MAPEH Summary

8/12/2019 MAPEH Summary

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II. The playing of chords that became necessary led to the development ofcounterpoint and harmony.

III. Standardizing of instrument groups.IV. Reducing in the importance of bass continuo as bass continuo was replaced

by harmonic aspects often played by several instruments.V. Focus on a single melodic line with accompaniment that resulted to

emphasis on dynamics and phrasing.

VI. The simplification of texture resulted to theses effects:a) Instrumental detail became more important.b) Making use of characteristic rhythms, such as attention-getting

opening fanfares, the funeral march rhythm, or the minuet genre.

c) More emphasis on establishing and unifying the tone of a singlemovement.

VII. This also led to the Classical styles gradual breaking away from theBaroque style of making each movement of music devoted to a single affect

and instead was replaced by a style characterized by contrasts between

sections within movements, giving each its own emotional coloring, using

range techniques:

a) Opposition of major and minor modesb) Strident rhythmic themesc) More song-like themesd) Making movement between different harmonic areas.

Lesson II(Composers of the Classical Period)

Early Classical Period

The first great master of the Classical sytle was the composer Franz JosephHaydn(1732-1809) of Austria. Earning him the titles Father of the

Symphony. Her wrote 104 symphonies, the last 12 of which are known as

the Londin Symphonies written on his two visits in London. He isconsidered as the Father of the Sonata form which relied on dramatic

contrast and tension of melody against harmony and rhythm. Another title he

earned was the Father of the String Quartet. In 1772, Haydn completed

this Opus 10 set of six string quartets, in which he deployed the polyphonic

techniques he had gathered from the previous era, the Baroque period.


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The term Classicborrowed from a period in ancient Greece connotes

emphasis on clear-cut structure and on the classical simplicity in style.

General Characteristics

Great concern for form, especially the sonata Attention placed to dynamic marking like piano, forte, etc. Development of the symphony to the fullest The use of Albertibass accompaniment

Classical Musical Forms

Bass continuo and Alberti bass Characteristic of Classical Period Chamber Music Overtures

Sonata developed from an early Italian word sonare, meaning to sound. For the

past seven hundred years, sonata has referred to a large instrumental composition

of three or four separate movements for solo piano, or solo instrument, such as

violin or flute, with piano accompaniment.

Symphony is a sonata for orchestra, or in recent years, for band. To write a

symphony is a real musical challenge for a composer. Each movement must be

complete in itself, at the same time must create a feeling of unity and relationship

with all the movements.

Franz Joseph Haydn is called the Father of the symphony. He

composed over one hundred symphonies. The first movement of his Symphony No.

102 is in sonata-allegroform. These musical materials are introduced in the

exposition.

A Concerto is a sonata for solo instrument and orchestra. It is usually designed inthree movements. The highly-developed skill of the soloist and the variety of

possibilities of the solo instrument are shown in most concertos.

Unlike the symphony that has 4 movements, the concerto has only 3.1. Fast


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2. Slow3. Fast

A concerto has no minuetor scherzo. Near the end, the concerto executes a fermata(pause) placed over a chord.

A Chamber Music

A lot of chamber music is classical. All instruments play most of the time and are equally important. Chamber music for two instruments is called duo; for three, trio; for four,

quartet; for five, quintet, etc.

An Overture is a short piece for an orchestra. Overtures were performed before an

opera or play to put the audience in the right mood. Some are written for their ownsake, unconnected to play or opera.

UNIT IVLesson I (Baroque MusicIts Characteristics and Influences on Later

Music)

Baroque can be traced from the ancient Portuguese noun barroco.SoBaroque can simply mean something elaborate and with many details.

The usage of this term originated in the 1860s to describe the highly-decorated style of 17thand 18thcentury religious and public buildings in

Italy, Germany, and Austria.

Baroque Music describes an era and a set of styles of European Classical music

which were in widespread use between 1600-1760.

Other Features of Baroque Music

Melodies are elaborate and ornamental so they are not easy to remember. A Baroque piece usually expresses one basic mood through different

emotions. There was increased importance of secular music. Dynamics tends to stay constant, however, when there is tense shift, the

change in dynamics is sudden. The alternation between soft and load is

called terraced dynamics.


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Monodymusic with one melodic voice and accompanimentis prevalentin early 17th-century music, especially in Italy.

Lesson II (Baroque Music Forms)

Baso Continuo is made up of a bass part together with chords to be played

above it. Because of its use of numerical symbol it is known asfigured bass.

