Marco for Micro - Candida albicans

8/14/2019 Marco for Micro - Candida albicans

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Microbe Distinguishing

Features

Lab.

Tests

Disease Ss & Sxs of disease Virulence

Factors

Candida

albicans Dimorphic fungi but

only presents as hyphae

in the body

Normal part of flora in

the oral cavity, GIT,

rectum and vagina

It helps to keep

balanced flora ecology

and only disease only

occurs when the body

immune system is

compromised ex.

HIV/AIDS, traumas,

broad spectrum Abs,

dietary imbalances

(simple carbohydrates,

vitamin deficiencies),endocrine changes and

pH changes because

these can disrupt the

normal bacterial

ecology in the body

Also associated with

defective T cell

immunity

Not contagious

Microscopy: tissue

scrapings treated with

10% KOH, allows to

see budding yeast

cells, septate hyphae

Culture: ex. Stool, to

confirm positive

microscopy and

grown on a sobourad

agar to show opaque

and cream coloured

colonies

Germ Tube Test: this

test is unique to the

Candida spp. And

they will form

blastospores whensuspended in serum

and incubated at 37C

for 2-3 hrs.

Serology: a high titre

of fungal

glycoprotein Abs in

recent or active

infection or Candida

specific mannas

Vulvovaginitis- an

opportunistic infection

Common female disease

Due to a change in

vaginal flora or an STD

Much less common in

men

Oral Candida Infection

Opportunistic infection

more common in

immunocompromised

individuals, diabetics,

overuse of antibiotics.

This infection is a RED

FLAG for AIDS if the

patient is not on

corticosteroids or broad-

spectrum antibiotic use.

Chronic mucocuntaneous

candidiasis (CMC)

Heterogenous group of

treatment resistant

superficial Candida

infection of the skin, nails

and oropharynx

Organs are not

involvement Underlying T cell

impairment may play a

role

Disseminated candidiasis:

Fairly rare

Candida that has spread to

many other organs, such

as the eye, heart

(endocarditis), and

kidney.

Must be

immunocompromised

Vulvovaginitis

Erythema

Inflammation of the vagina

and vulva

Thick white or curd like

discharge (Often described

as cottage cheese like)

Intense pruritis

Vaginal irritation

There may be vaginal

burning

Dysuria

Dyspaerunia

Oral Candida Infection

Focal white patches on oral

mucosa, palate and tongue Bleed when scraped off

Can spread to esophagus

Chronic mucocuntaneous

candidiasis (CMC)

Symptoms are similar to

oral candidiasis and

candidal onychomycosis.

Hyperkeratosis and

cuntaneous horn formation

that usually affects both

hands. Endocrine dysfunctions can

manifest any time during the

life

(Doctor Fungus. (2007). Chronic

Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.

Retrieved on February 14th, 2007

from the World Wide Web:

www.doctorfungus.org

)

Disseminated candidiasis:

Severe neutropenia

Because it is anopportunisticinfection thereare no specific

virulence factorsfor causing

disease. Usuallythe fungus lives

commensally inour body and it is

only when theimmune state iscompromised andthere is a changein the vaginal

flora does thisorganism overgrow and causedisease.

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Lots of conjuctivitis

VULVOVAGINITIS

Naturopathic

modality

Intervention Support for/Mechanism of Action Reference

Nutrition Supplements

1. Digestive Enzymes

2. Origanum vulgare (Oregano oil)

Dietary Modifications

1. Candida Diet

2. Labtobacillus acidophilus

Supplements

1. Digestive Enzymes

Increasing digestive secretions such as gastrichydrochloric acid, bile and pancreatic enzymes may

help to stop the overgrowth of candida, and stop its

passage into the small intestine. Therefore,

supplementation with digestive enzymes may help to

prevent the overgrowth of candida, by decreasing

candida growth in the body. This helps prevent

chronic systemic candidiasis and also local overgrowth,

such as in the vagina and mouth (Murray & Pizzorno,

1998).

2. Origanum vulgare (Oregano oil)500 mg bid of oregano oil has potent antifungal effects

and is a very important part of treatment for women

with chronic vaginitis due to candida (Stengler &

Balch, 2004).

