Sample of Scientific evidence on the outcomes of Marine Protected Areas — Each square represents one data point extracted from scientific, peer-reviewed literature. The color of each square shows whether Marine Protected Areas showed positive , neutral , or negative outcomes. Darker shades represent stronger evidence. Individual squares are not equal in weight and cannot be added or subtracted. This is not an exhaustive overview of evidence. See next page for references corresponding to the numbers in squares and news.mongabay.com/series/conservation-effectiveness/ for details on methods.

CO

NSE

RVAT

ION

EFF

ECTI

VEN

ESS

SER

IES:

V -

Mar

ine

Prot

ecte

d A

reas

(Jan

201

8)

ECONOMIC

Abundance 18 8 25 25 25 5 5 9 10

Area and representativeness 20 37 38 38 37

Biomass 1 1 12 24 39 39 22 16 16 17 40 9 10 18 27

Coral cover 24

Coral health 3 27

Density 9 7 16 16 17 22 26 9 10 14 27 27

Diversity 1 1 24 24 39 7 22 8 16 17 1 1 18 27

Perceived conservation condition 3 3 4 4 29

Reproductive success 5 9 10

Size of organism 27 22 16 17 27

Water quality 28

Access to resources 4 21 32 41

Conflict 15 15 29 33 34 35

Culture and traditions 36 36

Community wellbeing and livelihoods 11 36 4 41 15 29 30 36

Awareness, empowerment, participation 4 11 15 36 36 15 28 36 3 4

Equality, equity 6 15 15 28

Compliance with law 11 33 13

Direct Economic Benefits 36

Economic vulnerability 4 36 28

Harvestable species 36 24 24 39 39 7 8 25 23 2 9 9 12 19 31 30 30 30 30 39 39 39

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

ENV

IRO

NM

ENTA

LSO

CIA

L

SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL

LEGEND

MPA worse

MPA same

MPA better

better

same

worse

causal

or

meta-an

alysis

case s

tudy

LEGEND

ECO

N.

ECONOMIC

Abundance 18 8 25 25 25 5 5 9 10

Area and representativeness 20 37 38 38 37

Biomass 1 1 12 24 39 39 22 16 16 17 40 9 10 18 27

Coral cover 24

Coral health 3 27

Density 9 7 16 16 17 22 26 9 10 14 27 27

Diversity 1 1 24 24 39 7 22 8 16 17 1 1 18 27

Perceived conservation condition 3 3 4 4 29

Reproductive success 5 9 10

Size of organism 27 22 16 17 27

Water quality 28

Access to resources 4 21 32 41

Conflict 15 15 29 33 34 35

Culture and traditions 36 36

Community wellbeing and livelihoods 11 36 4 41 15 29 30 36

Awareness, empowerment, participation 4 11 15 36 36 15 28 36 3 4

Equality, equity 6 15 15 28

Compliance with law 11 33 13

Direct Economic Benefits 36

Economic vulnerability 4 36 28

Harvestable species 36 24 24 39 39 7 8 25 23 2 9 9 12 19 31 30 30 30 30 39 39 39

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

ENV

IRO

NM

ENTA

LSO

CIA

L

SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL

LEGEND

MPA worse

MPA same

MPA better

better

same

worse

causal

or

meta-an

alysis

case s

tudy

LEGEND

ECO

N.

ECONOMIC

Abundance 18 8 25 25 25 5 5 9 10

Area and representativeness 20 37 38 38 37

Biomass 1 1 12 24 39 39 22 16 16 17 40 9 10 18 27

Coral cover 24

Coral health 3 27

Density 9 7 16 16 17 22 26 9 10 14 27 27

Diversity 1 1 24 24 39 7 22 8 16 17 1 1 18 27

Perceived conservation condition 3 3 4 4 29

Reproductive success 5 9 10

Size of organism 27 22 16 17 27

Water quality 28

Access to resources 4 21 32 41

Conflict 15 15 29 33 34 35

Culture and traditions 36 36

Community wellbeing and livelihoods 11 36 4 41 15 29 30 36

Awareness, empowerment, participation 4 11 15 36 36 15 28 36 3 4

Equality, equity 6 15 15 28

Compliance with law 11 33 13

Direct Economic Benefits 36

Economic vulnerability 4 36 28

Harvestable species 36 24 24 39 39 7 8 25 23 2 9 9 12 19 31 30 30 30 30 39 39 39

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

ENV

IRO

NM

ENTA

LSO

CIA

L

SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL

LEGEND

MPA worse

MPA same

MPA better

better

same

worse

causal

or

meta-an

alysis

case s

tudy

LEGEND

ECO

N.

