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MAPEH 9UNIT 1

Del Rosario Christian Institute Inc.

UNIT 1UNIT 1MUSICMUSIC

MUSIC OF MEDIEVAL


CHAPTER 1The Music of the Medieval

Era (C-1030-1054)

The period before the Renaissance is referred to as the Medieval Era.This is characterized by making of the modern Euope and the raise ofPapacy and numerous conflicts. Religion influenced the music of the

medieval period. Many composers were associated with the papal courtin Rome and they were dependent on the church for their income.

Court music is played and sung by Minstrels who provide entertainmentby memorization and improvisation. Among the Greeks, music is part oftheir everyday life, marriage, funeral rites, festival, ceremonies and sport

events.


Introduction:

Roman culture preserved yje musicsl ideas of the Greekcivillazation.Guido de Arezza(c. 990-1050) an Italian, devised the musicsl staff or stave.He invented a system of teachingmusic in which the notes were given names similar to theSOLFA system. These notes occupied lines, space and clef

sign indicated pitch.The different types of musical instruments invented and usedduring the Medieval Era were: Lyre, Harp, Psaltery, Pipe and

Tabor, bag pipe, Trumpet, Organ and Bells.


Life in the Medieval EraThe most enduring and romanticized aspect of medieval

life is the idea of courtly love which means pure andchaste, yet romantic, love of a knight for his lady.

Music and Religiion Religion had an overriding influence on the music of the

whole Medieval period. a powerful church erected many ofEurope greatest cathedral. Later, manuscript productionstarted and beautifully decorated books were created for

the church and wealthy patrons. The papacy wasinstrumental in the creation of the Holy Roman Empire

abd the Consequent standardization of the empire'sliturgy (order of worship) leading to the wroting down of

the plain chant repertory.Music of the Courts: minstrels and Troubadours:

The development of music for secular courtsstarted in the 11th century when it was first written

down. There were minstrels for who played instrumentsand sung providing courtly entertainment. Their art was

base on memorization and improvisation. Century troubadours begin to flourish. They were

poet musicians from the Southern France. TheTroubadours most significant contribution to wester

literacy culture was idea of FIN AMOURS (pure love) latercalled "courtly love" the idealized feeling of a lover to alady. It also dominated secular music throughout the

medieval period.


Musical instruments of the Medieval EraLyre and Crwth- The lyre has 6 strings and isplucked near the bridge. The Bowed Lyre is

now called CRWTH(welsh.)

Harp- The medieval harp was built on aroughly triangular frame and its stringswere made of either sheep's intestine,

horse hair and metal such as brass, silveror gold,


Psaltery, Cittole and Cittern- the medievalpsaltery is a flat box with the string were

made of either sheep’s intestine, horse hairand metal such as brass, silver or gold.

Pipe and Tabor-The medieval pipe was playedby blowing directly into a mouthpiece like a

recorder or penny whistle. A tabor is a kind ofdrum.


Bagpipe -the bagpipe consisted of an animal-skin bagand a series of woods pipe.

Trumpet- the medieval trumpet is a straightpiece of the cylindrical metal tubing running

from a mouthpiece to the wide ending knownas "bell".


Portative Organ-a portative organ is small andcan be carried with the strap while the player

is walking.

Positive organ-The positive organ is bigger andits pipes have the same diameter but varyinglength. All organs require air to be pumped

through. Pipes are used by playing thekeyboard.


Bells- Handbell are the musical instrumentthat are most widely used in the MedievalEra. Large bells ,were hang in the church

tower. Bells were made of bronze.

STYLES AND FORMS OF MEDIEVAL MUSIC Before music was written down, musicians

either memorized or improvised what they play orsong. Very little was known about the earliestEuropean music because it was not recorded.

Methods of reading using letters had beenproposed from the 6th century, The earlies book

on notation dated in 6th century and shapes wereused to indicate the center of the melody.

In 1030, Guido d' Arezzo set a new system of pitchnotation based on the staff and lines reprsenting

the notes.


Plain chant Plain chant is the name given to the style ofmelodies used in church worship. It is also calledGregorian chant. Polyphony Polyphony (meaning many voices) had morethan one part played or sung at a time. The firstpolyphony to be written was simply embellishedplain chant. Organum Organum was named originally given to thepractice of singing a part added above or belowa plain chant melody. Conductus Conductus is a musical style similar toorganum which developed on the south France.Conductus is fast at which the words aredeclaimed. Motet A motet meaning the "word" evolved whenpoetry text in French or Latin were added to theupper voices over the slow moving tenor.


THE MEDIEVAL ERA PERSONALITIESThis are the famous personalities in music during

the Medieval Era:*Adam de la Halle- (1250-1300) A French Trovereand a computer monophonic and polyphonic song

and motets. His poetry is also important. he alsowrote three plays with musical interlude.

*Bernart de Ventadorn- (1135-95) Regarded asfirst French Trobadour. He travelled widely bringingthe art of the trobador in Europe. His most popular

song was "Quan Veri La Lauzeta". *Binchois, Gilles (1400-60) Franco- FlemishComposer and a gift melodist. He wrote a Lamenton Bincois Passing. (Death you have sorrow in yourarrows, 1460) *Ciconia , Johannes (1370-1412) He is a FrancoFlemish Composer and Theorist. He wrote song forthe mass and motets in conventional 14th centuryItalian style. *Busnoy, Antoine (1435-92) French Composer.His sacred music had a profound impact to thecomposer of the next generation. His Man L'Homme Arme (The Arme Man) was one of the mostinfluential work of the 15th century.