Dietary Modifications

1. Candida Diet

This diet involves the complete elimination of sugar

from the diet, because yeast thrives on sugar, and sugar

also depresses the immune system. Therefore, by

eliminating sugar, the yeast cannot grow and the

immune system is strengthened. This includes all

forms of sugar from the highly processed granular and

brown sugars to more natural sugars such a pure honey

or maple syrup. In addition, foods that contain

naturally high amounts of sugar should also be

excluded (ex. Fruit, all alcohol, products containing

fermented yeast). Moreover, mold and yeast

containing foods should also be avoided. Some of these

include: vinegar made from yeast culture, mushrooms,

peanuts, cheese, pickled or smoked meats, and

fermented drinks such as cider, root beer, coffee, and

black tea (including decaffeinated drinks) (Rollins,

2007; Stengler & Balch, 2004; Murray & Pizzorno,

Hilton, E., Isenberg, H.D., Alperstein,

P., France, K., Borenstein, M.T.

(1992). Ingestion of yogurt containingLactobacillus acidophilus as

prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis.

Annual of Internal Medicine, 116(5):

pp. 353-357.

Hudson, T. (1999). Womens

Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine.

Keats Publishing: Los Angeles, CA.

Murray, M., & Pizzorno, J. (1998).

Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, 2nd

ed. Prima Publishing: Rocklin, CA.

Rollins, Gray. (2007). The Candida

Yeast Diet. Retrieved on February 18,

2007 from the World Wide Web:

http://www.changingshape.com/resourc

es/articles/candida-diet.as

Stengler, M, & Balch, J. (2001). The

Natural Physicians Healing Therapies.

Prentice Hall Press: Paramus, NJ.

Stengler, M, & Balch, J. (2004).Prescription for Natural Cures. John

Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ.

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1998). Milk may also be a food sensitivity that leads to

candida overgrowth, has a high lactose content and

should be removed from the diet to determine its role

in the development of vulvovaginitis (Stengler &

Balch, 2001). Also, milk contains trace amount of

antibiotics, which disrupt the vaginal flora further and

allow for the overgrowth of yeast (Murray & Pizzorno,

1998).

Lactobacillus acidophilusThere are many strains of Lactobacillus that help to

slow the development of Candida albicans, a major

cause of vulvovaginitis. Research has shown that

ingestion of yogurt containing activeLactobacillushelps clear up current vulvovaginitis and helps prevent

future infections from occurring. The normal

urogenital microflora is mainly dominated by

Lactobacillus. It helps to prevent the development ofpathogenic bacteria, by maintaining an acidic

environment and by releasing hydrogen peroxide.Furthermore,L. acidophilus has been shown to helpprevent bacterial adherence in the vagina. A yearlong

crossover trial compared yogurt eating to non-yogurt

eating patients and found a threefold decrease in

vulvovaginitis in patients who consumed yogurt

containing activeL. acidophilus (Hilton et al., 1992;Hudson, 1999). It plays an important role in

maintaining a strong local immune system in the

vagina, by preventing the growth of opportunistic

pathogens and yeast. Women should eat a cup (8

ounces) of unsweetened live yogurt containingL.

acidophilus and other beneficial bacteria (Stengler &Balch, 2004).

Botanical

Medicine

1. Allium sativum (Garlic) 1. Allicin

Allicin, a disulfide-containing constituent present in

Allium sativum, exhibits antimycotic properties by

oxidizing thiol groups of essential enzymes such as:

alcohol dehydrogenase (nutrient digestion), cysteine

proteinase (tissue invasion), thioredoxin reductase, and

RNA polymerase. Specifically, Allicin inhibits

succinate dehydrogenase activity in Candida albicans,

thereby reducing the microorganisms oxygen uptake

by 70%, resulting in subsequent inhibition of microbial

Adetumbi et al. (1986) Allium sativum(Garlic) Inhibits Lipid Synthesis by

Candida albicans.Antimicrobial Agents and

Chemotherapy 30(3):499-501.