Chords were important in Baroque music because these chords support

melodic line and beautify music.

The invention of Pianoit is widely considered that the piano was invented by a

single person ~ Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua, Italy. There are three surviving

Cristofori pianos today that date from the 1720s.

Fugue

TheFugueis the cornerstone of Baroque music. A fugues texture usually includes three, four, or five voices.

Sonata

Music for one or more instrument accompaniment almost always withcontinuo.

Bachs six solo violin sonatas, nos. 1, 3, and 5 are recognizablysonata dachiesa while nos. 2, 4, and 6 aresonata da camera.

Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form

Concerto Grosso is an important orchestra form of music during the BaroquePeriod.

Usually two or more soloists play with 8-20 or more musicians for thetutti.

Brandenburg Concertos

Bach composed the six Brandenburg Concertos which Bach sent to a

German aristocrat, the Mangrave of Brandenburg in 1718. The Mangrave loved

music and asked Bach to send him some original compositions.


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Choruschoral sections of operas, oratorios, or other large works may be written

in a variety of forms and textures, ranging from short, declamatory passages.

The Opera

Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) is regarded as an important composer of

the opera. His works include Orfeo, which was performed in the courts of Mantua,

Italy in 1607.

Lesson III (The Characteristics of Renaissance Music)

Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14 ththrough

the 16thcenturies, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages.

Renaissance Music was written during the Renaissance, approximately

1400 to 1600. It is began in Florence in the 14thcentury.

Black DeathItaly was particularly badly hit by the plague. The Black Death was

a pandemic that affected all of Europe. Black Death, as has been said, has

prompted a new wave of piety.

Other Renaissance developments

Musicians worked in churches, courts, and towns. Italy was the leading music center in the 16thcentury.Since Kings, Dukes, and Princess competed for the finest composers,

musicians enjoyed higher status and pay than ever before.

Characteristics of renaissance music

Vocal polyphony reached a high degree of perfection with four or morevoices of equal importance.

A cappella in singing especially in church music.

Major and minor scales becoming stronger.Music printing contributed to the dissemination of music literature.

Lesson IV (Music Forms of Renaissance Music)

The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the Renaissance

Period were masses and motets. Other developments towards the end, especially as


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composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms. The common sacred

genres were the mass, the motel, madrigals, and the laude.

Mass

One of Joaquin des Prezs mature masses was theMissa Ad fugam.Many of the most famous of the great masses of the Romantic Era were

requiem masses.

Prominent representatives of a cappella choral counterpoint included theEnglishman William Byrd, the Castilian Tomas Luis de Victoria.

Many famous and influential masses were composed by Joaquin des Prez,the single most influential composer of the Middle Renaissance.

Motet

Is a religious polyphonic composition which appeared in the 12thcenturywhen the cathedral church needed more elaborate music.

Many secular motets are known as ceremonial motets.During the Renaissance, the motet had a most elaborate polyphonic

treatment.

The Motet was one of the preeminent forms of Renaissance music. Otherimportant composers of Renaissance motets include;

oAlexander Agricola

o Gilles Binchoiso Antoine Busnoiso William Byrdo Johannes Vodnianus Campanuso Loyset Compereo Joaquin Des Prezo John Dunstapleo Antoine de Fevino Martin Peersono Johannes Ockeghemo Jacob Obrechto Jean Moutono Orlando di Lasso


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o Pierre de La Rueo Heinrich Isaac

Ricercar

Is a type of late renaissance and mostly early Baroque instrumentalcomposition.

The second type of ricecar, the imitative, contrapuntal type eventuallydeveloped into the fugue.

Laude

Is the most important form of vernacular sacred songs in Italy in the latemedieval era and the early Renaissance.

The Laude declined in importance with the development of the oratorio.Basse dancewas the most popular court dance in the 15thand early 16th

centuries.

Galliardwas a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in

the 16thcentury.

Couranteare just some of the names given to a family of triple metre dances

from the late Renaissance and the Baroque Era.

Lesson V(Baroque Composers and Instruments)

George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)

One of the most popular Baroque composers of the Baroque music. Born on February 23, 1685, just a month before Johann Sebastian Bach wasborn. He performed in Berlin where he was praised by Elector Frederick III. He left Italy in 1710 and went to Hanover where he was appointed

Kapellmeister to the Elector, George Louis.