ECONOMIC

Abundance 18 8 25 25 25 5 5 9 10

Area and representativeness 20 37 38 38 37

Biomass 1 1 12 24 39 39 22 16 16 17 40 9 10 18 27

Coral cover 24

Coral health 3 27

Density 9 7 16 16 17 22 26 9 10 14 27 27

Diversity 1 1 24 24 39 7 22 8 16 17 1 1 18 27

Perceived conservation condition 3 3 4 4 29

Reproductive success 5 9 10

Size of organism 27 22 16 17 27

Water quality 28

Access to resources 4 21 32 41

Conflict 15 15 29 33 34 35

Culture and traditions 36 36

Community wellbeing and livelihoods 11 36 4 41 15 29 30 36

Awareness, empowerment, participation 4 11 15 36 36 15 28 36 3 4

Equality, equity 6 15 15 28

Compliance with law 11 33 13

Direct Economic Benefits 36

Economic vulnerability 4 36 28

Harvestable species 36 24 24 39 39 7 8 25 23 2 9 9 12 19 31 30 30 30 30 39 39 39

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS

ENV

IRO

NM

ENTA

LSO

CIA

L

SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL

LEGEND

MPA worse

MPA same

MPA better

better

same

worse

causal

or

meta-an

alysis

case s

tudy

LEGEND

ECO

N.

ECONOMIC

Abundance 18 8 25 25 25 5 5 9 10

Area and representativeness 20 37 38 38 37

Biomass 1 1 12 24 39 39 22 16 16 17 40 9 10 18 27

Coral cover 24

Coral health 3 42

Density 9 7 16 16 17 22 26 9 10 14 27 27

Diversity 1 1 24 24 39 7 22 8 16 17 1 1 18 27

Perceived conservation condition 3 3 4 4 29

Reproductive success 5 9 10

Size of organism 27 22 16 17 27

Water quality 28

Access to resources 4 21 32 41

Conflict 15 15 29 33 34 35

Culture and traditions 36 36

Community wellbeing and livelihoods 11 36 4 41 15 29 30 36

Awareness, empowerment, participation 4 11 15 36 36 15 28 36 3 4

Equality, equity 6 15 15 28

Compliance with law 11 33 13

Direct Economic Benefits 36

Economic vulnerability 4 36 28

Harvestable species 36 24 24 39 39 7 8 25 23 2 9 9 12 19 31 30 30 30 30 39 39 39

MARINE PROTECTED AREASEN

VIR

ON

MEN

TAL

SOC

IAL

SOCIALENVIRONMENTAL

LEGEND

MPA worse

MPA same

MPA better

better

same

worse

causal

or

meta-an

alysis

case s

tudy

LEGEND

ECO

N.

