a i r m a n :

of t h e CD a t e ; D a t e :

.. 196^

The A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y W a s h i n g t o n , D. C .

AMERICAN JNiw ERSITYl i b r a r y SEP 251964

WASHJNGTON. D. C

^ 307

II I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I . The C onfederacy Prepares for War............................... 1

I I . Recruiting the Confederate Regulars ............. 18

I I I . Company A, Regular Cavalry...............................................3^

IV. Louis iana Regulars ................................................... 55

V. Eastern Regular O rganizations........................................ 95

VI. The Regulars in R etrospect.................................. . . . . . 1 1 5

B ib l io g r a p h y .................................................................................................121

CHAPTER I

THE C0HFEDE2UCY PREPARES FOR WAR

A new n a t i o n has t o c r e a t e a l l t h e many g o v e r n ­

m e n t a l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a g e n c i e s w h i c h a r e t a k e n f o r

g r a n t e d i n a l o n g e s t a b l i s h e d s o v e r e i g n s t a t e . For a

new g o v e r n m e n t w h i c h i s c r e a t e d by r e v o l u t i o n t h e f i r s t

and m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e s e a g e n c i e s o f s o v e r e i g n t y i s

a n a r m y . Any t y p e o f army w i l l d o f o r f i g h t i n g t h e new

g o v e r n m e n t ' s w a r f o r i n d e p e n d e n c e , b u t i t m u s t c r e a t e a

r e g u l a r s t a n d i n g army i f i t i s t o m a i n t a i n a t l e a s t th e

a p p e a r a n c e o f b e i n g a p e rm a n e n t g o v e r n m e n t .

The c r e a t i o n o f a r e g u l a r a rm y i n t h e m i d s t o f a

r e v o l u t i o n p r e s e n t s p e c u l i a r p r o b l e m s o f i t s own. When

a n a t i o n h a s a m p l e t i m e and r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y , su c h

a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s had f o l l o w i n g t h e c l o s e o f th e

R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r , i t c an e x p e r i m e n t , m o d i f y , r e v i s e ,

and e v e n f o r a t i m e a b o l i s h i t s a r m y .

The C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , h o w e v e r , was

f a c e d w i t h a m o re u r g e n t p r o b l e m t h a n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

had f a c e d . T h a n k s t o the i n t r i c a c i e s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l

r e l a t i o n s a t t h e t im e , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s e a s i l y g a in e d

r e c o g n i t i o n o f i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m many o f t h e l e a d i n g

s t a t e s o f t h e w o r l d and e v e n t u a l l y c o n c l u d e d a n a l l i a n c e

w i t h P r a n c e w h i c h made th e s u c c e s s o f i t s r e v o l u t i o n

p o s s i b l e .

- 2 -

No s u c h f a v o r a b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c l i m a t e g r e e t e d

t h e C o n f e d e r a c y . T h e r e was p l e n t y o f sy m p a th y f r o m

a b r o a d , b u t a l s o a w a r i n e s s o f r e c o g n i z i n g a g o v e r n ­

ment w h i c h m ig h t n o t be a b l e t o m a i n t a i n i t s i n d e p e n d ­

e n c e .

An i n t e r n a l p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m a l s o hampered

t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e new C o n f e d e r a c y . They w e r e a c c u s t o m e d

t o a s m o o t h l y f u n c t i o n i n g g o v e rn m e n t and f e l t t h a t t h e y

w e r e t a k i n g a n a c t i o n r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

C o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e i r l e g a l i s t i c minds jumped t o t h e

c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e t r a n s i t i o n w o u ld be sm oo th and a

g o v e r n m e n t much l i k e t h e one t h e y l e f t w o u ld be q u i c k l y

a n d e a s i l y c r e a t e d .

A s t a t e o f w a r d i d e x i s t i n f a c t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g

o f 1 8 6 1 , e v e n i f no o v e r t a c t s had t a k e n p l a c e . R e c o g ­

n i z i n g t h i s , i t was n a t u r a l f o r t h e C o n f e d e r a t e g o v e r n ­

ment t o s e e t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n a rm y , s o o n a f t e r i t s

o r g a n i z a t i o n . And a s i t was a s su m e d t h a t a l l would be

a s i t was b e f o r e , i t m s n a t u r a l t h a t a r e g u l a r s t a n d i n g

arm y s h o u l d be one o f t h e f i r s t m i l i t a r y p r o v i s i o n s .

I t was r e a l i z e d t h a t a l a r g e V o l u n t e e r f o r c e was im­

m e d i a t e l y n e c e s s a r y , b u t t h i s s h o u l d be b u i l t u p o n t h e

r e g u l a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t a s much a s p o s s i b l e .

The m ode l u se d by t h e C o n f e d e r a c y , a s i n a l l i t s

o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a l c r e a t i o n s , was t h a t o f t h e U n i t e d

- 3 -

S t a t e s . B e c a u se o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

C o n f e d e r a c y t h e r e w e r e r e a s o n a b l e e x p e c t a t i o n s t h a t a t

l e a s t a p a r t o f t h e o l d array c o u l d be t a k e n over v i r t ­

u a l l y i n t a c t t o fo rm a n u c l e u s f o r t h e new r e g u l a r a r m y .

To u n d e r s t a n d C o n f e d e r a t e m i l i t a r y t h i n k i n g i n

t h e s e d a y s b e f o r e P o r t S u m t e r i t i s n e c e s s a r y b r i e f l y t o

s t u d y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Army a s i t was a t t h e end o f i 8 6 0 .

The U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g c a r r i e d

o v e r t h e B r i t i s h d i s t a s t e f o r a s t a n d i n g a rmy, somewhat

r e e n f o r c e d by i t s own e x p e r i e n c e s i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o

t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W ar. As a r e s u l t , t h e r e g u l a r army o f

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s had n e v e r b e e n a d e q u a t e t o p e r f o r m t h e

f u n c t i o n s po sed by a v a s t and w i l d f r o n t i e r , l e t a l o n e

f i g h t a m a jo r war a g a i n s t a w e l l o r g a n i z e d enemy.

The U n i t e d S t a t e s Army a t t h e end o f i 8 6 0 c o n s i s t e d

o f t e n r e g i m e n t s of i n f a n t r y , f o u r r e g i m e n t s o f a r t i l l e r y ,

tw o r e g i m e n t s o f d r a g o o n s , tw o r e g i m e n t s o f c a v a l r y , a

m o u n te d r i f l e r e g i m e n t and t h e r e q u i s i t e s t a f f d e p a r t m e n t s

I f a l l t h e com panies had b e e n r e c r u i t e d t o t h e i r f u l l

a u t h o r i z e d s t r e n g t h t h e a rm y w o u ld h a v e numbered l 8 , 3 l 8

o f f i c e r s an d men. The a c t u a l num ber i n s e r v i c e on

D e c e m b e r 3 I , i 8 6 0 , was o n l y 1 6 , 3 6 7 .1

iWar o f t h e R e b e l l i o n : A C o m p i l a t i o n of theO f f i c i a l R e c o r d s of t h e U n io n a n d C o n f e d e r a t e Armies ( W a s h i n g t o n : Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1B80- I 9O I ) ,1 3 0 v o l s , ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s OR), S e r i e s I I I , Volume I , p g . 2 2 , and Army R e g i s t e r . I 8 6 I ( W a s h i n g t o n , The A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l ' s O f f i c e , I 8 6 I ) .

- I f -

T h i s s m a l l army was s c a t t e r e d f r o m t h e S a n J u a n

I s l a n d s i n Puge t Sound t o F o r t T a y l o r a t Key W est a n d

f ro m F o r t P r e b l e , L la ine , t o F o r t M o j a v e , C a l i f o r n i a , Of

t h e 198 companies com pos ing t h e a r m y , I 83 w e r e s t a t i o n e d

w e s t o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r a n d o n l y 5 w e r e s t a t i o n e d

i n t h e c o a s t a l f o r t i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e S o u t h . ^

What t h e y l a c k e d i n n u m b e r s , t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s Army i n p a r t c o m p e n s a t e d f o r i n q u a l i t y .

For t h e most p a r t g r a d u a t e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

M i l i t a r y Academy, t h e y r e c e i v e d l o n g p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e

i n c o u n t l e s s I n d i a n wars and i n t h e M e x i c a n W a r . S low

p r o m o t i o n and t h e l i m i t a t i o n s im p o s e d by t h e s i z e o f t h e

army f o r c e d many o f i t s b e s t o f f i c e r s b a c k i n t o c i v i l

l i f e and most o f t h e c o l o n e l s and g e n e r a l s w e r e s u p e r ­

a n n u a t e d . B u t , on t h e w h o l e , t h e com pany o f f i c e r s w e r e

t o p r o v e t h e i r o u t s t a n d i n g m i l i t a r y a b i l i t i e s i n t h e

coming c o n f l i c t .

The e n l i s t e d men p r e s e n t e d s o m e t h i n g o f a n e n i g m a .

The U n i t e d S t a t e s has a lw a y s p r i d e d i t s e l f o n f i g h t i n g

i t s w ars w i t h c i t i z e n s o l d i e r s . The r e g u l a r was l o o k e d

down upon as a m e rc e n a ry and t h e m i l i t a r y _ _ l i f e h e l d few

in d u c e m e n t s f o r t h e a v e r a g e A m e r i c a n . As a r e s u l t ,

p r o b a b l y h a l f o f t h e r e g u l a r e n l i s t e d p e r s o n n e l a t t h i s

p e r i o d w e re f o r e i g n b o r n , w i t h many n e w l y a r r i v e d i n t h i s

^ B v t . Maj. Gen. Emory U p t o n , The M i l i t a r y P o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( W a s h i n g t o n ^ O f f i c e o f t h e C h i e fo f S t a f f , 1912 ) , p g . 2 2 5 .

- 5 -

c o u n t r y . 3 Of t h e n a t i v e b o r n s o l d i e r s , a c o n s i d e r a b l e

p e r c e n t a g e came f r o m t h e d r e g s o f s o c i e t y . T h e s e men

w e r e n o t c i t i z e n s o l d i e r s , t h e y w e r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s w i t h

a g o o d l y p o r t i o n h a v i n g s e r v e d s e v e r a l e n l i s t m e n t s .

Of t h e o f f i c e r s , a b o u t one f o u r t h j o i n e d t h e

C o n f e d e r a c y , a l t h o u g h many S o u t h e r n o f f i c e r s c h o s e t o

r e m a i n l o y a l . I t ca-n n o t be d e n i e d t h a t t h e C o n f e d e r a c y

p r o b a b l y i n h e r i t e d t h e c r e a m o f t h e r e g u l a r o f f i c e r

c o r p s .

The e n l i s t e d men, f o r many r e a s o n s , f o r t h e most

p a r t r e m a i n e d l o y a l . T h a t t h i s f a c t h a s u s u a l l y b e e n

o v e r e m p h a s i z e d w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r w h en e v e n t s i n

T e x a s a r e more c l o s e l y a n a l y z e d . B u t , s c a t t e r e d f a r

f r o m c i v i l i z a t i o n and w i t h few i f a n y s t a t e a t t a c h m e n t s ,

t h e e n l i s t e d men had l i t t l e o p p o r t u n i t y o r i n c e n t i v e t o

go o v e r t o t h e C o n f e d e r a c y .

I f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t e n d e d t o f i g h t i t w ou ld

once more f a l l b a c k o n t h e c i t i z e n s o l d i e r . To c o u n t e r

t h i s t h e C o n f e d e r a c y a t f i r s t l o o k e d t o i t s own c i t i z e n

s o l d i e r s . B a s i c o f t h e s e w e r e t h e n u m e r o u s , and o f t e n

e p h e m e r a l , m i l i t i a s o f t h e v a r i o u s s t a t e s . P r o b a b l y o f

more u s e i n t h e l o n g r u n w e r e t h e l i t t l e s t a t e a r m i e s

3 E l l a L o n n , F o r e i g n e r s i n t h e U n io n Army and Navy ( B a t o n R o u g e ; L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 3 2 ) , C h a p . IV , "T he R e g u l a r Army o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n1 8 6 1 " , p g . 8 0 - 8 9 .

- 6 -

w h ic h w e r e f o r m e d a s e a c h S o u t h e r n s t a t e d e c l a r e d I t s

i n d e p e n d e n c e . F ro m t h e s e " s t a t e r e g u l a r s ' * came some o f

t h e f i n e s t r e g i m e n t s o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e A rm y.

I t may b e w e l l t o c l a r i f y h e r e t h e l e g a l p o s i t i o n

o f t h e s e " s t a t e r e g u l a r s . " A c c o r d i n g t o G e n e r a l S a m u e l

C o o p e r , " T h e r e a r e n o r e g u l a r t r o o p s a u t h o r i z e d by

a c t s o f C o n g r e s s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e d u l y e n l i s t e d f o r t h e

r e g u l a r a rm y o f t h e C o n f e d e r a c y . What a r e c a l l e d s t a t e

' r e g u l a r s ' . c r e a t e d u n d e r a c t s o f S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e s ,

fo rm no p a r t o f t h e r e g u l a r army o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e

S t a t e s , a n d w h e n i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e C o n f e d e r a c y ,

c a n o n ly b e r e g a r d e d a s a p a r t o f t h e P r o v i s i o n a l Army,

l i k e a l l o t h e r v o l u n t e e r s i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e

C o n f e d e r a c y . . . . " ^

The P r o v i s i o n a l Army o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s

( P . A. C. S . ) was f o r m e d u n d e r a u t h o r i t y o f a n a c t o f

C o n g re s s p a s s e d F e b r u a r y 2 8 , l 8 6 l . T h i s a u t h o r i z e d t h e

P r e s i d e n t t o a c c e p t i n t o C o n f e d e r a t e s e r v i c e a n y u n i t s

t h e n i n s t a t e s e r v i c e f o r a p e r i o d o f t w e l v e m o n t h s . ^

^G en . S a m u e l C o o p e r t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f W ar , May 3 1 , 186 2 ; e n d o r s e m e n t o n l e t t e r o f M a j . J o h n D . M u n f o r d ,1 s t V i r g i n i a I n f a n t r y B a t t a l i o n , C o m p i le d M i l i t a r y S e r v i c e R e co rd s ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s CMSR) . War D e p a r t m e n t C o l l e c t i o n o f C o n f e d e r a t e R e c o r d s , R e c o r d G ro u p No. 1 0 9 , N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s . ( H e r e a f t e r r e c o r d s i n t h e N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s w i l l b e c i t e d NA.)

^ S t a t u t e s a t L a r g e o f t h e P r o v i s i o n a l G o ve rn m e n t o f t h e C o n f e d e r â T é S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . ( R i c h m o n d ; R . M. S m i t h , P r i n t e r t o C o n g r e s s , 1 8 6 4 ) , ( H e r e a f t e r c i t e d a s S t a t u t e s ) . C h a p . X X I I , S e c t i o n 3»

- 7 -

U nder a n a c t o f March 6 , l 8 6 l , a c a l l f o r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0

v o l u n t e e r s was made an d t he a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s

s t a t e m i l i t i a s was a u t h o r i z e d . & A l t h o u g h n o t t e c h ­

n i c a l l y p a r t o f t h e P . A. C. S . , t h e s e t r o o p s i n p r a c t i c e

came t o f o r m p a r t o f i t .

A l s o on March 6 , l 8 6 l . C o n g r e s s p a s s e d "An A c t f o r

t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e Army o f t h e

C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . " I t was t h i s a c t w h i c h

e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r e g u l a r a r m y . The m a j o r s t a f f d e p a r t ­

m e n t s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e C o rp s o f E n g i n e e r s ,

w e r e p r e v i o u s l y a u t h o r i z e d o n F e b r u a r y 2 6 , l 8 6 l , b u t

n o p r o v i s i o n was made a t t h a t t i m e f o r l i n e t r o o p s .

The A c t o f March 6 , l 8 6 l , p r o v i d e d f o r a C o rp s o f

E n g i n e e r s , a C o rp s o f A r t i l l e r y , s i x r e g i m e n t s o f

i n f a n t r y , one r e g i m e n t o f c a v a l r y and c e r t a i n a d d i t i o n a l

p r o v i s i o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s t a f f

d e p a r t m e n t s .

The C o rp s o f E n g i n e e r s was t o c o n s i s t o f a c o l o n e l ,

f o u r m a j o r s , f i v e c a p t a i n s and a company o f s a p p e r s ,

m i n e r s and p o n t o n i e r s . The company was composed o f t e n

s e r g e a n t s , t e n c o r p o r a l s , tw o m u s i c i a n s , t h i r t y - n i n e

f i r s t c l a s s p r i v a t e s and t h i r t y - n i n e s e c o n d c l a s s

p r i v a t e s and was t o b e commanded b y one o f t h e E n g i n e e r

c a p t a i n s . I t was t o h a v e a s many l i e u t e n a n t s a s t h e

P r e s i d e n t m ig h t s e l e c t f r o m t h e l i n e f o r e n g i n e e r t r a i n i n g

o i b l d . . c h a p . XXVI, S e c t i o n 1 .7 l b i d . . C h a p . XXIX, S e c t i o n 2 .

- 8-

The C o rp s o f A r t i l l e r y was a n i n n o v a t i o n on th e p a r t

o f t h e C o n f e d e r a c y , S in c e 1821 t h e a r t i l l e r y o f th e

U n i t e d S t a t e s Army had been o r g a n i z e d i n t o r e g i m e n t s .

The c o m p a n i e s o f t h e s e r e g i m e n t s , h o w e v e r , w e r e w id e ly

s c a t t e r e d a n d had n e v e r s e r v e d t o g e t h e r u n d e r t h e i r

r e g i m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d . I n t h e Old Army

f o r many y e a r s t h e r e had b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c u s s i o n as

t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h i s r e g i m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and

t h e C o n f e d e r a t e s d e c i d e d t o a b a n d o n i t i n f a v o r o f t h e

c o r p s s y s t e m . The C o n f e d e r a t e s a l s o p l a c e d a l l o rdnance

d u t i e s u n d e r t h e C orp s of A r t i l l e r y , a f u n c t i o n a l

a l l o c a t i o n w h i c h had b e en a b a n d o n e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

A rm y. As w i l l b e s e e n , t h i s l a t t e r p r o v i s i o n d i d not

p r o v e p r a c t i c a l and was a b a n d o n e d i n p r a c t i c e i f no t i n

t h e o r y .

The C o rp s o f A r t i l l e r y was t o c o n s i s t o f a c o l o n e l ,

a l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l , t e n m a j o r s a n d f o r t y c o m p a n ie s of

a r t i l l e r i s t s and a r t i f i c e r s . E ac h company was t o c o n s i s t

o f a c a p t a i n , tw o f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t s , one s e c o n d l i e u t e n a n t ,

f o u r s e r g e a n t s , f o u r c o r p o r a l s , t w o m u s i c i a n s a n d s e v e n ty

p r i v a t e s . The P r e s i d e n t was a u t h o r i z e d t o e q u i p not

more t h a n f o u r o f t h e co m p an ie s a s s i x gun l i g h t a r t i l l e r y

b a t t e r i e s i n t i m e o f p e a c e , ho l i m i t a t i o n seem s t o have

b e e n p l a c e d on t h e number of l i g h t b a t t e r i e s i n war t im e .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e was a p r o v i s i o n f o r 100 m e c h a n ic s t o

b e r e g u l a r l y e n l i s t e d f o r o r d n a n c e d u t y . ®

8 I b i d . I C h a n . XXIV, S e c t i o n 5 and S e c t i o n 2 3 .

- 9-

Eaoh regim ent of in fa n try was t o c o n s i s t o f a

c o l o n e l , a l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l , a major and t e n ccHnpanies.

The companies were to be composed o f a c a p t a in , a f i r s t

l i e u t e n a n t , two second l i e u t e n a n t s , fo u r s e r g e a n t s , fo u r

c o r p o r a ls , two musicians and n in e ty p r iv a t e s

The ca v a lry regiment was t o c o n s i s t o f a c o l o n e l ,

a l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l , a major and te n co m p a n ies . The

companies c o n s is te d of a c a p ta in , a f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t ,

two second l ie u t e n a n t s , four s e r g e a n t s , . fo u r c o r p o r a l s ,

one f a r r i e r , one b lacksm ith , two m usicians and s i x t y

p r iv a te s

The Corps o f A r t i l l e r y and each o f th e in f a n t r y

and ca v a lry regim ents was t o have an a d ju ta n t s e l e c t e d

from one o f the l ie u te n a n ts and a se r g e a n t major s e l e c t e d

from the e n l i s t e d men.

The h ig h e s t rank provided for in th e r e g u la r army

was th a t o f b r ig a d ier g e n e r a l . Four b r ig a d ie r s were

au th orized and each was to have an a id e-d e -ca m p s e l e c t e d

from the l ie u te n a n ts of the l i n e . ^ l

Promotion was s t r i c t l y by s e n i o r i t y i n s e p a r a te

prom otional ladders for each reg im en t, fo r each co rp s in

th e s t a f f departm ents, and fo r th e A r t i l l e r y and E n g in e e r s .

9I b id . . Section 3.

l O Ibid . . Section 7*

11 I b id . . Section 8 .

- 10 -

The e x c e p t i o n seem s t o h a v e b e e n t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f

b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l s w h i c h " s h a l l be made by s e l e c t i o n

f r o m t h e A r m y . " ^ 2

The A c t o f March 6 , l 8 6 l , a d o p t e d t h e A r t i c l e s o f

War and Army R e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Army by

s i m p l y c h a n g i n g " U n i t e d S t a t e s " t o " C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s . "

The Army R e g u l a t i o n s . l 8 6 l was i n e f f e c t t h e same a s t h e

Army R e g u l a t i o n s . 1 85 7 o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s A rm y . The

1862 e d i t i o n c o n t a i n e d a few a d d i t i o n a l c h a n g e s .

A r t i c l e s 61 and 62 o f t h e A r t i c l e s o f War w e r e t h e o n l y

o n e s c o m p l e t e l y r e v i s e d . A r t i c l e 6 l d e l t w i t h b r e v e t s

a n d i s n o t i m p o r t a n t s i n c e t h e C o n f e d e r a c y n e v e r a w a rd e d

a n y b r e v e t c o m m i s s i o n s . A r t i c l e 62 d e l t w i t h s e n i o r i t y

f o r command and w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r . A l l m i l i t a r y

l aw s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h i c h d i d n o t c o n f l i c t w i t h

t h e C o n f e d e r a t e C o n s t i t u t i o n o r l a w s w e r e a l s o c o n t i n u e d

i n f o r c e .

The A d j u t a n t and I n s p e c t o r G e n e r a l ' s D e p a r t m e n t was

o r i g i n a l l y a u t h o r i z e d t o c o n s i s t o f a n A d j u t a n t and

I n s p e c t o r G e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f c o l o n e l , f o u r

a s s i s t a n t a d j u t a n t s g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a j o r and

1 2 i b i d . . S e c t i o n 11 and C h a p . X L I , S e c t i o n 2 . The b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l s a p p o i n t e d i n o r d e r o f s e n i o r i t y w e r e S a m u e l C o o p e r , R o b e r t E . Lee and J o s e p h E . J o h n s t o n . P i e r r e G. T . B e a u r e g a r d was n o m i n a t e d a s b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a l , b u t t h e r a n k was c h a n g e d t o f u l l g e n e r a l b e f o r e t h e S e n a t e a c t e d . A l b e r t S i d n e y J o h n s t o n was l a t e r a p p o i n t e d t o t h e r e m a i n i n g v a c a n c y . R e g u l a r Army R e g i s t e r , EG IO 9 , NA.

- 11 -

f o u r a s s i s t a n t a d j u t a n t s g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f c a p t a i n .

T h i s was amended by a n a c t o f C o n g re s s on M arch l 4 , I 8 6 1 ,

b y r a i s i n g t h e A d j u t a n t a n d I n s p e c t o r G e n e r a l t o a

b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l , a f i f t h b r i g a d i e r add ed t o t h e t o t a l

i n s e r v i c e . F u r t h e r a u t h o r i z a t i o n i n c l u d e d tw o a s s i s t a n t

a d j u t a n t s g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l ,

t w o a s s i s t a n t a d j u t a n t s g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a j o r ,

a n d f o u r a s s i s t a n t a d j u t a n t s g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f

c a p t a i n . The c h a n g e was c a u s e d m a in ly by t h e f a c t t h a t

C o l o n e l Samuel C o o p e r , The A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l o f t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s Army a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f I 86I , was a p p o i n t e d t h e

s e n i o r r e g u l a r b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l and The A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l

o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e A rm y . An a s s i s t a n t a d j u t a n t g e n e r a l

w i t h t h e r a n k o f c o l o n e l was ad d ed by a n a c t o f O c t o b e r 8 ,

1 8 6 2 .^®

The Q u a r t e r m a s t e r G e n e r a l ' s D e p a r t m e n t , a s p r o v i d e d

f o r i n t h e a c t o f F e b r u a r y 2 6 , was t o c o n s i s t o f a

Q u a r t e r m a s t e r G e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f c o l o n e l , s i x

q u a r t e r m a s t e r s w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a jo r and a s many

a s s i s t a n t q u a r t e r m a s t e r s a s m ig h t be n e e d e d . The a s s i s t ­

a n t q u a r t e r m a s t e r s w e r e t o b e d e t a i l e d f r o m t h e l i e u t e n a n t s

o f t h e l i n e . On May I 6 , I 8 6 I , a n a c t was p a s s e d w h i c h

a d d e d one a s s i s t a n t q u a r t e r m a s t e r g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k

o f l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l a n d t w o q u a r t e r m a s t e r s w i t h t h e

i-i S t a t u t e s . C h a p . X V I I , S e c t i o n 2 ; C h a p . X L I ,S e c t i o n 1 ; and C h a p . XXXV.

- 12 -

r a n k o f m a j o r . The a c t o f March l 4 , 1 8 6 I , p r o v i d e d f o r

a n a s s i s t a n t q u a r t e r m a s t e r g e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f

l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l a nd t h a t t h e r e would be o n l y f o u r

q u a r t e r m a s t e r s w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a j o r . I n a d d i t i o n t o

t h e i r o t h e r d u t i e s , a l l q u a r t e r m a s t e r o f f i c e r s w e r e

a u t h o r i z e d t o a c t a s p a y m a s t e r s

The C o m m is sa ry G e n e r a l ' s D e p a r t m e n t was o r i g i n a l l y

t o c o n s i s t o f a C o m m issa ry G e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f

c o l o n e l , f o u r c o m m i s s a r i e s w i t h t h e r a n k o f c a p t a i n and

a s many a s s i s t a n t c o m m i s s a r i e s a s n e e d e d t o b e d e t a i l e d

f r o m t h e l i e u t e n a n t s o f t h e l i n e . T h i s was a l t e r e d on

March l 4 , I 8 6 I , s o t h a t t h e r e would be one c o m m i s s a r y

w i t h t h e r a n k o f l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l , one c o m m i s s a r y

w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a j o r and o n l y t h r e e c o m m i s s a r i e s w i t h

t h e r a n k o f c a p t a i n . On May 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , one a s s i s t a n t

c o m m i s s a r y w i t h t h e r a n k o f m a j o r a n d one a s s i s t a n t

c o m m i s s a r y w i t h t h e r a n k o f c a p t a i n w e r e a d d e d .

The M e d i c a l D e p a r t m e n t was t o c o n s i s t o f a S u r g e o n

G e n e r a l w i t h t h e r a n k o f c o l o n e l , f o u r s u r g e o n s w i t h t h e

r a n k o f m a j o r , and s i x a s s i s t a n t s u r g e o n s w i t h t h e r a n k

o f c a p t a i n . As many a d d i t i o n a l a s s i s t a n t s u r g e o n s c o u l d

l ^ I b i d . . C h a n . X V I I , S e c t i o n 3 a n d C h a p . X L I , S e c t i o n 3 . The p r o v i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g p a y m a s t e r s w e r e o b j e c t e d t o by S e c r e t a r y W a lk e r i n h i s r e p o r t o f A p r i l 2 7 , 1 8 6 1 , b u t no s e p a r a t e Pay D e p a r t m e n t was e s t a b l i s h e d . OR, S e r i e s IV , Volume I , p g . 2 5 0 .

l ^ s t a t u t e s . C h a p . X V I I , S e c t i o n 4 and C h a p . X L I , S e c t i o n 4 . T h i s d e p a r t m e n t was u s u a l l y c a l l e d t h e S u b s i s t e n c e D e p a r t m e n t .

—13 ”

b e e m p lo y e d on a c o n t r a c t b a s i s a s w e r e n e e d e d . On

May 16 s i x s u r g e o n s a nd f o u r t e e n a s s i s t a n t s u r g e o n s

w e r e a d d e d t o t h e r e g u l a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t . ^ ®

I t was s o o n r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e s m a l l r e g u l a r a rm y

w o u ld n e e d some e x p a n s i o n t o f u l f i l l i t s f u n c t i o n . On

May 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , C o n g r e s s p a s s e d "An Act t o i n c r e a s e t h e

m i l i t a r y e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s a n d t o

amend t h e 'A c t f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and o r g a n i z a t i o n

o f t h e Army o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s . ' " G e n e r a l C o o p e r

a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n t h e m a in i n s p i r a t i o n f o r t h i s

r e v i s i o n .

The c h a n g e s e f f e c t e d i n t h e f o u r o r i g i n a l s t a f f

d e p a r t m e n t s h a v e b e e n n o t e d a b o v e . The a c t o f March l 4 ,

1 8 6 1 , a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n a n i l l - t i m e d e f f o r t by

C o n g r e s s a t p e n n y p i n c h i n g and th e a c t o f May 16 s e r v e d

i n p a r t t o r e c t i f y t h i s .

The l i n e was e x p a n d e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f a r e g i m e n t

o f c a v a l r y and t w o r e g i m e n t s o f i n f a n t r y . A l t h o u g h no

a t t e m p t was e v e r made t o o r g a n i z e t h e s e u n i t s , t h e i r

a u t h o r i z a t i o n was i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e m os t o f t h e a d d i t i o n a l

o f f i c e r s w e r e a p p o i n t e d .

l ® I b i d . . C h a n . X V I I , S e c t i o n 5 and C h a p . X L I ,S e c t i o n 7«

1 7 l b i d . . C h a p . XX, S e c t i o n 1 .

- 14 -

T h l s a c t r e c t i f i e d a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h had n e a r l y

b r o u g h t c h a o s t o t h e new C o n f e d e r a t e Array. U n d e r t h e

new 62nd A r t i c l e o f War a d o p te d March 6 , l 8 6 l , command

d e v o l v e d u p o n t h e s e n i o r o f f i c e r p r e s e n t a c c o r d i n g t o

c o m m i s s i o n w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o w h e t h e r i t was a n A rm y ,

Wavy, M a r in e o r m i l i t i a c o m m i s s i o n . S i n c e n o r e g u l a r

C o n f e d e r a t e o f f i c e r h e l d r a n k h i g h e r t h a n b r i g a d i e r

g e n e r a l , command o f l a r g e num bers o f t r o o p s was d e v o l v i n g

on i n e x p e r i e n c e d o f f i c e r s w i t h s t a t e v o l u n t e e r o r

m i l i t i a c o m m i s s i o n s . The a c t o f May 16 i n s t i t u t e d t h e

r a n k o f f u l l g e n e r a l i n p l a c e o f t h a t o f b r i g a d i e r

g e n e r a l s o t h a t t h e r e g u l a r army g e n e r a l o f f i c e r s o u t ­

r a n k e d a n y o n e t h e y m ig h t s e r v e w i t h . ^ ®

The C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s was i n c r e a s e d b y t h i s a c t

w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f one l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l a n d f i v e

c a p t a i n s . S i x m i l i t a r y s t o r e k e e p e r s w i t h t h e r a n k o f

f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t w e r e a l s o a d d e d .

To e a c h r e g i m e n t o f I n f a n t r y and c a v a l r y a

q u a r t e r m a s t e r s e r g e a n t was ad d ed and a n o r d n a n c e s e r g e a n t

was p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h m i l i t a r y p o s t . The M e d i c a l

D e p a r t m e n t was a u t h o r i z e d t o e n l i s t a s many h o s p i t a l

s t e w a r d s a s n e c e s s a r y w i t h the pay and a l l o w a n c e s o f

s e r g e a n t m a j o r . 20

I h l b i d . . S e c t i o n 2 .

1 9 l b i d . . S e c t i o n 3»

2 0 l b i d . . S e c t i o n s 6 and 7 .

- 15 -

The n e ed f o r t r a i n i n g j u n i o r o f f i c e r s was r e c o g n i z e d

by t h i s a c t and u n t i l a m i l i t a r y academ y c o u l d be e s t a b ­

l i s h e d c a d e t s w e r e t o be a t t a c h e d t o l i n e c o m p a n ie s a s

s u p e r n u m e r a r y o f f i c e r s f o r t r a i n i n g . A l t h o u g h a n a v a l

acad em y was e v e n t u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d , no m i l i t a r y academ y

came i n t o b e i n g . Many o f t h e s e c a d e t s w e r e t o r e c e i v e

c o m m i s s i o n s a s s e c o n d l i e u t e n a n t s i n t h e r e g u l a r army

o r t o be c o m m i s s i o n e d i n t h e P r o v i s i o n a l Army b e f o r e

t h e end o f t h e w a r . - The s y s t e m was b a s i c a l l y t h e one

u s e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Army i n t h e y e a r s i m m e d i a t e l y

p r i o r t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f W es t P o i n t . 2 1

One o f t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s a c t

was t h e g r a n t i n g o f t e m p o r a r y r a n k c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i r

d u t i e s t o r e g u l a r o f f i c e r s s e r v i n g i n s t a f f p o s i t i o n s

w i t h v o l u n t e e r t r o o p s . 2 2

A b o u n t y o f $10 was p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h r e c r u i t

e n l i s t e d i n t o t h e Army o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s . T h i s

d o e s n o t seem t o h a v e b e e n made r e t r o a c t i v e and s o had

l i t t l e i f a n y e f f e c t on r e c r u i t i n g f o r t h e r e g u l a r s . I n

f a c t , t h e r e c o r d s a r e n o t c l e a r t h a t a n y r e g u l a r r e c r u i t s

e v e r r e c e i v e d t h i s b o u n t y .

Two more a c t s c o m p l e t e d t h e b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n o f

t h e C o n f e d e r a t e r e g u l a r a r m y . On May 4 , l 8 6 l , a n a c t

2 1 l b i d . .“" s e c t i o n 8 and R e g u l a r Army R e g i s t e r , RG 1 0 9 ,NA.

^ ^ S t a t u t e s . C h a p . XX, S e c t i o n 9 .

—16—

was p assed a u th o r iz in g a reg im en t o f zouaves fo r th e

r e g u la r army. I t was t o c o n s i s t o f a c o lo n e l , a l i e u te n a n t

c o l o n e l , a major and ten co m p a n ie s . The companies were

ea ch t o c o n s i s t o f a c a p ta in , a f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t , two

second l i e u t e n a n t s , a se rg ea n t m ajor , a quartermaster

s e r g e a n t , fo u r se r g e a n ts , e i g h t c o r p o r a ls and n in e ty

p r i v a t e s . An a d d it io n a l a s s i s t a n t surgeon over the

number a u th o r iz e d for the M ed ica l Department was t o

be a p p o in ted and an adju tant and quarterm aster were t o

be s e l e c t e d from the l i e u t e n a n t s o f th e reg im en t.^8

The o th e r a c t , passed on May 1 7 , 1 8 6 1 , au th or ized

a company o f sappers and bom bardiers f o r the Corps o f

E n g in ee rs i n a d d it io n to the company o f sappers and

m iners p r e v io u s ly a u th o r iz e d . There i s no in d ic a t io n

why th e two companies were t i t l e d d i f f e r e n t l y . The

company was t o c o n s i s t of a c a p t a i n , two f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t s ,

one secon d l i e u t e n a n t , t e n s e r g e a n t s , t e n c o r p o r a ls ,

two m u s ic ia n s , t h ir ty -n in e f i r s t c l a s s p r iv a tes and

t h i r t y - n i n e second c la s s p r i v a t e s . I t w i l l be se e n

t h a t t h i s a c t in e f f e c t added a c a p t a in and th r e e

l i e u t e n a n t s t o the au th orized s t r e n g t h of the Corps o f

E n g in e e r s .2 4

V arious other minor m o d i f ic a t io n s were a l s o made.