Ghannoum, M.A. (1988) Studies on the

anticandidal mode of action of Allium

sativum (Garlic). J Gen Microbiol.

134(11): 2917-2924.3


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2. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree)

growth and respiration. Allium sativum impairs

biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, and

completely inhibits lipid biosynthesis by chemically

reacting with sulfhydryl compounds, such as

glutathione. Thus, depleted stores of glutathione

promote peroxidation of cellular lipids. This affects

the permeability and adherence of the membrane and

consequently undermines the viability of the cell.

2. Melaleuca alternifolia

Specific constituents of Melaleuca alternifolia,

terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, -terpinene, and terpinolene

induce alterations in the cell permeability of Candida

albicans by inserting between the fatty acyl chains that

make up the membrane lipid bilayer, disrupting lipid

packaging, and impairing ATPase functioning. Such

alterations increase membrane permeability and

fluidity, and impair cell homeostasis.

Koch, H.P. and Lawson, L.D. (1996)

Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic

Application ofAllium sativum L. andRelated Species. Williams & Wilkins:

Baltimore, USA. p. 168-172.

Lemaret al. (2005) Allyl alcohol andgarlic (Allium sativum) extract produce

oxidative stress in Candida albicans.Microbiology151:3257-3265.

Hammeret al. (2004) Antifungaleffects ofMelaleuca alternifolia (teatree) oil and its components on Candida

albicans, Candida glabrata and

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy53:1081-1085.

Homeopathy Borax Leukorrhea that looks like the white of

eggs and has the sensation of warm

water flowing down.

Used specifically for oral thrush this

is apparently one of the biggest

remedies used for thrush in children.

Used for white fungus like growth.

(Murphy, 2000)

Calcarea carbonica (Calc carb)

Burning vaginal itching with a thick

yellow or white discharge due to ayeast infection.

Symptoms better in the morning and

when slightly constipated.

Symptoms worse before and after

menstruation, from applying heat to the

vulva, during pregnancy, in cold damp

and windy weather, and from physical

or mental exertion.

(Lockie, 2000)

Indicated in itching and burning of the

genitals.

Rubrics1. Female Genitalia/Sex Leukorrhea cream-like.

2. Female Genitalia/Sex Leukorrhea itching.

3. Mouth thrush (Borx).

4. Skin Eruptions discharging (=moist) white.

5. Female Genitalia/sex Leukorrhea white.

6. Generals Food and drinks sugar desires.

7. Female Genitalia/Sex Leukorrhea offensive

yeast-like.

(von Fimmelsberg & Kunzli, 1987; Schroyens, 2004)

There are not any rubrics that are specific for a vaginal

yeast infection, and oral thrush is the closet thing in therepertory specific to a candida albicans infection.

Other remedies that have been indicated for vaginal

discharge that resembles a vaginal yeast infection:

Sepia, Mercurius solubilis, Pulsatilla (Lockie, 2000 &

Murphy, 2000).

Lockie, Andrew. Natural Health:Encyclopedia of Homeopathy (2000).

Dorling Kindersley Limited, New

York, NY. (P.85, 200, 260-261.)

Murphy, Robin. (2000). Homeopathic

Remedy Guide. H.A.N.A. Press,

Virginia.

Von Fimmelsberg, Jost Kunzli (1987).

Kents Repertorium General. B Jain

Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India.

Schroyens, Frederik (ed.). (2004).

Synthesis: Repertorium

Homeopathicum Syntheticum Edition

9.1. Homeopathic Book Publishers.

London, England.

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Used for thick, milky and gushing or

yellow leukorrhea that is worse during

urination.

Leukorrhea with itching and burning.

(Murphy, 2000)

Sulfur

Itching in the rectum and around the

anus. Offensive-smelling yellow or white

vaginal discharge caused by candida.

Symptoms better in fresh air, with dry

warmth, from walking.

Symptoms worse from prolonged

standing, from wearing too much

clothing, in cold and damp, from

washing, from being too warm in bed.

(Lockie, 2000)

Indicated for leukorrhea that is yellow

and mucous like with burning and

excoriating.

