Managing Urban Expansion in Mongolia: Best Practices in Scenario-Based Urban Planning

8/9/2019 Managing Urban Expansion in Mongolia: Best Practices in Scenario-Based Urban Planning

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Kast Srbetheashm Ueambrho-KbsalQrkbm S`bmmhmn

\bfuyb Fbibtb

Jbias [ahegart

\uiamtsont \savanih

Xoomgaa Fhi

Kratt Ualnawhef

Ibmbnhmn QrkbmAxpbmshom hm Iomno`hb

\GA Ô[@L KBMF





IBMBNHMN Q[KBMAWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO





Ibmbnhmn QrkbmAxpbmshom hm Iomno`hbKast Srbetheas hm Ueambrho-KbsalQrkbm S`bmmhmn

\bfuyb Fbibtb Jbias [ahegart\uiamtsont \savanihlXoomgaa FhiKratt Ualnawhef

\GA Ô[@L KBMF^bsghmntom, L.E.



© ;323 \ga Hmtarmbthomb` Kbmf dor [aeomstruethom bml Lavaòpiamt / \ga or`l Kbmf2727 G Utraat M^^bsghmntom LE ;3<55\aàpgoma: ;3;-<>5-2333Hmtarmat: www.wor`lkbmf.ornA-ibh`: daalkbefCwor`lkbmf.orn

B`` rhngts rasarval

2 ; 5 < 25 2; 22 23

\ghs voùia hs b proluet od tga stbdd od tga Hmtarmbthomb` Kbmf dor [aeomstruethom bml Lavaòpiamt /\ga ôr`l Kbmf. \ga mlhmns, hmtarpratbthoms, bml eomeùshoms axprassal hm tghs voùia lo mot maeas-sbrh`y ra aet tga vhaws od tga Axaeuthva Lhraetors od \ga or`l Kbmf or tga novarmiamts tgay raprasamt.

\ga ôr`l Kbmf loas mot nubrbmtaa tga beeurbey od tga lbtb hmeùlal hm tghs worf. \ga koumlbrhas,eoòrs, lamoihmbthoms, bml otgar hmdoribthom sgowm om bmy ibp hm tghs worf lo mot hip`y bmy julna-iamt om tga pbrt od \ga ôr`l Kbmf eomearmhmn tga ànb` stbtus od bmy tarrhtory or tga amlorsaiamtor beeaptbmea od sueg koumlbrhas.

[hngts bml Sarihsshoms\ga ibtarhb` hm tghs puk`hebthom hs eopyrhngtal. Eopyhmn bml/or trbmsihtthmn porthoms or b`` od tghsworf whtgout parihsshom iby ka b vho`bthom od bpp`hebkà bw. \ga Hmtarmbthomb` Kbmf dor [aeomstrue-thom bml Lavaòpiamt / \ga or`l Kbmf ameourbnas lhssaihmbthom od hts worf bml wh`` morib``y nrbmtparihsshom to raproluea porthoms od tga worf proipt`y.

Dor parihsshom to pgotoeopy or raprhmt bmy pbrt od tghs worf, pàbsa saml b raquast whtg eoipàtahmdoribthom to tga Eopyrhngt Eàbrbmea Eamtar Hme., ;;; [osawool Lrhva, Lbmvars, IB 328;5, QUB6taàpgoma: 8>7->13-7<336 dbx: 8>7->13-<<>36 Hmtarmat: www.eopyrhngt.eoi.

B`` otgar quarhas om rhngts bml heamsas, hmeùlhmn sukshlhbry rhngts, sgou`l ka bllrassal to tga Odea odtga Suk`hsgar, \ga or`l Kbmf, 2727 G Utraat M , bsghmntom, LE ;3<55, QUB6 dbx: ;3;-1;;-;<;;6a-ibh`: pukrhngtsCwor`lkbmf.orn.