The most im portant of th e s e was an a c t passed on May 2 1 ,

2 3 I b i d . . S ta tu te I I , Chap. I I .

24 I b i d . . S ta tu te I I , Chap. XXVIII.

- 17 -

l 8 6 l , w h i c h a l l o w e d t h e P r e s i d e n t t o g i v e r e g u l a r o f f i c e r s

t e m p o r a r y r a n k t o command v o l u n t e e r t r o o p s . I t was

u n d e r t h i s a c t t h a t m o s t o f t h e r e g u l a r s s e r v e d a s

g e n e r a l and f i e l d o f f i c e r s . T h i s a c t was am ended on

D ecem ber 31» I 8 6 1 , t o i n c l u d e o f f i c e r s s e r v i n g w i t h t h e

A d j u t a n t a n d I n s p e c t o r G e n e r a l ’ s D e p a r t m e n t , C h i e f o f

E n g i n e e r s a n d C h i e f o f O r d n a n c e . ^5

An a c t o f A u g u s t 2 1 , I 8 6 I , a u t h o r i z e d t h e a p p o i n t ­

ment o f a n a d d i t i o n a l l i e u t e n a n t c o l o n e l a n d t w o m a j o r s

f o r t h e C o r p s o f A r t i l l e r y a n d f o u r m i l i t a r y s t o r e ­

k e e p e r s o f o r d n a n c e w i t h t h e r a n k o f c a p t a i n . 2® An

a c t o f A p r i l 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 , p r o v i d e d f o r a n i n c r e a s e i n

o r d n a n c e s e r g e a n t s s o t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e o n e f o r e a c h

r e g i m e n t . A l t h o u g h w r i t t e n s o t h a t i t a p p l i e d t o t h e

r e g u l a r a r m y , i t seem s t o h a v e b e e n a c t u a l l y u s e d f o r

t h e P r o v i s i o n a l A r m y .27

C h a p . XXX.2 6 l b i d . . C h a p . XXXIV, S e c t i o n 1 .

2 7 l b i d . . S t a t u t e II, C h a p . XLIII.

- 18 -

CHAPTER I I

RECRUITING THE CONFEDERATE REGULARS

H a v ing e s t a b l i s h e d t h e l e g a l f ram ew ork o f t h e

r e g u l a r a r m y , t h e C o n f e d e r a t e War D e p a r tm en t n e x t t u r n e d

t o t h e much more d i f f i c u l t t a s k o f r e c r u i t i n g t h e men.

The f i r s t s t e p i n o r g a n i z i n g t h e new r e g u l a r army

was t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f i t s o f f i c e r s . N e a r ly t w e n t y - f i v e

p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Army j o i n e d

t h e C o n f e d e r a c y and many o f f i c e r s who had l e f t t h e

s e r v i c e p r i o r t o t h e o u t b r e a k o f war a l s o o f f e r e d t h e i r

s e r v i c e s . 1 I n o r d e r t o a v o i d a n y a rg u m e n ts o v e r s e n i o r i t y ,

t h e a c t o f M arch l 4 , 1 8 6 I , p r o v i d e d t h a t a l l U n i t e d

S t a t e s o f f i c e r s who r e s i g n e d a nd j o i n e d th e C o n f e d e r a c y

w i t h i n s i x m on ths o f t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e a c t s h o u l d b e

c o m m i s s i o n e d a s o f t h e same d a t e and t a k e s e n i o r i t y by

t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o m m i s s i o n s .

T h e r e w e r e many more p o s i t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t h a n t h e

num ber o f f o r m e r U n i t e d S t a t e s o f f i c e r s . I n t h e e a r l y

m o n th s a p p o i n t m e n t s w e r e g i v e n t o c i v i l i a n s w i t h no

p r i o r m i l i t a r y e x p e r i e n c e , b u t none o f t h e s e w e r e t o a

h i g h e r r a n k t h a n c a p t a i n . The m i l i t a r y c a d e t s p r o v i d e d

f o r d i d n o t e n t e r s e r v i c e u n t i l l a t e i n I 86I , a nd w e r e

i F r a n c i s B . H e i t m a n . H is t o r i c a l R e g i s t e r and D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Armv ( W a sh in g to n :G o v e rn m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1903*54

- 19 -

never In s u f f i c i e n t numbers t o f i l l the v a ca n c ies fo r

l i e u t e n a n t s .

Most o f the o f f i c e r s having form al m i l i t a r y t r a i n ­

ing came from the United S ta te s M ilita ry Academy. These

ranged from seasoned o f f i c e r s who graduated near the

top o f t h e ir c l a s s , such as Robert E. Lee, t o cad ets s t i l l

in sch oo l who were y e t to prove t h e ir a b i l i t y , such as

Oliver Semmes •

The nature o f th e backgrounds o f the re g u la r o f f i c e r s

may be gained from examining a few o f the o f f i c e r s who

w i l l appear la t e r in th e s e p a g e s . Colonel E arl Van Dorn

was a West P o in ter ; L ieu ten a n ts Alexander H a sk e l l and

Edward Ingraham had been o f f i c e r s i n the United S ta te s Army,

but not West P o in te r s ; L ieu ten an t James B a l t z e l l was a

graduate o f the V ir g in ia M il i ta r y I n s t i t u t e ; and L ieu ten a n t

John Bradley was ap poin ted from c i v i l l i f e , but may have

had e n l i s t e d s e r v ic e under th e United S t a t e s . L ieu ten an t

Edward P ow ell had served for tw enty years as a non-com m issioned

o f f i c e r in the United S ta te s Army; L ieutenant John H. Denys

was promoted from th e C onfederate ranks and may have had

previous United S ta t e s e n l i s t e d s e r v ic e . L ieu tenan ts O liv e r

Semmes and John A. A. West were cadets a t West P o in t a t

the beginning o f th e w ar. S e v e r a l graduates o f The C i t e d a l

a ls o held reg u la r com m issions.

- 20 -

Wlth most o f th e o f f i c e r s a p p o in ted , th e next problem

of th e C onfederate War Department was to r e c r u i t the en ­

l i s t e d men fo r the reg u la r u n i t s .

The f i r s t e f f o r t a t recru itm en t was perhaps th e s tr a n g ­

e s t . Louis T. W ig f a l l , the b r i l l i a n t and e r r a t ic senator

from Texas, e a r ly in March I 8 6 1 , proposed th a t i t would be

p o s s ib le t o o b ta in a la r g e number of r e c r u i t s in B altim ore

fo r th e C onfederate Army. On March 5 , I 8 6 I , S ec r e ta r y

o f War Leroy P . Walker approved th e p lan and au th or ized

him t o sh ip th e man t o C h a r le s to n , South C a ro lin a , t o be

mustered in t o s e r v i c e . 2 W ig fa l l promptly opened h is

c la n d e s t in e r e c r u i t in g o f f i c e behind Yankee l i n e s . The

r e s u l t s were s u f f i c i e n t l y prom ising so th a t on March 21

th e War Department ordered C aptain W illiam D. Pender o f

th e Corps o f A r t i l l e r y t o proceed s e c r e t l y t o Baltim ore

and take over th e r e c r u i t i n g . C oncurrently General

Beauregard was n o t i f i e d to exp ect th e a r r i v a l o f the

r e c r u i t s in C h a r le s to n .3

As might be ex p ec ted , due t o the hurried and

s e c r e t manner o f t h i s recru itm en t e f f o r t , some con­

f u s io n a r o s e . Many r e c r u i t s a r r iv in g a t C harleston

2Walker t o W ig f a l l , l e t t e r and te le g r a m , March 5 , 1 8 6 1 , L e tte r s S e n t , S ecr e ta ry o f War, Chap. IX, V o l. I , pp. 2 6 - 2 8 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

SCooper t o Pender and Cooper t o Beauregard,March 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 , L e t te r s S e n t , Adjutant and In sp ector G en era l's O f f i c e , Chap. I , V o l. 35» pp. 1 0 -1 1 , RG 109 , NA.

- 21 -

w e r e f o u n d u n f i t f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e . A l s o , i n B a l t i m o r e

t h e men had b e e n p r o m i s e d a b o u n t y f o r w h i c h t h e r e was

a t t h a t t i m e n o l e g a l p r o v i s i o n . 4 I n a l l , a b o u t 125

r e c r u i t s f r o m B a l t i m o r e were a c c e p t e d f o r t h e r e g u l a r

a rm y and w e r e f o r m a l l y e n l i s t e d a t C a s t l e P i n c k n e y i n

C h a r l e s t o n H a r b o r .

A more o r d e r l y s y s t e m o f r e c r u i t i n g was begu n

e a r l y i n A p r i l . C a p t a i n John W. F r a z e r was a s s i g n e d

t o t h e command o f a r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t a t B a t o n Rouge

B a r r a c k s , L o u i s i a n a . At t h e same t i m e 1 s t L i e u t e n a n t

R o b e r t C . H i l l was d e s p a t c h e d on a n o t h e r s e c r e t

r e c r u i t i n g m i s s i o n . H i l l was t o p r o c e e d t o N ew p or t ,

K e n t u c k y , and S t . L o u i s , M i s s o u r i , a nd a t t e m p t t o i n d u c e

a s many o l d s o l d i e r s r e t u r n i n g f r o m t h e f r o n t i e r as

p o s s i b l e t o j o i n t h e C o n f e d e r a t e A r m y . 5

The m a i n r e c r u i t i n g d r i v e i n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i

V a l l e y s t a r t e d , h o w e v e r , w i t h t h e a s s i g n m e n t on A p r i l 1 3 ,

l 8 6 l , o f C a p t a i n Thomas H. T a y l o r , R e g i m e n t o f C a v a l r y ,

t o e s t a b l i s h a s e r i e s o f r e c r u i t i n g r e n d e z v o u s . T a y l o r

was o r d e r e d t o p r o c e e d f rom M o ntgom ery , A l a b a m a , t o

4 c o o p e r t o P e n d e r , A p r i l 1 , l 8 6 l . C o o p e r t o B e a u r e g a r d , A p r i l 1 , l o 6 l , and C o o p e r t o P e n d e r ,A p r i l 8 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A. & I , G. 0 . , C h a p . I ,V o l . 3 5 , p p . 1 0 - 1 1 , 2 0 - 2 1 , 2 8 , and C o o p e r t o B e a u r e g a r d , March 2 2 , l 8 6 l , L e t t e r s and T e l e g r a m s t o G e n . B e a u r e g a r d , C h a p . I I , V o l . 2 5 6 , p g . 6 2 , RG IO9 , NA; a n d OR, S e r i e s I , V o l . 1 , p g . 2 8 4 .

5 c o o p e r t o F r a z e r , A p r i l 6 , 1 8 6 I , L e t t e r s S e n t ,A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 2 4 - 2 5 .

- 2 2 -

L o u i s v i l l e , K e n t u c k y , by way o f Memphis a n d N a s h v i l l e ,

T e n n e s s e e . Once i n K e n t u c k y he was a l s o t o i n v e s t i g a t e

t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f o r m i n g r e n d e z v o u s a t F r a n k f o r t ,

L e x i n g t o n , C o v i n g t o n a n d N e w p o r t .®

H i l l had e s t a b l i s h e d a r e n d e z v o u s a t Memphis a n d

T a y l o r was d i r e c t e d t o f o r w a r d h i s r e c r u i t s t o B a t o n

R o u g e . On A p r i l 20 T a y l o r r e c e i v e d a d d i t i o n a l h e l p

w i t h t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f 1 s t L i e u t e n a n t Jam es K. M c C a l l

t o t a k e o v e r t h e s t a t i o n a t N a s h v i l l e . 7 C a p t a i n W, S .

W alker a n d 2nd L i e u t e n a n t Thomas T . G r a y s o n w e r e o r d e r e d

t o Memphis t o t a k e o v e r H i l l ' s r e c r u i t i n g s t a t i o n . ®

I t was s o o n r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o t e n o u g h

r e g u l a r o f f i c e r s a v a i l a b l e t o t a k e c a r e o f a l l o f t h e

^ C o o p e r t o T a y l o r , A p r i l 1 3 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t ,A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p g . 3 4 . B e c a u s e K e n tu c k y a t t h i s t i m e was o f f i c i a l l y n e u t r a l , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o c a r r y on r e c r u i t i n g i n t h a t s t a t e i n s e c r e t . L t s . G e o rge B . C o sb y a n d J o h n B . Hood had b e e n d e s p a t c h e d by t h e War D e p a r t m e n t on a s e c r e t m i s s i o n t o t h e G o v e r n o r o f K e n tu c k y and t h e n w e r e t o r e p o r t t o T a y l o r i n F r a n k f o r t f o r r e c r u i t i n g d u t y . C o o p e r t o T a y l o r , A p r i l 2 2 , l 8 6 l , and C o op e r t o C o s b y , A p r i l 2 3 , l 8 6 l , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 5 5 , 6 2 . H o o d , h o w e v e r , was i m m e d i a t e l y r e a s s i g n e d and saw no r e c r u i t i n g d u t y . J o h n P . D y e r , The G a l l a n t Hood ( I n d i a n a p o l i s a n d New Y o r k ; The B o b b s - M e r r i l l C o . , I n c . , 1 9 5 0 ) . A t t e m p t s a t r e c r u i t i n g i n K e n t u c k y w e r e s o o n a b a n d o n e d . C o o p e r t o 2nd L t . W. R . B u l l o c k ,May 1 7 , l 8 6 l , a nd C o o p e r t o T a y l o r , May 2 4 , l 8 6 l . C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 122 a n d l 4 l .

7 c o o p e r t o F r a z e r , A p r i l 1 5 , l 8 6 l . C o o p e r t o T a y l o r , A p r i l 18 a n d 2 0 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , C hap . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 3 5 , 4 ? - 4 8 , 5 3 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

®Cooper t o W a l k e r , A p r i l 2 2 , l 8 6 l , and C o o p e r t o T a y l o r , A p r i l 2 7 a n d 2 9 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A . & I .G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 5 5 , 77 a n d 7 9 , EG 1 0 9 , N .A .

- 23 -

r e c r u l t i n g . The War D e p a r t m e n t f e l l b a c k upon t h e

e x p e d i e n t o f h i r i n g c i v i l i a n r e c r u i t i n g a g e n t s .

A p p a r e n t l y t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e was R . B . Kyle of G a d s d e n ,

A l a b a m a , who was a u t h o r i z e d on A p r i l 27 t o b e g i n r e c r u i t ­

i n g i n n o r t h e a s t A l a b a m a . I t was n e c e s s a r y , how ev er ,

f o r t h e a c t u a l e n l i s t m e n t s t o be s i g n e d by r e g u l a r

o f f i c e r s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e L i e u t e n a n t s W. d e B. Hooper

and S , F . R i c e w e r e o r d e r e d t o G a d s d e n . The s i t u a t i o n

f a c e d by t h e r e g u l a r army was e x p r e s s e d by Cooper t o

K y le when he w r o t e , " . . . A s t h e s e o f f i c e r s a r e b o th q u i t e

young and e n t i r e l y i n e x p e r i e n c e d i n r e g a r d t o t h e

i m p o r t a n t d u t i e s o f t h e r e c r u i t i n g s e r v i c e , I beg t o

i m p r e s s y o u w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y o f y o u r g i v i n g c l o s e

e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e m o r a l and p h y s i c a l q u a l i t i e s o f t h e

men who a r e e n l i s t e d . . . . " 9 T h e s e r e c r u i t s were

s u p p o s e d t o be s e n t t o t h e r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t a t Mount

V e r n o n A r s e n a l , A l a b a m a .

The s e c o n d c i v i l i a n r e c r u i t i n g a g e n t a p p o i n t e d

was D r . J o h n C . N i c h o l s o n o f N a s h v i l l e who was t o

r e c r u i t i n M id d le T e n n e s s e e . The r e c r u i t s were t o be

g a t h e r e d i n N a s h v i l l e and f o r w a r d e d t o Memphis and f r o m

t h e r e t o t h e d e p o t a t B a t o n Rouge B a r r a c k s . 10

9 C oope r t o K y l e , A p r i l 27 and 2 9 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 75 , 7 7 - 7 8 ,RG 1 0 9 , NA.

lO C ooper t o N i c h o l s o n , M c C a l l a nd G ray so n , May 1 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 84—8 5 . F o r d e t a i l s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e r e c r u i t s a t B a t o n R o u g e , s e e C o o p e r t o F r a z e r , A p r i l 19, l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 35 , p g . 5 0 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 24 -

To r e c e i v e t h e e x p e c t e d i n f l u x o f r e c r u i t s , t h e

War D e p a r tm e n t e s t a b l i s h e d a s e r i e s o f r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t s

a t w h ich t h e men w ou ld be r e c e i v e d , e q u i p p e d , o r g a n i z e d ,

a n d t r a i n e d . The d e p o t a t B a t o n Rouge B a r r a c k s , w h i c h

h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d , was t h e l a r g e s t . O th e r

p o s t s d e s i g n a t e d a s r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t s w ere S a n A n t o n i o

B a r r a c k s , T e x a s , Mount V e r n o n A r s e n a l , A labam a, A u g u s t a

A r s e n a l , G e o r g i a , C a s t l e P i n c k n e y , S o u t h C a r o l i n a , F o r t

J o h n s o n , N o r th C a r o l i n a , and B e l l o n a A r s e n a l , V i r g i n i a .

L i e u t e n a n t H i l l was t r a n s f e r r e d t o N o r th C a r o l i n a t o

c o n t i n u e h i s r e c r u i t i n g a c t i v i t i e s , when T a y l o r was

p l a c e d i n c h a r g e o f o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y . H

C o l o n e l T h e o p h i l u s H. Holmes was named s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f

r e c r u i t i n g i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a w i t h t h e hope t h a t he c o u l d

f o r m h i s p a p e r 2nd I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t . 12

C a p t a i n W. D. P e n d e r , who had c l o s e d down t h e

s t a t i o n i n B a l t i m o r e when h o s t i l i t i e s made i t i m p o s s i b l e

f o r him t o f o r w a r d r e c r u i t s , was o r d e r e d t o r e p o r t t o

H o lm e s . O t h e r r e g u l a r o f f i c e r s a s s i g n e d t o Holmes f o r

r e c r u i t i n g w e r e M ajo r W i l l i a m H. C. W h i t i n g , Corps o f

E n g i n e e r s , and C a p t a i n F r e d e r i c k L . C h i l d s and L i e u t e n a n t

J . P . J o n e s , C o rps o f A r t i l l e r y . At th e s u g g e s t i o n o f

l l C o o p e r t o H i l l , May 3 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A. & I .G. 0 . , C h ap . I , V o l . 3 5 , p g . 9 1 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

1 2 c o o p e r t o H o lm e s , A p r i l 2 2 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t ,A . & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p g . 5 6 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

—25 —

C o l o n e l H o l m e s , t h e r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t w a s o r d e r e d t o b e

t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m F a y e t t e v i l l e A r s e n a l t o F o r t J o h n s o n ,

N o r t h C a r o l i n a . 13

T h e War D e p a r t m e n t w a s q u i c k t o move r e c r u i t e r s f o r

t h e r e g u l a r s i n t o V i r g i n i a w h e n t h a t s t a t e s e c e d e d .

C a p t a i n J o h n S c o t t w a s o r d e r e d t o s t a r t r e c r u i t i n g i n

R i c h m o n d o n A p r i l 2 2 , I 8 6 I . C a p t a i n G . W. C a r r w as

a s s i g n e d t o command t h e d e p o t a t B e l l o n a A r s e n a l n e a r

R i c h m o n d , a n d C a p t a i n E d w a r d J . H a r v i e w a s p l a c e d o n

r e c r u i t i n g d u t y i n N o r f o l k . 1 ^

E v en b e f o r e t h e r e c r u i t i n g o f f i c e r s had a r r i v e d

i n V i r g i n i a , e a g e r c i t i z e n s w e r e r e p o r t i n g l a r g e num bers

o f men r e a d y t o e n l i s t . On A p r i l 2 3 , I 8 6 I , S c o t t was

d i r e c t e d t o e s t a b l i s h a t e m p o r a r y r e n d e z v o u s a t A l e x a n d r i a ,

d i r e c t l y a c r o s s t h e r i v e r f r o m W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.

P r o b l e m s f o r r e g u l a r r e c r u i t e r s q u i c k l y m a t e r i a l i z e d

i n V i r g i n i a . On A p r i l 2 6 , C a r r w a s o r d e r e d t o H a r p e r s

i j C o o p e r t o H o l m e s , 14ay 2 , 1 8 6 I , L e t t e r s S e n t , A .& I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p g . 8 7 . R e c r u i t i n g o f f i c e r s f o r N o r t h C a r o l i n a w e r e a s s i g n e d p e r S p e c i a l O r d e r s No.4-0, May 1 , I 8 6 I , No. 4-1, May 2 , I 8 6 I , No. 4-2, May 3 , I 8 6 I , No. 4 4 , May 6 , I 8 6 I , and No. 4-6, May 1 0 , I 8 6 I , A. & I ,G. 0 . , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

l4-Cooper t o S c o t t , t e l e g r a m s o f A p r i l 2 0 , 2 2 and 2 7 , I 8 6 I ; C o o p e r t o H a r v i e , A p r i l 2 2 , I 8 6 I , L e t t e r s S e n t ,A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 54-, 5 7 - 5 9 , 7 2 .F o r f u r t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n s r e g a r d i n g r e c r u i t i n g i n V i r g i n i a , s e e C o o p e r t o S c o t t , May 1 5 , I 8 6 1 , L e t t e r s S e n t , A. & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p g . 1 1 7 , RG 1 0 9 ,NA.

“2 6—

P e r r y t o m u s t e r I n v o l u n t e e r s and on A p r i l 27 b o t h

S c o t t a n d H a r v i e w e r e o r d e r e d t o m u s t e r i n v o l u n t e e r s

a t R i c h m o n d . W h i l e t h e y were t h u s e n g a g e d i n f o rm in g

t h e P r o v i s i o n a l A rm y, r e c r u i t i n g f o r t h e r e g u l a r army

was a l l o w e d t o l a g . 1 5

A so m e w h a t l u d i c r o u s e v e n t a l s o s n a r l e d r e c r u i t i n g

i n R ic h m o n d . On t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t B e l l o n a A r s e n a l had

b e e n F e d e r a l p r o p e r t y , t h e C o n f e d e r a t e War D e p a r tm e n t

d e s i g n a t e d i t a s t h e r e c r u i t i n g d e p o t f o r V i r g i n i a and

C a p t a i n C a r r a n d h i s r e c r u i t s o c c u p i e d t h e p r e m i s e s .

On May 2 4 , l b 6 l ,, a Mr. J , S . A r c h e r i r a t e l y i n f o r m e d t h e

War D e p a r t m e n t t h a t B e l l o n a A r s e n a l was h i s p r o p e r t y and

he w o u ld a p p r e c i a t e t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e t r o o p s . As a

p a t r i o t i c g e s t u r e , h o w e v e r , he o f f e r e d t o s e l l t h e

p r o p e r t y t o t h e C o n f e d e r a c y . Somewhat s h e e p i s h l y .

G e n e r a l C o o p e r , on May 2 8 , o r d e r e d C a r r t o w i t h d r a w

i m m e d i a t e l y a n d i n f o r m e d A rc h e r t h a t i f t h e g o v e rn m en t

e v e r r e a l l y n e e d e d the A r s e n a l t h e y w o u ld c o n s i d e r h i s

o f f e r .

A p r o b l e m o f a n o t h e r k in d f a c e d t h e C o n f e d e r a t e

g o v e r n m e n t a t M o u n t V e r n o n A r s e n a l , A l a b a m a . H e r e

1 ̂ C o o p e r t o G e o r g e C. V/ederbum, A l e x a n d r i a , V a . , A p r i l 2 3 , l 8 6 l ; C o o p e r t o S c o t t , A p r i l 23 a n d May 4 , I 8 6 l ; C o o p e r t o S c o t t , t e l e g r a m s o f A p r i l 26 a nd 2 7 , 1 8 6 1 , L e t t e r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 35 , p p . 6 1 - 6 2 , 9 3 , 7 1 - 7 2 , RG 109, m .

l 6 c o o p e r t o C a r r a n d Cooper t o A r c h e r , May 2 8 , l 8 6 l . L e t t e r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , C h a p . I , V o l . 3 5 , p p . 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 , RG 1 0 9 , NA,

- 27 -

x e c r u lt ln g fo r th e r e g u la r s ran In to d ir e c t c o n f l i c t

w ith r e c r u it in g f o r th e P r o v is io n a l Army and th e

v o lu n te e r s .

B esid es b ein g th e r e g u la r army depot fo r th e a r e a ,

Mount Vernon A rse n a l was a l s o s e r v in g as th e ren d ezvou s

fo r th e m a jo r ity o f Alabama t r o o p s . As a r e s u l t o f

correspondence w ith th e A d ju ta n t G eneral o f Alabama,

G eneral Cooper on A p r i l 8 , 1 8 6 1 , Issu ed s p e c i f i c In ­

s tr u c t io n s reg a rd in g r e c r u i t in g t o C apta in James L.

W hite, commanding o f f i c e r a t Mount V ernon. W hite was

d ir e c te d t o send s u f f i c i e n t men t o f i l l th e c o n t in g e n t

a t Fort Morgan near M o b ile . Then th e r e c r u i t s e n l i s t e d

up t o February 28 w ere t o be m ustered In to th e P r o v is io n a l

Army. Those r e c r u i t s e n l i s t e d a f t e r th a t d a te were t o

be organized I n to v o lu n te e r com p an ies. When a l l t h i s

had been d on e , W hite was a u th o r iz e d t o b e g in r e c r u i t in g

fo r the r e g u la r s . O b v iou sly n o t many men would be l e f t .

I t was not u n t i l May 3 , I 8 6 I , th a t th e reg u la r r e c r u i t ­

ing depot was e s t a b l i s h e d . On th a t d a te 1 s t L ieu ten a n t John

M ullins was a s s ig n e d t o command th e d e p o t . A lthough Cooper

had o p t im is t i c a l ly e s t im a te d th a t th e r e would be 200 r e c r u i t s .

I t appears th a t th e h a n d fu l a c t u a l ly ob ta in ed w ere r e c r u it e d

by R. B. K y le , th e c i v i l i a n a g en t a t Gadsden, and h is g reen

l i e u t e n a n t s .I ?

17Cooper t o W h ite , A p r il 8 , I 8 6 I ; Cooper t o M u llin s , May 11 , I 8 6 I : L e t te r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 3 5 , pp. 2 7 - 2 8 , 1 0 6 , RG 1 0 9 , MA; and ÛË, S e r ie s IV , V o l.1 , pg . 2 0 9 .

—28—

R ec ru itin g in G eorgia was cen tered a t the Augusta A r se n a l.

C aptain Robert G. C ole vas named t o superintend the r e c r u it in g ,

and branch s t a t io n s were opened a t Macon and a t M i l le d g e v i l le .

The r e c r u it s a t C h a r lesto n were o r ig in a l ly to have been

tr a n s fe r r e d t o th e depot a t Augusta A rsen a l, but r e c r u it in g

In G eorgia vas s o poor th a t I t vas decided to rev erse th e

p ro cess and send th e G eorgia r e c r u it s t o C hariest on .

B esid es th e reg u la r r e c r u it in g e f f o r t s , s e v e r a l o f f e r s *

were a l s o re c e iv e d t o a cc ep t v o lu n te e r companies In to th e

re g u la r arm y. The r e c r u lt ln g o f J u le s V. Gallimard of

New O rleans probably f a l l s In t h is ca tegory and w i l l be

co n sid ered l a t e r . On March 2 5 , I 8 6 I , the Governor o f

M is s is s ip p i forwarded t o the War Department the o f fe r o f

a company w hich had been form ed. The War Department r e p lie d

on A p r il 5 th a t under e x i s t in g law s th ere was no a u th o r ity

t o a ccep t f u l l y organ ized com panies In to the regu lar army.

The War Department was w i l l i n g t o agree that I f a l l th e men

I n d iv id u a lly e n l is t e d In th e r e g u la r s , the department would

a s s ig n them a l l . I f p o s s ib le , t o th e same company. On th e

other hand, the o f f i c e r s cou ld not be accepted u n le ss there

were v a ca n c ie s a v a i la b le and t hey passed the prescribed

exam in ation fo r c i v i l i a n a p p o in te e s . This la s t p o in t seems

to have c lo se d th e m atter

IbCooper t o C o le , May 3 and 13 and June 12, 1 8 6 I ,L e tte r s S e n t, A. & I . G. 0 . . Chap 1 , V o l. 35, pp. 9 0 , 111 ,1 8 0 . For assignm en t o f o f f i c e r s to r e cr u it in g duty a ee_ . S p e c ia l Order No. 4 0 . May 1 , I 8 6 I , and No. 41, May 2 , I 8 6 I ,A. & I . G. 0 . , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

1 9 J . J . Hooper t o th e Hon. W. P . H arris, A p r il 5 , I 8 6 I , L e tte r s S e n t , S ecr e ta ry o f War, Chap. IX, Vol. 1 , pp. 1 3 8 -1 3 9 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 29 -

A com bination o f the h a s t i ly w r it te n la w s, Inex­

perienced o f f i c e r s , and m a k esh ift o rg a n iza tio n o f the r e ­

c r u it in g s e r v ic e le d t o problem s a t a l l th e r e c r u it in g

s t a t io n s . The forem ost problem was probably th e m atter o f

bounty. As p r e v io u s ly m en tion ed , th e r e c r u it s e n l is t e d a t

Baltim ore a p p a ren tly were prom ised some kind o f bounty , but

found on th e ir a r r iv a l In C h a r lesto n th a t t h is was I l l e g a l .

The lo c a l and s t a t e b o u n tie s being o ffered fo r v o lu n te e r s

made I t d i f f i c u l t . I f n o t Im p o ss ib le , to ob ta in men fo r th e

reg u la r army. U n t i l th e reg u la r army bounty law was f i n a l l y

p a ssed , the War Department f e l l back on the not to o happy

exp ed ien t o f o f f e r in g a two d o lla r bonus to anyone who

brought In a r e c r u i t . T h is , o f co u rse , did th e r e c r u it no

good, but I t a p p a ren tly d id Induce some men who e n l i s t e d t o

go out and f in d o th er men fo r th e regu lars In order t o g e t

th e bonus.20

Another major problem was th e p h y s ic a l exam ination o f

th e r e c r u i t s . The d o c to r s of the M edical Department were

so few In number and so b ad ly needed w ith the newly form ing

arm ies, th a t none o f them cou ld be spared fo r th e r e c r u i t in g

s e r v ic e . As a r e s u l t . I t was n ecessa ry to h ire p r iv a te

d octors In th e a rea s where r e c r u it in g was b ein g d o n e .21

20Cooper t o F ra z er , A p r il 1 9 , l8 6 l ; Cooper to T a y lo r ,May 2 and 7 , l 8 6 l i Cooper t o M cCall, May 4 , l8 6 l ; Cooper to K yle, May 1 0 , l 8 6 l ; Cooper to S c o t t , May 1 2 , l8 6 l ; and Cooper t o Hooper, May 1 8 , l 8 6 l ; L e tte r s S e n t, A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap.I , V o l. 35 , pp. 5 0 , 8 8 , 9 4 -9 5 , 9 9 , 104, 110, & 127 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

21Cooper to G rayson, May 1 5 , l8 6 l ; Cooper t o S c o t t ,May 15 , l8 o l ; and Cooper to 2nd L t . J . T. Mason B arnes, May 1 5 , l 8 6 l ; L e tter s S e n t , A . & 1 . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 3 5 , p p . 116-118 , EG 109 , NA.

- 30 -

C loth ln g p resen ted a problem In th e e a r ly d a y s. No

uniform s were a v a i la b le d e s p ite th e f a c t th a t th ey were

m inu tely d escr ib ed in Army R e g u la tio n s . A temporary uniform

was d ev ised and each reg u la r r e c r u it a r r iv in g a t a depot was

t o r e c e iv e a fo ra g e cap , a b lu e s h ir t a s a b lo u se or sack

c o a t , gray o v e r a lls and the n ecessa ry u n d er c lo th in g . D esp ite

th e f a c t th a t r e c r u it s began t o gather In March, I 8 6 I , even

t h is m akesh ift c lo th in g I ssu e does not appear t o have been

a v a ila b le u n t i l th e end o f A p r il . S in ce many o f th e men

were l i t e r a l l y swept o f f the s t r e e t s . I t was o f te n n ecessa ry

fo r the r e c r u it in g o f f i c e r s to spend money not only fo r

t h e ir food and tr a n s p o r ta t io n , but a l s o on enough c lo th in g

t o g e t them t o th e d e p o ts .22

The o r g a n iz a tio n o f the reg u la r army q u ick ly became

Involved In th e problems fa c in g the War Department In

form ing the much la r g er P r o v is io n a l Army. On A p r il 1 , I 8 6 I ,

S ecr e ta ry o f War Leroy Pope W alker, In a communication

addressed to A ttorney G eneral Judah P . Benjam in, c a l le d

a t t e n t io n t o the co m p lica tio n s In th e s e v e r a l a c t s of Congress

p rov id in g fo r a reg u la r army, a P r o v is io n a l Army, and a

v o lu n teer s e r v ic e , and In making p r o v is io n fo r the support

o f th e se th ree d i s t in c t m il ita r y o r g a n iz a t io n s . Walker

s ta te d th a t I t was not a lto g e th e r c le a r to h is mind out o f

which a p p ro p r ia tio n th e troops th en In s e r v ic e should be

22Cooper to T ay lor , A p r il 2 2 , I 8 6 I ; Cooper t o S c o t t , A p r il 2 2 , I 8 6 I ; and Cooper to R a rv le , A p r il 2 2 , I 8 6 I ; L e tte r s S en t, A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 35, pp. 55, 57-59, RG 109, NA.

- 31 -

p a ld . He c a l le d a t t e n t io n t o the s e v e r a l law s bearing on

th e su b je c t and r e q u e s te d an o f f i c i a l o p in io n In regard

to them.

Benjam in r e p l ie d th a t from the con fu sed way the troops

were m ustered I n to s e r v ic e I t was im p o ssib le t o c le a r ly t e l l

th e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e vo lu n teers and th e P r o v is io n a l

Army. As C ongress had appropriated enough money t o run

th e re g u la r army as e n v is io n e d by the v a r io u s a c t s , but

nowhere near th a t many men had been r e c r u it e d fo r the

r e g u la r s , he a d v ise d th a t th e War Department u se th e regular

army a p p r o p r ia t io n t o d e fr a y the P r o v is io n a l Army expenses

u n t i l C ongress cou ld u n ta n g le the m e s s .2 3

By Ju ne, I 8 6 1 , r e c r u it in g fo r the r e g u la r army began

t o f a l l o f f b a d ly . E v id en ce o f e n lis tm e n ts In th e regulars

can be found as l a t e a s 1 8 6 2 , but th e v a s t m a jo r ity of the

men who serv ed w ith th e reg u la rs had e n l i s t e d by the end of

June, 1 8 6 1 . B ecause o f th e p ressin g need o f th e P ro v is io n a l

Army fo r o f f i c e r s , and probably a ls o a s a re su lt o f th e

d e c is io n to u se r e g u la r army funds for th e P r o v is io n a l Army,

I t was d ecid ed t o c l o s e down the r e c r u it in g s t a t io n s and

tr a n sfe r th e r e c r u it in g o f f ic e r s to duty In th e f i e l d . On

May 24 , I 8 6 I , th e s t a t i o n s a t P lk e s v l l l e , Montgomery,

F lo ren ce , Frankford and Gadsden, Alabama, and a t V icksburg,

M is s is s ip p i , w ere c l o s e d . On June 6 , I 8 6 I , th e s ta t io n s

210R. S e r ie s IV, V o l. 1 , pg. 202, and O pin ions o f the C onfederate A tto rn ey G en era l, pp. 6- 8 .

