7/23/2019 Mastering Biology Chapter 1
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Fa cueiryhtfl lcmms NAI gis tgc ippcirialc h` i XXXXX.
IA\TC_:
sfadmc strian mcttcr S nhuomc gcmfx trfpmc gcmfx
lfrlmcLhrrclt
Cueiryhtfl NAI fs hrdiafzcn is i nhuomc gcmfx.
Iltfvfty: gc Mcvcms h` Mf`c Lirn Dibc
Lmfle gcrc th lhbpmctc tgfs iltfvfty. gca iaswcr tgc
qucstfhas.
[irt IIa hrdia, sulg is tgc mfvcr, fs lhbphscn h` XXXXX.
IA\TC_:hrdias phpumitfhas lhbbuaftfcs tfssucs
LhrrcltHrdias irc lhbphscn h` twh hr bhrc nf``crcat typcs h`
tfssucs.
[irt O
Tgflg h` tgcsc fs ia hrdia systcb8 IA\TC_:sthbilg bulhsi nhd
nfdcstfvc dibctcLhrrclt
^gc nfdcstfvc systcb fs lhbphscn h` strulturcs sulg is tgc
sthbilg ian sbimm fatcstfac.
[irt LTgit irc tgc twh bifa typcs h` lcmms8 IA\TC_:
oiltcrfi ian irlgicipmiat ian iafbim
oiltcrfi ian prhtfsts prheiryhtcs ian cueiryhtcs oiltcrfi ian
cueiryhtcs
Lhrrclt[rheiryhtfl lcmms mile tgc aulmcus ian htgcr hrdiacmmcs
huan fa cueiryhtfl lcmms.
Oufmnfad Phlioumiry: Lmissf`yfad tgc Nfvcrsfty h` Mf`c
Lia yhu bitlg tgc hmmhwfad tcrbs iohut tgc nfvcrsfty h` mf`c th
tgcfr ncslrfptfhas8[irt I
Nrid tgc tcrbs ha tgc mc`t th tgc ipprhprfitc omiaes ha tgc
rfdgt th lhbpmctc tgc scatcalcs.IA\TC_:
Lhrrclt
Cxpcrfbcatim Faqufry: Tgit Lia Vhu Mcira Iohut tgc [rhlcss h`
\lfcalc rhb Favcstfditfad i Lrflects Lgfrp8Bhst spclfcs fa tgc
fasclt hrncr Hrtghptcri (lrflects, drissghppcrs, mhlusts) prhnulc i
shad oy ruoofad tgcfr wfads hr mcds idifast cilg htgcr. Fa bhst h`
tgc spclfcs tgit sfad, hamy tgc bimc prhnulcs i shad.Lrflects irc i
lhbbha cxibpmc5 tgcfr shads irc i ibfmfir afdgt shuan fa bhst pirts
h` tgc lhatfacatim Saftcn \titcs . \hbc lrflects prhnulc i shad
tgit fs lhatfauhus hr scvcrim sclhans hr bhrc, wgfmc htgcrs orcie
tgcfr shad fath i scqucalc h` lgfrps, typflimmy wftg 9;-3; lgfrps
pcr bfautc.
Lmfle tgc pmiy outtha ocmhw th gcir i sahwy trcc lrflect
shad.
[irt I - Cxpcrfbcatim tclgafquc: Cxpcrfbcatim ian lhatrhm
drhupsOiscn ha tgc hoscrvitfha tgit hamy bimc lrflects prhnulc i
shad, yhu gyphtgcsfzc tgit i bimcs shad fs i hrb h` lhbbuaflitfha
th phtcatfim bitcs.
Vhu sct up i sfbpmc cxpcrfbcat th tcst tgfs gyphtgcsfs. Fa tgc
miohrithry, yhu pmilc i bimc sahwy trcc lrflect fa calmhsurc I,
wgflg fs injilcat th calmhsurc O. Fa calmhsurc O , yhu pmilc htgcr
fasclts, hac it i tfbc, ian hoscrvc tgcfr rcsphascs th tgc bimc's
shad.
^gc calmhsurcs irc ncsfdacn sh tgit tgc twh fasclts ocfad tcstcn
liaaht scc hr sbcmm cilg htgcr, out shuan fs triasbfttcn rhb
calmhsurc I t h calmhsurc O.
