Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine …Hazardous chemicals in microplstics Topics Anthropocene : Plastic age Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core Hazardous

Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine ecosystem

Shige Takada（Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology）

1

Hazardous chemicals in microplstics

Topics

Anthropocene : Plastic age

Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core

Hazardous chemicals in marine plasticsInternational Pellet Watch

Transfer and accumulation of hazardous chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue

2


Topics





3

Plastics are fragmented into smaller particles (i.e. microplastics) and various sizes of marine plastics are ingested

by various sizes of marine organisms

Bottom sediments

Microplastics

Macro Plastic

Ingestion

Fragmentation

4

Collecting microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay

5

Collecting microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay

6

7

Microplastics in seawater of Tokyo Bay

8

0.27 millions ton of plastics floating on world ocean

9

T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.) By-catch in driftnetJune-July 2003, 2005

Sampling area 40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’W

Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific

10

Resin pelletsFragments of plastic

Fiber

StyrofoamPlastic sheets1 cm n=41

Styrofoam 1%

Fiber 5%

Fragments of plastic 59%

Resin pellets 26%

Type and composition of plastics found in the stomachs ofshort-tailed shearwater.

Plastic sheets

9%Short-tailed shearwater

Puffinus tenuirostris

Plastics found in digestive tracts of the seabirds

Yamashita et al. 201111

Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific

12

Plastics detected in digestive tract of short-tailed shearwater

13

Plastics detected in digestive tract of short-tailed shearwater

0.1 g – 0.6 g per an individual 14

More than 180 species of animals are known to have ingested plastic debris, including birds, fish, turtles and marine mammals.

Physical impacts of the ingested plastics havebeen reported for many species of organisms(Wright et al., 2013).

Marine organisms ingest plastics

Plastics in Sea TurtlePlastics in Seabird15

Microplastics in lower-trophic-level organisms

~ µm

~ µm

16

17

10cm

Microplastics were detected in 49 of 64 anchovies

18

Microplastics in sediment core from Sakurada moat showed increasing trend from 1950s to 2000s, though no plastics were detected in 1600s.

19

Durban, South Africa

Gulf of Thailnad

Tokyo

Sedimentary microplastics showed increasing trend in Asia and African coasts.

20

Anthropocene

21

22

23

Topics






24

Tonkin Bay, Vietnam

Long Beach, USA

Northern Pacific Central Gyre

Kanagawa, JapanAtlantic

Marbella, Costa Rica

Tokyo, Japan

Central Pacific

Urban beach Rural beach Open ocean

Sampling locations of plastic fragments

25

Detection of various hazardous chemicals in marine plastic fragments

chemicals ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/g

Large variability among the fragments26

Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment

OH

CH3

C CH3

OHHO

ClCl Cl

CCCl2

Cl

Cl

C9H19

Nonylphenol

BisphenolA

Cl Cl

ClPolychlorinated biphenyl

(PCBs)

DDTs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br O

Br Br Br Br

Additive-derived chemicals

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)Br Br

Br

Br BrHexabromocyclododecanes

(HBCDs)

Br

Sorption from ambient seawaterSorption from ambient seawater

27

OH

Nonylphenol : Endocrine disrupting chemicals

C9H19

Additives to plastic Antioxidants Antistatic agents

disorders in the reproductive systemvaginal clear cell adenocarcinomadecreased ability to reproduce

28

Endocrine disrupting chemicals released from plastic caps of mineral water bottles

250

World Cap 2012200

150

100

50

0

29

BDE209 and BDE183 were sporadically detected in marine plastics even from open ocean

Distributions of PBDE congeners in marine plastic fragments

Hirai et al., 2011 30

Sporadic high concentrations of PCBs were detected even in remote beaches and open ocean

Distribution of PCBs in plastic fragments

31

PCBs

Plastics

･DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD.･DDT was used as insecticides･Endocrine disrupting chemicals

･Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants.･ Endocrine disrupting chemicals

･Insecticide

Pellets accumulate POPs from seawater

ClnClnCH

CCl3

Cl

DDTsCl C

CCl2Cl

Cl

CH

CHCl2

Cl

Cl

DDT DDE DDD

H

ClH

Cl H

H ClCl

HCHCl H

HCl

PAHs

adsorption from ambient seawater

Concentration factor is estimated to be ~ 105 to ~106.32

32

Topics



Hazardous chemicals in marine plastics

International Pellet Watch



33

Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan

Air Mail

More than 50 pieces (~ 100 pieces)per one location

International Pellet WatchGlobal Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Using Beached Plastic Resin Pellets

Since 2005

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Plastic resin pellet from various areas in the world

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Analysis for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Feed the data back to the collaborators via e-mailReleasing the results on web http://www.pelletwatch.3o6 rg/

Chemical Analysis

Chemical hazardousness of marine plastics

Status of Global pollution

36

169

12

94

2178 2410

16

20 26

6

VietnamJapan

HKIndia

ThailandMalaysia

Australia

ItalyPortugal

South Africa

9 Mozambique

43

416

Boston

Greece

International Pellet Watch : monitoring of POPsPlastics carry hazardous chemicals in marine environments

141Turkey

453

10

7

CostaRica

7

Chile

29494

88

Ghana

Hawaii

10785

Taiwan

51

297

16 SingaporeIndonesia7

Cocos

387

Brazil

China 273143

Philippines

45 9

25

2746France

9 0.74

1.49

Panama T T

314

7 43

0.01Uruguay

U.K.131

573Ohio

Israel28

209

437

94

5112 Sweden

53 Albania

17

3833

7341

San Francisco

32

Seattle

182

10 San Diego 253

605341

Los Angeles

253

23

0.01Henderson

Island

Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)

60

0.26

New ArgentinaZealand

0.2 119700.9

207

Ohio

New Jersey

30265

8 47

7363

11Kenya

52

97

St. Helena’s61

37

Topics






38

Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue

Br

BrBr Br

Br BrBr

Br O Br

Br

O

Br

Br

BrBr Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue was of concern.