- 32 -

at Mount Vernon A rsen a l and M o b ile , Alabama; N a s h v i l le ,

Tennessee; W ilm ington, North C a ro lin a ; and Macon,

M ille d g e v il le and A ugu sta , G eo rg ia , were c l o s e d .2^

I t Is Im p o ssib le t o a s c e r t a in e x a c t ly how many men

e n lis te d In th e r e g u la r arm y. From th e m uster r o l l s and

returns which have s u r v iv e d . I t appears th a t th e r e w ere

approxim ately 800 e n l i s t e d men who served a t one tim e or

another In th e r e g u la r arm y. Added t o t h e s e were th e

approxim ately 850 o f f i c e r s and c a d e ts who r e c e iv e d r e g u la r

army appoin tm ents. This t o t a l o f a l i t t l e more th an 1 ,6 0 0

o f f ic e r s and men I s a fa r cry from th e 1 5 ,0 0 0 e n v is io n e d

by Congress and th e War D epartm ent.

The atm osphere su rroun ding th e fo rm a tio n o f th e r e g u la r

army and th e ensu ing f r u s t r a t io n I s w e l l I l lu s t r a t e d by

the fo llo w in g comments o f Thomas Cooper De Leon*

The s k e le to n o f th e r e g u la r army had ju s t been a r t ic u la te d by C o n g ress , but th e bare bones would soon have sw e lle d t o more th a n F a is t a f f l a n p ro p o r tio n s , had one In ev ery tw enty o f th e ardent a s p ir a n ts b een a p p lie d as m atter and m uscle. The f i r s t " g a z e tte " was w atched f o r w ith s t r a in in g e y e s , and n a tu r a l ly would fo l lo w aching h e a r ts ; fo r d isa p p o in tm en t h ere f i r s t sowed th e d ra g o n 's t e e t h th a t were t o sp r in g ^ t o armed opponents o f th e u n a p p r e c ia tiv e pow er.2 ?

24Cooper to C apt. Theodore O'Hara, May 2 4 , l 8 6 l , L e tte r si r j8t-.ly4*.?-i8èi,°lîSî-NJ:The f a l l In the number o f e n lis tm e n ts may be s e e n In th efo llo w in g e n tr ie s lo a th e R e g is te r ^ o f L e tte r s R e c e iv e d , A . & I .G. 0 . , fo r whioh^no l e t t e r s have been found* T a y lo r , N a s h v i l le , T enn., May 3Q, 1861; 2nd L t . W. B . O c h i l t r e e , F a y e t t e v i l l e ,N. C .; June 5Î 10 1 5 .^ 1861; C ap t. F . L . C h ild s , W ilm in gton ,N. C.« June i2 & 1 7 , l o 6 l ; 1 s t L t . C . W. P h i f e r , New O r le a n s , L a ., June 25 , l 8 6 l ; & C apt. W. S . W alker, Memphis, T e n n .,July 6 , 1861; Chap I I , V o l. 4 5 , p p . 2 2 4 , 1 6 4 , l6 2 : 175 &262, RG 109 , NA.

25Thomas Cooper DeLeon, Four Years In R eb el C a p ita ls (Mobile* The G ossip P r in t in g uoT, lo^ oT , p g . 2 0 .

- 33 -

John B. J o n es , who was ju s t embarking on h is career as

th e "Rebel War C lerk " , a l s o was s tr u c k by the p o te n t ia l

dangers a r i s in g from th e appointm ents In th e regu lar army,

rem arking In h is d ia r y : "May 20th ( l 8 6 l ) - The

a p p lic a t io n s now g iv e th e g r e a te s t tr o u b le ; and th e d is ­

ap p oin ted c l a s s g iv e r i s e t o many v e x a t io n s ."26

2 6 John B. J o n es , A R ebel War C le r k 's p ia rv (P h ila d e lp h ia : J . B . L lp p ln c o tt C o ., 1 8 6 6 ) , V o l. 1 , p g . 3 8 .

- 3 4 -

chapter I I I

COMPANY A, REGULAR CAVALRY

The surrender o f th e Departm ent o f Texas by Major

G en era l David Twiggs on February 1 6 , 1861 , provided th e

C o n fed er a te War Department an u n e x c e lle d opportun ity to

o b ta in a ready made r e g u la r arm y. As has been In d ic a te d ,

th e C on fed erates b e lie v e d th a t a f a i r p ro p o rtio n o f th e

U n ited S ta te s Army cou ld be Induced to go In to C onfederate

s e r v i c e . There were a t th a t t im e In Texas th e b e t te r

p a r t o f fo u r re g u la r r e g im e n ts , th e la r g e s t body of

o r g a n iz ed troops In th e e n t i r e S o u th .

T h ese fo rce s c o n s is te d o f th e 2nd U nited S ta te s

C a v a lr y , th e 1 s t , 3 rd , and 8 th U n ited S ta te s In fa n tr y ,

and s e v e r a l b a t t e r ie s o f th e l a t and 2nd U nited S ta te s

A r t i l l e r y .

B eg in n in g e a r ly In March l 8 6 l , th e s e w id e ly sc a tte r e d

u n i t s s lo w ly abandoned th e v a r io u s p o s ts In Texas and

marched fo r In d lan o la on th e G u lf o f M exico, where th ey

w ere t o be embarked fo r th e N o rth . The com panies, which

came from as fa r as F ort B l i s s near E l P a so , l e f t behind

a t r a i l o f s tr a g g le r s and d e s e r t e r s .

The companies w hich reach ed In d la n o la by th e

b e g in n in g o f A p r il were s a f e l y embarked and s a i le d fo r

- 35 -

New York or th e p o sts In F lo r id a s t i l l held by th e

F é d é r a is . But on A p r il 12 c o n d it io n s changed . Up u n t i l

th a t d a te i t was hoped by th e C onfederate a u t h o r i t ie s

th a t s e c e s s io n cou ld ta k e p la ce p e a c e f u l ly . With th e

f i r i n g on F ort Sumter th ey were con fron ted w ith a s t a t e

o f w ar.

On th a t f a t e f u l day C o lo n e l E a r l Van Dorn was In

th e C onfed erate c a p i t a l a t Montgomery, Alabama. He

r e c e iv e d orders from G eneral Cooper d ir e c t in g him to

proceed Im m ediately t o Texas and t o cap tu re a l l U nited

S ta te s troop s s t i l l w ith in th a t s t a t e . He was a t th e

same tim e g iv e n a u th o r ity to e n l i s t as many o f th e men

a s he cou ld In th e C onfed erate Army.^

He moved q u ic k ly . On A p r il 2 3 , th e U nited S ta te s

o f f i c e r s a t San A n ton io were s e iz e d a s p r iso n e r s o f war

and a company o f th e 8 th U nited S ta te s In fa n tr y near

th e c i t y was ca p tu red . Then, g a th er in g a l l th e Texas

troop s he c o u ld . Van Dorn descended upon th e main group

o f U nited S ta te s troop s w hich was embarking a t S a lu r la

and made them p r is o n e r s .

1ÜÈ, S e r ie s I , V o l. 1 , p g . 6 2 3 . Van Dorn had o r ig in a l ly been com m issioned c o lo n e l o f th e 2nd In fa n try R egim ent, but was tr a n s fe r r e d t o th e 1 s t C avalry Regiment by S p e c ia l Order No. 3 0 , A . & I . G. 0 . , A p r il 2 0 . l 8 6 l .He was f i r s t a ss ig n e d to d u ty In New O rlea n s, but never seems t o have a c t u a l ly served t h e r e . George Deas t o Van Dorn, March 15$ l o 6 l . L e tte r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 1 5 0 , p g . 2 , and S p e c ia l Order No. 1 6 ,A . & I . G. 0 . , A p r il 8 , l 8 6 l ; RG 109 , NA.

—36 —

This f i n a l blow com pleted th e d em o ra liza tio n o f th e

F e d er a l u n it s . C o n fed era te r e c r u it in g o f f i c e r s , many o f

them r e c e n t ly members o f t h e s e same u n it s , made th e rounds

o f th e p r iso n ers h eld a t I n d la n o la . The U nited S ta te s

o f f i c e r s attem pted t o p ersuade th e ir men to rem ain l o y a l ,

w hich brought f o r t h an ord er th a t no o f f ic e r would be

a llo w ed t o v i s i t th e e n l i s t e d men u n less accompanied by a

C onfederate o f f l e e r . 2

I t has a lw ays b een m ain ta in ed that d e s p ite th e f a c t

th a t a la rg e p e r c e n ta g e o f th e reg u la r army o f f i c e r s jo in ed

th e C onfederacy, th e e n l i s t e d men alm ost a l l rem ained

l o y a l . This I s n o t tr u e In th e ca se o f th e tro o p s In

T e x a s . In th e p er io d February t o A p r il, l 8 6 l , a t o t a l o f

3 1 9 men d eserted from th e 1 s t and 3rd In fa n tr y , 2nd

C avalry and 1 s t and 2nd A r t i l l e r y In Texas. T h is compares

w ith a t o t a l o f o n ly 43 fo r th e month of January, b e fo r e

Texas seced ed . A p p a ren tly most o f th ese men ended up In

th e C onfederate Army. The above f ig u r es do not In c lu d e

th e 8 th United S t a t e s In fa n tr y or d eser tio n s from th e

o rg a n iz a tio n s th a t w ere h eld as prisoners In Texas during

May and June. I t may be assumed that th e t o t a l number o f

men who went over t o th e C onfed erates was a p p ro x im a te ly 400*3

2Capt. H. M. L a z e l le t o B r ig . Gen. L. Thomas, J a n . 4 , 1 8 6 2 , e n c lo s in g S p e c ia l Order No. 25 , H eadquarters Troops In T exas, June 8 , 1 8 6 I , jgR, S e r ie s I I , V ol. I , pp . 6 8 - 6 9 .

3There were 2 ,0 7 9 e n l i s t e d men reported n r e se n t fo r d u ty In the Department o f Texas In January, 1 8 6 1 , s o th a t ap proxim ately 19*23^ d e se r te d fo llo w in g th e s e c e s s io n o f T e x a s . Returns o f th e Department o f Texas, O f f ic e o f th e A dju tan t G en era l, Record Group No. 94 , KA. F ig u ra s fo r th e 8 th In fan try a r e n ot in c lu d ed because of th e pooÿ c o n d it io n o f th e o r ig in a l r e tu r n s and m uster r o l l s .

- 37 -

Van Dorn Im m ediately s e t about t o Implement th e a c t

o f March 6 , 186I , by u sin g th e form er U nited S ta t e s r e g u la r s

as a nucleus fo r th e C on fed era te r e g u la r arm y. Two r e g u la r

u n its were formed from th e d e s e r te r s * H a s k e l l 's detachm ent

o f r e c r u its fo r a reg u la r In fa n tr y r e g im e n t, and a company

fo r the cava lry reg im en t. The l a t t e r u n it was p laced

under the command o f 1 s t L ieu te n a n t Edward Ingraham, a

former o f f ic e r of th e 1 s t U nited S t a t e s C avalry and one

o f th e most a c t iv e o f th e C o n fed era te r e c r u i t e r s a t

In d lan o la .

Van Dorn was a b le t o r e p o r t th e fo rm a tio n o f the

company as e a r ly as A p r il 2 7 , I 8 6 I , but I t was not u n t i l

May 1 that Ingraham was o f f i c i a l l y p la ced In command and

2nd Lieutenant John B ra d ley , C. S . I n fa n tr y , p laced on

temporary duty w ith th e company. The new u n it was

designated Company A, C on fed era te S ta t e s C a v a lry , and

ordered to San A n to n io .4

The company had been o rg a n ized on th e prom ise t o th e

men that the C onfederate governm ent would meet th e back

pay and allow ances which th ey had f o r f e i t e d by d e s e r t in g

th e United S ta te s s e r v ic e , and t h a t th e term o f e n lis tm e n t

would be for the unexplred p o r t io n of t h e i r l a s t U nited

S ta te s e n lis tm e n t. Cooper ad m itted t o Van Dorn th a t he

4van Dorn t o Cooper, A p r il 2 7 , I 8 6 I , R e g is te r of L etters R eceived , A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 , p g .241; S p e c ia l Order No. 2 , H eadquarters Troops In T exas,May 1 , 1861 ; BG 109, NA. The d e s ig n a t io n o f th e company became Company A, 1 s t C on fed era te C a v a lry , when th e second cavalry regim ent was a u th o r iz ed on May I 6 , 1 8 6 I .

- 38 -

co u ld not p o s i t i v e l y say th a t th e C onfed erate government

would l i v e up t o t h i s agreem en t, but he thought P resid en t

D avis was In favor o f I t and Van Dorn shou ld do h is b est

t o g e t a ccu ra te c o p ie s o f th e men's U nited S ta te s Army

r e c o r d s .5

The d e m o r a liz a tio n r e s u l t in g from th e su rren der

p resen ted th e new company o f f i c e r s w ith some d is c ip l in a r y

p rob lem s. On May 8 , l 8 6 l , P r iv a te Thomas F it z g e r a ld ,

l a t e o f th e 3rd U nited S ta te s I n fa n tr y , g o t s ta g g e r in g

drunk In th e company q u a rters a t San A nton io and attem pted

t o sh o o t C orporal John Ramsey, l a t e o f th e 1 s t U nited

S ta t e s I n fa n tr y . He go t t h i r t y days hard la b o r fo r h is

t r o u b le .^

On June 8 th e company was ordered to ta k e a l l

th e F ed era l p r iso n e r s In San A nton io and e s t a b l i s h a

camp fo r them on th e S a la d o E lv e r . The F ed era l o f f ic e r s

w ere r e l ie v e d from a l l fu r th e r c o n tr o l over t h e ir men.

T h is was an oth er obvious a ttem pt by Van Dorn t o Induce

more men t o d e s e r t and j o in th e C onfed erate ra n k s .

The f i r s t muster r o l l o f th e company, prepared

June 30 a t Camp Van Dorn, as th e new p o st was c a l l e d ,

^Cooper t o Van Dorn, May 2 4 , l 8 6 l , L e tte r s R eceived , Department o f T exas, RG 1 0 9 , NA.

6G eneral Order No. 7 , H eadquarters Troops In T exas, May 2 2 , 1861 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 39 “

a bowed th a t th e company was a lm ost up t o au th orized

s t r e n g t h . There were on th e r o l l one o f f i c e r , four

s e r g e a n t s , fo u r c o r p o r a ls , two b u g lers and f i f t y - f i v e

p r iv a t e s . Three p r iv a te s bad a lr e a d y d eser ted * This

was a s c l o s e t o being f u l l as th e company ever g o t , A

few o f th e men were Texans who had s ig n ed up fo r the

C o n fed er a te regu lar army h itc h o f e ith e r th r ee or f iv e

y e a r s , but th e great m a jo r ity w ere form er U nited S ta te s

r e g u l a r s .

The U nited S ta te s Army now s a f e ly out o f the way,

th e im m ediate problem fa c in g Van Dorn was growing Indian

u n r e s t . W ith th e abandonment o f th e f r o n t ie r p o sts by

th e U n ited S ta te s Army th e In d ians w ere a g a in com m itting

d e p r e d a t io n s among the s c a t te r e d s e tt le m e n ts and ra n ch es .

On J u ly 21 , I 86I , Ingraham, w ith four non-commlssloned

o f f i c e r s and tw e n ty -f iv e p r iv a t e s , was ordered to march

t o th e ranch o f M arcellus French on th e A tascosa River

w here r e c e n t Indian d ep red a tio n s had been com m itted. I f

he d isc o v e r e d that th e In d ians had been more r e c e n t ly on

th e M edina, he was to e x e r c is e h is d i s c r e t io n In f i r s t

p u rsu in g them , but In any ca se he was t o " c h a stise" them.

R ic h a r d so n 's company o f th e 2nd Texas Mounted R i f l e s ,

s t a t io n e d a t Fort In ge, was t o co o p era te In t h i s movement.?

y S p e o ia l Orders No. 4 3 , Department o f T exas, July 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

—40 —

The r e s u l t o f t h i s e x p e d it io n Is not reco rd ed , but I t Is

t y p ic a l o f the ty p e o f s e r v ic e performed by Company A

during t h is p e r io d .

On August 1 7 , orders were Issu ed t o Company A to

e s c o r t th e p r iso n er s o f war from Camp Van Dorn t o Camp

Verde and tu rn them over t o th e o f f ic e r commanding th a t

p o s t . B radley th en was t o re tu rn to San A nton io and

tak e charge o f th e e ig h t p ie c e how itzer b a tte r y and th en

to rep o rt t o B r ig a d ier G eneral H. H. S ib le y fo r d u ty .

The la s t part o f t h is order a p p a ren tly was revoked and

th e company m issed b ein g part o f S ib le y 's B rigade bound

fo r New M exico.^

The company broke up I t s camp and moved t o I t s old

barracks a t San A n to n io , on September 1 , 1 8 6 1 . That

a fte rn o o n fo r th e l a s t tim e In T exas, th ey were paraded

and In sp ected by Van Dorn on th e square a d jo in in g th e

Alamo. 9

San A nton io Barracks had been garr ison ed up t o t h is

tim e by 1 s t L ieu ten an t A lexander M. H a s k e ll 's detachment

or reg u la r I n fa n tr y . This u n it had not been a su cc ess

and th e hoped fo r In fa n try regim ent never m a te r ia l iz e d .

H a sk e ll had been a l ie u te n a n t o f Company K, 1 s t U nited

Ô Speclal Orders No. 57 , Department o f T exas, August1 7 , 1 8 6 1 , RG 1 0 9 , HA.

9 S p e c la l Orders No. 6 9 , Department o f T exas, August 3 0 , 1 8 6 1 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 4 1 -

S t a t e s In fa n tr y , b e fo r e h is r e s ig n a t io n , and I t may be

assumed th a t I t was m ainly due to him and to Sergeant

W illia m B a r r e tt , now o f Company A , th a t tw enty-four

e n l i s t e d men of th a t company had been Induced to d e s e r t

t o th e C o n fed era tes . But b e s id e s commanding th e d e ta ch ­

m ent, he had a ls o been a c t in g as p o s t commander, q u a r te r m a ste r ,

com m issary , and any oth er ty p e o f s t a f f o f f ic e r n eed ed .

The detachm ent c o n s is te d o f o n ly t h ir t e e n men and I t was

d ec id e d to break i t up and l e t H a sk e ll spend f u l l tim e

on h is s t a f f d u t ie s . Two o f th e men who had been c o u r t -

m a r tia le d d e se r te d . Two w ere tr a n s fe r r e d to C aptain

W illia m Edgar's Texas L igh t A r t i l l e r y B a ttery , a n oth er

u n it composed alm ost e x c lu s iv e l y o f o ld United S ta te s

r e g u l a r s . The serg ea n t was d isch a rg e d a t the end o f h is

o ld h i t c h and the rem ain ing f i v e men were attached to

Company A, This tem porary a ttach m en t proved even more

perm anent than B r a d le y 's .

Van Dorn, by now a b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l In the

P r o v is io n a l Army, was r e l ie v e d o f command of the Department

o f Texas e a r ly In Septem ber and ordered to d ity w ith th e

army In V ir g in ia . He was te m p o r a r ily succeeded by

C o lo n e l Henry E. M cC ulloch, 1 s t Texas Mounted R i f l e s .

Company A was ordered on Septem ber 9 to march fo r

F o rt Inge t o r e l i e v e R ich a rd so n 's Texans as g a rr iso n o f

- 4 2 -

th e p o s t . The company l e f t San A n to n io on Septem ber 1 3 ,

com pleting th e n in e ty m ile march t o F ort Inge on Septem ber 1 7 .

Ingraham had spent to o much tim e In rem ote f r o n t ie r

p o sts In the Old Army, t o want t o s i t out th e war In a

backwater l ik e Fort In g e . He su b m itted h is r e s ig n a t io n

as company commander on August 2 9 , l 8 6 l , and l e f t t o

jo in Van Dorn In V ir g in ia . Command o f th e company a g a in

rev erted to Bradley who found h im s e lf th e o n ly o f f i c e r

w ith in n in ety m iles of Fort I n g e .

The f i r s t month a t F ort In ge was u n e v e n t fu l . During

th e second week o f October a r a id by h o s t i l e In d ian s

caused Bradley to send out a s c o u t in g p a r ty . B eing th e

only o f f ic e r p r e s e n t , B radley was fo r c e d t o rem ain a t

th e p o s t , but on the even ing o f O ctober 1 1 , S erg ea n t

W illiam B arrett w ith two non-com m issioned o f f i c e r s and

f i f t e e n p r iv a te s l e f t th e f o r t , ta k in g fo u r days* r a t i o n s .

They soon d iscovered th a t th e h o s t i l e s w ere headed fo r

th e Nueces R iv er . B a rrett Im m ediate ly gave c h a s e , camping

th a t n igh t on th e R io F r io .

E arly the next morning th e y s tr u c k th e t r a i l o f th e

Indians between th e R io F r io and th e Leona and co n tin u ed

to fo llo w It u n t i l dark . The p u r su it co n tin u ed on

October 13, the t r a i l now h ead ing f o r F ort Y u le e . That

lOPost R eturn, F t . In g e , T e x a s , fo r S ep tem b er, l 8 6 l , RG 109, NA.

—43"

n ig h t two mules and two p o n ies w ith arrows s t ic k in g out

o f them sta g g e r ed I n to camp and d ie d . On Monday, October 14 ,

th e p u r su it was resum ed, but the t r a i l was l o s t a f t e r

about h a l f a m i le . A fte r some back tr a c k in g , B a r r e tt

d isco v e re d th a t th e In d ian s were r e tr a c in g t h e ir s te p s

toward th e R io Grande.

The t r a i l c r o sse d back and fo r th a c r o ss B a r o sIto

Creek as th e tr o o p e r s p ressed on In a s tea d y r a i n . Ifeiny

o f th e c r o s s in g s w ere boggy , ca u sin g th e h o rses t o become

s tu c k and th e am m unition w e t . Much tim e was w asted In

p u ll in g th e an im als f r e e w ith l a r i a t s .

About su n se t th e detachm ent a r r iv e d a t a sm a ll

c le a r in g and C orporal Kaslm lr Kraus and P r iv a te s W illiam

Gibbons and P eter Gernhardt d ism ou n ted . Suddenly th e

surrounding scrub was a l i v e w ith L lpan I n d ia n s . The

tro o p ers had b lundered I n to th e In d ia n camp.

The men Im m ediately unslung th e ir c a r b in e s and t r ie d

t o put up a f i g h t , but not one In h a lf a dozen would

f i r e d e s p it e th e u se o f fou r or f i v e c a p s . The drench ing

s u ffe r e d during th e day had made the guns and am m unition

co m p le te ly u n f i t fo r a c t io n . The tro o p er s r e s o r te d t o

t h e ir s a b r e s , one o f th e few tim es In th e Am erican In d ian

wars t h i s weapon saw s e r v ic e , and th e th r e e dism ounted

men engaged In a hand t o band b a t t l e w ith th e h o s t i l e s ,

k i l l i n g s e v e r a l . The f ig h t la s t e d fo r about h a lf an hour.

- 44 -

The th ree d ism ounted men were d ead , P r iv a te George Sm ith

and four o f th e h o r se s had been wounded, and more Indians

were a r r iv in g e v e r y m inute. B a rre tt w is e ly d ec id ed t o

c a l l a r e t r e a t . In th e d esp erate encounter h is men had

k il le d about t e n In d ia n s and wounded s e v e r a l more.^^

On Tuesday m orning the b a ttered detachm ent headed

back fo r th e f o r t , a r r iv in g th e evening o f October 1 6 .

Bradley r e p o r te d b i t t e r l y th at being th e o n ly com m issioned

o f f ic e r a t t h e p o s t he was unable t o lea d a f r e s h

e x p e d it io n t o r e c o v e r the b od ies o f th e dead tro o p ers

and p ro p er ly c h a s t i s e th e In d ia n s . McCulloch r e le n te d

enough t o a s s i g n 2nd L ieutenant James P . B a l t z e l l , C. 8 .

In fa n try , t o tem porary duty w ith th e company. B a l t z e l l ,

a Texan and an i8 6 0 graduate o f th e V ir g in ia M ilita r y

I n s t i t u t e , had a lr e a d y served a cou p le o f sh o rt d e t a i l s

w ith Company A and was now to be " tem porarily" a tta ch ed

to I t fo r over a y e a r .

There was no fu r th e r major tr o u b le w ith th e In d ia n s ,

but B radley was a g a in faced w ith th e problem o f m ain ta in in g

d i s c i p l i n e . On November 13, be to sse d P r iv a te s John Meara,

B rlnton M ile s , Thomas McCarthy, M artin Monnahan and George

Wright I n to t h e guard house and forwarded c o u r t -m a r t ia l

charges t o D epartm ent headquarters In G a lv e sto n . B ra d ley 's

req u est f o r a g e n e r a l c o u r t-m a r tia l was turned down on th e

llB e p o r t o f S g t . V. B arrett t o B ra d ley , October l 6 , 1861, iffl. S e r i e s I , V o l. IV, pp . 3 3 -3 4 .

—45—

grounds th a t i t would be In ju r io u s t o the in t e r e s t s o f

th e s e r v ic e t o convene a c o u r t -m a r t ia l a t s o rem ote a

p la c e as Port In g e . I t was su g g ested th a t he convene a

g a r r is o n c o u r t -m a r t ia l . S in c e B rad ley and B a l t z e l l were

th e on ly o f f i c e r s a t th e p o st t h i s was not l e g a l l y

p o s s ib le . On December 1 3 , B rad ley req u ested th a t th e

ch arges be withdrawn s in c e th e men had a lr e a d y spent a

month in th e guard house and th ere was no llk e ly h o o d o f

a c o u r t -m a r t ia l b ein g organ ized In th e near f u t u r e .12

Near th e end o f December orders were r e c e iv e d from

M cCulloch, now commanding th e W estern D i s t r i c t o f th e

Department o f T exas, r e l i e v in g th e company from duty a t

P ort Inge and send in g I t back t o San A n to n io . A la c k o f

t r a n s p o r ta t io n d elayed th e move u n t i l th e f i r s t week o f

January 1862, but th en the company marched t o San A nton io

and a g a in occup ied I t s old q u a r ters a t San A nton io B arrack s.

W hile Company A had been I s o la te d a t I t s sm a ll o u tp o st

on th e W estern f r o n t i e r , th e war In th e E ast had been

g e t t in g In to f u l l sw in g . Van Dorn, now a major g e n e r a l,

had been ordered from V ir g in ia to j o in Major G eneral

S t e r l in g P r ic e In M isso u r i. On January 1 5 , 1862 , probably

on h is s u g g e s t io n , Ingraham was ordered by the War

12B radley t o C apt. D. C. S t l t h , November 2 2 , l 8 6 l ;Maj. Samuel Boyer D avis t o B ra d ley , December 9 and 1 2 ,I d o l , L e tte r s S e n t , Department o f T exas, Chap. I I , V o l. 1 3 5 , pp. 2 9 , 42; and B rad ley t o D a v is , December 1 3 , iB o l ,L e tte r s R ec e iv e d , Department o f T exas, RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 46 -

Department to r e tu r n to Texas, take command o f Company A,

and b rin g i t t o Van Dorn In M isso u r i.

The fo l lo w in g day Ingraham w rote t o G eneral Cooper

reg a rd in g an u n s e t t le d o b lig a t io n to th e company. " . . .

Company A, C. S . C avalry, which I e n l i s t e d and organized ,

has not to my knowledge been paid I t s back pay which was

prom ised them by me under verb a l a u th o r ity from Major

G eneral E a r l Van Dorn. They were prom ised a l l th e back

pay due them by th e U. S . Government and the ex tra pay

fo r r e -e n l ls tm e n t s In that s e r v ic e - t h e ir w hole contract

w ith th a t government In fa c t being tr a n s fe r r e d t o the

C on fed era te S t a t e s . Being under orders t o j o in my company,

I would v ery l i k e t h i s matter s e t t l e d and an order given

fo r th e payment o f th ese men p rev iou s t o t h e ir being moved

t o M isso u r i."

S e c r e ta r y o f War Judah P . Benjamin was o f the opinion

th a t he had no power to ma|̂ e any such paym ents, but i f a

com p lete sta tem en t of what was due t o the men could be

fu r n ish e d he would ask Congesss fo r p erm iss io n to pay

what had been prom ised . A pparently th e men never did get

th e money due t h e m . ^3

Ingraham reached San A ntonio from Richmond on

February 2 4 , 1 8 6 2 , and succeeded B rad ley In command of

1 3 S p e c la l Order No. 15, A. & I . G. 0 . , January 15, 1862: and Ingraham t o Cooper, January l 6 , 1862 , L etters R e c e iv e d , A. & I . G. 0 . , RG l0 9 , NA.

- 47 -

th e oonpany. The company had been moved from San A n to n io

Barracks to a camp s ix m iles out o f town on S a la d o C reek .

Ingraham found the company In good shape and w e l l armed

w ith Sharps carb ines and sa b r e s . The one th in g th a t

w orried him was th e ir u n iform s. They w ere In good

c o n d it io n , but u n fo rtu n a te ly were b lu e and he was a f r a id

th e company would be m istaken fo r Yankees th e f i r s t tim e

th ey got In to b a t t l e .

By th e tim e the company f i n a l l y s t a r t e d e a s t , th e

s i t u a t io n had changed d r a s t ic a l ly fo r th e w o r se . Van D orn 's

dreams o f reconquering M issouri bad ended In a b lo o d y

d e fe a t a t Pea Bldge In northern Arkansas and th e b a tte r e d

C onfederate army was now s tr e tc h e d a lo n g th e A rkansas

and W hite R ivers In an attem pt t o co v er L i t t l e Rock and

th e approaches t o Memphis. But I f th e s i t u a t i o n w est o f

th e M is s is s ip p i was bad, the s i t u a t io n e a s t o f th e r iv e r

was r a p id ly turn ing In to d i s a s t e r . Grant had opened th e

ro u te o f In v a sio n along the T ennessee and Cumberland

R ivers w ith the conquest o f F orts Henry and Done I s o n ,

N a sh v ille had f a l l e n and th e main C o n fed era te f i e l d army

bad su ffer ed a crushing d e fe a t a t S h i lo h . Beauregard

had f a l l e n back to Corinth In n o rth ern M is s i s s ip p i and

now sen t a f r a n t ic appeal fo r r e e n fo r c e m e n ts .

Troops from Texas for Van D orn's now v a n ish ed

m-Mustar R o ll , Company A, 1 s t C o n fed era te R egu lar C av a lry , dated February 28 , 1862 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 48 -

In v a slo n o f M laaou il began a r r iv in g In Arkanaaa dnrlng

th e f l r a t part o f A p r il . Company A was encamped on

A p r il 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , seven m iles from L evlsbnrg on th e Arkansas

B lver northw est o f L i t t l e Rock.^^ Orders now came fo r

Van Dorn t o move h is e n t ir e army e a s t o f the r iv e r by

way o f Memphis and j o in Beauregard, le a v in g behind on ly

a sm a ll co v er in g fo r c e In A rkansas. On A p r il 15 orders

were Issued fo r Ingraham t o Im m ediately proceed w ith

Company A to Memphis and rep o rt to Van Dorn fo r duty.^^

On A p r il 2 5 , Van Dorn promoted Ingraham t o major

In the P r o v is io n a l Army. A lthough t h i s was a s t a f f

appointm ent, Ingraham was I sm e d la te ly a ss ig n e d t o d u ty

commanding a tem porary c a v a lry b a t t a l io n c o n s is t in g o f

Company A and C aptain R eeve's Company o f S c o u ts . This

b a t t a l io n served d ir e c t ly under Van Dorn, and B radley

once more assumed eosimand o f Company A . ^7

Van D orn's army was not t o rem ain In Memphis lo n g .

By May 4 he bad com pleted th e movement t o C orin th and

jo in ed B eauregard. The Union p ressu re a lr ea d y was

b u ild in g up and th e s ie g e l in e s were drawing c lo s e r to

th e c i t y .

15Thls In form ation Is fou n d . I n t e r e s t in g ly enough, on a property voucher fo r a dead m ule. CM8R. 2nd L t . James P . B a l t z e l l , S t a f f F i l e , RG IO9 , SA.

l6 S p e c la l Order No. 52 , T r a n s -M iss is s ip p i D i s t r i c t , D epagtgent No. 2 , A p r il 1 5 , 1862 , g g . S e r ie s I , V o l. X II I ,

ly S p e c la l Order No. 6 5 , Army o f the W est. A p r il 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 , and R eturn, Army o f the W est, Ifey 4 , I 8 0 I , RG 109 , NA.

- 4 9 -

On May 9 , Van Dorn le d a counter a t ta c k a g a in s t th e

p o r t io n of th e U nion l i n e a t Farmington commanded by Major

G eneral John P op e. A fte r an a l l day f ig h t th e F éd éra is

w ere driven from th e to w n . A co tto n g in and b rid g e were

f i r e d and then t h e C on fed erates w ithdrew . L osses In

Van Dorn's command had b een l i g h t , but Company A had

su ffe r e d I t s f i r s t lo s s o f the war. Major Edward Ingraham

f e l l m ortally wounded a t Farmington and d ied th e n ext

d a y , deeply mourned by h is g e n e r a l . 18

A fter the e v a c u a t io n o f Corinth on May 3 0 , Company

A was perm anently a s s ig n e d as e sco r t fo r Van Dorn and f e l l

b ack w ith h is army t o P r ic e v i l l e and f i n a l l y to V icksburg,

when be was a ss ig n e d t o th e command of th e Department o f

S outhern M is s is s ip p i and E ast L ouisiana on June 2 0 , 1862 .

The company was now down t o an aggregate s tr e n g th o f 58

o f f i c e r s and m e n . 19

In September L ieu te n a n t B a l t z e l l was r e l ie v e d from

d u ty w ith the company. B efore the end o f th e year two

e n l is t e d men who had o r ig in a l ly e n l is te d In th e In fa n try

S ch o o l of P r a c t ic e and had survived the d eb acle o f the

f a l l o f New O rleans w ere tra n sferred to th e company.

B radley was a l s o promoted to ca p ta in In the P r o v is io n a l

Army In r e c o g n it io n o f h is long command o f Company A.

1É0R. S e r ie s I , V o l. 10 , Part 1 , p g . 8 0 8 .

19Return, D i s t r i c t o f the M is s is s ip p i , Ju ly 1862 ,OR. S er ie s I , V o l. X V II, Part 2 , p g . 6 6 1 , and Muster R o ll , Company A, 1 s t C o n fed era te Regular C ava lry , Ju ly 1 , 1862 , t o August 31 , 1 8 6 2 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 50-

Company A from t h i s tim e u n t i l th e end o f th e war

p a r t ic ip a te d In th e major c a v a lr y campaigns In th e W est.