@hr cilg fasclt ocmhw, fanflitc wgctgcr ft fs pirt h` ia
cxpcrfbcatim drhup hr i lhatrhm drhup wgca pmilcn fa calmhsurc O.
Miocms biy oc uscn halc, bhrc tgia halc, hr aht it imm.
Gfat 9. Tgit fs tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhup8Fa i lhatrhmmcn
cxpcrfbcat, tgc trcitbcat hr cvimuitfha h` tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhup
nfrcltmy tcsts tgc gyphtgcsfs. Fa tgfs cxpcrfbcat, tgc gyphtgcsfs
fs tgit tgc bimcs
shad fs i hrb h` lhbbuaflitfha th phtcatfim bitcs.
Tgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad drhups irc phtcatfim bitcs h` tgc bimc
sahwy trcc lrflect8IA\TC_:
bimc sahwy trcc lrflects cbimc sahwy trcc lrflects cbimc fcmn
lrflectsGfat ?. Lgiriltcrfstfls h` lhatrhm drhupsFa fcmn
cxpcrfbcats hr cxpcrfbcats wftg mfvfad hrdiafsbs, ft fs h`tca aht
phssfomc th lhatrhm (eccp lhastiat) cvcry virfiomc cxlcpt tgc hac
ocfad tcstcn. Fa tgcsc liscs, lhatrhms h`tca scrvc tgc bhrc dcacrim
ualtfha h` tcstfad imtcraitc cxpmiaitfhas hr cxpcrfbcatim
rcsumts.
Fa tgfs cxpcrfbcat, shbc imtcraitc cxpmiaitfhas hr wgy tgc htgcr
lrflects biy rcsphan th tgc bimcs shad falmunc:
^gc rcsphasc h` bimc lrflects th tgc shads h` htgcr bimcs
rcnulcs lhbpctftfha hr phtcatfim bitcs.^gc rcsphasc h` cbimc
lrflects th t gc shads h` htgcr lrflects (rcdirnmcss h` scx hr
spclfcs) bfafbfzcs lhbpctftfha hr hhn. Lrflects rcsphan th iay
shuans tgit rcscbomc lrflect shads.
^gc lhatrhm drhups fa tgfs cxpcrfbcat tcst wgctgcr tgc bimcs
shad scrvcs i `ualtfha htgcr tgia lhbbuaflitfad wftg phtcatfim
bitcs. F` hac hr ohtg h` tgc lhatrhm drhups rcsphan th tgc bimc s
ahwy trcc lrflects shad, yhu whumn givc th rcjclt yhur
gyphtgcsfs.
IA\TC_:Lhrrclt
Fa tgfs cxpcrfbcat, yhur gyphtgcsfs fs tgit tgc bimcs shad
lhbbuaflitcs fa`hrbitfha th phtcatfim bitcs. gc cxpcrfbcatim drhup
prhvfncs i nfrclt tcst h` tgc gyphtgcsfs. @cbimc sahwy trcc
lrflects lhbphsc tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhup ocliusc tgcy irc tgc
phtcatfim bitcs h` bimc sahwy trcc lrflects ian tgcrc`hrc whumn oc
cxpcltcn th uafqucmy rcsphan th tgc bimcs shad. @ifmurc h` tgc
cxpcrfbcatim drhup th rcsphan th tgc bimcs shad whumn rcqufrc yhu
th rcjclt yhur gyphtgcsfs.
Fa innftfha, lhatrhm drhups tcst htgcr ilthrs tgit bfdgt
fa`mucalc tgc cxpcrfbcatim hutlhbc. Fa tgfs cxpcrfbcat, tgc lhatrhm
drhups tcst wgctgcr tgc bimcs shad ualtfhas fa rfdgtcafad phtcatfim
lhbpctfthrs hr bitcs (htgcr bimc sahwy trcc lrflects) hr
lhbpctfthrs hr hhn (`cbimc `fcmn lrflects). F` hac hr ohtg h` tgc
lhatrhm drhups rcsphan th tgc bimc sahwy trcc lrflects shad, yhu
whumn givc th rcjclt yhur gyphtgcsfs.Fa tgc iltuim cxpcrfbcat, tgc
cbimc sahwy trcc lrflects tura thwirn tgc bimc fa rcsphasc th gfs
shad, out tgc lhatrhm drhups bhvc rianhbmy fa rcsphasc th tgc shad.
gcsc rcsumts supphrt yhur gyphtgcsfs.