(Murphy, 2000)

TAM To eliminate damp and strengthen Spleen

Liver 8

Resolves Damp Heat from the Lower

Burner

Benefits the genitals

Nourishes blood and Yin

Treatment for: vaginitis, dysuria, genital

itching, genital pain

Spleen 6 Regulates the Spleen and Stomach

Drains Damp

Regulates the Lower Burner

Benefits the Genitals

Tonifies the Kidneys

Treatment for: dysuria, genital pain,

leukorrhea, reproductive system disorders,

and urinary dysfunction.

Conception Vessel 3

Resolves damp heat

Damp heat in the lower burner.

Spleen Qi deficiency

White discharge, large amount, and thick, sticky, no

odor.

Kidney yin deficiency

Vagina may be pink-red with white and thick

discharge, and dry burning around vagina.

AcuXO. Liver, Spleen, Conception

Vessel. Retrieved from the world wide

web on February 17, 2007 from

http://www.acuxo.com/index.asp

Dai Xia Bing Vaginal Discharge

(leukorrhea). Retrieved from the world

wide web on February 17, 2007 from

http://tcm.health-

info.org/gynecology/gynecology-

leukorrhea.htm

Ross. Jeremy. (1995) Acupuncture

point combinations: the key to clinical

success. New York. Pg. 406.

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Regulates the lower burner

Stops leukorrhea

Transforms stagnation

Tonifies the kidneys

Treatment for: vaginal pain, vaginitis,

genital itching, leukorrhea, dysuria

Hydrotherapy or

Counseling orPhysical

Medicine

Douching

Keep the bag below the pelvis and exertonly slight pressure because strong pressure

can drive to solution through the cervix and

into the uterus and this can extend the

infection.

(Do-it-yourself remedies, 2004; Christinas

Body and Fitness, 2007).

Suppositories

This is the insertion of something up the

vaginal wall, which can help to kill any

pathogenic organisms found there.

Douches

1. H2O2 is a natural product produced by the bacteriain vagina and kills yeast, and can be therefore be

used as a douche. Mix 1tsp of ordinary 3% H2O2with once cup of water. Douche once a day until

the symptoms have cleared (Do-it-yourself

remedies, 2004).

2. To restore the natural pH of the vagina use an

acidic douche. Use 2 tbsp of cider vinegar or juice

from a lemon and 1 tsp vitamin C in a quart of

water. This will acidify the vaginal environment

and yeast cannot be sustained (Do-it-yourself

remedies, 2004; Christinas Body and Fitness,

2007).

Suppositories

1. Garlic has many anti-microbial effects and can be

used as a suppository. Carefully peel a clove of

garlic, wrap it in gauze and insert it into the vagina

where it can be left of up to 12hrs. This can be

repeated as necessary (Feminist Womens Health

Center, 2007)

2. Yogurt suppository. Dip a tampon in

unpasteurized plain yogurt and insert it into the

vagina 1-2x a day until the symptoms are cleared.

A moist tampon can also be covered with

acidophilus and inserted into the vagina (Home

remedies, 2007; Feminist Womens Health Center,

2007).

Christinas Body and Fitness. (2007).

Health Journal: Fighting YeastInfections. Retrieved from the world


http://www.bodyandfitness.com/Inform

ation/Womenhealth/yeast.htm.

Feminist Womens Health Center.

(2007). Infections and Insurrections:

Women Treating Yeast Infections.

Retreived from the world wide web on

February 16, 2007 from

http://www.fwhc.org/health/yeast.htm

Home Remedies (2007). Yeast

Infections. Retrieved from the world


http://www.home-remedies-for-

you.com/remedy/Yeast-Infection.html.

Do-it-yourself remedies. (2004). The

Yeast Infection Homepage. Retrieved

from the world wide wed on February

16. 2007 from

http://www.msu.edu/~eisthen/yeast/yourself.html

References for the Candida Chart.

Doctor Fungus. (2007). Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis. Retrieved on February 14th, 2007 from the World Wide Web: www.doctorfungus.org

)

Lescheid, D. (2007). Candida Albicans. CCNM Microbiology Class. Toronto, Ontario.

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Marco for Micro - Candida albicans