With th e a s s a s s in a t io n o f Van Dorn on May 7 , I 8 6 3 , a t

Spring H i l l , T en n essee , th e company perform ed I t s l a s t

s e r v ic e fo r I t s c o lo n e l by e s c o r t in g b is body t o Colum bia,

T en n essee . The fo llo w in g e x tr a c t from th e record o f

ev en ts on th e company m uster r o l l dated June 3 0 , I 8 6 3 ,

Is t y p ic a l o f th e s e r v ic e o f the company*

May 8 , (1 8 6 3 ,) Company e sc o r te d rem ains o f G eneral Van Dorn t o Columbia; May 9 , retu rn ed t o S p r in g f ie ld . May 1 8 , a tta c h e d t o G eneral A rm strong's B rigade as E sco rt t o th e G en era l.May 2 9 , l e f t S p r in g f ie ld . May 3 0 , Marched 48 m ile s : May 3 1 , marched 22 m ile s . June 1 ,Marched 22 m ile s , camped near Lawrenceburg.June 2 , marched 20 m ile s , camped near Mount P le a s a n t . June 3 , marched 12 m ile s , camped near Colum bia. June 4 , marched 11 m i le s , camped near S p r ln g f le lo . June 5 , marched 12 m ile s , f ig h t near F r a n k lin . Jbne 6 , marched 18 m i le s , camped near S p r in g f ie ld .June 7 , l e f t camp 8 o 'c lo c k P . M., marched 8 m ile s . June 8 , l e f t camp 4 o 'c lo c k A . M., sk irm ish a t T r lu n (e ) 3 P . M. June 1 1 , sk irm ish a t T r la o n . June 1 2 , a rr iv ed a t S p r in g f ie ld 10 P . M., heavy w ea th e r . June 1 3 , camped near S p r in g f ie ld . June 2 5 , l e f t S p r in g f ie ld . June 2 6 , camped near U n lo n v l l le .June 2 7 , sk irm ish a t S h e lb e v l l l e . June 2 8 , camped near Tullahom a. June 2 9 , camped near Dehar S t a t io n . June 3 0 , camped A razona,(E ast T o n n e sse e .)20

With th e assignm ent a s e s c o r t t o B r ig a d ier G eneral

Frank C. A rm strong, Company A became a p art o f the legen d ary

c a v a lr y o f Nathan Bedford F o r r e s t . Armstrong bad commanded

^OMuster R o l l , Company A, 1 s t C on fed erate R egular C a v a lry , dated June 3 0 , I 8 6 3 , RG 1 0 9 , NA. The r o l l shows one o f f i c e r and f o r t y - s i x e n l i s t e d men.

- 51 -

a Union c a v a lr y company a t F ir s t Manassas and had th en

r e s ig n e d and b een ap poin ted a second l ie u te n a n t o f the

1 s t C on fed era te R egular C avalry. He r o s e q u ic k ly to the

rank o f b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l and In I 863 cosunanded one o f

F o r r e s t 's b r ig a d e s .2 1

Perhaps th e h a rd est b a t t le o f th e war fo r Company A

i s th e l i t t l e known b a t t l e near F r a n k lin , T en n essee , on

June 4 , l8 6 ^ f m entioned in the record o f e v e n ts above

e r r o n e o u s ly as o ccu r in g on June 5*

At 3 P . M. on th e a ftern oon o f June 4 , I 8 6 3 , the

F ir s t B r ig a d e , F ir s t C avalry D iv is io n o f th e Army o f the

Cumberland made c o n ta c t w ith p ic k e ts o f A rm strong's

B rigad e about a m ile and a h a lf e a s t o f F r a n k lin , near

th e Mur f r e e s borough Road. Armstrong a tta c k e d th e f la n k

o f th e 2nd M ichigan C avalry and In tu r n was charged by

th e 6 th Kentucky C avalry (U nion). H is tro o p s f e l l back

a c r o s s th e H arpeth R iver and then a c r o s s th e Lewlsburg

P ik e . The 2nd M ichigan then dism ounted and deployed as

sk irm ish er s a lo n g th e cen ter o f the l i n e w ith th e 4 th

K entucky C avalry (U nion) to I t s l e f t and the 9th

P en n sy lv a n ia C avalry coverin g the f la n k s .

F in a l ly th e 4 th Kentucky charged w h ile th e 2nd

M ichigan a tta ck ed th e cen ter of A rm strong's l i n e .

21G eneraIs in G rev. pp. 1 2 -1 3 , and R egular Army R e g is t e r , p g . 6 0 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 52-

Armstrong f e l l back, but th e Union tro o p e rs managed t o

tu rn h is l e f t f la n k , fo rc in g a h a sty r e t r e a t . By t h i s

tim e i t was co m p le te ly dark and In th e c o n fu s io n th e

C on fed erates were ab le t o d isen gage and make good t h e ir

w ith d ra w a l. In th e f ie r c e hand to hand f ig h t in g th e f l a g

and fou r tro o p ers o f Company A were c a p tu r e d . Arm strong

and 17 men o f Company A were b r ie f ly In th e hands o f th e

enemy, but a l l but four managed to escap e In th e d a r k . 22

On November 2 , I 8 6 3 , Bradley req u ested th a t Company

A be tr a n sfe r r e d back t o Texas b efo re th e e n l is tm e n ts o f

most o f th e men exp ired on A p r il 2 5 , 1 8 6 4 . I t was ap p aren t

th a t under th e terms of th e C onscrip t Act th e men would

be held In s e r v ic e a f te r th e e x p ir a t io n o f t h e ir e n l i s t ­

ments and they requ ested th a t In such c a s e th e y be a llo w e d

to se rv e under th e command o f G eneral E . K irby S m ith , who

as l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l o f the 1 s t C on fed erate R egu lar

C avalry had succeeded to the t i t u la r head o f th e reg im en t

on th e d ea th o f Van Dorn. Armstrong forw arded th e

a p p l ic a t io n w ith the endorsement : " D isapp roved . T h is C o.

on ly has about 28 men l e f t and Is now on d u ty a t my

Hd. Q rs. as c o u r ie r s , e t c . - R e s p e c tfu lly r e q u e s t th e Co.

may be l e f t where i t I s ." The req u est was n o t approved by

22OT, S e r ie s I , V o l. X X III, Part 1 , p p . 3 5 9 -3 6 2 . An attem pt t o determ ine th e f a t e o f th e f l a g o f Company A has been u n s u c c e s s fp i, Mshy captured C o n fed era te f l a g s forwarded t o the War Department were never I d e n t i f i e d .

- 53 -

G eneral Bragg and s o th e company remained e a s t o f th e

M is s is s ip p i fo r th e d u r a t io n .23

B r a d ley , how ever, had had enough. On May 2 , l8 6 4 ,

he req u ested a tr a n s fe r t o th e T r a n s -M is s is s ip p i D epartm ent,

The War Department agreed t o t h i s w ith th e p r o v is io n

th a t he r e s ig n h is P r o v is io n a l Army com m ission o f c a p ta in

and r e v e r t t o h is r e g u la r army rank o f second l ie u t e n a n t .

B radley com piled and f in is h e d th e war on s t a f f d u ty In

Texas a s a l i e u t e n a n t . Command o f Company A d evo lved

upon 2nd L ieu ten an t John Denys who had t e e n th e f i r s t

ser g ea n t o f th e company b e fo r e he was com m issioned In th e

r e g u la r army.2^

The rem ainder o f th e s to r y o f Company A may be

b r i e f l y t o l d . On September 2 6 , 1 8 6 4 , Armstrong rep orted

th a t out o f th e one o f f i c e r and f o r t y men o f th e company,

t h ir t y men were b a r e fo o te d . Denys d ese r te d t o th e enemy

on December 2 6 , 1864 , and to o k th e oath o f a l l e g ia n c e t o

th e U nited S t a t e s . By January 1 , 1865 , th e r e were on ly

two co rp o ra ls and tw e lv e p r iv a te s l e f t , under th e command

23B radley t o C ooper, November 2 , I 8 6 3 , from C lev e la n d , E ast T en n essee , CtSR, G apt. John B ra d ley , 1 s t C onfed erate R egular C a v a lry , RG 109• NA. There Is no record showing Elrby Sm ith b ein g promoted t o c o l o n e l , a lth o u g h by th e t e r am o f th e a c t o f March 6 , I 8 6 I , he would have succeeded t o th e rank by s e n i o r i t y .

24B radley t o C ooper, May 2 . 1 864 , from T u sc a lo o sa ,A la . B rad ley su b m itted h is r e s ig n a t io n on August 1 0 ,1 8 6 4 , from E ast P o in t , 6 a . , CMSR. C apt. John B ra d ley , 1 s t C on fed erate R egular C a v a lry , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 54 -

o f C orporal James S m ith . S h o r tly th e r e a fte r th e company

v a s co n so lid a ted w ith Company D, 2nd M is s is s ip p i C a v a lry ,

and served w ith th a t u n it u n t i l the end. On May 1 6 ,

1 8 6 5 , tw elve e n l is t e d men w ere paroled a t Columbus,

M is s is s ip p i; a l l th a t rem ained o f Company A, 1 s t C onfed erate

R egu lar C avalry .25

I t Is Im possib le t o t e l l e x a c tly what happened t o

a l l o f th e s ir ty - n ln e o f f i c e r s and men ca rr ied on the

f i r s t company muster r o l l . From the records w hich have

su rv iv e d I t appears th a t one o f f ic e r and fo u r men were

k i l l e d In a c t io n or d ie d In s e r v ic e , two men were ab sen t

as p r iso n er s of w ar, f i v e men were d isch a rg ed , one man

was tr a n s fe r r e d , tw e lv e men w ere paroled at th e end o f

th e w ar, and one o f f i c e r and e ig h teen men d eser ted or

w ere l a s t reported a b sen t w ith o u t le a v e . There I s no

f i n a l record o f s e p a r a t io n f o r fo r ty -tw o m e n . 26

25CM8R. ^nd L t . John D enys, 1 st C onfederate R egular C a v a lry ; Muster R o l l , Company A, 1 st C onfederate R egular C a v a lr y , dated January 1 , 1865; Columbus, M is s ., P a ro le R o ll No. 29; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

26CMSR. 1 st C o n fed era te Regular C avalry , RG 1 0 9 , NA. S e v e r a l men e n lis te d In Company A or were tr a n sfe r r e d t o I t subsequent to the f i r s t m uster r o l l . Most o f th e men who are not accoun ted fo r disappear from th e r o l l s a t th e time the company l e f t Texas and during th e p eriod o f th e N a sh v ille Campaign In la t e 1864.

- 55-

CHAPTER IV

LOUISIANA REGULARS

R e c r u itin g fo r th e C onfed erate reg u la r army was moat

su o c e a a fu l in th e M ia a ia s ip p i V a lle y and surrounding a r e a .

Here was ob ta in ed th e la r g e s t number o f men and here was

formed th e la r g e s t u n it o f th e re g u la r arm y, th e In fa n try

S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e .

At Baton Rouge, L o u is ia n a , were lo c a te d Baton Rouge

Barracks and Baton Rouge A r se n a l, two form er U nited S ta te s

m il i t a r y p o s t s . T heir lo c a t io n on th e M is s is s ip p i R iver

and a t a co n v en ien t d is ta n c e from th e d i s t r a c t io n s o f New

O rlea n s, made th e p la c e Id e a l fo r a g e n e r a l r e c r u it in g

d e p o t . C aptain John C. B ooth , Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , was

a ss ig n e d t o command Baton Rouge A rsen a l In March 1861 and

was a c t in g commander o f th e Baton Rouge Barracks u n t i l

th e a r r iv a l o f C aptain F ra z e r . Booth e n l i s t e d s e v e r a l

r e c r u i t s and a l s o h ired Dr.- P . M. End e r a , who en tered

In to a c o n tr a c t as a c t in g a s s i s t a n t surgeon fo r th e p ost

on A p r il 1 , l 8 6 l . ^

On A p r il 5 , l 8 6 l , C aptain John Frazer was ordered to

ta k e command o f Baton Rouge B arrack s. T his order was

ICltSB. P . M. E nders, S t a f f F i l e , RG 1 0 9 , NA. As In th e U nited S ta te s Army, a c t in g a s s i s t a n t surgeons were c i v i l i a n d o c to rs se r v in g under c o n tr a c t w ith th e army. For the purposes o f r o l l s and re tu rn s th ey w ere u s u a lly ca r r ie d as o f f i c e r s , but norm ally th e y d id n ot wear uniform and e x e r c is e d no m il i t a r y a u th o r ity .

—56—

fo llo w e d by two l e t t e r s from General Cooper o u t l in in g

F r a z e r 's d u t ie s a s su p erin ten d en t o f th e r e c r u it in g d e p o t .2

F razer was s t i l l In v o lv ed In various d u t ie s In New O rleans

and during th e f i r s t few weeks command o f th e r e c r u i t s was

e x e r c is e d by 2nd L ieu ten a n t Edward P o w e ll.3

The r e c r u it in g s t a t i o n In New O rleans was commanded

by 1 s t L ieu ten a n t C harles W. P h ife r , C a v a lry . With P h ife r

w ere S erg ea n t Leopold Waterman and P r iv a te John N. H e tz e l .

In a d d it io n , 1 s t L ieu ten a n t Edward Ingraham was In New

O rleans a t t h i s t im e , having accepted h is com m ission th e re

on A p r il 1 6 , l 8 6 l . In an apparent attem pt t o t r y t o Induce

more form er U nited S ta te s regu lars t o d e s e r t , th e steam er

S ta r o f th e West c a r r y in g th e men from Texas was d eta in ed

a t F o rt Jackson and t h ir t y - f o u r men were l e f t a t th e f o r t s

2 8 p e c la l Order No. 1 5 , A. & I . G. 0 . , A p r il 5 , l 8 6 l ; Cooper to F r a z e r , A p r il 15 and 19, l 8 6 l . L e t te r s S e n t ,A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 35 , pp. 3 5 , 5 0 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

. . , , . , >1 }RG 1 0 9 , NA| R egular Army E nlistm ent P a p ers , RG 9 4 , NA.P o w e ll , who was a New Y orker, la te r became a P r o v is io n a l Ariey major In th e Q uarterm aster Departm ent. He had been d isch a rg e d from th e U nited S ta te s Army a t S t . A u g u stin e ,F l a . , as an ordnance serg ea n t by M ilita r y S to r e Keeper F . C. Humphrys, who was so o n t o be se r v in g w ith him a t B aton R ouge. Humphrys endorsed the d isch a rg e* "The w ith in named S e r g t . has served In th e U. 8 . Army 22 y e a r s , n ea r ly th e w hole o f w h ich tim e In th e grade o f S t a f f Non-commissioned o f f r . and from the t e s t im o n ia ls which he has In h is p o sse s s io n I f in d th a t he has b een h ig h ly d is t in g u ish e d In an a c t io n in New M exico . He served through the War In M exico and was t h r ic e wounded In th e f i e l d o f a c t io n . . . . "

- 57 -

by order o f C o lo n el E arl Van Dorn. When th ey s t i l l r e fu se d

to e n l i s t In th e C onfederate s e r v ic e they were a llo w ed t o

proceed to New Orleans and presumably made t h e ir way back

to Union t e r r i t o r y .^

On A p r il 20 the War Department Issued a r e q u i s i t i o n

fo r $ 2 ,0 0 0 to run th e d e p o t . 5 Besides. P o w e ll, F razer was

a ls o a ssig n ed 1 s t L ieu tenant W illiam C. P o r te r . P o r te r ,

being sen io r In rank , succeeded Pow ell as a c t in g commander

o f the depot In th e absence of F razer. On May 10 he t e l e ­

graphed th a t he had a rrested th ree d e s e r t e r s . T hings

ap p aren tly were not going w e l l In Baton Rouge and on May 11

Frazer was ordered t o turn over h is d u tie s in New O rleans

and im m ediately take command in Baton R ouge.&

^Muster R o ll o f R ecru itin g Party s ta t io n e d a t New O rlean s, L ou isian a Muster R o lls ; Ingraham to C ooper, A p r il 1 6 , 2 2 , and 22; R e g is te r o f L etters R eceived , A. & I . G. 0 . ,Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 , p g . 9 3 i Post R eturn, F orts Jack son and S t . P h i l ip , L a ., A p r il 1Ô61; RG 109 , NA. Waterman fo r some reason was never tra n sferred to the In fan try S c h o o l, but served In th e 1 s t (S tra w b rld g e's) L ou isiana In fa n tr y and 28th M is s is s ip p i C avalry , becoming a q uarterm aster se r g e a n t b efo re he d ese r ted August l 4 , I 8 6 3 . H e tz e l e v e n tu a lly became a co rp o ra l In the 1 s t C onfederate R egular L igh t A r t i l l e r y B attery and was captured In I 8 6 3 . CMSR. RG 1 0 9 , NA.

5Frazer t o Cooper, A p r il 17, I 8 6 1 , R e g is te r o f L e t te r s R ece iv ed , Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 , pg. o7; Cooper t o F r a z e r ,A p r il 2 0 , 1 8 6 1 , L e tte r s S en t, A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I ,V o l. 3 5 , p g . 5 4 .

6S p e c la l Order No. 29 , A. & I . 0 . 0 . , A p r il 1 9 , I 8 6 I ; P orter t o Cooper, May 1 0 , 12 , and 1 2 , 1 86 I ; R e g is te r o f L e tte r s R ece iv ed , A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 . p g . 172; Cooper t o F ra zer , May 1 1 , I 86I , and Cooper t o P o r te r ,May 11 , 1 8 6 1 , L e tte r s S e n t , A. & I . G. 0 . ; Chap. I , V o l. 3 5 , pp. 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 . The d e s e r te r s apparently got I n to th e hands o f c i v i l a u th o r it ie s s in c e on May 12 P orter w rote th a t th e y had claim ed habeus corpus and reported th e d e c i s io n o f th e ju d ge. U n fortu n ately th e se l e t t e r s have not been fo u n d .

— 58“

The r e c r u it s a t Baton Rouge were soon numerous enough

to be d iv id ed In to fo u r com panies. A d d it io n a l reg u la r

l ie u te n a n ts were a ss ig n e d to th e depot to d r i l l th e man.

D is c ip l in e s t i l l remained a problem , and on May 31 Frazer

rep orted to the War Department th a t P r iv a te M. K elly had

been k i l le d w h ile r e s i s t i n g th e co r p o r a l of th e guard .

R ec ru itin g was a l s o b eg in n in g t o drop o f f . C aptain Taylor

rep orted from N a sh v ille on May 30 th a t r e c r u it s were

u n w illin g to go t o Baton Rouge Barracks and asked p er­

m iss io n to e s t a b l i s h a camp o f I n s tr u c t io n under h is

command. A pparently no a c t io n was taken on t h is r e q u e s t .?

Events q u ick ly brought changes to the In fa n try S c h o o l.

O r ig in a lly modeled on th e U nited S ta te s Army system d e v e l­

oped a t th e A r t i l l e r y S ch o o l a t Port Monroe, V ir g in ia , th e

C onfed erate In fa n try S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e was on ly allow ed

tim e enough t o g et th e men organ ized In to com p an les,

equipped w ith th e minimum, and undergo th e b a res t o f t r a in ­

in g b e fo re th e troop s were ordered t o a c t iv e d u ty . New

O rleans was th e la r g e s t c i t y In th e C onfederacy and I t s

most Im portant p o r t . In th e summer o f l 8 6 l th e c i t y was

v ir t u a l ly undefended and o ffe r e d a p r iz e w hich th e Union

could not lon g r e s i s t .8

" TFTazer to Cooper, May 3 1 , l 8 6 l ; Taylor t o Cooper,May 3 0 , l 8 6 l ; R e g is te r o f L e tte r s R ece iv ed , A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 , pp. 2 2 4 , 7 0 .

8Por a d e ta ile d account o f c o n d it io n s In New O rleans and ev en ts le a d in g up t o I t s cap ture se e C harles L.D ufour, The Night th e War Was L ost (Garden C ity , N. Y .: Doubleday & C o ., I n c . , I 9 6 0 ) .

- 59-

F r a z e r , a West Pointer whose a m b itio n s were b igger

th a n t r a in in g r e c r u i t s , accep ted a com m ission as l ie u te n a n t

c o lo n e l o f th e 8 th Alabama In fa n tr y on June 17 , l 8 6 l , and

l e f t Baton R ouge. He was su cceeded In command by C aptain

A lfr e d Mouton. Mouton's c o n n ec tio n w ith the In fan try

S c h o o l was t o be b r ie f , but he was t o se r v e w ith r e g u la r

tro o p s u n t i l h is death at S ab in e C ross Roads, L o u isia n a ,

on A p r il 8 , 1 8 6 4 . _

On June 19 Mouton reported th a t he had 417 r e c r u it s

under h is command. He req u ested a d d it io n a l o f f ic e r s and

asked f o r I n s t r u c t io n s . Major G en era l David Twiggs,

commander o f Department No. 1 , was d e s p e r a te ly search in g

fo r saen t o man th e defenses o f New O r le a n s . Most o f th e

tro o p s In th e G ulf s ta te s had become t i e d down In the

s i e g e o f F ort P ickens a t P e n sa c o la , F lo r id a . Cooper

a u th o r iz e d him on Jbne 20 to make u se o f th e r e c r u it s a t

B aton R ou ge .9

Mouton le d 304 r e c r u its t o New O rleans on Ju ly 4 ,

P o w e ll ta k in g command of th o se rem ain in g fo r the time a t

B aton R ouge. Mouton'a detachment was d iv id ed between New

O rlean s B arracks and Fort P ik e , L o u is ia n a , which guarded

th e e a s te r n approach to New O r le a n s . At the end o f Ju ly

th e p o s t r e tu r n s showed that C om panies, A , B, C, and D a t

9Mouton t o Cooper, June 1 9 , l 8 6 l . R eg is te r of L e tte r s R e c e iv e d , A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 4 5 , pg. 285; B . H. C h ilto n t o T w iggs, June 20, l 8 6 l . L e t te r s S en t, A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V o l. 3 5 , pg. 207; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

“ 60—

New O rleans had an a g g re g a te s tr e n g th o f 6 7 , 6 7 , 6 4 , and

74 men r e s p e c t i v e l y . The new ly formed Company E a t P ort

P ike had a n a g g r e g a te s tr e n g th o f 77*^^

Mouton r e s ig n e d from th e r e g u la r army on J u ly 1 6 ,

1 8 6 1 , becom ing c o lo n e l o f th e l 8 th L o u is ia n a In fa n tr y and

e v e n tu a lly a b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l . P r o m t h i s d a te th e

In fa n try S c h o o l cea sed t o fu n c t io n as a b a t t a l io n and I t s

companies w ere d e s ig n a te d sim p ly a s "C. 8 . R e c r u it s ."

A lthough no o f f i c e r was g iv e n command o f th e b a t t a l io n ,

th e dominant f ig u r e s a p p a r en tly w ere 2nd L ieu ten a n ts J . K.

Dixon and O liv er J . Sommes a t New O rleans and 2nd L ieu ten a n t

George H. F ro st a t F ort P i k e . 12

P o w e ll's detachm ent a t Baton Rouge o r i g in a l ly c o n s is te d

lO P ost R e tu r n s , B aton Rouge B a rra ck s, J u ly I 8 6 I , and July 4 . I 8 6 I ; New O rleans B a rra ck s, J u ly I 8 6 I ; P ort P ik e , Ju ly I 0 6 I ; EG 1 0 9 , HA. The s p e c ia l r e tu r n fo r Baton Rouge B arracks o f J u ly 4 shows 304 men se n t t o New O rleans w h ile th e r e g u la r p o s t r e tu r n f o r J u ly shows 292 men and th e New O rleans B arracks r e tu r n shows 295 men a r r iv e d Ju ly 6 . S in c e P o w e ll Is shown t o have aooompanled th e detachm ent. I t Is p o s s ib le th e o th er men retu rn ed w ith him to Baton Rouge on J u ly 1 1 .

l lR e g u la r Army R e g is t e r , p g . 1 2 7 , RG 1 0 9 , NA: G enerals In Gray, p p . 222-223# The rea so n f o r h is r e s ig n a t io n from ^ e r e g u la r army I s o b scu re .

12P ost R e tu r n s , New O rleans B a rra ck s, J u ly I 8 6 I and August 1 8 6 1 , F ort P ik e , J u ly I 8 6 I . O f f ic e r s w ere a ss ig n e d t o th e com panies a t New O rleans per S p e c ia l Order No. 4 4 , Department No. 1 , J u ly 1 7 , I 8 6 I . Company S was org a n ized and s o d e s lg n a te a per S p e c ia l Order No. 4 7 , Department No. 1 , J u ly 2 3 , 1 8 6 I , F ro st and 2nd L t . L u ciu s D. Sandldge were a ss ig n e d t o d u ty w ith th e company per S p e c ia l Order No. 4 0 , Department No. 1 , J u ly 1 3 , 1 8 6 I ; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

—6 1 “

o f one o f f i c e r and f i f t y - f o u r e n l i s t e d men, but presum ably

s in c e I t was on ly t o be tem p o r a r ily detached from th e

b a t t a l io n I t was not g iv e n a se p a r a te company des Ignat Io n . ̂ 3

Included In t h i s detachm ent, a lth o u g h a ls o mustered

s e p a r a te ly , was th e Baton Bouge h o s p ita l d e t a i l . Sergeant

L ouis L apoin te o f Company C had been d eta iled as a c t in g

h o s p i ta l stew ard In th e h o s p i t a l on May 1, l 8 6 l , and

con tin u ed t h i s assign m en t u n t i l th e evacuation o f Baton

Rouge In May 1 8 6 2 . P o w ell and h is detachment w ere ordered

t o J o in th e b a t t a l io n In New O rleans on September 2 3 ,

le a v in g a se rg ea n t and s i x p r iv a te s behind In charge o f

Baton Rouge B a rra ck s.1^

C apta in F re d e r ick C. Humphrys, M ilitary S to re Keeper

o f Ordnance, had been ordered t o ta k e command o f Baton

Rouge A rsen a l on October 8 and fo r a few days a l s o commanded

th e reg u la r detachm ent a t Baton Rouge Barracks. He was

succeeded In command o f the barracks by L ieutenant J . H.

S t 1 t h . H u m p h r y ' s f i r s t d u ty a f t e r taking over Baton

Rouge A rsen a l was t o o rg a n ize an Ordnance detachm ent.

13Muster R o l l , P o w e ll's Detachm ent, In fantry S ch oo l o f P r a c t ic e , August 3 1 , l 8 6 l ; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

l4 F le ld Report o f Detachment o f R ecru its , In fa n try S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , September 2 3 , l8 6 l ; Master R o lls o f Stew ard , W ardmaster, C ooks, N u rses , e t c . . In H o sp ita l a t Baton Rouge, L a . , f i l e d w ith L ou isiana Master R o lls ; RG 1 0 9 , NA. The l a s t m uster r o l l o f the In fantry S ch oo l detachm ent a t Baton Rouge Barracks Is dated May 1 , 1862 .

l^M uster R o ll o f Detachment o f R ecru its , October 31 and December 3 1 , l 8 6 l ; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 62-

Under the p r o v is io n s o f th e a o t o f March 6 , 1 8 6 I , th e

P resid en t was a u th o r ized to e n l i s t not more than a t o t a l

of 100 m aster arm orers, m aster carr lage-m ak ers, m aster

b la ck sm ith s, arm orers, c a r r ia g e makers, b la ck sm ith s ,

a r t i f i c e r s , and la b o r e r s fo r Ordnance duty to be a tta c h e d

t o the Corps o f A r t i l l e r y . As had been th e ca se In the

United S ta te s Army, th e s e Ordnance mechanics were r e g u la r ly

e n lis te d In to th e army in th e same manner as l in e e n l i s t e d

men. They d id n o t r e c e iv e ord inary m ilita r y rank , but

were ca r r ied on th e m uster r o l l s w ith the d e s ig n a t io n s

enumerated In th e a c t .

During th e f i r s t week o f December Humphrys e n l i s t e d

ten men In th e Baton Bouge A rsen a l Ordnance D etachm ent.

On January 2 3 , 1 8 6 2 , P r iv a te George Woodruff o f th e

In fan try S ch o o l detachm ent a t Baton Rouge Barracks was

d e ta ile d t o th e Ordnance Detachm ent. This detachment

co n s is te d o f one b la ck sm ith , th ree carrlage-m ak ers, two

a r t i f i c e r s , and f i v e la b o r e r s .^6 The detachment abandoned

Baton Rouge A rsen a l b e fo r e th e f a l l of th a t c i t y May 8 ,

1 8 6 2 , a f t e r w hich th e r e Is no record o f most o f th e men

or o f th o se b e lo n g in g to the In fa n try S ch oo l d etachm ent.

During t h is p er io d one smin was d ischarged and Ihree w ere

d e ta ile d t o r e p o r t t o C aptain Richard Lambert, th e

M ilita ry S tore Keeper a t L ou isian a A rsenal In New O r lea n s .

I b S ta tu t i? . Chap. XXIX, S e c t io n 23; Humphrys to Cooper, January 7 , I 0 6 I , CMSR. S t a f f F i le ; CMSR, L o u is ia n a Ordnance Detachment ; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 63 -

Two o f th e se men were a ttach ed t o Company A, 1 s t L ou isian a

Heavy A r t i l l e r y , and continued to serv e w ith th a t u n it

a f t e r New O rleans f e l l . l ?

Men from the reg u la r companies in New Orleans were

d e ta i le d t o duty on th e steam ers Arrow on Ju ly 25 and

Oregon on Ju ly 2 7 , 1861*^8 These were among th e l i t t l e

sh ip s w hich c o n tr o lle d M is s is s ip p i Sound and kept open

com m unications w ith Ship Is la n d and M obile. Commanded by

C onfed erate Navy o f f i c e r s , th ey a l s o ca rr ied C onfederate

M arines and Army p erson n el to man th e guns and form

lan d in g p a r t i e s . C aptain Edward H ig g in s , 1 s t L ou isiana

Heavy A r t i l l e r y , had a lrea d y used t h i s m otley c o l l e c t io n

t o s e i z e th e Important u n fin ish ed f o r t a t S h ip I s l a n d . ^ 9

Work on F ort Twiggs a t Ship Isla n d was under th e

d ir e c t io n o f Major M artin L. S m ith , Corps o f E n g in eers .

The s a i l o r s and m arines o r ig in a l ly landed by C aptain

H iggin s had been rep laced by fo u r companies o f th e 4 th

1 7 I b ld . and CMSR. 1 s t L ou isian a Heavy A r t i l l e r y , fo r John A. Dunn and Matthew Murray, RG 109 , NA.

iS S p e c la l Orders No. 49 and 51 , Department No. 1 ,Ju ly 25 and 2 7 , l 8 6 l . The Muster R o l l s , In fa n try S ch ool o f P r a c t ic e , In d ic a te w hich men were d e ta i le d fo r duty on th e s h ip s , but do not g iv e ex a c t d a te s or any I n fo r ­m ation about t h e ir d u t ie s . RG 109, NA.

19Inform âtio n about th e s e iz u r e of Ship Isla n d can be found In D ufour, op . c l t . . pp. 4 8 -5 4 . See a l s o O f f i c i a l Records o f the Onion and C onfederate N avies In th e War o f th e R e b e llio n (W ashington: Government P r in t in gO f f ic e , ÏH9 4 - I 9 2 2 ) , 26 v o l s . , (h e r e a fte r c i t e d as CBN) . S e r ie s I , V o l. XVI, pp. 580-583#

—64—

L ou isian a I n fa n tr y . These were new tr o o p s and knew

n oth in g about h a n d lin g th e heavy guns which Sm ith was

mounting In th e f o r t . C olonel Johnson K. Duncan was sent

to S h ip I s la n d on September 3 to In sp e c t th e f o r t i f i c a t io n s

and t h e ir g a r r is o n . With him went fo u r o f f i c e r s of the

1 st L o u is ia n a Heavy A r t i l l e r y to I n s tr u c t th e Infantrymen

In th e h a n d lin g o f b ig guns. Duncan was not p leased by

much be saw on S h ip I s la n d , but he r e p o r te d , "The two

detachm ents o f r e g u la r s are more th an s u f f i c i e n t to man

a l l o f the guns and a ffo r d the n ecessa ry r e l i e f s . ...T h e

re g u la r d etachm ents th e r e are In command o f L ieu tenants

Sommes and B a rn es , from West P o in t, and a s th ey requested

p erm iss io n t o d r i l l t h e ir own companies a t th e heavy guns

I o f c o u rse gran ted I t , th e se o f f ic e r s b e in g f u l l y

com petent t o th e t a s k . These two o ompanles a lo n e can

fu r n is h a l l th e n e c e s sa r y r e l i e f s and gun detachm ents

to man and f i g h t th e b a tte r y at any t im e .

The r e g u la r s r e fe r r e d to by C o lo n e l Duncan were

Companies B and D. When they were tr a n s fe r r e d to Ship

Islan d Is unknown, but they are shown as b e in g present

a t New O rleans B arracks on the August p e s t r e tu r n . Their

sta y on S h ip I s la n d was b r ie f . The n ig h t o f September 16

the C o n fed era tes abandoned the I s la n d ; th e g a r r iso n , guns,

and equipm ent b e in g withdrawn on th e Oregon among other

20Duncan t o 2nd L t . J . C. D evereux, A . A. A . 6 . , September 9 , l 8 6 l , S e r ie s I , V o l. V I, pp . 733-734.

—65—

s h ip s . The two r e g u la r com panies te m p o r a r ily re tu rn ed

to New Orleans B arracks and Sommes ' Company B v a s

d e ta ile d t o guard th e p r is o n e r s o f war In th e P a r ish P r i s o n . 2 1

On October 3 th e In fa n tr y S ch o o l b a t t a l io n was r e ­

organ ized . Companies A and B w ere c o n s o lid a te d In to a

new Company A and Companies C and D w ere c o n s o lid a te d In to

a new Company C. Company E rem ained a t F ort P ik e . Company

A was then a tta c h e d t o a l i g h t a r t i l l e r y b a tte r y b ein g

formed In New O r lea n s , le a v in g th e p o st fo r I t s new

assignm ent on O ctober 2 0 . On O ctober 6 , under th e command

of L ieutenant D ixon , Company C had l e f t t o j o in th e

g a rr iso n of P ort J a c k s o n . 22

D ixon 's command o r i g in a l l y c o n s is te d o f 104 o f f i c e r s

and men. During November t e n men were tr a n s fe r r e d t o th e

l ig h t a r t i l l e r y b a t te r y and fo r ty -o n e more r e c r u i t s were

tra n sferred t o Company C from New O rleans B a r r a c k s .2 3

During December th e company was a ss ig n e d t o form p art o f

the g a rr iso n o f F ort S t . P h i l i p . F ort S t . P h i l ip was about

700 yards h igh er up th e M is s i s s ip p i and on th e o p p o s ite

bank from Fort J a ck so n . The f o r t was an Ir r e g u la r

21Duncan t o D evereux, S e p t . 1 7 , l 8 6 l , S e r ie s I ,V o l. L I II , p g . 741; S p e c ia l Orders No. 80 & 9 9 , Department No. 1 , S e p t. 2 and 2 4 , l 8 6 l , RQ 1 0 9 , NA.

22Post R etu rn , New O rleans B a rra ck s, O ct. l 8 6 l ; S p e c ia l Order No. 107 , Department No. 1 , O ctober 4 , l 8 6 l , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

23Post R etu rn , F o rts Jack son and S t . P h i l i p , Nov. I 8 6 l ; S p e c ia l Order No. 2 8 , Departm ent No. 1 , Nov. 1 8 , l 8 6 l ;RG 109, NA.

- 66-

q u a d r i la te r a l m easuring about 1 5 0 by 1 0 0 y a rd s, and mount­

in g tw enty heavy guns b earin g on th e c h a n n e l. Two e x te r n a l

b a t t e r ie s near th e f o r t mounted f i f t y - t w o more guns .2 4

O r ig in a lly 2nd L ieu ten a n t Joseph D. Mayes was the

on ly o f f i c e r b e s id e s D ixon se r v in g w ith Company C. He

was tr a n s fe r r e d t o th e l i g h t a r t i l l e r y b a tte r y on March 2 2 ,

1 8 6 2 , and 2nd L ieu ten a n t Henry L . Blow took h is p lace a t

P ort S t . P h i l ip . On March 10 th e 22nd L ou isiana In fa n try

was organ ized from unattached com panies a t the f o r t s .