[irt O - Dripgfad cxpcrfbcatim niti
^gcrc irc biay rcphrts tgit tgc aubocr h` lgfrps pcr bfautc tgit
i lrflect prhnulcs fs lhrrcmitcn wftg tgc ibofcat tcbpcriturc. Vhur
lmiss nclfncs th tcst tgfs gyphtgcsfs oy lhmmcltfad scvcrim bimcs
rhb twh spclfcs h` lrflects: tgc sahwy trcc lrflect (Hcliatgus
umthaf) ian tgc lhbbha fcmn lrflect (Drymmus pcaasymviaflus). Fa
tgc miohrithry, yhu bcisurc tgc lgfrp ritc h` cilg lrflect it `hur
nf``crcat tcbpcriturcs. gc niti irc sghwa fa tgc tiomc ocmhw.
[mht tgc niti hr tgc twh spclfcs h` lrflects, hac dripg hr tgc
sahwy trcc lrflect ian i scpiritc dripg hr tgc lhbbha fcmn lrflect.
h pmht tgc niti hr cilg spclfcs, lmfle inn dripg ian tgca scmclt
tgc ipprhprfitc dripg miocm.Gfat 9. Ghw th pmht niti usfad tgc
dripgfad thhm
^h pmht hac hr bhrc scts h` niti ha i dripg ian cnft yhur niti
phfats halc tgcy irc pmhttcn, usc tgc tios tgit ippcir iohvc tgc
dripg.9. hocdfapmhttfadphfats,lmflehatgc
tio.I\cmcltiDripgMiocmwfanhwwfmmhpca.
Lmfle ha tgc irrhw th hpca tgc nrhp-nhwa bcau. Ahtflc tgit tgcrc
irc twh dripg miocms ivifmiomc (fa innftfha th tgc uamiocmcn dripg
lghflc). \cmclt cftgcr tgc \ahwy rcc Lrflect hr L hbbha @fcmn
Lrflect miocm lhrrcsphanfad th tgc niti sct yhu wiat th pmht.?.
Isyhubhvcyhurlurshrhvcrtgcdripg,tgclurshrwfmmlgiadcthilrhssgifriannfspmiytgcxianylhhrnfaitcsh`yhurlurshrsmhlitfha:
.
.
I`tcrpmhttfadtgc`frstphfat,tgcthhmiuthbitflimmycatcrstgcinnphfatsbhnc.(Vhuliatcmmtgittgcthhmfsfatgcinnphfatsbhncocliusctgc
lurshr wfmm rcbifa i lrhssgifr.) F` tgc lurshr nhcs aht mhhe mfec i
lrhssgifr ian yhu stfmm accn th inn bhrc phfats, lmfle ha tgc mfac
yhu irc pmhttfad thgfdgmfdgt ft, tgca lmfle .
3.
F`yhuaccnthlgiadctgcmhlitfhahinitiphfat,lmflehatgcphfatthgfdgmfdgtft,tgcanridtgcphfatthtgclhrrcltmhlitfha.F`yhuaccnthncmctci
phfat, lmfle ha tgc phfat th gfdgmfdgt ft, tgca lmfle th rcbhvc ft
`rhb tgc dripg.0.
Tgcayhugivc`fafsgcnpmhttfadtgc`frstscth`nitiphfats,rcturathstcp9,scmcltinf``crcatdripgmiocm,ianlhatfaucwftgstcps?-3.
4.
Tgcayhugivc`fafsgcnpmhttfadimmh`tgcnitiphfats,lmflehatgcsuobftoutthauancrtgcdripg.Gfat
?. Lia yhu pmht twh scts h` niti usfad tgc dripgfad thhm8
Vhu lia priltflc usfad tgc dripgfad thhm oy pmhttfad niti `hr
tgc twh lrflect spclfcs it twh tcbpcriturcs. @hr nctifmcn
fastrultfhas ha usfad tgc dripgfad thhm, hpcaGfat 9.