TheMessiah (1741) has a three parts;


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a. Is about the birth of Christb. Is Christs mission and sufferingsc. Is about his resurrection

He is the creator of the famous and joyousHallelujah Chorus. He was buried in Westminster in April 14, 1759, recognized in England as

the greatest composer of his day.

Johann Sebastian Bach(1685-1750)

Was a prolific German composer and organist whose sacred and secularworks for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments unified the elements of the

Baroque music that resulted to the Baroque periods ultimate maturity.

He was born in Eisenach, a town of some 6,000 residents in the German-speaking electorate of secular music and participation in church music.

His son Johannes became a piper, his son Christoph (1613-61) was aninstrumentalist, and his twin son was JS Bachs Father.

His mother died in 1694 and his father died the following year. He exposed him to the work of the great south German composers of the day

such as Pachelbel and Johann Jakob Froberger and possibly to the music

North German composers, and of Frenchmen such as Lully, Louis

Marchand, Marin Marais, and the Italian clavierist Girolamo Frescobaldi.

At the age of 14, Bach, along with his older school friend, Georg Erdmann,was awarded a choral scholarship to study at the prestigious St. Michaels

school in Luneburg.

Revered for their intellectual depth and technical and artistic beauty, JSBachs works include theBrandenburg Concerti, the Goldburg Variations,

theKeyboard Suites and Partitas, the Well-Tempered Clavier theMass in B

Minor, the St. Matthew Passion,theMusical Offering, The Art of Fugue,

and more than 200 cantatas.

Lesson IV (Renaissance Composers)

Giovanni Pierlugi da Palestrina (1525-1594)


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Considered the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music. He began his musical training at age 7 and a pupil of Mallapert And Firmin

Lebel at St.Maris Maggiore, Rome where he was a choirboy from at least

1537.

He married Lucrezia Goriand had 3 children. He was once appointed maestro di cappellaof the Capella Guilia in

Rome(1551) where he issued his first works.

He sang in the Capella Sistina in 1555. During the 1560s and 70s, da Palestrinas fame and influence rapidly

increased through the wide diffusion of his published works.

He was aksed to rewrite the churchs main plain chant books (1577) He ranks with Lassus and Bryd as the greatest renaissance master. His works include 93 masses, 200 motets, more than a hundred hymns

and offertories.

All his works set him up as the classic model ofthe renaissance polyphony.

Antonio Vivaldi (b.Venice, 1678; d.Vienna, 1741)

An italian composer and violinist. He published trio sonatas, Opus 1(1705) and violin

sonatas, opus 2(1709)First operaOttone in Vi ll a

Produced Vincenza -1713 First Venetian Opera-Orl ando fi nto pazzo (1713) He also conducted and

played violin in opera performances.

In addition to his choral music and concerti, Vivaldi had begun regularlywriting opera scores by 1715; about 50 of these scores remain.

His two most successful operatic works,La constanzatrionfanteandFarnace, were performed in multiple revivals during Vivaldi's

lifetime.

It was during his term in Mantua, from around 1717 to 1721, that he wrotehis four-part masterpiece, The Four Seasons.

One of his cantatas, Gloria e Imeneo, was written specifically for thewedding of KingLouis XV.He was also a favorite of Emperor Charles VI,

who honored Vivaldi publicly by naming him a knight.
http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xv-9386921http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xv-9386921


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ANTIMATTER

ADVANTAGES

One of the beauties of antimatter is its efficiency. A fission reaction uses upabout 1 percent of the available energy inside matter, whereas the annihilation of

antimatter and matter converts 100 percent of the mass into energy. No wonder

tiny amounts of antimatter can have such powerful effects. Put a gram of matter

together with a gram of antimatter and you release the equivalent of a 20 kiloton

bomb, about the size of the one that destroyed Hiroshima.

DISADVANTAGES

It is the most deadly weapon. There is a lack of antimatter existing in the universe.

An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using antimatter as a power source.


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A New ElementMaybe

Lead, iron and uranium are nothing compared to ununseptium, the temporary name

for element 117, an extremely heavy combination of berkelium and calcium isotopes

created in a particle accelerator in Dubna, Russia.

Advantages

The new element existed for only the tiniest fraction of a second before vanishing

again, but the fact that it remained stable for even the fleeting instant it did is

promising.

Disadvantages

The heavier artificial elements get, the less stable they become, until they reach a

point at which the curve turns back up and they begin to last longer and longer.

Ununseptium is on the upward part of that arc suggesting that what physicists call

islands of stability may exist, at which the heaviest elements of all could last for

months or years

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MAPEH Summary