To com p lete t h i s r e g im en t Company C was a ttach ed to se rv e

as Company K, 22nd L o u is ia n a I n fa n tr y , but I t re ta in ed

I t s I d e n t i ty as a r e g u la r u n it and was mustered s e p a r a te ly .

The lon g aw aited a t ta c k on the f o r t s began the

morning o f A p r il 1 9 , when Commander David Dixon P o r te r 's

m ortar squadron opened f i r e . The m ortar f i r e was d ir e c te d

alm ost e x c lu s iv e ly a g a in s t F ort J ack son . The guns a t P ort

S t . P h i l ip attem p ted t o r e p ly to th e Union f i r e , but were

t o o fa r upstream to have much e f f e c t . On A p r il 22 about

100 men w ere ordered by Duncan from th e g a rr iso n o f F ort

S t . P h i l ip t o man th e guns o f th e u n fin ish e d Ironclad

24D ufour. o u . c i t . , pp . 2 2 0 -2 2 1 . The capture o f th e f o r t s la f u l l y d e sc r ib e e In t h i s book and many other p u b lish ed s o u r c e s . Only th e p art p layed by Company C w i l l be d escr ib ed h e r e .

25Poat R etu rn s , F o rts Jackson and S t . P h i l ip , March 1862; S p e c ia l Order No. 6 0 , Department No. 1 , March 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 , f o r a ssig n m en t o f o f f i c e r s ; G eneral Order No. 8 , Department No. 1 , March 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 1 RQ 1 0 9 , NA. The 22nd L o u isia n a In fa n tr y was su b seq u e n tly red esig n a ted as th e 2 1 s t (P a t to n 's ) L o u is ia n a In fa n tr y and th e records a re s o f i l e d .

- 67 -

L ottla lan a . Most o f th e s e a p p a ren tly were men of Company C

under th e command o f L ieu ten a n t D ix o n .26

In the darkness o f e a r ly morning on A p r il 24 the

U nion f l e e t f i n a l l y began I t s attem pt t o run th e f o r t s .

The guns o f Fort S t . P h i l ip f ir e d fu r io u s ly a t th e enemy,

b ut some co n fu s io n a r o se In th e upper water b a tte r y .

C ap ta in M. T . S q u ir e s , commanding th e f o r t , exp la in ed th a t

th e guns o r ig in a l ly had been manned by Company C which was

f u l l y prepared to work th e b a t t e r y , but when th ey had been

withdrawn fo r duty on th e L o u isia n a Inexperienced men had

b een d e ta ile d t o th e g u n s . The took only a

sm a ll part In th e a c t io n and the r e g u la r s were returned

t o F ort S t . P h i l ip th a t e v e n in g . By then I t was to o l a t e .2 7

A fter th e Union f l e e t had passed th e f o r t s th e

C onfed erate g a r r iso n s w ere h o p e le s s ly out o f f . D ixon

accompanied C aptain S q u ire s t o a con feren ce a t Fort Jackson

on A p r il 2 8 . They rep o r ted th a t under the c lrcu sista n eesA

th e r e was no c h o ic e but t o su rren d er . C a su a ltie s In th e

f o r t s during th e engagement were su r p r is in g ly l i g h t , but

a mutiny by most o f th e g a r r is o n o f Fort Jackson on A p r il 27

made fu rth er r e s i s t a n c e h o p e le s s . The tro o p s a t Fort S t .

2éReport o f C ap t. M. T . S q u ir e s , A p r il 2 7 , 1862, Og, S e r ie s I , V o l. V I, p g . 551»

27 Ib ld . . pp . 551 -552; Report o f Commander John K. M itc h e l l , August 1 9 , 1862 , ( CRN. S e r ie s I , V o l. X V III, p p . 2 9 2 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 ) and G eneral Order No. 1 , C. 8 . S . L o u is ia n a , A p r il 2 5 , 1 862 .

- 68-

P h l l lp had not y e t m u tin ied , hut S q u ires f e l t th a t con­

s id e r in g th e c o n d it io n s a t Fort Jackson , h is men cou ld not

be t r u s te d . Duncan swallowed h is h u m ilia t io n and surrendered

th e fo r t s to P o r te r .2®

The behavior o f Company C fo llo w in g th e surrender was

d is g r a c e f u l , but not u n iq u e. New O rleans was th e most

cosm op olitan c i t y o f th e S ou th . A la r g e p ro p o rtio n o f th e

m in t la and th e few v o lu n teer u n its which defended th e c i t y

were composed o f s o ld ie r s of fo r e ig n b ir t h . There bad been

tr o u b le w ith th o s e fo r e ig n troop s In February when I t was

rumored th a t th ey would be se n t In to C onfed erate s e r v ic e

o u ts id e th e c i t y . These u n its w i l l i n g l y fou gh t to defend

New O rlean s, but once th e c i t y had f a l l e n th ey no longer

f e l t any attachm ent to th e cau se o f th e C onfed eracy . The

reg u la r troop s o f th e In fa n try S ch oo l of P r a c t ic e were

l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t from th e se L ou isian a u n i t s . A lthough th ey

had been r e c r u ite d from a much la r g er a r e a , th e percen tage

o f fo r e ig n born was very high* A v a ila b le record s show th a t

4 7 .2 # o f th e In fa n try S ch oo l r e c r u it s were fo r e ig n born.

A c tu a lly th e f ig u r e Is probably w e l l over 50# , but th e la c k

o f en lis tm e n t papers fo r a l l r e c r u it s makes I t Im p ossib le t o

g iv e an ex a c t f i g u r e .29

28Repert o f B r ig . Gen. J . K. Duncan, Apr. 3 0 , 1862, OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. V I, pp. 5 3 1 -5 3 2 .

in fa n tr y s c h o o l or p r a c t ic e were cosm utec from in fo r ­m ation In th e CMSR. In fa n try S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e . & e n lis tm e n t papers s c a tte r e d in th e " U n fllea b le F i l e ," RG 109 , NA. A c tu a lly th e number o f e n lis tm e n t p a p ers, which c o n ta in such In form ation as p la ce o f b ir t h , a g e , d e s c r ip t io n , and o cc u p a tio n , are much higher fo r th e r e g u la r s than fo r the C onfederate Army as a w h o le . For a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e g a r r is o n o f F t . S t . P h i l ip se e George Ç. H arding, W r ltln g g p tf fiflfligftg ^ Hg rd ln e ( I n d ia n a p o l is : C a n o n ft H o llen b eck , ibSZ J, pp.

- 69 -

G eneral Duncan summed up the s i t u a t io n fo llo w in g the

f a l l o f th e c i t y when he w rote from New O rleans on May 13,

" . . . I en d ea v o red , t o th e b est o f my a b i l i t y , t o se e that

they ( th e g a r r is o n s ) w ere properly cared fo r u n t i l such

tim e as th e y co u ld be se n t out of tow n. . . .N o t w ithstan d in g

th a t th ey w ere th u s amply provided f o r , s c o r e s o f them

have been d a l ly g o in g over t o th e enemy and e n l i s t in g s in c e ,

u n t i l now th e r e a r e but a very few l e f t from e i t h e r fo r t

not In th e ranks o f th e enemy. A lthough I r e a l l y did th ink

a t the tim e o f th e su rren der th a t some few o f th e men were

lo y a l , th e f a c t s w hich have s in ce come t o l i g h t have per­

f e c t ly s a t i s f i e d me th a t n early every man In b oth fo r ts

was th o ro u g h ly Im p lica ted and concerned In th e r e v o lt on

the n ig h t o f A p r i l 2 7 . . .." 3 ®

With th e e x c e p t io n o f the men In th e l i g h t a r t i l l e r y

b a tte r y , o n ly t e n o th er men from the In fa n tr y S ch o o l who

were In New O rleans or a t the fo r ts ev er r e jo in e d the

C onfederate Army. P r iv a te s James Finn and F red er ick Greves

had been s e r v in g on detached duty as o r d e r l ie s a t Department

H eadquarters and w ith B rig a d ier G eneral M artin L. Smith,

r e s p e c t iv e ly . S erg ea n t C ornelius O'Leary had been on extra

duty In th e Q uarterm aster Department w ith C ap ta in Edward

P ow ell. These th r e e went w ith Department H eadquarters when

3 0 B r lg . Gan. J . K. Duncan t o Ma j . J . G. P ic k e t t , A. A. G ., May 1 3 , 1 8 6 2 , S e r ie s I , V o l. V I, p g . 535.

- 70 -

i t re trea ted to Jacks on , M i s s i s s ip p i . I t i s in t e r e s t in g t o

note th a t Greves i s found as l a t e a s November 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , in

A thens, G eorgia , se r v in g on d etach ed duty from Company C,

C. 8 . R e c r u its . 31

P r iv a te F r e d e r ic k H eine i s th e o n ly man from th e f o r t s

found t o have r e jo in e d th e C o n fe d e r a te s . A fte r th e su rren d er

he vas taken w ith th e g a r r is o n t o New O rleans and p a r o le d .

He reported fo r d u ty In May and was s e r v in g a t Jackson In

June. S t i l l b e in g on p a r o le , he was se n t t o Camp L ee ,

V ir g in ia , u n t i l exch an ged . A fte r h is exchange he became

f i r s t sergean t o f Company B, Camp Lee Guard. On June 2 ,

1864, be req u ested h is d isc h a r g e s in c e h is e n lis tm e n t was

up. This caused some head s c r a tc h in g a t h ea d q u a r ter s , but

I t was f i n a l l y determ ined th a t he had e n l i s t e d fo r th r e e

years as a r e g u la r and n ot b e in g a c i t i z e n cou ld not be h eld

In s e r v ic e . S erg ea n t H eine was d isch a rg ed on August 2 6 ,

1864, probably th e l a s t man o f Company C s t i l l In s e r v i c e . 32

Only n in e men o f Company C have been I d e n t i f ie d as

having subsequent s e r v ic e In th e U nited S ta te s Army. The

t o t a l who e n l i s t e d In th e U nion fo r c e s I s u ndoubted ly much

la r g e r , but th e h a b it o f g iv in g f a l s e names makes

31CMSR. In fa n tr y S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , vouchers and en lis tm en ts In " U n flle a b le F i l e ," and R e c e ip t R o l l No.2Q4, RG 1 0 9 , NA. There i s no reco rd o f F inn a f t e r June 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 , and fo r Graves a f t e r Nov. 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 . O 'Leary was discharged on August 2 1 , 1 8 6 2 .

321s t S e r g t . F . H eine t o Maj. T . G. P e y to n , June 2 , 1864, CMSR. C o n s c r ip ts , Camp L e e , V a . ; S p e c ia l Order No. 202, A. A I . G. 0 . , August 2 6 , 1Ô64, RG 1 0 9 , NA. H eine was a German.

- 71 -

I d e n t l f lc a t lo t t im p o s s ib le . The subsequent s e r v ic e of two

o f th e s e men throws a l i t t l e l i g h t on th e ty p e of man

who made up Company C. Edmond Downing had e n lis te d in

184-9 In th e 3rd U nited S ta te s In fa n try and r o s e t o th e

rank o f s e r g e a n t . He e n l is t e d In Company C, Infantry

S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , and was a serg ea n t a t th e tim e of

th e su rren d er . He th e n d ese r ted and jo in ed th e 9th

C o n n ecticu t In fa n tr y , b ein g com m issioned a second lie u ten a n t

In 1865 , and was honorably m ustered out o f s e r v ic e a t the

end o f th e w a r .33

W illiam C. T u lly has probably one o f th e stran gest

m ilit a r y r e c o r d s . He e n l is t e d In 1854 In th e 1 st United

S ta te s A r t i l l e r y ; was co u r t-m a r tia led and sentenced to

be sh o t; escaped and e n l i s t e d In th e C onfederate regular

army; a p p a ren tly d eser ted In 1861; jo in ed th e United

S ta t e s Navy In 1862; jo in ed th e 198th Ohio In fantry In

1865 and was m ustered ou t; e n l i s t e d In th e 8 th United

S ta te s In fa n try In 1865 and was reco g n ized as a d eserter

from th e 1 s t A r t i l l e r y ; escaped and jo in ed th e 3rd United

S ta t e s C avalry In 1866; e n l is t e d In the 35th United S ta te s

In fa n tr y In 1869 from w hich he d e se r te d ; was recaptured

and a g a in r e c o g n iz e d , but r e c e iv e d a P r e s id e n t ia l pardon;

e n l i s t e d In th e l8 th U nited S ta te s In fa n try In I 870 from

33Begnlar Army E n listm en t R e g is te r s and Papers, RG 94; CRBR. In fa n try S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , RG 109; CMSR.9 th C on n ecticu t I n fa n tr y , RG 94; NA. Downing died In C on n ecticu t s h o r t ly a f t e r th e regim ent retu rn ed home to be mustered o u t .

- 72 -

v h lc h he was d ischarged b ecau se o f s y p h i l i s and Intem perate

h a b it s ; and e n l is t e d In th e U nited S ta te s Marine Corps In

1 8 7 1 , and Is la s t rep o rted a s a d e s e r te r In 1873

On January 1 , 1862 , s e v e n t y - s ix men o f Company E had

b een a ss ig n e d to form Company I , 1 s t L o u isia n a Heavy

A r t i l l e r y , which had never com pleted I t s o r g a n iz a tio n .

L ie u te n a n t F rost and a detachm ent o f fo u r te e n regu lars

rem ained a t th e p o s t . On March 2 t h i s detachm ent was

a l s o broken up, th e men b ein g a tta ch ed to Companies A

and H, 1 s t L ouisiana Heavy A r t i l l e r y , a t F ort Jackson where

th e y w are captured on A p r il 2 8 .3 5

F o rt Pike had not been a t ta c k e d , but w ith the f a l l

o f New O rleans th e re was no lo n g er any re a so n to hold th e

p o s i t i o n . The f o r t was abandoned A p r il 25 and Company I

marched t o Camp Moore, L o u is ia n a , north o f Lake P o n tch a r tra in .

Twenty men d eserted from th e company as I t passed through

New O r lea n s . From Camp Moore th e company jo ined the

34cmSB- In fa n tr y S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , and " U n fllea b le F i l e , " BG 109; Regular Army E n lis tm en t R e g is te r s & Papers;F i l e lKALZ-3287 - 6 5 , E n lis te d Branch, RG 9 4 , NA. There i s a l e t t e r in th e E n lis te d Branch f i l e from T u lly to Senator Henry W ilson dated June 1 , I 8 6 9 , w hich g iv e s h is s id e o f t h i s p e c u lia r s t o r y . T u lly p o in te d ly avoided m entioning h is C onfed erate s e r v ic e . In f a c t d e c la r in g th a t he had a c te d a s a Union spy w h ile amtklng h is way from New Orleans t o Memphis.

35 P o st R eturns, Fort P ik e , January and March 1862% S p e c ia l Order No. 4 5 , Department No. 1 , February 2 7 , 1862;RG 1 0 9 , NA. The o f f i c e r s o f t h e new Company I were a l l L o u is ia n a v o lu n te e r s , ^ ÿ ÿ o st e v e n tu a lly re ce iv ed th e tem porary regu lar rank o f c a p ta in and was serv in g as a s s i s t a n t in sp ec to r g en era l o f B r ig . Gen. Frank C. A rm strong's b r ig a d e and so w ith Company A, 1 s t C onfed erate Regular C a v a lr y , a t the end o f t be w ar.

- 73 -

fragm ents o f th e New O rleans fo r c e s in M is s i s s ip p i ,

e v e n tu a lly b ein g a ss ig n ed t o V icksburg* To r e p la c e c a s u a l­

t i e s th e company p e r io d ic a l ly r e c e iv e d L o u isia n a c o n s c r ip t s .

The company was captured a t V icksburg on Ju ly 1 8 6 3 , a t

w hich tim e se v e n te e n more men d eserted * A fte r i t s exchan ge,

th e company was a ss ig n e d t o th e d e fe n se s o f M ob ile . When

M obile was abandoned in A p r il 1865 , f i v e more r e g u la r s

d e s e r te d . The l a s t remnant o f old Company E, In fa n try

S ch o o l o f P r a c t ic e , te n men, was surrendered Hay iM-, 1865 ,

a t M erid ian , M is s i s s ip p i . Company E had seen fo u r years

o f hard s e r v ic e . I t l e s t t h ir t e e n men dead , f i f t y - t h r e e

by d e s e r t io n , sev en by d is c h a r g e , and t h ir t e e n by t r a n s f e r .

Two o f th e dead had been k i l l e d in a c t io n and tw o o f th e

men tr a n s fe r r e d were a ss ig n e d t o Company A, 1 s t C onfederate

Regular C a v a lr y .3^

Companies A and B, In fa n try S ch ool of P r a c t ic e , were

c o n so lid a te d in to a new Company A on October 3 , I 8 6 I , a t

New O rleans B a rra ck s. This company was a tta ch ed to a

l i g h t a r t i l l e r y b a tte r y on October 1 6 .3 ? C aptain Edward

H ig g in s , 1 s t L o u isia n a Heavy A r t i l l e r y , had been ordered to

o rg a n ize th e l i g h t a r t i l l e r y b a tte r y on October 9*^®

36Muster R o l l s , Company I , 1 s t L ou isian a Heavy A r t i l l e r y , fo r A p r il 3 0 , 1862 , F eb . 2 9 , 186M-, and Apr. 3 0 , 1865 j P a ro le R o ll No. 8 3 , M erid ian , M is s is s ip p i , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

3 7 S p e c ia l Order No. I I 8 , Department No. 1 , October 1 6 , 1 8 6 1 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

3 8 8 p e c ia l Order No. 112 , Department No. 1 , October 9 , 1861 , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

H igg in s had b een a l ie u t e n a n t in th e United S ta t e s Navy

and had been com m issioned t o command Company I , 1 s t

L ou isian a Heavy A r t i l l e r y , but th e company never f in i s h e d

i t s o r g a n iz a tio n and H ig g in s had been an o f f i c e r w ith o u t

a command. He served as a n a id to General Twiggs and

commanded the se m i-n a v a l e x p e d it io n which f i r s t occup ied

S h ip I s la n d . He s e t about to o rg a n ize the l i g h t a r t i l l e r y

b a tte r y during th e l a s t few months of I 8 6 1 , but a p p a r e n tly

r e s ig n e d h is army e o a m iss io n in January 1862 t o o r g a n iz e

a navy fo r the s t a t e o f L o u is ia n a . This p lan was f o i l e d

by both the C o n fed era te Navy and Army and in February

he became l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l o f th e 1 st L ou isian a Heavy

A r t i l l e r y and commanded F ort Jackson during F a rr a g u t's

a t t a c k .39

Sommes a p p a r e n tly rem ained w ith th e reg u la r r e c r u i t s

from the tim e th e y w ere a tta c h e d t o H iggins' command. He

was jo in ed on O ctober 17 by 2nd L ieutenant John T . Mason

B arn es, who had served w i t h him on Ship I s la n d . The company

was mustered on O ctober 29 w ith 120 rank and f i l e . I t

had l e f t New O rleans Barracks on October 2 0 , a p p a r e n tly

b e in g s ta tio n e d a t Camp L e w is , j u s t ou tsid e o f New O r lea n s .

The drummers w i t h th e ccsapany w ere tra n sferred t o Company E

39Thomas H. S . H am ersly. Complete G eneral Wavv R e g is te rM ^ gaiiai gtaias sL Amgîk» £ism IZa is. lëSZTdf**York* T. H. S . H am ersly , 1 8 8 8 ) , p g . 3^5* D ufour, on . c i t . . p g . 1 6 9 ; CMSR. L t . C o l. Edward H ig g in s , 1 st L o u is ia n a A r t i l l e r y and S t a f f F i l e , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 75 -

on November k- and by th e end o f th e month th e a g g re g a te

company stren g th was about 115.^®

With th e r e s ig n a t io n o f H ig g in s , Semmes a p p a r e n tly

became commander o f the b a t t e r y , a lth o u g h he was not

promoted t o th e temporary r e g u la r rank o f c a p ta in u n t i l

March 3 , 1862.^1 one o f th e major problem s fa c in g Major

General M ansfield L o v e l l , who had su cceed ed Twiggs in

command o f Department No. 1 , was th e c o n s ta n t c a l l s made

on him from other fr o n ts fo r t r o o p s . On February 20

B rigadier General D a n ie l B u gg ies a t C orin th req u ested

th a t Semmes* B attery be se n t t o him . L o v e l l a p p a r e n tly was

ab le to ignore th is r e q u e s t s in c e the l i g h t a r t i l l e r y

b attery was reported a t New O rleans when the Union Navy

a r r i v e d . ^2 With the ev a c u a tio n o f New O rleans th e b a t t e r y ,

which by now was d esig n a ted th e 1 s t C o n fed era te R egular

MDSpecial Order No. 1 1 9 , Department No. 1 , O ct. 1 7 , l8 6 l ; S p e c ia l Order No. 1 0 , Departm ent No. 1 , Oct . 2 9 , l8 6 l ; S p e c ia l Order No. 1 2 , Department No. 1 , Nov.1861; Quartermaster R e c e ip ts dated New O rleans B a rra ck s. November 13 and 2 2 , l 8 6 l , in CMSR. L t . C o l. Edward H ig g in s , S t a f f F i le ; RG 109 , Nft.

mCMBR. Maj. 0 . J . Semmes, S t a f f F i l e , RG 1 0 9 , NA.Semmes was th e son o f Adm. R aphael Semmes, commander o f th e famed C. S . S . Alabama. He had been a ca d e t a t West Point a t the beginning o f th e w ar. Thomas W. Owen. H is to r y o f A lâbaaa,aaâ o f B loSfA PM (C hicago*S . J . Clarke P u b liehl% C o . , 1921 ) \ V o l . IV , pp . 1 5 2 5 -1 5 2 6 .

42B rig . Gen. D a n ie l B uggies to Mai . Gen. L o v e l l , F eb . 2 0 , 1862, Qg, S e r ie s I , V o l. V I I , p p . 8 9 ^ -8 9 5 , s ta tem e n t o f L t. C ol. B . F . P a lfr e y during th e Court o f In q u iry in t o th e A l l of New O rlean s, W , S e r ie s I , V o l. V I, p g . 6 2 0 .The company muster r o l l , d a ted A p r il 3 1 , 1 8 6 2 , a t Camp Moore, L a . , s t a t e s th a t i t moved from Camp Lewis on A pr. 21 and arrived a t Camp Moore on A pr. 22 under ord ers from B r ig . Gen. M. L. Sm ith, EG 109 , NA.

- 76-

L lg h t A r t i l l e r y B a tte r y , moved to Camp Moore. From Camp

Moore i t vaa a ss ig n e d t o th e F ir s t B n b -D is tr io t o f Major

G eneral E a r l Van D orn's D i s t r i c t o f th e M is s is s ip p i w ith

head qu arters a t V ick sb u rg .

The 1 s t C onfed erate R egular L ight A r t i l l e r y B a ttery

was soon t o s e e i t s f i r s t a c t io n . Major G eneral John C.

B r e c k in r id g e 's D iv is io n reached Camp Moore from Vicksburg

on J u ly 2 8 . Here i t jo in ed a sm a ll fo r c e under G eneral

B u ggies and was d iv id ed in to two d iv is io n s fo r th e advance

on Baton Rouge w hich was held by a Union fo r c e under

B r ig a d ie r G eneral Thomas W illia m s . In t h i s e x p e d it io n the

1 s t R egular B a ttery was a tta ch ed t o th e Second B rigade of

B u g g ie s ' Second D iv is io n .

The even in g o f August h a s e c t io n o f th e 1 s t Regular

B a tte r y commanded by 2nd L ieu ten a n t Thomas K. F au n tleroy

w ith th r e e com panies was detached t o advance on Baton

Rouge down th e C lin to n Road. The C onfederate troop s

m ista k e n ly f ir e d in to each o th er in th e dark , k i l l i n g 1 s t

L ieu ten a n t David H. Todd who had commanded th e r e g u la r s in

Richmond and was se r v in g as a id e to B r ig a d ier G eneral Ben

H elm .^3

^^SReport o f B r ig . Gen. D a n ie l B u g g ie s , dated August 9 , 1 8 6 2 , i2Ë9 S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, p g . 9 0 . There a re two David H. Todds in L o u isia n a a t t h is tim e and t h e ir reco rd s in the N a tio n a l A rch ives a r e h o p e le s s ly m ixed.

- 77 -

iis th e f i r s t sc a tte r e d sh o ts o f th e main advance began,

F a u n tlero y * a s e c t io n w ith th e th r e e com panies advanced

under th e command o f L ieu ten an t C o lo n e l Thomas S h ie ld s

a g a in s t th e enemy r ig h t f la n k . The s e c t io n was posted so

th a t i t raked th e l4 th Maine In fa n try and a llow ed th e

C o n fed era te s t o advance w ith in 250 f e e t o f th e enemy camp.

The enemy was soon reen forced and th e sm a ll C onfederate

f o r c e began t o p u ll back. Four o f th e a r t i l l e r y horses

w ere k i l l e d and Sergeant P h i l ip Be11am was s e r io u s ly

wounded, but th e horses were re p la ced and th e guns s a f e ly

w ithdraw n to jo in th e main C onfed erate body. S h ie ld s was

warm in h is p r a is e o f F au n tleroy and th e r e g u la r s , but

f e l t th e y co u ld have done much b e t te r s e r v ic e excep t fo r

f a u l t y f r i c t i o n prim ers, n in e out o f t e n o f w hich proved

w o r t h le s s .

Fog shrouded the woods and f i e l d s around Baton Rouge

th e m orning o f August 5 as Sesunes and th e main s e c t io n o f

th e 1 s t R egu lars went in to p o s i t io n betw een A lle n 's and

Thom pson's b r ig a d e s . The C onfed erate advance stru ck th e

2 1 s t In d ia n a In fan try which was supported by th e 6 th

M a ssa ch u setts B a tter y . A w e l l d ir e c te d f i r e by th e 1 st

R egu lars and B uggies' in fa n tr y soon fo rce d th e w ithdraw al

o f th e U nion b a tter y and in fa n t r y . Semmes was then s h if te d

t o t h e r ig h t f la n k o f th e d iv i s io n t o cover th e advance

and c o n t in u e to engage th e 6 th M a ssa ch u se tts . An attem pt

a t a U nion counter a t ta c k was broken up as Semmes ' gunners

poured grap e and ca n n is ter in t o th e advancing column.

- 78 -

Thfl C on fed era tes had oaptured two o f th e enem y's camps,

but by t h is tim e b oth b rigad e commanders o f th e Second

D iv is io n and th e commander o f th e F ir s t D iv is io n were b ad ly

wounded and th e l in e s w ere in g rea t c o n fu s io n . G eneral

W illiam s had d ecid ed t o p u l l back th e Union troop s under th e

cover o f th e g u n b o a ts , but Ju st as t h i s movement began he

was k i l l e d . B reck in r id g e had a ls o had enough, and le a v in g

Semmes w ith a s e c t io n o f guns supported by the 7th Kentucky

In fa n tr y , th e C on fed era tes a l s o w ithd rew . The rea r guard

held th e enemy in check w h ile th e s t r a g g le r s and wounded w ere

gathered up. The weary tro o p s camped on th e b a t t l e f i e l d , but

when i t was learn ed th a t n ig h t th a t th e p ow erfu l iro n c la d

Arkansas was unable t o reach Baton Rouge and d r iv e o f f th e

g u n b oats , B reck in r id g e d ecid ed t o r e t r e a t .

The 1 s t R egu lars bad a b lood y baptism o f f i r e . F ive

men had been k i l l e d , f i v e s e r io u s ly wounded, and f i v e s l i g h t l y wounded. Nine h orses were k i l l e d , two badly wounded, two

m is s in g , one c a is s o n blown up by an enemy s h e l l and an oth er

smashed s o b ad ly i t was abandoned. Semmes had f ir e d 200

rounds o f sm ooth-bore 6 -pounder ammunition and 1 20 rounds o f 6 -pounder r i f l e d a m m u n itio n .^

MfReport o f C apt. 0 . J . Semmes, Aug. 8 , 1862 , OR, S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, pp . 1 0 7 -1 0 8 . T h is i s th e on ly b a t t l e r e p o r t o f Semmes found fo r th e e n t ir e war and i s very sk e tc h y . The s to r y o f th e 1 s t R egu lars in t h i s a c t io n has been p ieced to g e th e r from th e fo llo w in g rep o r ts in th e above c i te d volume o f th e . Gen. John C. B r ec k in r id g e , S e p t , 3 0 , 1862 ,pp . 7 7 - ^ , 82; C apt. John A. Buckner, Aug. 9$ 1 862 , p g . o^;p * f 7 " 7 9 9 o 2 J G & pt# vOhD Am BllCKBOTm AUS# 9 ̂ Xq d 2^ pKmB r ig . Gen. D a n ie l B uggies w ith c a s u a lty r e tu r n , pp . 90-93; C o l. H. W. A lle n , August 1 8 , 1 862 , p g . 100; C o l. Edward C ro ss la n d , Aug. 7 , lo 6 2 , p g . 99; C o l. G ustavus A . Breaux. Aug. 8 , 1 8 6 2 , p g . 102; L t . C o l. S . £ . H unter, Aug. 7 , 1 8 6 2 , p g . 103; L t . C o l. T . S h ie ld s , Aug. 7 , 1862; pp. 1 0 ^ -1 0 5 . The re p o r t o f C o l. N. A . M. D udley, 30th M hssachusetts I n fa n tr y , p g . 6 0 , r e f e r s to "Semmes' c e le b r a te d b a tte r y " .

- 79 -

The 1 s t R egulars v e n t in t o camp near Port Hudson,

L o u is ia n a , which B r e c k in r id g e began t o f o r t i fy .^ ^ The

cam paign had at l e a s t a cco m p lish ed one thing - th e Union

army evacuated Baton Rouge on A ugust 2 1 . B reck in rid g e

f e l t P ort Hudson was a much s tr o n g e r p o s it io n and d id n o t

a ttem p t to reoccupy th e c a p i t a l c i t y . The 1 st R egu lars

d id not remain lon g in P ort Hudson. On September 2 th e y

w ere ordered to c r o s s th e M is s i s s ip p i and rep ort t o Major

G eneral Richard T aylor a t O p e lo u sa s , L ou isian a . The b a t t e r y

had se e n i t s l a s t s e r v ic e e a s t o f th e M i s s i s s ip p i .^

Semmes jo ined C o lo n e l W. G. V in cen t's sm all command

a t D o n a ld s o n v ille . On Septem ber 24- th e b a ttery p a r t ic ip a te d

i n an engagement w ith the 2 1 s t In d ia n a In fa n try . A Union

e x p e d it io n under B r ig a d ie r G en era l Godfrey W eitze l fo r c e d

V in cen t t o f a l l back up th e La Fourche where he was jo in e d

by B r ig a d ier G eneral A lfr ed M outon's command. On O ctober 27

th e Union fo rce caught up w ith Mouton a t Georgia Landing

n o rth o f L a b a d ie v i l le . A fte r a sh arp f ig h t , during w hich

th e 1 s t Regulars w ere engaged on th e l e f t bank o f th e b ayou ,

4ÿMuster R o l l , 1 s t C o n fed era te Regular L ight A r t i l l e r y B a t te r y , August 3 1 , 1 8 6 2 , Camp near Port Hudson, L a .: RG 1 0 9 , HA. T his i s the l a s t company r o l l on f i l e . A b stra ct o f Morning Report o f Troops a t P o rt Hudson, L a ., August 3 1 ,1862, S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, p g . 8o4, shows an a g g r e g a tecompany stren g th o f 1 0 3 .

4 6 S p e c ia l Order No. 5 8 , Army o f the M is s is s ip p i ,S e p t . 2 , 1862, iQg, S e r ie s I , V o l. X V II, Part 2 , p g . 691: R ichard T aylor, D e s tr u c t io n and R eco n stru ctio n (New York:D. A p p leton & C o ., 1 8 7 9 ) , p g . 113: Alwvn Barr, " C on federate A r t i l l e r y in W estern L o u is ia n a , I 0 6 2 - I 0 6 3 ," C iv i l War H is to r y . IX (May 1 9 6 3 ) , p p . 7 4 -7 5 .

—80—

Mouton was forced back and d ec id ed t o ev a c u a te th e e n t ir e

La Fourche d i s t r i c t .^7 The 1 s t R egu lars w ere moved by

t r a in to Berwick Bay, w hich th ey c r o sse d and to o k up

p o s it io n on Bayou T eche. Here a s e c t io n o f two James

12-pounder bronze r i f l e s went in t o b a t te r y w ith th e P e l ic a n

L ight A r t i l le r y . On November 3 th ey engaged fou r Union

gunboats a t 300 yards ra n g e . The C o n fed era te a r t i l l e r y

withdrew a f te r i n f l i c t i n g c o n s id e r a b le damage

The 1 st Regulars remained a t Camp B is lan d on Bayou

T eche, w ith one s e c t io n som etim es s ta t io n e d a t th e C ote

Blanche on the Gulf c o a s t , u n t i l A p r il I 8 6 3 . On A p r il 9

two d iv is io n s o f the XIX Corps and W e itz e l* s B rigad e

crossed Berwick Bay and began a cam paign t o c l e a r Bayou

Teche o f C onfederates. The 1 s t R egu lars advanced from

th e camp to a l in e o f entrenchm ents c o v e r in g th e bayou

which were c a lle d Fort Bis land by th e U nion t r o o p s . The

four smooth-bore 6 -pounders under L ie u te n a n ts Barnes and

Fauntleroy were placed on the l e f t o f the l i n e w est o f

4-7Report o f B r ig . Gan. G odfrey W e itz e l; R eport o f B r ig . Gen. A lfred Mouton, S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, p g . 1 6 8 ,1 7 6 , which shows 75 men w it ï ï Semmes a t th e time o f th e b a t t l e . George C. Harding, who was cap tured in th e Septem ber 24* b a t t l e , w rote, "I a ls o met C apt. Semmes and L ie u t . F%unt 1 e r o y , o f the b a tte r y . Semmes was a s l i g h t , s a l lo w - f a c e d , v o l a t i l e man, apparently not more th an tw en ty -o n e y ea rs o ld .F auntleroy was a f in e - lo o k in g , a m ia b le , red -h ead ed young f e l lo w , w ith a most amusing ' s t u t t e r * in c o n v e r s a t io n ." H arding, op, c i t . . pp. 3 2 1 -3 2 2 .

4-BReport o f C apt. T. A . F a r ie s ; R eport o f L t . Cmd.Thomas McKean Buchanan, U. S . Navy, OB, S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, p g. 1087, 19».