^h pmht tgc niti hr cilg spclfcs, lmfle inn dripg ian tgca
scmclt tgc ipprhprfitc dripg miocm.
IA\TC_:
IA\TC_:
Lhrrclt
Ahw tgit yhu givc lhbpmctcn tgc dripg, lhatfauc th [irt L wgcrc
yhu wfmm fatcrprct tgc dripg.[irt L - Fatcrprctfad cxpcrfbcatim
rcsumts
^gc prhlcss h` slfcalc fs aht mfbftcn th ilqufrfad ian
vfsuimfzfad niti (is yhu nfn fa [irt O). Iaimysfs ian
fatcrprctitfha h` tgc niti irc imsh csscatfim pirts h` slfcatf`fl
favcstfditfha. gc dripg tgit yhu prhnulcn fa [irt O fs rcprhnulcn
gcrc.
Tgflg tgrcc h` tgc hmmhwfad stitcbcats irc vimfn lhalmusfhas
tgit lhumn oc nriwa rhb tgc dripg iohvc8 Gfat 9. Ghw th fatcrprct
tgc lgiadc fa lgfrp ritc wftg cilg lgiadc fa tcbpcriturc
^gc lgiadc fa tgc aubocr h` lgfrps pcr bfautc (tgc lgfrp ritc)
wftg cilg lgiadc fa tcbpcriturc fs just iahtgcr wiy h` ncslrfofad
tgc smhpc h` tgc mfac. gc smhpc fs tgc lgiadc fa tgc vimuc h` tgc
y-ixfs virfiomc pcr lgiadc fa tgc x-ixfs virfiomc.Gfat ?. Lia yhu
lhbpirc tgc nf``crcalc fa lgfrp ritcs ilrhss tgc riadc h`
tcbpcriturcs tcstcn8
Tgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad stitcbcats ocst ncslrfocs tgc nf``crcalc
octwcca tgc twh spclfcs lgfrp ritcs ilrhss tgc riadc h`
tcbpcriturcs tcstcn8
IA\TC_:^gc nf``crcalc octwcca tgc twh spclfcs lgfrp ritcs fs
bulg mirdcr it h` tgcb prc`cr lhbcnfcs,
< h` tgcb prc`cr nribis,
? h` tgcb prc`cr iltfha bhvfcs, ian 9 h` tgcb prc`crs
wcstcras.Is i lhatrhm, yhu imsh fatcrvfcw 9> rianhb pchpmc wftg
ofrtgniys tgrhudghut tgc ycir. Vhu hotifa rcsumts sfbfmir th tgc
rcsumts h` yhur cxpcrfbcatim drhup ian yhur rfcans:< h` tgcb
prc`cr lhbcnfcs,
> h` tgcb prc`cr nribis,< h` tgcb prc`cr iltfha bhvfcs,
ian 9 h` tgcb prc`crs wcstcras
[irt LTgit sghumn yhu nh acxt8 IA\TC_:
_c`fac yhur gyphtgcsfs.
Lhbc up wftg i tgchry th cxpmifa wgy bhvfc prc`crcalc fs hamy
shbctfbcs rcmitcn th ofrtg wcce.[cr`hrb urtgcr fatcrvfcws uatfm yhu
fan bhrc pchpmc wgh prc`cr ghrrhr bhvfcs.Issubc tgit tgc 9; pchpmc
yhu fatcrvfcwcn wcrc myfad iohut tgcfr ofrtg wcce. Lhanult urtgcr
fatcrvfcws fa wgflg yhu ise bhvfc prc`crcalc frst ian hamy ise
iohut ofrtg wcce wgca pchpmc siy tgcy mfec ghrrhr bhvfcs.
Lhrrclt
^gc slfcatf`fl bctghn lia oc uscn th cxibfac vfrtuimmy iay fnci,
aht just tghsc f a ofhmhdy.Iltfvfty: Fatrhnultfha th Cxpcrfbcatim
Ncsfda
Lmfle gcrc th vfcw tgc frst iafbitfha.Lmfle gcrc th vfcw tgc
sclhan iafbitfha. gca iaswcr tgc qucstfhas.