?

?Br

39

40

Faculty of 1000

41

Composition of BDE congeners in seabird adipose, plastics in the stomachs, and their prey.

Abdominal adipose

Plastics in stomach

Prey (lantern-fish)

Higher brominated congeners were derived from ingested plastics, whereas lower brominated congeners were derived from natural prey

42

43

Stomach oil facilitates release of additive-chemicals to digestive fluid

Trojan Horse

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O

Br

Br

BrBr Br

Br BrBr

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

BrBr Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Biological effects concerned

e.g., endocrine disruption

reproductive failure

decline of species

Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed.

Trojan Horse

45

Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed.


O

Br

Br

BrBr Br

Br BrBr

Br

Br

O

Br

Br

BrBr Br

Br BrBr

Br

BrA canary in a coal mine

Sentinel

46

Topics






47

Plastics are fragmented into smaller particles (i.e. microplastics) and various sizes of marine plastics are ingested

by various sizes of marine organisms

Macro Plastic

Ingestion

Fragmentat ion

Microplastics

Bottom sediments 48

Tsushima Strait

Tokyo Bay

Off Choshi

Off Hokkaido

Pacific (Japan

Meteorological Agency)

49

CanalCn.22

CanalSt.P

Center

inner

Outer

Tokyo Bay

50

Microplastic samples from Pacific (Japan Meteorological Agency)

51

Microplastic samples from Ms. Nicole Trenholm: Ocean Research Project

52

53

54

55

56

499

12

17

94

913

6

VietnamJapan

IndiaThailand 8 25 8Malaysia

Australia

ItalyPortugal

South Africa

Mozambique

53

Boston

Greece

PCBs

139Turkey46

453

13 9 CostaRica

7 6

Chile

30794

93

Ghana

Hawaii

101 62

Taiwan

50

294

14Indonesia Singapore

5Cocos

369

Brazil

China 375140

Philippines

41 9

25

10 1

2

Panama T T

328405

42

0.01Uruguay

502

Israel

9

344

92

5112Albania

17HK

3539

43

San Francisco

30

Seattle

184

9 San Diego

602357

Los Angeles

231

20

0.01Henderson

Island

Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)

*sum of concentrations of CB#66, 101, 110, 149, 118, 105, 153, 138, 128, 187, 180, 170, 206Measured by Polaris Q (Thermo Fisher Scientific)

64

0.26

New ArgentinaZealand

70

223

Ohio28

New Jersey

28274

831

6951

Kenya

4241

St. Helena’s60

Equatoria 977 l Guinea

2970France

U.K.151

Netherlands225

281

Belgium

5

57

applied in various electric products and fabrics.

PBDEs : Flame retardants

Lower brominated

BDE47

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

O

Br Br

BDE209

O

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

BDE183

(Br4, Br5)

Higher brominated

(Br7 -‐-‒ 10)

58

59

60

Invasion of plastics and associated chemicals to ecosystem

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Human

61

Marine organisms are exposed to hazardous chemicals through their natural prey and microplastics

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Human

PCBs 62

Plastic waste inputs to the sea will increaseｂy a factor of 10 in coming 20 years,if no action will be taken.

Jamebeck et al. (2015), Sceince

63

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

PCBs

Human

Marine organisms are exposed to hazardous chemicals through their natural prey and microplastics

64

Nature, vol. 494, p.169-171, 2013

Policy :

Rochman, Chelsea M.; Browne, Mark Anthony; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Hentschel, Brian T.; Hoh, Eunha; Karapanagioti, Hrissi K.; Rios-Mendoza, Lorena M.; Takada, Hideshige; Teh, Swee; Thompson, Richard C. 65

No single-use plasticsMajority of plastics in marine environment is land-based. Disposable packaging is dominant item.

Reduction of input of single-use plastic from land is necessary.

3RReduceReuse : non-reusable plasticsRecycle : consumes energy and emits CO2

unanticipated detection of toxic additives due to recycling of hazardous additives.

No single-use plastic!Governmental regulation to reduce excessive plastic packaging is required . 66

Woody disposable Lunch box

CO2

Plant

Petroleum

Sustainable

One way, non-sustainable

Plastic disposable Lunch box

CO2

Plant

Millions year

67

Stone Age

Bzonze Age

Iron Age

Plastic Age

Smart Age

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Documents

Marine plastic pollution : chemical threat to marine …Hazardous chemicals in microplstics Topics Anthropocene : Plastic age Plastic pollution in organisms, Water, Sediment core Hazardous