—8l—

th e bayou w h ile th e two 3 - ln c h r i f l e s under 2nd L ieu ten an t

John A . A. West went in to p o s i t io n midway betw een th e bayou

and th e swamp on th e extrem e r i g h t . Throughout th e day th e

1 s t R egu lars f ir e d on th e enemy, but i t was not u n t i l ju s t

b e fo r e th e a t ta c k th a t Semmes and many o f h is men were

d etach ed t o man th e gunboat D ian a . Semmes h o t ly c o n te s te d

th e enemy advance u n t i l a 30-pounder P a rr o tt s h e l l fr o h

th e l 8 th New York B a ttery p en etra ted th e p la t in g in fr o n t

o f th e b o i le r s and exploded in th e en g in e room, k i l l i n g two

and wounding f i v e o f th e g u n b o a t's crew . The Diana was

th e n w ithdraw n from th e a c t io n fo r r e p a ir s . During t h i s

tim e th e 1 s t R eg u la rs , under command o f L ieu ten a n t B arnes,

co n tin u ed t o keep up a s te a d y f i r e . The s e c t io n under

L ieu ten a n t West was withdrawn s e v e r a l times to be se n t t o

j o in th e fo r c e s co v er in g th e r e a r , but each tim e was

retu rn ed t o th e l in e b e fo re i t had gone f a r . The enemy

a t ta c k s were r e p u ls e d , but th a t n ig h t Taylor learn ed th a t

G rover's D iv is io n had landed in h is r e a r .^9

T aylor began an im m ediate w ith d ra w l. W est's s e c t io n

was d etach ed to cover th e r e t r e a t , d is p la c in g from p o in t to

p o in t u n t i l i t reached C e n t e r v i l l e . Here he masked th e

p ie c e s and covered by C o lo n e l Thomas G reen's 5th Texas

C avalry f ir e d in to th e advancing column a t c lo s e ra n g e .

M-9Plekerlng D. A lle n t o B r ig . Gen. W e itz e l , F eb . 2 1 ,1863; Report o f Maj. Gen. R ichard T a y lo r , A p r il 2 3 , 1 8 6 3 ,OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, p g . 6 8 0 & 390; Report o f L t . J . T. Mason B arn es, A p r il 2 3 , I 8 6 3 , S e r ie s I , V o l. L I U , p g . 463 ; T a y lo r , D e s tr u c t io n and R e c o n str u c t io n , pp . 130-32; B a rr , "C onfederate A r t i l l e r y in W estern L o u is ia n a , I 8 6 2 - 1 8 6 3 ,"p g . 7 9 .

—82—

He then opened an e f f e c t iv e f i r e on a bunched up b a t te r y ,

but by t h i s tim e a second b a tte r y had a r r iv ed and th e Union

in fa n tr y was d e p lo y in g . West and Green th en fough t a r e t i r ­

ing a c t io n , s to p p in g every 500 yards t o f i r e on th e enemy

u n t i l th e y had covered th e f i v e m iles t o F r a n k lin . West

then covered th e burning o f the b r id ge two m iles beyond

F ran k lin and a second bridge s e v e r a l more m ile s up th e bayou.

He reached J e a n e r e t te that n ig h t w ith ou t having l o s t a man

or a g u n . 50

At f i r s t l i g h t on A p r il l 4 T a y lo r 's troop s s tr u c k

G rover's s u r p r is e d d iv is io n a t I r is h Bend near F ra n k lin .

The road was c le a r e d but a heavy f ig h t fo llo w e d . Suddenly

the p e c u lia r w h is t l in g sound o f a P a rro tt s h e l l announced

th e a r r iv a l o f Semmes and th e D iana. Under t h i s heavy

coverin g f i r e T a y lo r managed t o g e t h is men p a st the enemy

p o s i t io n . J u s t a f t e r Taylor was c l e a r , Green and West

a r r iv e d , s t i l l h o ld in g back th e advance o f Emory's d iv i s io n .

Semmes kept th e D iana in p o s it io n and covered the s u c c e s s ­

f u l w ith d raw al o f th e rear guard . He th en abandoned th e

sh ip and b lew i t u p . By th is t im e th e enemy had a rr iv ed

in f u l l f o r c e and Semmes and h is crew were captured b efo re

they cou ld g e t a w a y .5 l

L lll^ ^ g p . 6 5 , 469; Report o f Maj. Gen. T a y lo r , op . c i t . .

5 lR ep ort o f Maj. Gen., T oy lor; op . c i t . . pp . 3 9 2 , 395; Report o f B r ig . Gen. A lfred Mouton, op , c i t . , p g . 399 ,Report o f L t . B a rn es, op. c i t . . pp . 4 6 3 -6 4 ; T a y lo r , D estru c tio n

R e c o n s tr u c t io n , pp. 1 3 2 -3 4 .

- 83-

Tha C onfed erate r e t r e a t c o n tin u e d , w ith F au n tleroy

and a s e c t io n o f guns r e l i e v in g W est's s e c t io n w ith Green on

A p r il 1 5 . F a u n tlero y engaged B a tter y F , 1 s t U nited S ta te s

A r t i l l e r y , a t J e a n e r e t te , but was se en fo rced to w ithdraw

b efo re th e su p e r io r numbers o f th e enemy. Barnes commanded

a s e c t io n on p ic k e t d u ty near O pelousas on A p r il 18 and

th en th e r e t r e a t was co n tin u ed t o Lecompte near th e Red

R iv e r . During th e campaign th e 1 s t R egulars had l o s t one

man k i l l e d , two w oui^ed , tw e n ty - f iv e m iss in g , and one c a is s o n

d e s tr o y e d . Many o f th e m iss in g were oaptured a lth o u g h

q u ite a few a p p a ren tly d e se r te d on th e r e t r e a t . Semmes and

th e o ther o f f i c e r s captured during the campaign were p laced

on th e Maple L eaf w hich s a i l e d from New O rleans fo r New

York on June 2 . The sh ip was d iv e r te d a t F ort Monroe,

V ir g in ia , on June 8 , where i t p icked up more p r iso n e r s and

headed fo r Fort D elaw are. O ff Cape Henry on June 10 th e

p r iso n e r s captured th e sh ip and a la r g e number, in c lu d in g

Semmes, made good t h e ir e s c a p e . By September he had managed

t o r e c r o s s th e M is s is s ip p i and a g a in to o k command o f th e

1 s t R eg u la rs . 52

T a y lo r 's sm a ll f o r c e was n ot s tro n g enough t o hold

perm anently a l l o f w e stern L o u is ia n a , but he kept th e Union

52Report o f L t . B arn es, on . c i t . . p g . 4 6 4 . The cap tu re o f Sommes was so notew orthy th a t Maj. Gen. N. P . Banks rep o r ted i t t o b oth Maj. Gen. U. S . Grant and Adm. D. G. F arragu t; S e r ie s I , V o l. XV, pp . 303 , 7 0 7 . There i s n ot room here fo r th e f a s c in a t in g s to r y o f th e ca p tu re o f th e Maple L e a f, but f u l l d e t a i l s can be found in th e f o l lo w ­in g sou rces* g g , S e r ie s I , V o l. XXVII, P art 2 , p g . 7 8 6 , & S e r ie s I I , V o l. V, p p . 731-32* V olu n teer S e r v ic e F i l e V -209- 1863; and A dju tant G ên era i's O f f ic e Document F i l e 2061885;RG 94* Commissary G eneral o f P r is o n e r 's F i l e L-212<-l863;RG 2 4 9 , NA.

- 84 -

tro o p s under constant p r e s s u r e . On June 8 he sen t C o lon el

James P . M ajor's cavalry b r ig a d e , accompanied by V e st 's

s e c t io n o f th e 1 st R egu lars, on a ra id down the M is s is s ip p i

and La F ourche. This b r ig a d e u n ited w ith Green's brigade

w hich had captured Bras hear C ity on B erw ick Bay, bagging a

la r g e number o f p r iso n e r s . A ttach ed to G reen's cavalry

b r ig a d e , th e 1 s t Regulars l e f t Thibodeaux on June 27 in an

e x p e d it io n a g a in st the f o r t a t Donalds o n v i l l e . Follow ing

a b loody r e p u lse on the morning o f June 2 8 , Green was fo rced

t o r e t r e a t down the La F ourch e. On J u ly 3 a se c t io n o f

th e 1 s t R egulars and Hardeman's Texas regim ent crip p led th e

Union tra n sp o r t I b e r v i l l e . 53

A fte r a g a in serv in g on Bayou T ech e, th e battery accom­

panied G reen's d iv is io n in an advance a c r o ss th e A tch afa laya

a g a in s t th e Union post a t S t e r l i n g ' s P la n ta t io n on Bayou

Fordouche near Norganza. On September 29 Green's ca v a lry

caught th e unsuspecting F éd éra is in a p in c e r s . V est's

s e c t io n deployed w ith th e 4 th and 5 th Texas Cavalry and

f ir e d on th e enesQf ca v a lry near th e C a t le t t house. Mean­

w h ile th e o th er two s e c t io n s w ith th e 7 th Texas Cavalry

pushed r a p id ly down the road toward Fordouche B ridge. The

b a tte r y was reun ited a t th e b r id g e and a ca v a lry charge

rou ted th e enemy. Vhen th e f i r i n g cea sed Green had captured

53Report o f B rig . Gen. A lfred Mouton, July 4 , 1863; R eport o f C o l. Janes P . M ajor, June 3 0 , 1863; Report o f B r ig . Gen. Thomas Green, Qg, S e r ie s I , V o l. XXVI, Part 1 , pp . 2 1 6 , 2 1 8 -1 9 , 2 2 7 .

- 85-

tv o e n t ir e Union regim ents and much equipm ent and had

routed the r e s t o f the enemy f o r c e . A fte r a d em o n str a t io n

toward Morganza, Green returned w ith h is f o r c e t o O p elou sas

and then joined M ou ton .^

On November 7, w ith th e warm endorsem ent o f Major

Joseph L. Brent, T a y lo r 's C h ief o f A r t i l l e r y , Semmes was

promoted to major in th e P r o v is io n a l Army and g iv e n command

o f a b a t ta l io n . Barnes in tu r n was promoted t o c a p t a in i n

th e P r o v is io n a l Army and assumed command o f t h e 1 s t

R e g u l a r s .5 5 ih e b a tter y p a r t ic ip a te d in th e b a t t l e s o f

M ansfield and P leasan t H i l l on A p r il 8 and 9 , 1 8 6 4 . On

th e morning of A p r il 11 i t accom panied B agb y 's c a v a lr y

b rigad e in an e f f o r t t o cu t o f f th e r e t r e a t in g enemy a t

Grand Bayou. Barnes continued t o p ursue th e t r a n s p o r ts

down th e Bed River u n t i l th e f i r s t w eek o f May. The la r g e

number o f guns captured a t M an sfie ld h elp ed eq u ip t h e 6 th

L ou isian a B attery which West had b een promoted t o c a p ta in

to command. Although th is b a tte r y had o r i g i n a l l y b een

formed w ith a surp lus o f guns b e lo n g in g t o th e 1 s t R e g u la r s ,

54-Lt. C o l. Frank H. P eck, commanding U. S . F o rces a t Bras bear C ity , to L t. C o l. R ichard B . Ir w in , J u ly 3 0 , 1863; Report o f B r ig . Gen. Thomas G reen, O ctober 2 , 1863:Report o f Maj. Gen. N. J . T. Dana, Septem ber 3 0 , 1863; OR. S e r ie s I , V ol. XXVI, Part 1 , pp . 3 2 3 , 329-3© , 662 ; W illia m M. Levy t o Maj. Gen. Richard T a y lo r , P art 2 , p g . 2 9 5 .

55Maj. J. L. Brent to Maj. Gen. R ichard T a y lo r , S e p t . 8 , 1 8 6 3 , CMSR. Maj. 0 . J . Semmes, S t a f f F i l e , RG 1 0 9 , NA. T h is l e t t e r g iv e s a b r ie f account o f the s e r v ic e o f t h e 1s t R egulars from th e tim e i t jo in ed T ay lor and i s h ig h ly commendatory of both Semmes and th e b a t t e r y . Semmes l a t e r served as C hief o f A r t i l l e r y o f G reen 's c a v a lr y d i v i s i o n and commander of the 1 s t B a t ta l io n F ie ld A r t i l l e r y (M ounted).

- 86-

West was a p p a ren tly th e o n ly member o f th e r e g u la r s t r a n s ­

fe r r e d t o th e new b a t t e r y .5^

At Mansura on May 17 th e 1 s t R eg u la rs , w ith th e other

b a t t e r ie s o f th e Seoond In fa n try D iv is io n , was h o t ly

en gaged . P osted on th e l e f t o f th e a r t i l l e r y l i n e , th e

b a tte r y f ir e d from 7 : 3 0 a . m. to 1 0 x3 0 a . m ., th en w ith ­

drew and went in to p o s i t io n near D ebray's Texas ca v a lry

b r ig a d e . In t h i s a c t io n th e 1 s t R egulars had one man

wounded. On May 18 a t Y ellow Bayou th e 1 s t R egulars were

p osted on th e r ig h t o f th e l i n e . The engagement opened a t

3 p . m«, w ith th e guns f i n a l l y co v er in g th e w ith d raw al o f

th e C on fed era tes a s th ey r e t ir e d f i r i n g by s e c t io n . The

b a tte r y f i r e d se v e n te e n s o l id sh o t and f o r t y s h e l l s from

th e tw o James r i f l e s and e ig h t s o l id sh ot and s e v e n d ie l l s

from th e 12-pounder a t a ran ge o f 8 00 to 1 ,0 0 0 y a r d s . No

c a s u a l t ie s were s u f f e r e d .57

On November 1 9 , 1864 , th e 1 s t R egulars were a ss ig n e d

t o th e 3rd B a t t a l io n F ie ld A r t i l l e r y (Mounted) which was

commanded s u c c e s s iv e ly by Majors T . A . F a r ie s and C. W.

S q u ie r s . I t acted as Company A o f t h is b a t t a l io n u n t i l th e

end o f th e w ar. The b a t t e r y , w ith th r e e 3 - in c h r i f l e s and

th r e e 6 -p ou n d era , was a t T y le r , T ex a s, when G eneral E . K irby

Sm ith surrendered th e l a s t C on fed erates f o r c e s . Many men

$6R eports o f Maj. Gen. R ichard Taylor o f A p r il 18 and 27 and May 6 , 1864 , S e r ie s I , V o l. XXXIV, pp. 570 , 584 , 588; CMSR. C apt. J . A . A . W est, 6 th L o u isia n a B a tter y and S t a f f F i l e , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

57R eports o f Maj. Thomas A. F a r ie s , g g . S e r ie s I ,V o l. XXXIV, P art 1 , pp . 6 3 0 -3 2 , May 17 and 1 9 , 1 864 .

— 87”

o f the b a t t e r y , how ever, were s c a t te r e d In d e t a i l s through­

out the Trans- M is s i s s ip p i Department .58

Because o f th e a lm ost com plete absence of muster r o l l s

fo r the 1 s t C o n fed era te Regular L ight A r t i l l e r y B a ttery i t

i s im p o ssib le t o g iv e a r e a l ly a ccu ra te summation o f i t s

s e r v ic e . One p o in t i s notew orthy, however. The p aro le

r o l l s of the b a t t e r y a t the end o f the war show th a t t h i r t y -

th ree re g u la r s w ere s t i l l serv in g w ith th e b a t te r y , the

la r g e s t number o f r e g u la r troops to be surrendered as a

u n i t . The e f f i c i e n c y and d is c ip l in e of th e b a tte r y was

o fte n commended d u rin g th e war and i t seems probable th a t

one reason was t h a t th r e e o f th e o f f i c e r s were West P o in te r s .

T his probably had much t o do w ith molding th e u n i t . In

a d d it io n to th e r e g u la r s , s ix t y L ou isian a c o n s c r ip ts

assign ed t o th e b a t t e r y were su rren d ered . I t appears th a t

from at l e a s t I 8 6 3 , th e b a ttery was kept up to s tr e n g th by

th e a d d it io n o f c o n s c r ip t s . The a v a i la b le reco rd s fo r th e

reg u la rs show s i x men k i l le d in a c t io n , two d ie d , two d i s ­

charged, e ig h t e e n p r iso n e r s of w ar, and fo u r te e n d e s e r te d ,

w ith no f i n a l reco rd fo r s e v e n ty -o n e .59

^ÜReport o f F ie ld A r t i l le r y in th e T r a n s -M iss is s ip p i Department, June 1 , 1 8 6 5 , OR, S e r ie s I , V o l. XLVIII, P art 2 ,

59Compiled from Muster R o lls and CMSR. 1 s t C onfederate — o_.ar L igh t A r t i l l e r y B a ttery , RG 109 , RA. C on sid erin g th e prolonged hard s e r v ic e o f the b a tte r y the number o f k i l le d &died i s p rob ab ly l a r g e r . The f ig u r e s fo r th e company a re fo r th e period a f t e r th e f a l l o f New O rleans and do not in c lu d e th e period when i t com prised two com panies of th e In fa n try S ch o o l.

—88—

C ongress passed an a c t on May 1 7 , I 8 6 I , a u th o r iz in g a

company o f sappers and bom bardiers fo r the Corps o f E ngineers

In a d d it io n t o th e company o f s a p p e r s , m in ers, and p o n to n iers

o r ig in a l ly a u th o r iz e d . I t may be assumed w ith some c e r ta in ty

th a t a u n it known as G a llim a rd 's Company o f Sappers and

Bombardiers became th e company a u th o r ized under t h i s a c t .

The ex a c t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f G a llim ard ' a Company has been a

m atter o f d is p u te , a p p a ren tly s in c e th e C iv i l War. L ou isian a

claim ed i t a s a s t a t e u n it and th e r e a re C onfederate orders

r e fe r r in g to i t as "L ouisiana Sappers and M iners ." 6 0

E a rly in March I 8 6 1 , J u le s V. G allim ard o f New O rleans

v i s i t e d P r e s id e n t D avis in Montgomery and req u ested

a u th o r ity to o rg a n ize a company o f sa p p e r s , m in ers, and

bom bardiers fo r th e r e g u la r army. A ccording to G allim ard ,

t h i s a u th o r ity was granted and he retu rn ed t o New Orleans

and soon r a is e d th e company. A pp arently D avis was th in k in g

o f th e company a u th o r ized under th e a c t o f March 6 , but

G allim ard was not com m issioned in th e r e g u la r Corps o f

E n gin eers and th e War Department seems to have fo r g o t te n

co m p le te ly about him.

60James L. N ic h o ls , C on fed erate E n gin eers (T uscaloosa* C on fed erate C en ten n ia l P u b lie k ing C o ., I n c . , 1 9 5 7 ) , pp. 9 1 -2 . When th e U nited S ta te s A djutant G en era l's O ff ic e was organ­iz in g th e C on fed erate com piled m il i t a r y s e r v ic e reco rd s th e r e was a l i v e l y d eb ate am ongst th e c le r k s as t o w hether t h i s was a L o u isia n a or a C on fed erate u n i t , th e C onfederate s id e f i n a l l y w inning o u t . The reco rd o f t h i s d is c u s s io n , w hich c o n ta in s a f u l l e x a s iln a tlo n o f the e v id e n c e . I s f i l e d w ith th e Master B o l l s , G allim ards Company o f Sappers and B om bardiers, RG 1 0 9 , NA. In th e N ich o ls books I t i s su g g ested th a t th e o th er r e g u la r E ngineer company was formed a t K n o x v il le , T e n n essee , by George R. Margraves and Edmund W ln stoa , but an exam in ation o f th e reco rd s o f t h i s company shows no b a s is fo r such an a ssu m p tio n . A pparently th e company o r ig in a l ly a u th o r ized was never farm ed.

- 89-

On June 7 , l 8 6 l , a rumor th a t F ed era l sh ip s had

appeared o f f the month of Bayou B ienvenue cau se General

Twiggs t o d isp a tc h G allim ard' s Company under Major Martin L»

Sm ith t o g a r r is o n Tower Dupre. The company returned to New

O rleans on J u ly 2 4 . A detachment o f f i v e men under 2nd

L ieu ten a n t P . N. Judice accompanied Major Sm ith to Ship

Is la n d and worked on the f o r t u n t i l I t s abandonment in

Septem ber. The r e s t o fih e company l e f t New Orleans for

P r o c t o r v i l l e on August 8 to c o n t in u e work in th e f o r t i f i ­

c a t io n s a t Bayou Bienvenue

The company returned t o New O rleans on December 23 and

was s ta t io n e d a t th e New Marine H o s p ita l , w hich i t helped

t o o r g a n iz e . In a d d it io n to t h i s , th e company provided

d a i ly d e t a i l s to x Captain Richard Lambert a t th e Louisiana

A r s e n a l . 6 2 with th e evacu ation o f New O r lea n s, the company

was tr a n s fe r r e d t o Fort P il lo w , T en n essee . The company

worked fo r f i f t y - t h r e e days under th e f i r e o f enemy gun­

b o a ts and m ortars erec tin g and eq u ipp in g new b a tte r ie s and

powder m a g a z in es.

61D ufour, OP. c i t . . pg . 46; Report o f C o l. J . K. Duncan, S e p t . 1 7 , l 8 6 l , S er ies I , V o l. L I U , p g . 741: Post R etu rn s, New O rleans Barracks, J u ly and August l 8 6 l . Cooper te le g ra p h ed F razer on A pril 2 4 . l 8 6 l , w anting t o know what induced an in q u ir y fo r the e n lis tm e n t o f sa p p e r s . On July 1 9 , 1 861 , he te leg ra p h ed B rig . Gen. A . R. Lawton a t Savannah, th a t th e r e g u la r army company o f sap p ers and miners had been r a is e d and was in se r v ic e ; an in t e r e s t in g statem ent con sid er­in g th e la t e r a t t i t u d e of th e War D epartm ent, L etters S en t,A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. I , V ol. 3 5 , p p . 6 5 , 273; RG 109, NA.

62C apt. J . V. Gallimard t o C apt. R. Lambert, Jan. 9 ,1862; Maj. M. L. Smith to C apt. R. Lambert, Jan . l 6 , 1862; CtCR, C apt. J . V. Gallim ard, C on fed erate Sappers & Miners, îRrTÔ9, NA.

- 90-

 fter th e abandonment o f Fort P il lo w on June 5 , 1 8 6 2 ,

G allim ard 'a men withdrew to Grenada, M is a is a lp p i , w ith

B rig a d ier G eneral John B. V il le p iq u e 'a command. When

V ille p iq a e was tran sferred t o Port Hudson be r e q u este d th e

company, but in stead i t was a ss ig n ed t o Van D orn's army a t

C o r in th .^3

With on ly fo r ty -se v e n men, G allim ard c o n s tr u c te d in

th r e e and a h a lf hours a 220 fo o t lo n g b r id g e over th e

H atch ie R iver which was used by the e n t i r e arm y. In th e

r e t r e a t th e company moved one day in advance o f th e arm y,

opening new roads through th e t h ic k woods and b u ild in g

b rid g es over th e numerous creek s and r i v e r s . During

G r ier so n 's ra id through M is s is s ip p i , th e company on May 1 ,

1 8 6 3 , b u i l t a temporary bridge over th e A m ite R iver w hich

a llow ed C o lo n e l W. R. M iles' L ou isian a L eg io n w ith i t s

a r t i l l e r y and tr a in s t o c r o s s . ^

The War Department had been reminded o f th e e x i s t e n c e

o f Gallim ard ' s Company in January 1 8 6 3 when he w ro te a sk in g

t o be a llow ed to f i l l h is d ep le ted ranks w ith c o n s c r ip t s .

C o lo n e l J o sia h Gorgas, the C h ief o f Ordnance t o whom th e

l e t t e r was erroneously ad d ressed , s ta te d i n h is endorsem ent

th a t Gallim ard ' s was the company org a n ized under th e a c t of

63Return o f Troops a t Grenada, M is s . , June l 4 , 1 8 6 2 , OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. XXVII, Part 2 , p e . 6 OO; R eturn o f th e D is t r ic t o f th e M is s is s ip p i, Ju ly 1 8 6 2 , p g . 6 6 1 .

64Report o f C ol. W. R. M ile s , May 5 , 1 8 6 3 , g g . S e r ie s I , V o l. XXIV, Part 1 , pg. 545 .

- 91 -

May 1 7 , 1 8 6 1 . C o lo n e l Jeremy F . G ilm er, the C h ief o f

E n g in ee rs , p o in ted out th a t th e company had been organ ized

in March I 8 6 I , and so could not be th e May 17 o n e . This

a l s o seems c le a r from th e f a c t th a t G allim ard had w r it te n

th a t th e company was t o have as i t s main duty th e in s t r u c t io n

o f o f f i c e r s and men in en g in eer in g d u t i e s , w hich sounds

q u ite l ik e th e company en v is io n ed in th e a c t o f March 6 .

G alliiaard had e n e r g e t ic a l ly s e t t o work in h is spare

tim e on t h i s p r o je c t and d ev ised a cou rse o f e ig h t c la s s e s

fo r h is menI f o r t i f i c a t i o n s ; saps ; m ines; b rid ges and

pontoons; d e fe n se and a t ta c k of p la c e s ; m il i ta r y f i e l d

c o n s tr u c t io n s ; m il i ta r y reco n n a issa n ce ; and c a s tr a m é ta t io n .

He s ta te d in h is l e t t e r th a t th ey had m astered th e f i r s t

two and wanted t o know i f he should proceed w ith th e r e s t

o f th e s c h e d u le . U n fo r tu n a te ly , i f any r e p ly was ever

made t o t h i s p o r t io n o f the l e t t e r i t has not s u r v i v e d .

F in a l ly made aware o f th e e x is ta n c e o f th e company, th e

War Department d ecided t o make i t what i t s c a p ta in alw ays

thought i t w a s. On October 2 4 , I 8 6 3 , th e Bureau of E ngineers

w rote Gallim ard th a t he had been appointed a ca p ta in in th e

Corps o f E ngineers to command th e Company o f Sappers and

Bombardiers under th e a c t o f May 1 7 , 1 8 6 1 . Congress o#nfirm ed

65C apt. J . G allim ard t o Gen. G. G. Gorgas ( s i c ) , January 2 o , 1 8 6 3 , L e tte r s R ece iv ed , A . & I . G. 0 . , RG 109, NA. T his l e t t e r co n ta in s a com plete h is to r y o f th e company up to th e tim e i t was w r it t e n . Gorgas had been a c t in g C h ief o f E ngineers when the company was o rg a n ized .

- 92 -

th e appointment on February 1 6 , 1864, w ith th e d a te of

G allim ard 's rank t o be May 17 , l 8 6 l . I t i s in t e r e s t in g to

n o te that in O ctober I 8 6 3 th e company muster r o l l s s to p

b ein g made out a s S ap p ers and Miners and become Sappers

and Bombardiers* The names o f the l ie u te n a n ts ap pearin g on

th e company m uster r o l l s in the War Department d if f e r e d

from those in an ord er o f Major M artin L . Smith* The

appointm ents w ere h e ld up aw a itin g an e x p la n a tio n o f t h i s

d iscrep an cy and w ere n ev er made,^^

On July 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 , th e Company o f Sappers and Bombardiers

was tra n sferred t o M o b ile . The company was employed on th e

v a r io u s f o r t i f i c a t i o n s i n th e area and r e c e iv e d c o n sc r ip ts

t o bring i t up t o s t r e n g t h . Gallimard was captured a t

F o rt Morgan on A ugust 2 3 , 1864 . Command o f th e company

had been e x e r c is e d s in c e March 7 by 1 s t L ieu ten an t

Jacques Emile B e l , but he was not recommended by L ieu ten an t

C o lo n e l V ictor von S c h e l ih a , the C h ief E ngineer a t M obile ,

f o r r e te n t io n a s an e n g in e e r o f f i c e r . In stead th e company

was apparently r e o r g a n iz e d a t the end o f 1864 under th e

66James A . Seddon t o P resid en t D a v is , February 5 ,1 8 6 4 , L etters S e n t , S e c r e ta r y o f War, Chap. IX, V o l. 9 9 , p g . 121; L t. C o l . A . L . R iv es to C apt. J . V. G allim ard , O ctober 24 , I 8 6 3 , L e t t e r s S e n t , Engineer Bureau, Chap. I l l , V o l. 4 , pg. 4 5 . The rem arks about the company's l ie u te n a n ts a r e on the back o f en endorsem ent dated October I 3 , I 8 6 3 , i n CMSB. C o l. R . R . G arlan d , 6th Texas In fa n tr y , RG 1 0 9 , NA. S in c e the a c t p r o v id in g f o r th e o r ig in a l en g in eer company s p e c if ie d th a t i t w ould be commanded by one o f th e t e n en g in eer c a p ta in s and a l l o f th e se v a ca n c ie s had been f i l l e d , i t appears G allim ard was appointed under the second a c t b ecau se that was th e o n ly vacancy in th e grade o f c a p ta in .

- 93-

oommand o f 1 s t L ieu ten an t C harles Armand B r ls s e t and e v e n t­

u a l ly the remnants were a ss ig n e d to th e 2nd C onfed erate

Engineer R egim ent. The company d isa p p ea rs from th e record s

w ith th e ev a c u a tio n o f M obile in A p r il 1 865 .

A h a lf-h e a r te d attem pt a t o rg a n iz in g th e zouave

regim ent a u th o r ized under th e a c t o f May 4 , l 8 6 l , was made.

On May 1 2 , l 8 6 l . G eneral Cooper te leg ra p h ed L ieu ten an t

C o lo n e l G aston Coppens, who commanded th e famous L ou isian a

Zouave B a t ta lio n a t P e n sa c o la , th a t he was a u th o r ized t o

m uster in a s ix t h company and th a t i f he cou ld persuade

h is men t o e n l i s t fo r th r e e y ea rs th e o f f i c e r s o f th e

regim ent would be com m issioned in th e r e g u la r army. On

th e same d a te Cooper te leg ra p h ed B r ig a d ier G eneral Braxton

B ragg, th e commander a t P e n sa c o la , th a t i f th e Zouave

B a t ta lio n was in crea sed t o a reg im ent and e n l i s t e d fo r th r e e

years i t would be r e c e iv e d by th e War Department as part

o f th e re g u la r army. On May 17 Bragg was inform ed th a t

Coppens had been fu rn ish ed reg u la r army e n lis tm e n t b la n k s ,

but f i r s t th e b a t t a l io n would have t o be m ustered in t o th e

v o lu n teer s e r v ic e under i t s o r ig in a l o r g a n iz a t io n and th en

6 7 L t. C o l. V. S c h e lih a to C o l. S . H. L o c k e tt , December 1 0 , 1864 , L e tte r s S e n t , Engineer O f f ic e a t M ob ile , Chap. I l l ,V ol; 1 3 , pp. 2 2 5 -2 7 . T h is l e t t e r c o n ta in s an account o f th e s e r v ic e s o f th e company in M obile and recom m endations fo r the r e o r g a n iz a t io n o f th e en g in eer t r o o p s . S p e c ia l Order No. 6 , Engineer O f f ic e , M ob ile , A l a . , March 7 , 1864 ,Chap. I l l , V o l. 1 2 , p g . 6 4 3 , co n ta in s th e assignm en t o f B e l . RG 1 0 9 , NA. A F ie ld R eturn o f E ngineer T roops,Department o f Alabama, M is s i s s ip p i , and E ast L o u is ia n a ,November 1 , 1864 , fig . S e r ie s I , V o l. XXXIX, P art 3 , p g . 8 7 7 , shows on ly two o f f i c e r s and e ig h te e n men in th e company.

- 94-

r e - e n l la t e d fa r th e re g u la r s . Som ething th en went wrong

w ith the p la n . On May 21 Cooper w rote Bragg th a t the

b a t t a l io n would be mustered as a v o lu n te e r u n it o f s ix

com panies and no attem pt would be made t o o rg a n ize i t as

p a rt o f th e r e g u la r army. A lso , any id ea of in crea s in g the

b a t t a l io n to a reg im en t was dropped.^®

ôhOen. 8 . Cooper to L t. C o l. G. Coppens, May 12, l8 6 l; Gen. 8 . Cooper t o Gen. Bragg, May 1 2 , iB o l; Gen S . Cooper t o B r ig . Gen. % axton Bragg, May 17 and 2 1 , l 8 6 l . L etters S e n t , A . & X. G. 0 * , Chap. X, V o l. 35, PP* 1 0 9 , 1 2 6 , 132. There were l e t t e r s from Bragg t o P r e s id e n t D avis on May 18 and G eneral Cooper on May 19 w hich may have caused the abandonment o f th e p la n , but no c o p ie s o f th e s e have been fo u n d . A p e n c i l n o ta t io n in th e back o f m appointm ent r e g i s t e r shows P r in ce Cam ille J . de P o lig n a o as lie u ten a n t c o lo n e l o f th e zouave regim ent , but th e Regular Army R egister shows him as a l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l o f in fa n tr y commissioned under an honorary appointment in a d d it io n to th e authorized number. There a r e no zouave o f f i c e r s shown in th e Regular Army R e g is t e r , RG 109 , NA.

-9 5 -

CHàPTER V

EASTERN REGULAR ORGANIZATIONS

There were four other attem pts t o form C o n fed era te

reg u la r army u n i t s . Of th e s e , on ly th e a r t i l l e r y b a t t e r i e s

in C h arleston were o f s ig n i f ic a n t s i z e . R e c r u it in g in th e

e a s te r n s t a t e s of th e Confederacy fo r some r e a so n was not

s u c c e s s f u l . The C harleston companies w ere r e c r u it e d fo r

th e most part in B altim ore, which was not a c t u a l l y ev en in

th e C onfederate S t a t e s .

The number o f r e c r u it s rece iv ed a t th e d ep ot a t Mount

Vernon A rse n a l, Alabama, i s not known. There i s a p o s s i b i l i t y

th a t some o f th e men o r ig in a l ly in tend ed fo r t h e r e g u la r

army were d iv e r te d im m ediately to v o lu n te e r u n it s w hioh

were a l s o b ein g organized a t the A r se n a l. At l e a s t one

r e c r u i t . P r iv a te Simeon McDonald, was d isc h a r g e d from th e

s e r v ic e a t Mount Vernon A rsenal w h ile th e d ep ot was s t i l l

in o p era tio n . On June 15 , 1861, L ieu ten a n t M u llin s r e p o r ted

th e breaking up o f the d ep o t.^

A pparently a l l the is g u la r army r e c r u i t s rem ain in g a t

Mount Vernon A rsen a l were tra n sfe rr ed t o F o rt Morgan a t th e

en tran ce t o M obile Bay. There th ey were formed in to an

Ordnance detachment under the command o f 1 s t L ieu te n a n t

C harles D. Anderson, Corps o f A r t i l l e r y . T h is detachm ent

lOrder No. 4 , R ecru iting D epot, Mount Vernon A r s e n a l , A l a . , June 1 2 , l 8 o l , " U n fileab le F ile " fo r Sim eon McDonald; S p e c ia l Order No. 129, August 2 0 , l 8 6 l , A . & I . G. 0 . , 1 s t L t. John M ullins t o Gen. Samuel C ooper, June 1 5 , l 8 6 l . R e g is te r o f L e tte r s R eceived , A. & I . G. 0 « , Chap. I , V o l . 4 5 , p g . 142; RG 109 , NA.

- 96—

c o n s is te d o f two o f f i c e r s and n in e e n l i s t e d men. I t was

m ustered s e p a r a te ly , but fo r a d m in is tr a t iv e purposes was

a tta c h e d t o th e 2nd Alabama I n fa n tr y , which formed p art o f

th e g a r r iso n o f F ort Morgan. Anderson was th e p o st ordnance

o f f i c e r and h is detachm ent handled th e r o u t in e ordnance

d u t ie s o f th e f o r t . On November 9 , I 8 6 I , Anderson became

major o f the 20th Alabama In fa n tr y and command o f th e d eta ch ­

ment d evolved on 2nd L ieu ten a n t A lfred M. O 'N eal.