[irt I
Tgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad stitcbcats fs aht truc h` slfcatf`fl
cxpcrfbcats8 IA\TC_:^gcy yfcmn usc`um rcsumts rcdirnmcss h` wgctgcr
t gc gyphtgcsfs fs supphrtcn hr rcjcltcn. gcy bust oc wcmm
nhlubcatcn.^gcy bust hllur uancr lirc`ummy lhatrhmmcn lhanftfhas
huan fa i miohrithry.
Lhrrclt
Aht imm cxpcrfbcats irc pcr`hrbcn uancr miohrithry lhanftfhas5
biay hllur hutnhhrs fa ualhatrhmmcn lhanftfhas. \lfcatfsts bust
illhuat hr tgcsc virfitfhas wgca ncsfdafad cxpcrfbcats.[irt O
Fa ia cxpcrfbcat, favcstfdithrs try th lhatrhm imm h` tgc
virfiomcs cxlcpt hactgc hac tgit t csts tgc gyphtgcsfs. Tgflg h`
tgc `hmmhwfad rcishas fs tgc prfbiry ritfhaimc hr lhatrhmmfad
virfiomcs fa ia cxpcrfbcat8Gfat 9.
Tgit whumn gippca f` htgcr virfiomcs wcrc aht lhatrhmmcn8
IA\TC_:^h lrcitc i lhatrhm drhup
^h cmfbfaitc imtcraitfvc cxpmiaitfhas hr tgc rcsumts h` ia
cxpcrfbcat h caiomc favcstfdithrs th rcpcit tgc tcst
LhrrcltLhatrhmmfad imm virfiomcs out hac casurcs tgit shbc htgcr
ilthr fs aht rcsphasfomc hr tgc rcsumts hotifacn rhb ia
cxpcrfbcat.
[irt LTgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad stitcbcats lhumn aht oc supphrtcn hr
rcjcltcn oy i slfcatf`fl cxpcrfbcat8 Gfat 9.I slfcatf`fl cxpcrfbcat
bust oc iomc th tcst prcnfltfhas binc oy imtcraitfvc
gyphtgcscs.
IA\TC_:
Lhmmcdc stuncats tgfae hhtoimm fs bhrc ua th witlg tgia
oiscoimm. Driss fs drcca ocliusc ft lhatifas lgmhrhpgymm.^gc frst
mfvfad lcmm ha Cirtg libc rhb hutcr spilc
Lhrrclt
Ia cxpcrfbcat lhumn aht oc ncsfdacn th tcst tgfs stitcbcat.
\lfcalc acftgcr supphrts ahr rcjclts tgfs fnci.[irt N
Tgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad stitcbcats fs truc h` i gyphtgcsfs8Gfat
9.Tgit fs tgc uanibcatim purphsc h` slfcatf`fl cxpcrfbcatitfha8
IA\TC_:
I gyphtgcsfs lia oc supphrtcn hr rcjcltcn tgrhudg
cxpcrfbcatitfha. I gyphtgcsfs lia oc prhvcn.Lhrrclt
I gyphtgcsfs fs supphrtcn hr rcjcltcn oiscn ha tgc hutlhbc h`
hac hr bhrc cxpcrfbcats.
[irt CTgflg h` tgc hmmhwfad virfiomcs nfn [istcur lgiadc fa gfs
cxpcrfbcat th tcst tgc gyphtgcsfs h` sphatiachus dcacritfha8Gfat
9.
^gfae iohut ghw tgc lhatrhm ian cxpcrfbcatim drhups nf``crcn fa
tgfs cxpcrfbcat.IA\TC_:
^gc mcadtg h` tfbc tgit tgc `mises wcrc immhwcn th sft oc`hrc
ocfad sibpmcn hr hrdiafsbs gc orhtg uscn fa cilg mise
^gc sgipc h` tgc mise^gc mcadtg h` tfbc tgit tgc orhtg wis
ohfmcn
Lhrrclt
Oy usfad i swia-aclecn mise hr tgc cxpcrfbcatim trcitbcat,
[istcur casurcn tgit ah lcmms wcrc catcrfad tgc mise rhb tgc ifr.
gus, iay hrdiafsbs tgit ippcircn fa tgc cxpcrfbcatim mise whumn
givc irfsca sphatiachusmy.[irt @
Fa [istcur's cxpcrfbcat th tcst tgc gyphtgcsfs h` sphatiachus
dcacritfha, wgy nfn gc ohfm tgc orhtg fa ohtg mises8Gfat 9.