*French Composer, Dufay Guillamme(1397-1474)-- Johannes Ciconia and his contemporaryAntonio Zacara were associated with the papalcourt in Rome both during and after schism. (The

period of schism characterized by the election of anew pope to replace the two deposed poses and the

writing of the richest epibode of sacred music.)*Dunstaple, Joan (1390-1453)- EnglishComposer.His famous works include: mass cycles.Rev Sechorium (King of Ages), isorythmic motets andsome song. *Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) - GermanAbbess and Composer, He introduced remarkableworks of Theology, sience, healing, drama, historyand music. Her work on the symphony of theHeavenly Revelation is a collections of a collectionof 77 liturgical song. He also wrote the morality playon the music ODO VIRTUTUM. (Play of the virtuesdepicting the battle between the devil and the 16virtues for the human soul.)*Jehannot de Lescurel (14th century) French Poetand Composer. His work is found in the manuscriptto the Roman de Faudel, a collection of monophonicsong, polyphonic Rondeau and the longer poem.


*Leonin (1150-1201) French Composer and wasresponsible in compiling magnus. Liber Organi

(Great book of Organum) a collection of polyphonyfor Nature Dome cathedral in Paris.

*Machaut, Guillame de (1300- 77) FrenchPriest Composer and poet. he wrote sacred music

and presented them into beautifully decoratedcopies for noble patrons. He wrote the Notre

Dame mass the Composition of great historicalimportance.

*Guido de Arrezza (995/5 AD/BC) Invented theStaff and the musical notes. He was a gifted musicteacher and trained singer to chant very quickly.

He wrote the treaties of the Middle Ages, theMicrologus, a system of lines for notating music.


CHAPTER 2THE MUSIC OF THE RENAISSANCE

PERIOD(1450-1600)


The Renaissance Period

Renaissance French word meaning "Rebirth"which occured od 1450 and 1600. Musicians inthe Renaissance period word in churched, courtsand towns. The poplyphonic church music waspreferred entirely by male choir. In therenaissance period vocal music was moreimportant than instrumental music.

Characteristics of the Renaissance MusicThe renaissance music is characterized byclarity,balance and euphony within regulatedlimits.

1.

2.Acapella singing which means music sungwithout accompainment is the ideal medium

especially in the church.3. The texture of Renaissance music was vocalpolyphony with four and more voices of equal

importance and high degree of perfection.4. Renaiasance compusers used "word painting",

musical representation of specific poitic images. Ex."running" is heard with a series of rapid notes.

5. The rhythm of the renaissance music is gentle.The music sount mild and relaxed.


Music Printing

The invention of printing press by JohannesGutenberg started the production of a printed

bibleand music book. The impact of thisdevelopment cause the books to become both

more readily available and affordable.


Protestant Music The 16th century was marked by unprecedenteupheaval in the Christian word.The protestantrevolution begun by Martin Luther had a deeplasting effect. Luther publicly critized the churchon corruption. Luther love music and believed in its ability toserve religion.He incouraged the use of polyphonyin church services. He also added congretionalsinging of hymns or chorales some familliar tunesdrawn from Latin church or popular song.

Catholic TransformationIn 1536, Pope Paul III for the Ecumenical council,The Council Of Trent to disscuss some refoermsfor the Catholic church. New devotional genresarose in the wake of Trent. Chanson is a Frenchword which means songs for several voices.The madrigal is a sitting for several voices(usually 4 to 6) of several poetic text.Themadrigal was the most progressive form ofcomposition during the late 16th century andwas sung on all the counmtry gathering. The textwas usually deals with sentimental loveinterestand composer used verses of the knownpoet such as Tasso and Petrarch.


Renaissance PolyphonyRenaissance polyphony (many soul and manyvoices) is a style of music characterized by equalparticipation of voices in the exchange andphrases.the art of polyphony lies in the clarity andbeauty of texture theme, and text setting in thecareful control of structure and dissonance.Finest example of the Polophony:

Masses - a mass is a musical setting of textthat are common in a celebration of mass. Ex.Gloria, Kyrie Creed, Sanctus and Agnus Dei.The Motet - was a relatively small scale sacred

text form performed in polyphonic vocalsetting during the mass of a particular day.

1.

2.

KyrieThe Kyrie - is a six voice part that constantlyimitate each other yet blent beautifully. Thetext is short and words are repeated withdifferent melodic lines to express calmsupplication.


GREAT MUSICIAN OF THE RENIASSANCEPERIOD

Agricolar, Alexander - A FrancoFlemish who composedmasses, motets, chansons andinstrumental arrangement.

1.

2. Animuccia, Gioanni - He wasan Italian composer and wasone of the earlier composer ofthe music for catholicreformation.

3. Arcadelt, Jacques - A frenchcomposer who is best knownfor madrigals but he alsocomposes masses, motets nadchansons.

4. Bull, John - an Englishcomposer and keyboard player


5. Byrd, William - Englishcomposer.His first book ofCANTONES SACRAE (1589- 91)was dedicated to QueenElizabeth I. He was called the"Father of Music" grantedexclusive right together withTallis by Queen Elizabeth I toprint, import and sell musicbooks.

6. Campion, Thomas - Englishpoet, composer and alsopublished four books of lutesong.

7. Gabrielli, Gabrielli - Italiancomposer who wrote acollection of motets andmadrigals for variouscombinations of voices andinstrument for mass sonstas,lively instrumental canzonesand for choir instruments.


8. Gibbons, Orlando - Hewas an English composer,keyboard player and wasone of the founder of the

English keyboard school inearly 17th century along

with Byrd, Farnaby and bull.












































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MAPEH 9 - drcilearn.com