HUKM: 8>7-3-7;25-752<-7aHUKM: 8>7-3-7;25-7521-1LOH: 23.2184/8>7-3-7;25-752<-7

@hkrbry od Eomnrass Ebtbònhmn-hm-Suk`hebthom LbtbIbmbnhmn urkbm axpbmshom hm Iomno`hb : kast prbetheas hm seambrho-kbsal urkbm p`bmmhmn / \bfuybFbibtb ... Vat b`.Y. p. ei.Hmeùlas khk`honrbpgheb` radarameas bml hmlax.HUKM 8>7-3-7;25-752<-7 -- HUKM 8>7-3-7;25-7521-1 (aàetromhe)2. Ehty p`bmmhmn--Iomno`hb--Q`bbmkbbtbr. H. Fbibtb, \bfuyb. HH. or`l Kbmf.G\248.I41;I<11 ;32353>.2';243812>5--le;; ;3233252;2

Eovar pgotos: \bfuyb Fbibtb/ôr`l Kbmf (eamtar)6 Ihegba` Doày, doriar ôr`l Kbmf stbdd/eomsu`-tbmt bml pgotonrbpgar Eovar lashnm: \ga orl Axprass, Hme.



Eomtamts

Doraworl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vhh

Sradbea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vhhh

Befmowàlniamts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hx

Eurramey, Bkkravhbthoms, bml Lamhthoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xh

Uuiibry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvSo`hey Lhraethoms bml Ueambrhos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxHip`hebthoms dor S`bmmhmn bml Lavaòpiamt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxh

EGBS\A[ 2. Hmtroluethom: Kbefnrouml, Ueopa, bml Iatgols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Kbefnrouml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ueopa bml Iatgols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

EGBS\A[ ;. Lavaòpiamt Eomtaxt: Novarmiamtb`, Uoehoaeomoihe,bml @oeb` Sroà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Novarmiamt bml Blihmhstrbthva Utruetura hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Uoehoaeomoihe Sroà od Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eurramt Utbtus bml Lavaòpiamt Bssuipthoms od \graa Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EGBS\A[ 5. @bml bml Goushmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21@anb`, Hmsthtuthomb`, bml So`hey Bspaets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Namarb` Gousago`l Egbrbetarhsthes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24@bml bml Goushmn hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>Hip`hebthoms od Nar Brab Goushmn Lavaòpiamt Opthoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

EGBS\A[ <. ^btar Uupp`y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1Utbtus od Eurramt btar Uupp`y hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1

Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;>Ihlthar Nar (Kbybmfgosguu), 7tg Fgoroo, Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8Drhmna Nar (Ugbrgbl), 8tg Fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

EGBS\A[ 1. Iumhehpb` [obls bml Suk`he \rbmsportbthom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Eurramt Utbtus od [obls hm Ehty Eamtar, Ihlthar, bml Drhmna Nars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Eurramt Utbtus od Suk`he \rbmsportbthom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<Opthoms bml Egb`àmnas dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNTH

EGBS\A[ 4. Uo`hl ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1Ovarvhaw od Eurramt Uo`hl bsta Ibmbnaiamt hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts dor Uo`hl bsta Ibmbnaiamt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <7Dhmbmehb` bml Aeomoihe Hip`hebthoms dor Hiproval Uo`hl bsta Uarvhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

EGBS\A[ >. Gabthmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Eurramt Utbtus od Gabthmn hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts bml Dhmbmehb` Hip`hebthoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4;

EGBS\A[ 7. Aàetrhehty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Ovarvhaw od Eurramt Utbtus od A aetrhehty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Eurramt Utbtus od Aàetrhehty hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >;Eomeùlhmn [aibrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ><

EGBS\A[ 8. Aluebthom bml Gab`tg Uarvheas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1Eurramt Utbtus od Aluebthom bml Gab`tg Uarvhea Srovhshom hm Nar Brabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts bml Dhmbmehb` Hip`hebthoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8

EGBS\A[ 23. Eomeùshom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Hip`hebthoms dor S`bmmhmn bml Lavaòpiamt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7;

AMLMO\AU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

BSSAMLHWAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 B. \aegmheb` Mota om tga Bmb`yshs od tga ;337 Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay . . . . . . . 82 K. Ehty Eamtar Nar S`bmmhmn H`ùstrbthoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;

E. Q`bbmkbbtbr Lhstrhet Utbthsthes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8< L. Lhstrhkuthom bml Lhstbmeas od ^btar Fhosfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 A. S`bm od ^btar Uupp`y Shòt Srojaet hm Lbikblbrjbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