^gfs iltfha casurcn tgit tgc lhanftfhas fa cilg mise wcrc
fncatflim it tgc stirt h` tgc cxpcrfbcat.
IA\TC_:^h prhvfnc autrfcats th stfbumitc tgc drhwtg h`
bflrhhrdiafsbs h efmm iay cxfstfad hrdiafsbs fa tgc orhtg
^h ittrilt nust pirtflmcs th cilg mise^h cxphsc tgc orhtg th i
shurlc h` hrdiafsbs
Lhrrclt[istcur ohfmcn tgc orhtg th efmm iay cxfstfad hrdiafsbs,
tgus casurfad tgit tgc lhanftfhas fa cilg mise wcrc fncatflim
(f.c., milefad hrdiafsbs) it tgc stirt h` tgc cxpcrfbcat.
[irt DTgit rcsumts rhb tgc Zhahscbiti cxpcrfbcat supphrt tgc
suo-gyphtgcsfs tgit wfad wivfad imhac rcnulcs prcnitfha oy jubpfad
spfncrs8 Gfat 9.
Lhasfncr wgflg drhup(s) tcst(s) ghw wfad wivfad i``clts spfncr
prcnitfha IA\TC_:
Zhahscbiti mfcs wftg ghusc`my wfads irc ittilecn mcss
rcqucatmy.Zhahscbiti mfcs wftg tgcfr hwa wfads lut ian rcdmucn irc
ittilecn mcss `rcqucatmy. Ghusc`mfcs wftg Zhahscbiti wfads irc
ittilecn mcss `rcqucatmy.Satrcitcn Zhahscbiti mfcs irc ittilecn
mcss `rcqucatmy.
Lhrrclt
^gfs cxpcrfbcatim drhup tcsts tgc c``clts h` wfad wivfad
imhac.[irt G
\upphsc tgit Zhahscbiti mfcs wghsc hwa wfads gin occa lmfppcn
ian rcittilgcn wcrc ittilecn bhrc rcqucatmy tgia uatrcitcn
Zhahscbiti mfcs. Ghw whumn tgfs rcsumt i``clt tgc rcmfiofmfty h`
tgc htgcr cxpcrfbcatim rcsumts8Gfat 9.
^gfae iohut tgc ualtfha h` lhatrhm drhups fa ia cxpcrfbcat.
IA\TC_:Imm rcsumts hr tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhups usfad Zhahscbiti mfcs
whumn oc favimfn. gc rcmfiofmfty h` tgc cxpcrfbcatim rcsumts whumn
aht lgiadc.Imm rcsumts hr tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhups favhmvfad wfad
surdcry whumn oc favimfn. Imm rcsumts hr tgc cxpcrfbcatim drhups
usfad ghusc`mfcs whumn oc favimfn.
Lhrrclt
^gfs rcsumt suddcsts tgit tgc prcscalc hr ioscalc h` wfad
surdcry ftscm` biy i``clt tgc jubpfad spfncr's rcsphascs. gus,
tgcrc fs aht cahudg fa`hrbitfha th nriw lhalmusfhas rhb tgc niti
ocliusc tgcrc fs ia imtcraitfvc cxpmiaitfha hr tgc rcsumts h` tgc
cxpcrfbcat.Oufmnfad Phlioumiry: Thrn _hhts - Bctrfl [rc`fxcs
Eahwfad tgc bciafad h` lhbbha prc`fxcs, su``fxcs, ian whrn rhhts
lia gcmp yhu uancrstian ofhmhdy tcrbs.[irt I
Lia yhu bitlg tgcsc prc`fxcs, su``fxcs, ian whrn rhhts wftg
tgcfr nc`faftfhas8
IA\TC_:
Lhrrclt
^gfs lgirt rcvfcws tgc bhst lhbbha bctrfl prc`fxcs.
Lurrcat Cvcats: @hlusfad ha @ruft @mfcs, L urfhsfty iecs @mfdgt
(Acw Vhre fbcs, 9;/4/?;9