In A p r il 1 8 6 2 , th e 2nd Alabama In fa n try was broken up

a t th e e x p ir a t io n o f i t s term o f s e r v i c e . Many o f th e en­

l i s t e d men r e - e n l i s t e d in th e 1 s t C onfed erate In fa n try

B a t t a l io n , t o w hich O 'N eal was a s s ig n e d , u lt im a te ly r e c e iv in g

a prom otion to c a p ta in in th e P r o v is io n a l Army. A lthough

th e Ordnance detachm ent was never a c t u a l ly part o f th e 2nd

Alabama In fa n tr y , i t t o o was broken up a t t h i s t im e . One

o f th e men Joined th e 1 s t C on fed erate In fa n try B a t ta l io n

and th e o th ers were tr a n s fe r r e d t o Company A, 1 s t Alabama

A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n . Two men e v e n tu a lly d e s e r te d , one was

d isc h a r g e d , fo u r were captured when the f o r t s guarding

M obile f e l l , one was p aroled w ith th e 5th Company, W ashington

(L o u is ia n a ) A r t i l l e r y a t th e end o f th e w ar, and one was l a s t

rep o rted in a h o s p i t a l , One o f th e man captured d ied w h ile

a p r iso n er o f w ar. The co m p o sitio n o f the detachm ent i s

- 97 -

I n t e r e s t ln g for two r e a s o n s . A l l the men were r e c r u ite d a t

G adsden, Alabama, and a l l w ere n a tiv e born S o u t h e r n e r s . 2

A nderson's Ordnance detachm ent was composed o f re g u la r

army l i n e r e c r u i t s . In S avannah, G eorgia, an oth er Ordnance

d etachm ent vas formed under th e same a u th o r ity as the Baton

Rouge A rsen a l Ordnance D etachm ent. This detachm ent c o n s is te d

o f one o f f i c e r , a s e r g e a n t , and th ree p r iv a t e s . The e n l i s t e d

men had o r ig in a l ly e n l i s t e d in th e 1 s t (O lm stea d 's) G eorgia

I n f a n t r y , a s ta te r e g u la r u n i t , in February 1 8 6 1 . F iv e men

from t h i s regiment w ere p erm itte d to be d isch a rg ed on J u ly 9 ,

l 8 6 l , t o e n l i s t in th e Ordnance Department, but o n ly fou r

o f t h e men are su b seq u e n tly p ick ed up on th e detachm ent

m uster r o l l . 3

Ordnance Sergeant H arvey Lewis and P r iv a te John Parker

w ere captured at F ort P u la s k i , G eorgia , on A p r il 1 1 , 1862 ,

but w ere exchanged in A ugust and rejo ined th e detach m ent.

The detachm ent served a t th e Savannah Ordnance Depot u n t i l

Sherman captured th e c i t y on December 2 1 , 1 8 6 4 . U n like th e

2Muster R o ll o f a D etachm ent of R ecru its o f th e Army o f th e C onfederate S t a t e s , A ug. 31 and O ct. 3 1 , l 8 6 l , f i l e d w ith 2nd Alabama I n fa n tr y M uster R o lls : CtCR. 2nd Alabama I n fa n tr y and 1 st Alabasia A r t i l l e r y B a t ta lio n . Anderson had b een appointed a f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t , h is former rank in th e U n ited S ta te s Army, when he jo in e d the C on fed erates and was th e n promoted t o c a p ta in when th e appointm ents were a c t u a l ly s e n t t o th e S en a te . He had n o t been n o t i f ie d o f h is promot­io n . The same th in g had a l s o happened to M u llin s . On June 1 3 , 1862, Anderson w ro te th e War Department about h is ran k and was f i n a l l y inform ed o f h is prom otion . CMSR. C o l. C. D. Anderson, 2 1 s t Alabama In fa n tr y , RG 1 0 9 , NA.

3Muster R o l ls , Cunningham 's C onfederate Ordnance D etachm ent: S p e c ia l Order No. 7 3 , D is t r ic t o f G eorg ia ,J u ly 9 , 1861; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 98-

Baton Ronge A rsen a l Ordnance Detachment^ w hich was engaged

In th e m anufacture o f ordnance s u p p l ie s , the Savannah u n it

was on ly concerned w ith r e p a ir s and d i s t r ib u t io n .

The detachm ent*s f i r s t commander was C apta in Richard M.

C u y ler , Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , a form er l ie u te n a n t in th e U nited

S ta te s Navy. He was succeeded in command o f th e detachm ent

and as ordnance o f f i c e r o f th e D i s t r i c t o f G eorgia by 1 s t

L ieu ten an t A lexander T . Cunningham, P r o v is io n a l Army. There

i s no record o f th e detachm ent a f t e r th e f a l l o f Savannah.^

The d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered by th e r e c r u it in g o f f i c e r s

in Richmond, V ir g in ia , have a lrea d y been r e c o u n te d . The

re g u la r in fa n tr y detachm ent which had been r e c r u ite d by

C aptain S c o t t was tr a n sfe r r e d back t o th e c i t y from B e llo n a

A rsen a l under th e ecHnmand o f C aptain Carr on May 2 8 , l 8 6 l .

On June 6 , 1 s t L ieu ten an t David H. Todd, th e b roth er of

Mrs. Mary Todd L in c o ln , was ordered t o R i c h m o n d H e to o k

over command o f th e detachm ent and on Ju ly 1 was p laced

under th e command o f B r ig a d ier G eneral John H. W inder, th e

p rovost m arshal o f Richmond. Todd served as a p r iso n

commander u n t i l h is tr a n s fe r t o th e 1 s t Kentucky In fa n try

in Septem ber.

Todd was succeeded in command o f the reg u la r detachm ent

4CMSR. Cunningham’ s C onfed erate Ordnance D etachm ent,RG 1 0 9 , KA; H am ersly. Navy R e g is t e r , p g . 187*

^ S p e c ia l Order No. 6 5 , A. & I . G. 0 . , June 6 , l 8 6 l ,RG 1 0 9 , NA. Todd had been on r e c r u it in g duty in W ilm ington, North C a r o lin a .

- 99 -

by 2nd L ieu ten a n t W illiam B. O c h iltr e e , J r . The re g u la r s

w ere m ain ly a ss ig n e d t o guarding p r iso n ers o f war and provost

d u t i e s . In a d d it io n t o th e s e d u t ie s , men from th e detachment

w ere a l s o d e t a i le d a s o r d e r l ie s and c o u r ie r s in th e v a r io u s

War Department b u rea u s . The detachment was broken up in

November I 8 6 I . Of th e tw e n ty -s ix r e c r u it s who formed th e

d etach m ent, one d ie d , fo u r d ese r ted , tw enty were tr a n sfe r r e d

t o Company E , 1 s t V ir g in ia Regular In fa n try B a t t a l io n , and

th e r e i s no f i n a l record fo r one.^ The 1 s t V ir g in ia Regular

In fa n tr y B a t t a l io n was a s t a t e regular u n it and a c ted fo r

most o f th e war a s th e p ro v o st guard o f th e Army o f Northern

V ir g in ia .

The r e c r u i t s e n l i s t e d by Captain Pender in B a ltim ore

began t o a r r iv e in C h a r le s to n , South C a r o lin a , on March 2 6 ,

1 8 6 1 . They w ere assem bled a t C astly P inckney under the

command o f C ap ta in F re d e r ic k L. C h ild s , Corps o f A r t i l l e r y .

For some s tr a n g e re a so n th e War Department f e l t th a t i t was

n ot n e c e ssa r y t o equ ip th e s e r e c r u its im m ed ia te ly , a lth ou gh

h o s t i l i t i e s m om entarily co u ld be expected to b e g in a t F ort

Sum ter, ju s t a c r o ss th e harbor from C a stly P in ck n ey . C hilds

was re p la ced on A p r il 22 in command o f th e r e c r u it s by

h S p e e ia l Order No. 8 5 , A. & I . G. 0 . , J u ly 1 , I 8 6 I ; CMSR. O c h iltr e e * s Detachment of C onfederate R egular R e c r u it s , RG 1 0 9 , NA. R. H. C hilton t o C apt. John S c o t t , June 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 , L e t te r s S e n t , A. & I . G, 0 . , Chap. I ,V o l. 3 5 , p g . 2 0 8 .

—100-

la t L ieu tenant W illiam F . Barnwell when he was ordered t o

North C aro lin a on r e c r u it in g d u ty .?

G eneral Beauregard f e l t that some use should be made

o f th e re g u la r r e c r u it s on May 1 recommended th a t th e y be

formed in to two a r t i l l e r y com panies. This r e q u e s t was

approved on May 3 and Beauregard was g iv en d i s c r e t i o n in

a ss ig n in g th e o f f i c e r s t o the com panies. On th e same day

C aptain Cole a t Augusta was n o t if ie d th a t th e r e c r u i t s would

not be se n t to h is depot as planned. The com panies w ere

organized on May 11 w ith Captain Stephen D. Lee and C ap ta in

C harles 8 . Winder in command.8 On June 12 C ap ta in C h ild s

recommended th a t th e r e c r u it s e n lis te d in North C a ro lin a

be sen t to th e a r t i l l e r y companies a t C h a r le s to n . C a p ta in

A lfred Iv erso n was ordered to forward the te n North C a ro lin a

r e c r u it s from Fort Johnson .9

7Capt. Stephen D. Lee to Gen. Cooper, March 2 6 . l 8 6 l .& B r ig . Gen. G. T. Beauregard to Gen. Cooper, A pr. 1 , 1 8 6 1 , R e g is te r o f L e tte r s R eceived . A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap I , V o l. 4-5,

8B r ig . Gen. G. T. Beauregard to Gen. C ooper, May 1 , l 8 6 l . R eg is te r of L e tte r s R eceived . A. & I . G. 0 . , Chau. I , , V o l . m-5,

gg . 2 6 1 Gen. Cooper t o Gen. Beauregard, May 3$ 1 8 6 1 , L e t t e r s e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . . Chap. I , V o l. 3 5 , Pg. 9i% S p e c ia l Order No. I l l , P r o v is io n a l Arn^, C h arleston , S . C .i M uster R o l l o f

Detachment o f R e c r u its , May 11, 1861; RG 109 , NA.9C apt. F . L . C hilds to Gen. Cooper, June 1 2 , l 8 6 l :

R eg is te r o f L e tte r s R eceived , A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. 1 . v o l .pg . 39; R. H. C h ilto n to Capt. A. P. Iv e r so n , J u ly ̂

1861, L e tte r s S e n t, A. & I . G. Ô ., Chap. 1 , V o l. 3 5 , p g . 2 3 6 ; C apt. F . L. C h ild s , June 21 , I 86I , ordering Lance I s a a c Marsh to proceed w ith r e c r u it s from W ilmington t o F t . Joh nson ,CMSR, C apt. F . L . C h ild s , Childs* Company South C a r o lin a A r t i l l e r y ; S p e c ia l Order No. 3^, F t . Johnson, N. C . , J u ly 7 , 1 8 6 1 , tr a n s fe r r in g te n r e c r u it s t o C h a r lesto n , CMSR. C o l. A lfred Iv e rso n , 20th North C arolina In fa n try ; RG I 0 9 , NA.

—101—

w in d er's Company was ordered Im m ediately t o C h a rlesto n

A r se n a l. L e e 's Company remained a t C a s t le P inckney u n t i l

i t was ordered on May 23 t o P ort P a lm etto . The company l e f t

C a stly Pinckney on May 3 0 , le a v in g one non-com m issioned

o f f i c e r and ten men under the command o f 2nd L ieu ten an t

Joseph G. B lo u n t, and a rr iv ed on C oles Is la n d on June 1 .

C aptain Lee was d e ta ile d from th e company on v a r io u s a s s ig n ­

ments and command a g a in r e v e r te d t o L ieu ten an t B arn w ell.

B arnw ell ap p a ren tly d ied November 2 3 , l 8 6 l , and 2nd L ieu tenan t

Theodore B. Hayne succeeded t o th e command

At the time o f th e ir o r g a n iz a tio n W inder's Company con­

s i s t e d o f s ix t y men and L e e 's Company o f s e v e n ty -e ig h t* In

a d d it io n to W inder's Company, th e r e were a l s o a t C h arleston

A rsen a l a t the end o f June two unassigned r e c r u it s and

Master B lacksm ith James O 'N e il l who had e n l is t e d in th e

Ordnance Departm ent. Winder was not happy in C h a r les to n .

On June 27 he w rote th e War Department r e q u e s tin g t o be pro­

moted in the P r o v is io n a l Army and tr a n sfe rr ed or t o have h is

company ordered to a c t iv e d u ty . On Ju ly 8 he accep ted a

com m ission as c o lo n e l o f the 6 th South C arolina In fa n tr y .

C aptain C h ilds was a ss ig n ed t o command C h a r lesto n A rsen a l

and on Ju ly 26 he was n o t i f ie d th a t be was a l s o t o succeed

lOG eneral Order No. 3 9 , P r o v is io n a l Army, C h a r lesto n , South C a ro lin a . May 2 3 , l 8 6 l : Muster R o ll , C apt. L ea 's Company o f A r t i l l e r y , June 3 0 , l 8 6 l ; Maj. J . Jonathan L ucas, February 1 7 , 186^-, en c lo su r e in J . W. Hayne to James A. Seddon, February 2 3 , 1864^ CMSR. C apt. T . B Hayne, l5 th South C aro lina Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a t ta lio n ; RG 109 , NA.

-102-

Winder in command of the a r t i l l e r y company

On O ctober 25 f i f t y e n l i s t e d men o f C hilds' Company

under the command of 2nd L ieu ten a n t John F. O'Brien l e f t

C h a r le s to n A r se n a l for detached d u ty a t Fort Sumter.

D if fe r e n c e s in th e in sp e c t io n r e p o r ts o f the two companies

d u rin g t h i s p eriod are in t e r e s t in g . The m ilita r y appearance

o f L e e 's Company was reported a s " m agn ificen t" w h ile C h ild s '

Company o n ly ra ted a " to le r a b le ." L e e 's Company was ra ted

good as fa r a s d is c ip l in e and in s t r u c t io n w h ile th e b est

th a t co u ld be sa id fo r C h ild s ' Company was that th ey were

im p ro v in g . The reason for t h i s d i f f e r e n c e may be th a t

C ap ta in C h ild s had to devote most o f h is tim e to ordnance

d u t ie s w h ile L ieutenant Hayne and h is men were a c tu a l ly in

th e field.

From F ort Sumter, O 'B rien 's detachm ent was ordered on

January 25 t o Simons Farm, w hich th e y l e f t on February 25

and marched n in e m iles to Camp V e r d ie r . In August th e e n t ir e

company was f i n a l l y tra n sferred from C harleston A rsenal t o

F ort Pem berton on James I s la n d . On November 15 , the War

l l P o s t R eturn , C harleston A r s e n a l, June 18611 C apt. C h arles S . Winder to Gen. C ooper, June 2 7 , 1861, R e g is te r o f L e t te r s R ece iv ed , A. & I . G. 0 . , Chap. 1 , V o l. 4-5, p g . 2 6 0 ; Maj. J . Gorges to Gen. C ooper, J u ly 11 , I 8 6 I , p g . 202; R. H. C h ilto n t o Capt. F. L. C h i ld s , J u ly 2 6 , 186I , L e tte r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , Chap. 1 , V o l. 3 5 , p g . 285; RG 109 , NA. Winder was a c t u a l ly a m ajor, but l i k e Anderson he had never b een inform ed o f h is f in a l r e g u la r ra n k .

12P ost R eturn , C harleston A r se n a l, October I 8 6 I ;M uster R o l l , C apt. Stephen D. L e e 's Company of A r t i l l e r y , December 3 1 , I 8 0 I ; Muster R o l l , C apt. F rederick L. C h ild s ' Company, Corps o f A r t i l le r y , A ugust 3 1 , I 86I; RG 109 , NA.

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Department d eo ld ed th a t both com panies w ere so reduced In

s i z e th a t th ey should be c o n so lid a te d * They w ere th en

a tta ch ed t o th e l5 t h South C a ro lin a Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n

commanded by Major J . Jonathan L u cas. T h is b a t t a l io n had

o r ig in a l ly c o n s is t e d o f two com panies o f s t a t e r e g u la r s .

A fter th e company jo in ed th e b a t t a l io n i t was kept up t o

s tr e n g th w ith South C a ro lin a c o n s c r ip t s . Hayne had req u ested

on March 30 th a t s in c e i t was ob vious C ap ta in Lee would

never r e tu r n t o th e company, th a t he be promoted to c a p ta in

in th e P r o v is io n a l Army. Hayne r e c e iv e d h is prom otion on

November 7 and to o k over command o f th e c o n s o lid a te d u n it

now d e s ig n a te d Company C.^^

The new Company C c o n s is te d o f fo u r o f f i c e r s , s i x

s e r g e a n ts , se v en c o r p o r a ls , and e ig h t y - e ig h t p r iv a t e s . There

seems alw ays to have been a sh o r ta g e o f a d eq u ate c lo th in g

fo r th e company. The sm a ll arms c a r r ie d by th e men w ere a

mixed l o t , some b ein g a n c ie n t sm ooth-bore m uskets a lt e r e d

from f l i n t l o c k s w ith a few new S p r in g f ie ld m u sk ets . On

January 3 0 , 1 8 6 3 , a detachm ent o f f i f t e e n men o f th e company

under Hayne manned one o f th r e e r i f l e d 2M—pounders a t

13Muater R o l l , Detachment o f C apt. F . L . C h ild s 'Company, Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , February 28 , 1862; Muster R o l l , C apt. F r e d e r ic k L . C h ild s ' Company, Corps o f A r t i l l e r y ,Aug. 2 7 , 1862; S p e c ia l Order No. 2 o 8 , A . & I . G. 0 . , N ov. 1 5 , 18d2; L t . T . B . Hayne, t o G. V . R andolph, Mar. 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 ,CMSR. C ap t. T . B . Hayne, l5 t h South C a ro lin a Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a tta lio n ; RG 1 0 9 , NA. A good exam ple o f th e f o r g e t f u ln e s s of th e War Departm ent i s shown by th e t r a n s p o s i t io n o f th e a b b r e v ia t io n C. S . A r t i l l e r y t o 8 . C. A r t i l l e r y in^^he con­s o l id a t io n order and a l l reco rd s o f th e s e tw o o o a ^ W ies have s in c e been f i l e d a s South C a ro lin a o r g a n lz a t io h s . A

—loH—

G r la b a l l ' s P la n ta t io n guard ing the Stone R iv er . That a f t e r ­

noon th e gunboat Ug. S . && Isa a c Smith came up th e r i v e r . A

hot f ig h t en su ed , H ayne's gun b ein g h it by an enemy grape

s h o t , but th e gunboat was f i n a l l y forced to su rren d er .

The company n ex t serv ed as part o f the g a r r is o n o f

B a tte r y Wagner on M orris I s la n d from July 27 t o Ju ly 3 1 ,

and th en retu rn ed t o F ort Pem berton. The company was back

a t B a ttery Wagner on August 2 0 . This p o s it io n was th e

prim ary ta r g e t o f th e Union army b esieg in g C h a r le s to n . The

b a tte r y was su b je c te d t o in t e n s iv e a r t i l l e r y and n a v a l

bombardment w h ile tr e n ch es w ere being advanced t o b r in g th e

enemy in fa n tr y in t o p o s i t io n t o storm the work. On August 24-

a detachm ent under th e command o f 2nd L ieutenant F ran cis C.

Lucas was com plim ented by B r ig a d ier General Johnson Hagood

fo r r e p a ir in g a damaged 8 - in ch s ie g e how itzer under a f i r e

o f g r e a t p r e c is io n and r a p i d i t y . The how itzer was f i n a l l y

dism ounted and c o m p le te ly ru in ed by being h it f u l l in th e

fa c e by a 200-pounder b o l t . By th e time the company was

w ithdraw n from M orris Is la n d on August 26, having a l s o served

a t B a tter y G regg, i t had l o s t fo u r men died o f wounds and two o f f i c e r s and f i f t e e n man wounded

" m-Muster B o l l , Company C, l5 t h S . C. Heavy A r t i l l e r y

R G *îo9Î**ii;^Report * o f ®CaptT® John à.^G arJ,^ l?tê**s’ 3?*Heavy ’ A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n , F eb . 1 , I 8 6 3 , S er ies I , V o l. XIV, pp. 2 0 3 -4 .

J u ly H ! " m 3 ^ W la ! ' o g & S ^ " g o ^ 2 K t 4 j ^ : g ' ! a ! i ! m # y % 3 % g l c t ,

g p . 24B % 9, P art 1: p g . 4 # 2 . Mùster R o ll, Co. C: 15 th S ; G. eavy A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n , A ug. 3 1 , I 8 6 3 , RG 1 0 9 , NA. L ieu ten a n t Lucas was a ss ig n e d t o th e company in A p r i l , but

he was not a r e g u la r army o f f i c e r .

- 105“

On October 21 Major Lucaa forwarded a recom m endation

by Hayne th a t an oth er enemy gunboat op eratin g in th e S to n o

near G r im b a ll's m ight be ambushed in th e same fa s h io n as

the Isa a c Smith bad been in January. A fter c o n s id e r a b le

d is c u s s io n i t was d ec id ed th a t th e circum stances were not

as good as in th e form er c a s e , but an attem pt might be m ade.

A pparently th e enemy d id not g iv e them another o p p o r tu n ity

to attem pt th e p lan .^ ^

In December th e company was s ta tio n e d a t B a ttery

P rin g le on James I s la n d . C apta in John J . A lle n , who in s p e c te d

the a r t i l l e r y on James Is la n d a t t h is tim e, rep orted th a t

Company C in m il i t a r y ap pearan ce, d r i l l , and d i s c i p l i n e was

f i r s t c l a s s . The com pany's m uskets, g a r r iso n eq u ip a g e ,

and accountrem ents were in good order and p o l ic e o f th e camp

was good . In th r e e months th e re was a r a d ic a l change in

the ccnpany. I t moved in Iftirch 28 to B attery Ramsay in

C h a r lesto n . At th e end o f A p r il d i s c ip l in e was rep o r ted n o t

good. Two se r g e a n ts and fo u r p r iv a te s had d eser ted d u r in g

the month and one co r p o r a l and sev en teen of th e r e g u la r

army p r iv a te s were co n fin ed in th e C harleston J a i l . l ?

The rea so n fo r t h i s sudden c o l la p s e o f d i s c i p l i n e in

what by a l l in s p e c t io n re p o r ts and comments o f se n io r

16H aj. J . Jonathan Lucas to Capt. George C. G r a tta n , October 2 1 , I 8 6 3 , OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. XXVIII, P art 2 , p p . 43;-38.

ITReport o f Cap t . John J . A lle n , December 3 1 , I 8 6 3 ,OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. XXVIII, Part 2 , pg . 599; Muster R o l l , Company C, l5 t h South C aro lin a Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n ,A p r il 3 0 , 1864; RG 1 0 9 , NA.

- 106-

o f f le e r s was an e x c e l le n t u n it may be traced t o an Incon­

s i s t a n t War Department p o l ic y . In March th e th r e e year

e n lis tm e n ts o f th e re g u la rs e x p ir e d . The War Department

in th e ca se o f Company C m aintained th a t th e men could be

held in s e r v ic e under the c o n s c r ip t io n a c t . In th e ca se of

Company A, 1 s t C onfederate R egular C avalry , t h i s p o s it io n

was not taken and th e men who r e fu se d to r e - e n l i s t had

been d isch a r g e d . When th e men o f Company C learn ed th e

War Department d e c is io n they were on th e v erg e o f mutiny

and the company had t o be w ithdrawn from th e fr o n t l i n e s to

C h a r le s to n . I t appears th a t many o f the r e g u la r s did want

to co n tin u e to s e r v e , but most o f them were M arylanders and

wanted t o le a v e South C arolina and j o in u n it s op eratin g

nearer t o home.

This u np leasant s i t u a t io n was in part rem edied . A p lan

had been approved by th e War Departm ent, m ainly a t the

in s t ig a t io n o f C olon el B radley T. Johnson, t o o rgan ize a

u n it known as the Maryland L in e . In a d d it io n to th e

Maryland u n its a lrea d y se rv in g in th e Army o f Northern

V ir g in ia , a l l c i t i z e n s of Maryland serv in g in u n its from

other s t a t e s would be tr a n sfe r r e d a t th e ir own req u est t o

th e Maryland L in e . The p lan was a f a i l u r e , but i t did serv e

to a l la y th e problem in C h a r le s to n . On A p r il 2 9 , 1864,

fo r ty -tw o men o f Company C were tr a n sfe r r e d to th e Maryland

L in e . These men, under the command of 2nd L ieu ten an t W. W.

- 107-

R e v e le y , a r r iv e d In Richmond and f i n a l l y r e c e iv e d a c lo th in g

i s s u e on May 2 1 . They were then ta k en t o Camp Staunton,

V ir g in ia , where Major General Arnold E lz ey was try in g t o

o r g a n iz e th e Maryland l i n e . A pparently o n ly tw e n ty -fiv e

o f th e men ev e r reached Camp S ta u n to n , th e r e s t d eser tin g

b e fo r e th e t r a n s fe r or on th e way. Most o f them were

a ss ig n e d t o th e 2nd Maryland C avalry B a t t a l io n under th e

famous g u e r r i l l a le a d e r Major Harry G ilm ore. The men had

hard ly a r r iv e d when Major General David H u nter's Union fo r c e

th r ea ten ed Lynchburg. The men were throw n in to a h op e less

engagem ent a t Piedmont and most o f them w ere captured on

June 5 . E lzey in d is g u s t wrote th e War Department th a t th e

e n t ir e p la n was a f a i lu r e and should be revoked

A fte r t h e d ep a rtu re of the men tr a n s fe r r e d to the

Maryland L in e , t h ir t e e n regular army p r iv a te s remained w ith

Company C . The rem ainder of the company was now p r in c ip a lly

composed o f South C arolina v o lu n tee r s and c o n s c r ip ts . The

company co n tin u ed t o man the 1 1 - in ch and 1 0 - in ch B lakely

IS G en era l Order No. 38, A. & I . G. 0 . , March 23, 1864; S p e c ia l Order No. 1 0 0 , A. & I . G. 0 . , A p r i l 2 9 , 1864;C lo th in g R e c e ip t R o ll No. 2574; RG 1 0 9 , NA. Maj. Gen. Arnold E lzey t o Gen. S . Cooper, June I 3 , 1 8 6 4 , OR. S e r ie s I , V o l.XL, P art 2 , p g . 6 5 0 . S p e c ia l Order No. 1 3 4 , Department o f South C a r o lin a , G eo rg ia , and F lo r id a , May 1 4 , lo 6 4 , RG 109,NA. Maj. Gen. Sam Jones to Gen. C ooper, June 15 , 1864,OR. S e r ie s I , V o l. XXXV, Part 1 , p g . 1 2 lt J e ffe r so n Davis t o Gen. S . J o n e s , June l 5 , 1864, S e r ie s I , V o l. LUX, p g . 3 4 1 . S e v e r a l men ordered tr a n s fe r r e d d id not lea v e th e company. A good p r e se n ta t io n o f the a t t i t u d e o f the men and th e o f f i c i a l p o s i t io n taken in regard to holding the men in s e r v ic e appears in a l e t t e r o f S g t . F rederick F .C rate to B r ig . Gen. Thomas Jordan w ith endorsem ents, March 2 9 , 1 8 6 4 , CMSR. F r e d e r ic k F. C rate, l5 t h South C arolina Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n , RG 109, NA.

-108-

guns In B a ttery Ramsay u n t i l June 2 , when I t was re tu rn ed

to B attery P r in g le . The company a g a in served under heavy

enemy f i r e and won th e p r a is e o f B r ig a d ie r G eneral W illiam B .

T a lia fe r r o , th e d i s t r i c t commander. By th e end o f J u ly th e

company was back fo r a sh o r t s ta y a t B a tte r y Ramsay and th en

went t o Fort Pem berton, where i t rem ained u n t i l s h i f t e d to

B attery Tynes on O ctober 1 6 .^ 9

With th e e v a c u a t io n o f C h a r le s to n on February 1 7 , 1 8 6 5 ,

th e 15th South C a ro lin a Heavy A r t i l l e r y B a t t a l io n as p art

of C olonel Edward C. A nd erson 's B r ig a d e , T a l ia f e r r o 's

D iv is io n , was a tta c h e d t o th e remnants o f the Army o f

Tennessee and r e tr e a te d in t o North C a r o lin a . Most o f th e

remnant o f th e company was cap tu red in an engagem ent near

Sm ith 's Ford, N orth C a r o lin a , on March 15 and 1 6 . During

the l a s t few weeks o f the cam paign Hayne commanded th e

b a t t a l io n . By th e tim e th e Army o f T en n essee su rren dered

on A p r il 26 o n ly s i x r e g u la r s o f Company C w ere l e f t and th e

u n it had in e f f e c t been d estro y ed

On th e whole the s e r v ic e o f th e Company was c r e d i t a b le .

19Muster R o l l s , Company C, l5 t h South C a ro lin a Heavy A r t i l le r y B a t t a l io n , August 31 and O ctober 3 1 , 1 8 6 4 , RG 1 0 9 , NA| O rg a n iza tio n o f A r t i l l e r y in th e F i f t h M il i ta r y D i s t r i c t , May 3 , 1864 , (ffi. S e r ie s I , V o l. XXXV, P art 2 , p g . 469;C harles S . S t r in g f e l lo w t o B r ig . Gen. W illiam B . T a l ia f e r r o , July 2 , 1864 , p g . 548; R eport o f B r ig . Gen. W illia m B . T a lia fe r r o , J u ly 2 3 , 1 8 6 4 , P art 1 , p g . 1 7 0 .

2 0 S p e c ia l Order No. 3 1 1 , Department o f South C a r o lin a , G eorgia, and F lo r id a . December 2 8 , 1 8 6 4 , S e r ie s I , V o l.

—1G9—

R ep eated ly se n io r o f f i c e r s commented on th e e f f ic ie n c y and

courage o f the company. During i t s s e r v ic e Company 0 l o s t

two men k i l l e d in a c t io n and fo u r d ied of wounds, w ith four

men s t i l l a ss ig n e d to th e company b ein g p rison ers of w ar.

S ev en teen o f the men tr a n sfe r r e d from th e company were

captured and n in e o f th e se were s t i l l p r iso n ers a t th e end

o f th e w ar. Except fo r the u n fo rtu n a te s i tu a t io n which a ro se

when th e men were held in s e r v ic e a t th e end o f th e ir e n l i s t ­

ments the record o f the company was probably as good as any

u n it serv in g eb C h a r le s to n .

There w ere no other u n its o f the C onfederate regu lar

army o r g a n iz e d . A few in d iv id u a l members o f the regu lar

army served in th e Ordnance and M edical Departments or as

c o u r ie r s and o r d e r l ie s a t va r io u s h ead q u arters. The number

o f such r e g u la r s cou ld not have been la r g e and i t is

im p r a c tic a b le to t r y t o id e n t i f y t h e ir s e r v ic e .

W ithout a doubt th e most im portant regu lars in th e

C on fed erate Army were th e o f f i c e r s serv in g in the variou s

War Department bureaus a t Richmond. Under th e act of

February 2 6 , I 8 6 I , th e A djutant and In sp ecto r G eneral's

D epartm ent, M edical D epartm ent, Commissary Department, and

Q uarterm aster Department were c r e a te d . To th ese the a c t o f

March 6 , 1 8 6 1 , added th e E ngineer Departm ent. The o r ig in a l

o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e s e departm ents have been d iscussed in a

p rev iou s c h a p te r . With th e m o d if ic a t io n s necessary t o

handle th e la r g e v o lu n te e r army t h is o rg a n iza tio n was

-110-

oontlnned throughout th e w ar. With few ex cep tio n s th e

s e n io r p o s it io n s in th e se s t a f f departm ents were occupied

by regu lar army o f f i c e r s s e r v in g w ith th e ir reg u la r army

ra n k . Because th e r e w ere few o p p o r tu n it ie s for P r o v is io n a l

Army promotions in th e s e s t a f f p o s i t io n s , alm ost a l l th e

r e g u la r army prom otions during th e war were re c e iv ed by

o f f i c e r s in th e s t a f f d ep a rtm en ts. The other major e x c e p t­

io n to th is prom otion p o l ic y was in regard t o ca d ets pro­

moted to second l ie u te n a n ts and w i l l be d iscu sse d l a t e r .

A d is c u s s io n o f th e a c t i v i t i e s o f the reg u la rs in th e

s t a f f departments would in v o lv e th e e n t ir e m ilita r y p o l ic y

o f th e C onfederacy, a s u b je c t much to o broad fo r th is stu d y .

Only a few o b ser v a tio n s r e la t in g d i r e c t l y to th e re g u la r

army w i l l be made h e re .

There was no c o n s is ta n c y in regard t o th e rank o f th e

se n io r o f f ic e r s o f th e s t a f f d ep artm en ts. Samuel Cooper

became the A djutant and In sp e c to r G enera l, the eq u iv a len t

o f th e p o s it io n he had h eld in th e U nited S ta te s Army, but

r e c e iv e d th e re g u la r army rank o f f u l l g e n e r a l. The se n io r

o f f i c e r s of th e other s t a f f departm ents held th e reg u la r

army rank o f c o lo n e l . Of t h e s e , Jeremy F . Gilmer was

e v e n tu a lly promoted to th e P r o v is io n a l Army rank o f major

g e n e r a l . Gilmer saw much s e r v ic e in th e f i e l d and th e

21Regular Army R e g is t e r , RG 109 , NA.

-111-

a d m in ls tr a t lo n o f th e Engineer Department o f te n d evo lved on

C o lo n e l A lfred L. R iv e s , a P r o v is io n a l Army o f f i c e r

The Commissary and Q uarterm aster Department were su b je c t

t o th e most c r i t i c i s m during th e w ar. The a ttem p t o f P r e s id e n t

D avis t o have C o lo n e l Lucius B. N orthrop , th e Commissary G en era l, promoted t o b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l in th e P r o v is io n a l Army

was r e je c te d by th e S e n a te . The c a s e o f Abraham E . M yers,

th e Q uarterm aster G en era l, i s an even more in t e r e s t in g example

o f the way in w hich re g u la r and p r o v is io n a l rank could be used

in ju g g lin g s t a f f p o s i t i o n s . Myers had been ap poin ted

Q uarterm aster G eneral w ith th e r e g u la r army rank o f c o lo n e l .

On March 2 0 , 1 8 6 3 , Congress passed an a c t a u th o r iz in g th e

Q uarterm aster G eneral t o hold th e P r o v is io n a l Army rank o f

b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l . S in c e Myers had f a l l e n in t o d is fa v o r he

was not nominated fo r prom otion and in s te a d B r ig a d ie r G eneral

A lexander R. Lawton was a ss ig n e d t o th e p o s i t io n and th e

appointm ent was r a t i f i e d by th e S e n a te . Lawton was a West

P o in te r , but had re s ig n ed from th e U nited S ta te s Army in l 8 4 l ,

and was not com m issioned in th e C on fed era te r e g u la r Mmy.

The appointm ent o f Lawton in f a c t l e g i s la t e d th e u n fo rtu n a te

Myers r ig h t out o f th e army. The A ttorn ey G eneral h eld th a t th e a c t c r e a t in g th e Q uarterm aster G eneral a b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a l in th e P r o v is io n a l Army had in e f f e c t a b o lish e d th e p o s i t io n

o f Q uarterm aster Department c o lo n e l in th e r e g u la r army and l e f t Myers w ith o u t any ran k .

22Warner, G enerals in Gray, p g . 105; N ic h o ls , C on fed erate E n g in ee rs , p assim .

23Warner, G enerals in Gray. p p . 1 7 5 -7 6 , 225-26% O pinions o f th e C on fed erate A tto rn ey G en era l, pp . 4 2 8 -3 7 .

