Marine Protected Areas as a central component of Ecosystem

Based Management

Leticia Bigeyo Neke KubojaUN-NIPPON FELLOW 2013-2014

TANZANIA MAINLAND

Outline

1. What is MPA? 2. What is EBM3. What is Ecosystem?4. How can Marine EBM be practical in Tanzania- Mafia

Island Marine Park Case studyLocation of Mafia Island Historical background informationBridging MPA and EBM

5. Challenges and Conclusion

What is MPA?

MPAs are

“Any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying water and

associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective

means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment”.

Include many subclasses such as fisheries closures, multiple use MPAs, marine reserves, no take zone etc.

MPAs especially the marine reserves and no take zones represent the extreme case of the precautionary approach to managing marine resources ( Lauck et al 1998)

What is MPA?

Protected areas are not just sites for high biodiversity; they are regions of rich social and cultural interactions

Have greater importance to local livelhoods

MPA are tools that limit, forbid and control use-pattern thru a structure of rights and rules

What is EBM?EBM is the management of human activities in an aquatic ecosystem with the goal of protecting a broad set of values including those that are beyond the short term economic, social or political benefit.

scientists argues and believe that management of marine resources would be more effectives if implemented from an ecosystem perspective

approach is not new, became popular as the conceptual cornerstone of modern fisheries management

What is Ecosystem?Market place Climate change

Economic pressure

Social pressure

is a geographically specified system of organisms including humans, their environments and the processes that control their dynamics.

Simple example of ecosystem impact

Instead of looking at the single stock of fish

It looks at the impactthat a particular fishery

has to the entire ecosystem

How can the Marine Ecosystem Based Management be practical in Tanzania-Case study of Mafia Island Marine Park

Located btn the Rufiji River Delta to the west and open Indian ocean to the east

Forms complexes of estuarine,mangroves, coral reefs and

marine systemCritical habitat for dugong,seaturtles

and whale shark

Location Of MIMP

Historical background information

1st attempts to create MPA in TZ was in 1975 under Fisheries Act 1970

7 small areas of reef were declared MARINE RESERVE ( includes 2 areas around Mafia Island, Chole Bay and Tutia reef and 4 islets in Dar essalaam)

They became PAPER RESERVE due to lack of capacity with no active management being established

In 1988 study by UDSM/IMS and Frontier UK based environment agency develop a proposal for larger, multiple use area marine parkArea of southern Mafia Island that incorporate 11 village communities was proposedIn 1991 in a workshop funded by WWF/FAO the development of the MIMP was recommended1993 General Management Plan was drafted 1994 The Marine Park and Reserves ActPark was Gazetted in 1995

More on background info…

More on background info…

What happened in MIMP community participation was instrumental

GMP draft proposal was never circulated to stakeholders

Communities are expected to participate in implementation but are not part of the process of designing and implementing management initiatives

No power or decision making delegated to the community

Ongoing conflict with the park’s authorities over conservation issues

Bridging MPA and EBM

Single sector mgmt

-fisheries

Develop park than

managing people

Centralized decision

making process

No consideration for

social component

Restricted scale mgmt

-local only

Managing commodities

- fish and coral reefs

integrated mgmt

-fisheries & tourismMaking people

responsible for managing

their usesDecentralized

facilitation for conservation

& community development

coordinated mgmt

Managing activities with

those commodities inmind

No EBM or Low EBMIncremental EBM

Trend of tourists in MIMP for a period of 12 years (Tourism Directory 2012)

Tourism potential……

Challenges and conclusion

MPA faces the challenges of becoming more fully integrated under the broader approaches of EBM specifically in the context of linking issues

Natural science (populationand community ecology

of marine organisms)

Social science (socioeconomic and other human components

of ecosystems andnatural resources management)

How can EBM grow from the existing institutional, legal and regulatory frameworks? And what are the governance challenges associated with it? Do we need to refine policies to satisfy EBM?

Shu

kran

, Asa

nte,

Gra

cias

, Mer

ci, T

hank

you