Prod

uced

by

Am

y Fe

nsom

e &

Studies1. Aburto-Oropeza, O. et al. (2011) Large recovery of fish biomass in a no-take marine reserve. PLoS One 6, 2. Almany, G.R. et al. (2013) Dispersal of grouper larvae drives local resource sharing in a coral reef fishery. Curr. Biol. 23, 626–630 3. Bartlett, C.Y. et al. (2009) Marine reserve phenomenon in the Pacific islands. Mar. Policy 33, 673–678 4. Bennett, N.J. and Dearden, P. (2014) Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand. Mar. Policy 44, 107–116 5. Bonin, M.C. et al. (2016) The role of marine reserves in the replenishment of a locally impacted population of anemonefish on the Great Barrier Reef. Mol. Ecol. 25, 487–499 6. Di Ciommo, R.C. and Schiavetti, A. (2012) Women participation in the management of a marine protected area in Brazil. Ocean Coast. Manag. 62, 15–23 7. Claudet, J. et al. (2008) Marine reserves: Size and age do matter. Ecol. Lett. 11, 481–489 8. Côté, I. (2001) Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: a meta-analysis. J. Fish Biol. 59, 178–189 9. Denny, C.M. et al. (2004) Rapid recolonisation of snapper Pagrus auratus: Sparidae within an offshore island marine reserve after implementation of no-take status. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 272, 183–190 10. Díaz, D. et al. (2016) A 25-year marine reserve as proxy for the unfished condition of an exploited species. Biol. Conserv. 203, 97–107 11. Elliott, G. et al. (2001) Community participation in marine protected area management Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coast. Manag. 29, 295–316 12. Francini-Filho, R.B. and Moura, R.L. (2008) Evidence for spillover of reef fishes from a no-take marine reserve: An evaluation using the before-after control-impact (BACI) approach. Fish. Res. 93, 346–356 13. Fujitani, M.L. et al. (2012) Implementation of a marine reserve has a rapid but short-lived effect on recreational angler use. 22, 597–605 14. Guidetti, P. (2007) Potential of marine reserves to cause community-wide changes beyond their boundaries. Soc. Conserv. Biol. 21, 540–545 15. Gustavsson, M. et al. (2014) Procedural and distributive justice in a community-based managed Marine Protected Area in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Mar. Policy 46, 91–100 16. Halpern, B.S. and Warner, R.R. (2002) Marine reserves have rapid and long lasting effects. Ecol. Lett. 5, 361–366 17. Halpern, B.S. (2003) The impact of marine reserves : do reserves work and does reserve size matter? 13, 117-137 18. Harmelin-Vivien, M. et al. (2008) Gradients of abundance and biomass across reserve boundaries in six Mediterranean marine protected areas: Evidence of fish spillover? Biol. Conserv. 141, 1829–1839 19. Harrison, H.B. et al. (2012) Larval export from marine reserves and the recruitment benefit for fish and fisheries. Curr. Biol. 22, 1023–1028 20. House, C. et al. (2017) An assessment of the efficiency and ecological representativity of existing marine reserve networks in Wales, UK. Ocean Coast. Manag. 149, 217-130 21. Lansing, D. (2009) The spaces of social capital: Livelihood geographies and marine conservation in the Cayos Cochinos Marine Protected Area, Honduras. J. Lat. Am. Geogr. 8, 29–54 22. Lester, S.E. and Halpern, B.S. (2008) Biological responses in marine no-take reserves versus partially protected areas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 367, 49–56 23. Di Lorenzo, M. et al. (2016) Spillover from marine protected areas to adjacent fisheries has an ecological and a fishery component. J. Nat. Conserv. 32, 62–66 24. McClanahan, T.R. et al. (2006) A comparison of marine protected areas and alternative approaches to coral-reef management. Curr. Biol. 16, 1408–1413 25. Micheli, F. et al. (2004) Trajectories and correlates of community change in no-take marine reserves. Ecol. Appl. 14, 1709–1723 26. Molloy, P.P. et al. (2009) Effects of marine reserve age on fish populations: A global meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 743–751 27. Mumby, P.J. et al. (2006) Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science. 311, 98-101 28. Qiu, W. (2013) The Sanya Coral Reef National Marine Nature Reserve, China: A governance analysis. Mar. Policy 41, 50–56 29. Rees, S.E. et al. (2013) A thematic cost-benefit analysis of a marine protected area. J. Environ. Manage. 114, 476–485 30. Roberts, C.M. (2001) Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science. 294, 1920–1923 31. Russ, G.R. et al. (2008) Rapid increase in fish numbers follows creation of world’s largest marine reserve network. Curr. Biol. 18, 514–515 32. Santos, A.N. and Brannstrom, C. (2015) Livelihood strategies in a marine extractive reserve: Implications for conservation interventions. Mar. Policy 59, 44–52 33. Stamieszkin, K. et al. (2009) Management of a marine protected area for sustainability and conflict resolution: Lessons from Loreto Bay National Park (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Ocean Coast. Manag. 52, 449–458 34. Suman, D. et al. (1999) Perceptions and attitudes regarding marine reserves: A comparison of stakeholder groups in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Ocean Coast. Manag. 42, 1019–1040 35. Thomassin, A. et al. (2010) Social acceptability of a marine protected area: The case of Reunion Island. Ocean Coast. Manag. 53, 169–179 36. Tobey, J. and Torell, E. (2006) Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. Ocean Coast. Manag. 49, 834–854 37. Weeks, R. et al. (2010) Effectiveness of marine protected areas in the Philippines for biodiversity conservation. Conserv. Biol. 24, 531–540 38. Wells, S. et al. (2007) Towards the 2012 marine protected area targets in Eastern Africa. Ocean & Coastal Management. 50, 67-83. 39. Edgar, J.G. et al. (2014) Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature. 506, 216-220 40. Gill, D.A. et al. (2017) Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature. 543, 665-669 41. Mascia, M.B. et al. (2010) Impacts of marine protected areas on fishing communities. Conserv. Biol. 24, 1424-1429 42. Mumby, P.J. et al. (2007) Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 8362–8367

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