—112—

The Ordnance B ureau, th e other major s t a f f department

o f th e C onfed erate War D epartm ent, Is unique in th a t i t

never l e g a l ly e x i s t e d . On A p r il 8 , 1 8 6 1 , Major J o s ia h

G orges, Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , was appointed C h ie f o f th e

Bureau of O rdnance. When th e f i n a l reg u la r ranks w ere sub­

m itted to th e s e n a te he was commissioned l ie u t e n a n t c o lo n e l

in the Corps o f A r t i l l e r y . Subsequently he r e c e iv e d pro­

m otions t o c o lo n e l and b r ig a d ie r gen eral in t he P r o v is io n a l

Army. The Ordnance Bureau u lt im a te ly became one o f th e most

important s t a f f d ep a rtm en ts , but i t was n ever l e g a l l y con­

s t i t u t e d . Ordnance d u t ie s had been a ssig n ed under th e act

o f March 6 , 1 8 6 1 , t o th e Corps of A r t i l le r y and t h i s is

probably th e o r ig in o f th e Ordnance Bureau. Benjam in Huger,

th e c o lo n e l o f t h e Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , had b een promoted to

major g en e r a l in th e P r o v is io n a l Army. When he proved to be

an incom petent l in e commander he was named a s In sp e c to r of

A r t i l le r y and Ordnance in 1862 , a p o s it io n a c t u a l ly s im ila roil.

t o the one he would have h eld in the reg u la r arm y.^^

The War Departm ent a c t io n s in regard t o th e prom otion

o f cadets was a lm o st as b a d ly bungled as th e h a n d lin g of

th e e x p ir a t io n o f e n lis tm e n t term s. P re s id en t D av is a t the

beginning o f th e war made i t a ru le not t o com m ission any

o f f ic e r in th e r e g u la r army who bad not reach ed th e age of

tw en ty-on e . The ones most v i t a l l y a f fe c te d by t h i s d e c is io n

2 4 S p e o ia l Order No. 1 7 , A. & I . G. 0 . , A p r i l 8 , 186I ,RG 1 0 9 , NA; W arner, G e n e r a l's in Gray, pp . 1 1 2 , 143-144; gR, S e r ie s IV, V o l. I l l , p p . 9 4 3 -4 4 ; Army R e g u la t io n s . I 8 6 2 . A r t ic le 4 4 .

-113-

were the former c a d e ts a t West P o in t who Joined th e C onfed eracy .

Men who had reached t h e ir m a jo r ity w ere com m issioned w h ile

those who s t i l l were m in o rs, even though th ey m ight have bad

a higher stand in g a t West P o in t , w ere made c a d e t s . By th e

time th ese l a t t e r were o f a g e , th e War Department had f o r ­

go tten about th e m a tte r . A fte r p r o te s t frcaa th e men in v o lv e d

they u su a lly were promoted t o second l ie u t e n a n t in th e

regular army. A gain no c o n s is t e n t p o l ic y was shown. Some

were promoted sim p ly fo r coming o f age i f t h e ir P r o v is io n a l

krm y s e r v ic e bad been s a t i s f a c t o r y , o th e r s had to ta k e th e

regular cadet prom otion exa m in a tio n b e fo r e a board o f

o f f ic e r s

The im portance o f the r e g u la r army o f f i c e r co rp s in

the P r o v is io n a l Army i s hard t o Judge. Many o f tkw r e g u la r

o f f ic e r s u lt im a te ly r e c e iv e d l i n e com m issions in th e

P r o v is io n a l Army and served w ith d i s t i n c t i o n . B ecause th e

regular o f f ic e r s d id n ot hold p o s i t io n s under th e in d iv id u a l

s ta te s probably a m a jo r ity o f them ended up as s t a f f o f f i c e r s

w ith the f i e l d arm ies o f th e P r o v is io n a l Army. Perhaps th e

b est in d ic a t io n o f th e im portance o f th e r e g u la r army o f f i c e r

corps can be gained by exam ining th e g e n e r a l o f f i c e r s o f

the C onfederate Army.

There were e v e n tu a lly com m issioned in th e C o n fed era te

Z^The problems in regard t o prom otion p o l i c i e s a re i l lu s t r a t e d by corresp on d en ce in th e CMSR. S t a f f F i l e ,RG 109, NA, of the fo l lo w in g o f f i c e r s % w. E . S to n e y ,W. Q. H u llih en , and G. A . T hornton .

- 114 -

Army, under a v a r ie ty o f a c t s , e ig h t g e n e r a ls , seventeen

l ie u te n a n t g e n e r a ls , se v en ty -tw o major g e n e r a ls , and 328

b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a ls . Of t h e s e , a l l e ig h t g e n e r a ls , seven

l ie u te n a n t g e n e r a ls , tw e n ty -e ig h t major g e n e r a ls , and s ix t y -

fou r b r ig a d ie r g e n e r a ls were r e g u la r s . Even more im pressive

i s a ocmiparison o f th e number o f re g u la r o f f i c e r s cf f i e l d

grade who served as g en e r a ls ; a l l e ig h t in fa n tr y c o lo n e ls ,

e ig h t o f th e n in e in fa n tr y l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e ls , s i x of the

e ig h t in fa n tr y m ajors, both of th e ca v a lry c o lo n e ls , both

o f th e c a v a lr y l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l s , both o f th e cavalry

m a jors, th e a r t i l l e r y c o lo n e l , both o f th e a r t i l l e r y

l ie u te n a n t c o lo n e l s , and s i x o f the e le v e n a r t i l l e r y m ajors.

The v a r io u s s t a f f d ep artm en ts, e s p e c ia l ly th e Corps of

E n g in ee r s , a l s o provided s e v e r a l g e n e r a ls .

W hile most o f the company grade re g u la r o f f ic e r s

served in h igh er company or f i e l d grades in th e P ro v is io n a l

Army, th e r e were a few in s ta n c e s o f sp e c ta c u la r r i s e s in

ra n k . The la r g e s t in c r e a se was 2nd L ieu ten an t P ierce M. B.

Young, Corps o f A r t i l l e r y , who became a major general;

2nd L ieu ten an t Frank C. Arm strong, was a b r ig a d ier general;

and 1 s t L ieu ten a n t F itzhugh Lee was a major g e n e r a l. Two o f

th e reg u la r army f i r s t l ie u te n a n ts who became gen eral

o f f i c e r s o f th e C onfederate P r o v is io n a l Army, Fitzhugh Lee

and Joseph W heeler, were a ls o t o become g en er a l o f f ic e r s in th e U nited S ta te s Army d u rin g the Spanish-A m erloan War

2éT his com parison was drawn from m a te r ia l in Warner, G enerals in Gray, and th e R egular Army R e g is te r , RG 109,NA. The t o t a l s fo l lo w Warner and in c lu d e s e v e r a l o f f ic e r s , suoh as N orthrop , who were never a c t u a l ly confirm ed by the S en a te as g e n e r a ls .

-1 1 5 -

CHAPTBR VI

THE REGULARS IN RETROSPECT

The C onfederate reg u la r army la an example of a ttem pt­

in g t o m eet a r e v o lu tio n a r y s i t u a t i o n w ith form al t r a d i t io n a l

m eans. I t took th e C onfederacy about fo u r months to r e a l i z e

t h a t a n e a t ly o rgan ized , sm a ll s ta n d in g army vas not th e

answ er t o i t s m il ita r y problem . The f u l l m ilita r y e n e r g ie s

o f th e C onfederacy were th en commit ted to th e form ation of

th e P r o v is io n a l Army and the r e g u la r army was allow ed to

w it h e r .

There are c e r ta in s t r ik in g s i m i l a r i t i e s and some b a s ic

d i f f e r e n c e s between th e C on fed era te and U nited S ta te s

r e g u la r arm ies during th e C i v i l War. In June 186I , the

U n ited S ta te s regu lar army had an a c t u a l s tr e n g th o f 1 6 ,4 2 2 ,

or ab out te n tim es th e h ig h e s t s tr e n g th a tta in e d by th e

C o n fed er a te regu lar army. The U nited S ta te s regu lars

reach ed t h e ir peak in June I 8 6 2 w ith a s tr e n g th of 2 5 ,4 8 0 ,

w h ich was th e h ig h est t o t a l u n t i l th e army expansion a f t e r

th e w a r T h e g rea t advantage th e U nited S ta te s regu lar

army had , o f co u rse , was th a t i t was an organized fo r c e in

b e in g a t th e outbreak o f th e w ar. D esp ite the lo s s e s of

th e C onfederacy and normal a t t r i t i o n th e reg u la r u n its were

a b le t o con tin u e t h e ir e x is t e n c e throughout th e war. The

C on fed eracy had t o c r e a te i t s r e g u la r u n it s from sc ra tch in d i r e c t co m p etitio n w ith th e more a t t r a c t iv e vo lu n teer organ­i z a t io n s .

IH eitm an. H is to r ic a l R e g is te r o f th e United S ta te s Army. V o l. I I , p g . 6 2 8 7 ^

—Il6 —

A fte r what was an a p p a ren tly e n e r g e t ic and rea so n a b ly

s u c c e s s f u l s t a r t , why did th e C onfed erate r e g u la r army f a l l

t o come even c lo s e t o i t s a u th o r ized o rg a n iz a tio n ? Even th e

modest army en v is io n e d amounted t o 1 5 ,0 0 3 o f f i c e r s and men

formed in t o e le v e n reg im en ts and fo r ty - tw o se p a ra te com p an ies,

Of t h e s e , on ly th r e e in fa n tr y com p an ies, th r e e a r t i l l e r y

com panies, one ca v a lr y company, and one en g in ee r company

were formed and on ly one o f th e a r t i l l e r y com panies was

s t i l l se rv in g a s a r e g u la r army u n it ct th e end o f th e w ar.

Only in th e s t a f f departm ents d id the reg u la rs come near to

f u l f i l l i n g t h e ir a u th o rized m is s io n . The U nited S ta te s

r e g u la r s had t h e ir problems t o o . The a u th o r ized s tr e n g th

o f th e U nited S ta te s reg u la r army during th e war was 4 1 ,8 1 9 .^

Except fo r 1862 th e a c tu a l s tr e n g th was h a lf t h i s f ig u r e

or l e s s . D e sp ite th e g rea t paper exp an sion o f th e army,

th e re were o n ly about 6 ,0 0 0 more r e g u la r s in s e r v ic e a t th e

end o f th e war than th e r e were a t th e b eg in n in g .

The b a s ic rea so n fo r the C onfederate f a i lu r e to come

even c lo s e t o th e a u th o r iz ed s tr e n g th o f th e reg u la r army

probably goes back to th a t l e t t e r from S e c r e ta r y o f War

Walker t o A ttorn ey G eneral Banjam in. This was one o f th e

f i r s t ta n g ib le ev id en ces th a t th e ev en ts o f th e day had

fa r o u tstr ip p ed th e f in e l e g a l m il i ta r y s tr u c tu r e w hich

C ongress had c r e a te d . The a p p r o p r ia tio n fo r th e re g u la r

2gR, S e r ie s I I V o l . V, p g . 12? .

- 117 -

army had a lrea d y b een p assed by con gress, but fa ced w ith

a la r g e and grow ing P r o v is io n a l Army and v i r t u a l l y no

funds fo r i t s m aint a in e n e e . Walker fo llow ed B en jam in 's

a d v ic e and used th e re g u la r army a p p rop ria tion fo r th e

P r o v is io n a l Army. T h is was a co n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r in th e

c lo s in g of th e r e g u la r r e c r u i t in g s ta t io n s in May and June

1 8 6 1 , and no e f f o r t s were made t o form any a d d i t io n a l u n its

a f t e r that t im e .

Another im portant r e a so n fo r the f a i lu r e o f r e c r u it in g

e f f o r t s was one w h ich a l s o p lagued the United S ta t e s reg u la r

army a t th is t im e . E n lis tm en t in th e reg u la rs was fo r a

d e f i n i t e period o f th r e e or f i v e years no m atter how lon g

th e war la s t e d . The v o lu n te e r s could go home when th e

sh o o tin g was o v e r . The C on fed erates did not a t f i r s t o f fe r

b o u n tie s for e n l i s t i n g in th e reg u la rs w h ile t h i s was

in c r e a s in g ly th e p r a c t ic e o f th e s ta te s when form ing

v o lu n tee r u n i t s . And f i n a l l y , d is c ip l in e was much s t r i c t e r

and tra in in g much more rugged in th e regu lars th an i t was

in th e v o lu n te e r s .^

A fa c to r w hich c e r t a in ly con trib u ted t o th e f a i l u r e of

th e United S ta te s r e g u la r army from ever , in p eace or w ar,

coming near i t s a u th o r iz ed s tr e n g th was th e t r a d i t i o n a l

American a t t i t u d e toward s ta n d in g arm ies. I t i s im p o ss ib le

3Upton, M ilita r y P o l ic y g f Ihg. United S t a t e s , p g . 235, comments on th e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f r e cr u it in g r e g u la r s in co m p etitio n w ith v o lu n te e r s .

-118-

to t e l l what e f f e c t , I f an y , t h i s a t t i t u d e had on th e

Confederate reg u la r army, but i t has a lr e a d y been noted

that h a lf or more o f th e r e c r u i t s w ere f o r e i g n e r s .

As the war p rogressed th e r e was a s c a t t e r in g o f th e

regu lars o f both s id e s amongst th e v o lu n te e r f o r c e s . For

the C onfederate re g u la r army, w hich had no organ ized u n it s

t o begin w ith to keep a t l e a s t a s c a d r e s , t h i s d i s s i p a t i o n

was f a t a l . Only a very few o f th e C on fed era te r e g u la r

o f f ic e r s were ever a b le t o s e r v e d i r e c t l y w ith re g u la r

tro o p s . Because th e s e o f f i c e r s h eld com m issions d i r e c t l y

from th e C onfederate government r a th e r th a n th e s t a t e s i t

was o fte n hard fo r them t o g a in p rom otion . T h is was

e s p e c ia lly tru e o f th e more ju n io r o f f i c e r s who w ere ju s t

beginning th e ir m il i t a r y c a r e e r s and d id not have p rev io u s

records which might a t t r a c t a s t a t e com m ission . T h is la c k

of s ta te attachm ent p ro b a b ly caused th e m a jo r ity o f C o n fed era te

regu lar o f f ic e r s t o s e r v e in s t a f f p o s i t i o n s . Much th e same

th ing happened to th e U nited S ta t e s r e g u la r s . Most o f th e

junior o f f ic e r s were fo r ce d t o rem ain w ith th e r e g u la r

u n its w ithout any chance fo r p rom otion , w h ile th e more

experienced o f f i c e r s to o k v o lu n te e r co m m issio n s . The

s itu a t io n was so bad l a t e in th e war th a t a second l ie u t e n a n t

commanded th e 19th U nited S ta t e s In fa n tr y in th e B a t t le o f

Chickamauga.^

4lfae Book - I n fa n tr y . (W ashington*Government P r in tin g O f f i c e , 1 9 5 3 ) , p g . 1 1 9 . T h is ev en t i s s t i l l commemorated in th e r e g im e n ta l c o a t o f arm s.

-1 1 9 -

There were two s o lu t io n s t o t h i s problem . One,

su g g ested by Upton, was to c o m p le te ly break up th e regular

u n it s and u se th e o f f i c e r s and men t o g iv e some experience

t o th e raw v o lu n te e r s , T his i s what happened in e f f e c t to

th e C on fed erate reg u la r army, though i t c e r t a in ly was not

th e in te n t io n o f Congress or the War D epartm ent. The other

a l t e r n a t iv e was t o u se c o n s c r ip t io n t o keep th e regu lar

u n it s f i l l e d . This has been th e method used by th e United

S ta te s s in c e World War I and was common in many fo r e ig n

c o u n tr ie s s in c e th e e a r ly N in eteen th C en tu ry .5

The C on fed erate r e g u la r s c e r t a in ly d id not p lay a v i t a l

p art in th e C i v i l War as organ ized u n i t s . They were so

sm a ll in numbers th a t th e ir very e x is te n c e has been fo r ­

g o t t e n . In f a c t , l a t e in th e war even in th e A djutant and

In sp e c to r G e n era l's O ff ic e th e reg u la r u n it s had been fo r ­

g o t t e n . There i s a l e t t e r from th a t o f f i c e in 1864 de­

c l in in g t o make an appointm ent in th e r e g u la r army of a

c i v i l i a n b ecau se o n ly re s ig n e d U nited S ta te s o f f i c e r s or

C on fed era te ca d e ts were r e c e iv in g such appointm ents and

th e r e i s an endorsem ent from th e same o f f i c e , dated in

August 1 8 6 4 , s t a t i n g , "There have been no appointm ents in

th e r e g u la r army fo r s e v e r a l y e a r s , th e re b ein g no regular army."^ T h is sta tem en t would have been amazing enough to

5upton« OP. c i t . . pp . 2 3 5 - 3 8 .

6M i8cellan eou s D ra fts o f L e tte r s S e n t , A . & I . G. 0 . , f i l e d w ith L e tte r s B e c e iv e d , and endorsem ent in CMSR, P vt. Henry M nrfree. 1 s t ( P e i ld ' s ) T ennessee In fa n tr y , EG 109,NA. T h is l a t t e r endorsem ent has caused c o n fu s io n a t the N a tio n a l A rch iv es fo r many y e a r s , i t being c i t e d as p o s it iv e p ro o f th a t th e r e was no suoh th in g as a C onfed erate regular arm y.

—120—

B arn es' r e g u la r s In L o u is ia n a , but I t Is even more so s in c e

th e r e w ere appointm ents o f r e g u la r o f f i c e r s throughout the

war and a s l a t e as 1865*

I t would appear from the record s th a t th e reg u la rs of

th e C on fed eracy , d e s p ite t h e ir sm a ll numbers, gave a good

a cco u n t o f them selves in b a t t l e . There i s no doubt th a t

th e m i l i t a r y su ccess o f th e C onfederacy was due in la rg e

p a rt t o th e regu lar army o f f i c e r s who served during tb e

war w ith temporary or P r o v is io n a l Army rank in th e v o lu n te e r s .

Time has obscured the very e x is t e n c e o f th e C onfederate

r e g u la r s , who today a re on ly a n e a r ly fo r g o t te n monument to

an im p rov ised m ilita r y p o l i c y . I f th e South had won th e

C i v i l War i t would have been a t i t a n i c l e g a l sn a r l to

r e o r g a n iz e th e reg u la rs on a permanent b a s i s . Perhaps the

b e s t e p ita p h to th e C onfed erate r ^ u la r s i s th a t th e ir

war reco rd was in the f i n e s t t r a d i t io n o f th e American

p r o f e s s io n a l s o ld ie r .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

-121-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. PRIMARY SOURCES

1 . Dooumentary M a ter ia l

War Department C o lle c t io n o f C on fed erate Recorda, Record Group 1 0 9 , N ation a l A r c h iv e s .

The arrangement and in d ex in g o f th ese record s o f t e n makes i t d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y record s r e la t in g t o the reg u la r army. The fo llo w in g s e r ie s are among th o se con­ta in in g in form ation on th e re g u la rs*

G eneral reco rd s o f th e Government o f the C on fed erate S ta tes o f America

Records o f th e O f f ic e o f th e S ecretary o f War Records o f th e A dju tant and Inspector G en era l's

Department Records o f th e E ngineer Department Records o f M ilita r y Commands Records o f L o ca l Commands Records o f th e T reasury Department Records o f th e U nited S ta t e s War Department

R ela tin g t o C o n fed era tes R eference C om p ilation s

R ecords o f The A djutant G e n e ra l's O f f ic e , Record Group 9 4 , N a tio n a l A r ch iv es .

S ev era l s e r ie s o f t h i s record group co n ta in v a lu a b le in form ation about form er U nited S ta te s s e r v ic e o f C onfederate r e g u la r s a s w e l l as United S ta te s Army o p era tio n s during th e C i v i l War. The fo llo w in g s e r ie s a re most im portant*

CorrespondenceOrdersMuster R o llsReturns and S t a t io n BooksRecords R e la tin g to th e R egular ArmyAppointment, C om m ission, and Personal BranchE n lis ted BranchV olunteer S e r v ic e D iv is io n

R ecords o f United S ta te s Army Commands, Record Group 9 8 , N a tio n a l A rchives •

R ecords o f the O ffic e o f th e S e c r e ta r y of War, Record Group 1 0 7 , N ational A r c h iv e s .

R ecords o f the O ff ic e o f th e Commissary General o f P r is o n e r s , Record Group 2 4 9 , N a tio n a l A r c h iv e s .

—122—

Records o f the Veterans A d m in is tr a t io n , Record Group 15 ,N ational A rch iv es.

The above records groups have s c a t te r e d m a te r ia l ly r e l a t ­ing t o the C onfederate re g u la r arm y.

2 . Published Guides to A r c h iv a l M a ter ia ls

B e th e l , E lizab eth and L u c i l le H, Fend e l l * P re lim in a ryInventory Records o f %hs. A d ju tan t G en era ls O f f i c e .Prelim inary Inventory No. 1 7 . W ashington! The N a tio n a l A rchives, 19^9*

An in d isp en sa b le g u id e t o th e reco rd s o f The A d ju tan t G eneral's O ffice of th e U nited S ta te s Army, Record Group 9^.

B e th e l , E liza b e th . War Department C o l le c t io n o f C o n fed era te Records. P relim inary In v en to ry No. 1 0 1 . W sh ln g to n s The N ational A rch iv es , 1 9 5 7 .

There are some d is c r e p e n c ie s betw een t h i s in v e n to r y and the way the record s a r e a c t u a l ly o r g a n iz e d , b ut i t s t i l l i s a n ecessary s t a r t in g p o in t fo r th e u se o f Record Group 109 .

Hamer, P h ilip M. 4 Guide t^ A rch iv es and M anuscripts in th e United S t a t e s . New Havens Y ale U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 6 1 c

This book i s e s p e c ia l ly v a lu a b le fo r lo c a t in g so u rc es ou tside the W ashington a r e a .

Munden, Kenneth W. and Henry Putney B e e r s . Guide t o F ed era l Archives R ela tin g t o th e C i v i l War. Washing torn The N ational A rch iv es , 1962 .

This i s an ex h a u stiv e stu d y o f th e re c o r d s in th e N ational A rchives r e la t in g t o th e Union s id e in th e C iv il War. I t a ls o c o n ta in s much in fo r m a tio n on th e organ ization o f the v a r io u s government and army a g e n c ie s .

3 , Published Primary Sources

Chesnut, Mary Boykin. A D iarv From D ix ie . B oston : HoughtonM ifflin Company. 19^9*

This d iary i s a standard r e fe r e n c e on th e s o c i a l h isto ry o f th e C onfederacy. Mrs. Chesnut knew and d e s ­cr ib es many o f the r e g u la r army o f f i c e r s .

C onfederate S ta te s o f A m erica, C o n g ress . Jou rn a l o f th e C ongress ^ the C onfederate S ta te s o f ^ e r l c a . 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 ? Z 7 v o l s .Senate Document No. 234 , 2M S e s s io n , 5dth C o n g r ess .

Contains much in fo rm a tio n on th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f th e Confederate Army and on th e ap poin tm ents o f o f f i c e r s .

-123-

________ • S ta tu te s a t Large o f th e P r o v is io n a l ofth e C on fed era te S ta te s o f A m erica. Richmondt R. M. S m ith , P r in te r t o C o n g ress , I 0 6 4 .

The o f f i c i a l p u b lic a t io n o f th e laws o f th e C on fed eracy .

C on fed erate S ta t e s o f A m erica, War D epartm ent. ArmyR e g u l a t i o n s . l8 6 2 . Richmondt J . W. R andolph, 1 8 6 2 .

T his i s b a s ic a l ly th é U nited S ta te s Army R e g u la t io n s . 1857 w ith minor ch a n g es .

DeLeon. Thomas C ooper. Pour Years in R ebel G e n it a ls .M obilet The G ossip P r in t in g Company, I 8 9 0 .

An in t e r e s t in g contem porary account o f l i f e in th e C on fed era te c a p i t a l s w ith s ome o b se r v a tio n s on th e f o r ­m ation o f th e army.

Pay, Edwin H. T h is I n fe r n a l War. A u stin : U n iv e r s ity o fTexas P r e s s , 19^oT

S erg ea n t Pay serv ed w ith an independent L ou isian a c a v a lr y company w ith Van Dorn a t th e same tim e Company A, 1 s t C on fed era te R egular C ava lry , was th e g e n e r a l 's e s c o r t . A lthough Pay does n o t m ention th e r e g u la r s , h is l e t t e r s p ro v id e a contem porary d e s c r ip t io n o f th e s e r v ic e o f Van D orn's c a v a lr y .

H arding, George C. The M isce lla n eo u s W ritin gs o f George C. H arding. I n d ia n a p o lis : Car Ion & H o lle n b e c ^ 1882 .

L ieu ten a n t Harding served w ith th e 2 1 s t Indiana In fa n try and g iv e s s e v e r a l in t e r e s t in g a cco u n ts o f o p e r a tio n s in L o u isia n a d uring 1862 and 1 8 6 3 .

H arper's W eekly. New York, 1861-1865»I l l u s t r a t io n s o f many o f th e p o s ts a t w hich th e re g u la rs served and o f b a t t le s in w hich th ey were en gaged . There a r e a l s o a few p o r t r a it s o f reg u la r o f f i c e r s . G ives a good contem porary, i f o f te n not very a c c u r a te , view of th e C i v i l War.

J o n es , John B . ^ R eb el War C le r k 's D ia ry . P h ila d e lp h ia :J . B . L ip p in c o tt Company, 1 8 6 6 . 2 v o l s .

A d ia r y kept by a c le r k in th e C on fed erate War Department w hich co n ta in s much contem porary in fo rm a tio n on th e o p e r a tio n s o f th a t departm ent.

P a tr ic k , Rembert W. ( e d . ) . The O pinions o f th e C onfederate A tto rn ey G en era l. 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 5 . B u ffa lo : D enis & Company,1 9 5 0.

A so u rce book o f many l e g a l o p in io n s a f f e c t in g th e re g u la r arm y.

-12^-

T ayior . R ich a rd . D estru ctio n and R e c o n s tr u c t io n . New York:D. A p p le to n & C om ^i^, 1879 .

The memoirs o f the C onfed erate commander in L ouisiana from 1 8 6 2 t o 1 8 6 4 . Contains much in fo r m a tio n on Sommes and th e 1 s t C onfederate R egular A r t i l l e r y B a tte r y .

United S t a t e s , Navy Department. O f f i c i a l Records o f th e Union

r C o n fed er a te Navies in th e War g f th e R e h e l l ie n . v o l s . W ashington: Government P r in t in g O f f ic e ,

1894- 1 9 2 2 .The b a s ic published sou rce fo r docum entary m a te r ia l

on n a v a l o p era tio n s in th e C iv i l War. I t i s not as w e ll org a n ized as th e army s e r i e s .

United S t a t e s , War Department. Armv R e g is t e r . 1 8 6 1 . W ashington: The Adjutant G en era l's O f f ic e , i s 6 l .

B a s ic r e fe r e n c e for th e o r g a n iz a t io n aid o f f i c e r s of th e U n ited S ta te s Army a t th e b eg in n in g o f th e C iv i l War.

War o f th e R e b e llio n : 4 C om p ila tion o f th e O f f i c ia lR ecords o f th e Union and C on fed erate A rm ies. 1 3 0 v o l s .W ashington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , I 88O-1 9 0 1 .

The b a s ic re feren ce fo r a l l C iv i l War m il i ta r y h i s t o r y . C onta in s much in fo rm a tio n on th e reg u la r army, but th e in d e x u su a lly does not p ro p er ly in d ic a te regu lar o r g a n iz a t io n s .

B . SECONDARY SOURCES

Barr, A lw yn. "C onfederate A r t i l l e r y in th e T r a n s -M iss is s ip p i," M ilita r y A f f a i r s . XXVII (Summer, 19& 3), p p . 7 7 -8 3 .

A g e n e r a l d is c u s s io n o f th e ordnance used by th e C o n fed era te a r t i l l e r y u n its in th e T r a n s -M is s is s ip p i D epartm ent.

. " C on federate A r t i l le r y in W estern L o u is ia n a , 1862- 1 5 5 3 .” C i v i l War H isto r y , VI (May, 1 9 6 3 ) , pp. 7 4 -8 5 .

T h is i s a study o f m il i ta r y o p er a tio n s in L ou isian a d uring 1 8 6 2 -1 8 6 3 w ith e s p e c ia l em phasis on th e r o le of a r t i l l e r y . I t con ta in s much u s e f u l in fo rm a tio n on the 1 s t C o n fed er a te Regular L ight A r t i l l e r y B a t te r y .

Cullum, G eorge W. B iograp h ica l R egis te r o f the O ff ic e r s and G raduates jgf ^ h e U nited S ta te s M ilita r y Academy. 4 v o l s . B oston and New Y o r k :T h e R iv e r s id e P r e s s , 1891 -1901 .

C o n ta in s d e ta ile d reco rd s o f th e U nited S ta te s Army s e r v ic e o f C onfederate reg u la r o f f i c e r s who w ere West P oin t g r a d u a te s .

Dufour, C h a r les L. The Night th e War Was L o s t . Garden C ity ,N. Y . : D oubleday & Company, I n c . , i 9 6 0 .

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A lthough l i t t l e m ention i s made o f th e reg u la r u n i t s , t h i s Is probably th e b e s t g en er a l account o f New O rleans under th e C onfederates and i t s ca p tu re .

D yer, John P . The G a lla n t Hood. In d ia n a p o lis and New York:The B ob b s-M errill Company, 1950 .

A biography o f G eneral John B. Hood, i t s main use fo r t h i s study i s fo r th e period a t th e b eg in n in g o f th e w ar.

Freeman, Douglas S o u th a l l . Hjt L ee: A B iography. NewYork and London, C harles S c r ib n e r 's S on s, 193^» 4 v o l s .

V o l. 1 i s e s p e c ia l ly u s e fu l fo r i t s d e s c r ip t io n o f th e problems fa c in g th e re g u la r army in Richmond a t th e b eg in n in g o f th e w ar.

H am ersly, Thomas H. S . Complete G eneral Navy R e g is te r o f th e U nited S ta te s o f from 1776 t o 18o7 .New York: T . H. S . Hamer s l y , 1888 .

This i s th e on ly n a v a l r e g is t e r o f i t s ty p e fo r th e period co v ered . C ontains in fo rm a tio n on th e U nited S ta te s Navy reco rd s o f fu tu r e C onfederate re g u la r o f f i c e r s .

Hay, Thomas Robson. "Lucius N bfthrop: Commissary G eneral o fth e C onfederacy," C iv i l War H is to r y . VI (May, 1 9 6 3 ) ,pp . 5 - 2 3 .

A b io g r a p h ic a l sk etch o f C o lon el Northrop which a ls o c o n ta in s in fo rm a tio n on th e problems of th e Commissary Departm ent.

Heitm an, F ran cis B. H is t o r ic a l R e g is te r and D ic tio n a r y o f th e United S ta te s Armv. 2 v o l s . W ashington: GovernmentP r in t in g O f f ic e , 1 9 0 3 .

V o l. I c o n ta in s a r e g i s t e r o f the s e r v ic e o f a l l U nited S ta te s reg u la r army o f f ic e r s from 1789 t o 1 9 0 3 .V o l. I I has m ainly u s e fu l s t a t i s t i c s on th e h is to r y o f th e army.

L e s e r t , W. W. and W illiam J . Brom well. A D ig es t o f th e M ilita r y and Naval Laws o f th e C onfederate S t a t e s .Colum bia, S . C .: Evans and C o g sw ell, l8 6 4 .

For the purposes o f th is s tu d y , t h i s i s probably th e most u s e fu l book p u b lish ed in th e C onfederacy. I t co n ta in s a c r o ss -r e fe r e n o e d d ig e s t o f a l l m il i t a r y laws arranged s o th a t th o se r e la t in g t o th e reg u la r army can be e a s i l y id e n t i f i e d .

Lonn, E l la . F ore ign ers in th e Union Armv and Navy. Baton Rouge: L ou isian a S ta te U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 5 2 .

The ch ap ter on th e U nited S ta te s re g u la r army, alth ou gh i t co n ta in s some in a c c u r a c ie s and over s im p l i f i c a t io n s , p re sen ts a good p ic tu r e o f th e army a t the b eg in n in g o f th e w ar.

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N lc h o ls , James L. Confederate E n g in e e r s . T u sca lo o sa , A la . : C onfederate Publisning Company, I n c . , 1957 .

This i s probably the b e s t a cco u n t o f th e Corps o f E ngineers and g ives adequate co v era g e t o the s e r v ic e o f th e r e g u la r s .

Owen. Thomas W. Hiatorv o f Alabama and D ic t io n a r y o f Alabama Biography. v o l s . C hicago: S . J . C larkeP u b lish in g Company. 1921.

C ontains an in te r e s t in g b io g r a p h ic a l sk etch o f Major O liver J . Sommes.

U nited S t a t e s , Department o f th e Army. Army Almanac. W ashington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1951.

A very good referen ce fo r a l l p h ases of U nited S ta te s Army h isto ry and o r g a n iz a t io n .

________ . Army Lineage Bggk, V o l. I I , In fa n tr y .W ashington: Government P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1953.

C ontains the lin e a g e , b a t t l e h o n o rs , d e s c r ip t io n s o f c o a ts o f arms, and b ib lio g r a p h ie s o f United S t a t e s Army in fa n tr y regim ents and b a t t a l i o n s . A lso in c lu d ed i s an e x c e l le n t essay by D r. John K. Mahon on th e h i s t o r y o f in fa n tr y o rg a n iza tio n s.

Armor-Cavalry. W ashington: O f f ic e o f th e C h ie fo f M ilita r y H istory , 1961 .

C ontains the same b a s ic in fo r m a tio n fo r r e g u la r army ca v a lry and armor reg im en ts a s th e above c i t e d in fa n tr y lin e a g e book.

U nited S t a t e s , War Department. L is t o f A r t i l l e r y O f f ic e r s and Org a n iza tio n s of the C on fed erate S ta te s Armyk l8 b l - l8 6 5 . Washington, n . d .

This l i s t was prepared fo r in t e r n a l use o f th e War Department and only a few dozen c o p ie s were p r in te d . I t i s not com plete and has some in a c c u r a c ie s , but s t i l l i s th e b e s t guide to C onfederate a r t i l l e r y u n i t s .

L is t of F ield O f f ic e r s . BegjUnenta and B a t t a l io n s-1 8 6 5 .o f th e Confederate S ta te s Army. 1 8 6 1 -1 8 6 5 . W ash ington ,

n . d .This book i s s ls i- la r t o th e one c i t e d ab ove.

Upton, Emory. The M ilitary P o lic y o f t he U nited S t a t e s . W ashington: O ffice o f th e C h ief o f S t a f f , 1912.

One o f the best a n a ly s is o f the developm ent o f American m ilita r y p o l ic y . Of e s p e e j a l use a re th e chapter d ea lin g w ith the U nited S t a t e s Army a t th e b eginn ing o f the C iv i l War and th e tw o chapters on th e C onfederate Army.

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Warner, Ezra J . G enerals in G ray. B aton B ouge: L o u is ia n aS ta te U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 5 9 .

An e x c e l le n t book, c o n ta in in g b r i e f b io g r a p h ie s and p ic tu r e s o f a l l C on fed era te g e n e r a l o f f i c e r s . There are some in a c c u r a c ie s , but on th e w hole t h i s i s a v a lu a b le r e fe r e n c e work. The in tr o d u c to r y ch a p te r has an in te r e s t in g com parative study o f th e o f f i c e r s .

W allace , David Duncan. The H is to r y o f South C a r o l in a . 4v o l s . New York: American H is t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , I n c . ,1934 .

V o l. 4 co n ta in s many b io g r a p h ic a l s k e tc h e s o f C onfederate o f f i c e r s from South C a r o lin a , In c lu d in g C apt. Theodore B. Hayne.

W einert, Richard P. "The C o n fed era te R egu lar Army," M il i ta r y A f f a ir s . XXVI ( F a l l , 1 9 6 2 ) , p p . 9 7 -1 0 7 .

As fa r as is known, t h i s i s t h e o n ly p u b lish e d account d ea lin g w ith th e e n t ir e C o n fed er a te r e g u la r army.