[ADA[AMEAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

HMLAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232



Doraworl

Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) ehty strhvas to kaeoia b wa``-lavaòpal ebphtb` whtg b vhkrbmt aeom-oiy, b sat od blvbmeal `bml po`hehas, bm bpprobeg to nool ibmbnaiamt, b p`bm dorhiproval goushmn eomlhthoms, b gab`tgy bml sbda amvhromiamt, b lavaòpal soehb``hda, b iolarm anb` drbiaworf, b raspomshva bml adehamt puk`he blihmhstrbthom tgbt

ambkàs krobl pbrthehpbthom od tga eoiiumhty bml tga prhvbta saetor hm ehvh` sarvhea, bml bm bttrbe-thva tourhst lasthmbthom hm Bshb.

Iora tgbm 43 pareamt od QK‘s popu`bthom sth`` `hva hm parh-urkbm hmdorib` sattàiamts, fmowm bsnar brabs, wgheg bef iolarm hmdrbstruetura sarvheas sueg bs phpal-hm wbtar, sbmhtbthom, pbval robls,puk`he trbmsportbthom, bml so om. Hts soehb` hmdrbstruetura (gab`tg e`hmhes, segoo`s, bml goushmn bmlraerabthom dbeh`hthas) b`so maals to ka hiproval. \ga ump`bmmal nrowtg od nar brabs bml tga umprae-alamtal pbea od urkbmhzbthom krhmn ibmy egb`àmnas, hmeùlhmn umaipòyiamt, trbde eomnasthom,bhr po`ùthom, bml manbthva amvhromiamtb` hipbets.

\ga raeamt`y uplbtal QK Ehty Ibstar S`bm sunnastal tga ‐Eoipbet Ehty’ eomeapt, wgheg amvh-shoms b lamsa`y popu`btal lowmtowm brab whtg b wa``-lavaòpal puk`he trbmsportbthom systai bmlhiproval beeasshkh`hty to tga nar brabs. \ga QK Ehty Ibstar S`bm b`so ravabàl b maal dor amorious

mbmehmn to rab`hza tga amvhshomal p`bms bml hlabs.

H gbva tga pàbsura od amlorshmn tga mlhmns od tga raport thtàl ‐Ibmbnhmn Qrkbm Axpbmshom hmIomno`hb: Kast Srbetheas hm Ueambrho-Kbsal Qrkbm S`bmmhmn,’ wgheg gbs kaam lavaòpal ky tgaôr`l Kbmf om tga kbshs od axtamshva lhseusshoms whtg tga QK Novarmor‘s Odea bml whtg bnam-ehas bml stbfago`lars. H tru`y ka`hava tgbt tga opthoms dor nar brab lavaòpiamt hm QK out`hmal hmtghs raport wh`` sarva bs b nuhlhmn dorea dor our worf whtg tga nar brab rashlamts, oeb` eoiiumhthas,axtarmb` pbrtmars, lomors, bml otgar stbfago`lars.

KB\ Eg.Namarb` Ibmbnar Novarmor‘s OdeaEbphtb` Ehty od Q`bbmkbbtbr



\ga rbphl axpbmshom od Q`bbmkbbtbr, tga ebphtb` ehty od Iomno`hb, hs oma od tga eoum-try‘s iost erhtheb` lavaòpiamt hssuas. Hts popu`bthom gbs hmerabsal ky soia >3 pareamthm tga pbst ;3 yabrs bml mow beeoumts dor <3 pareamt od tga totb` popu`bthom od Iom-no`hb. \ga totb` blihmhstrbthva brab od tga ehty hs mow 53 thias `brnar tgbm tga orhnh-

mb` kuh`t-up brabs. Iost od tga axpbmshom toof p`bea hm tga nar brabs: ow-hmeoia brabs wgara kbshehmdrbstruetura sarvheas bra poor or momaxhstamt.

\ga novarmiamt gbs lavaòpal po`hey lhraethoms“hm hts raeamt mbthomb` bml òeb` lavaòpiamtstrbtanhas bml ibstar p`bms“to kattar ibmbna axpbmshom od tga nar brabs. Gowavar, hts prbetheasgbva kaam ihxal. \ga nar brabs eomthmua to axpbml tolby, hiprovaiamts hm urkbm sarvheas bra sòw,bml tga oeb` novarmiamt‘s ebpbehty to raspoml to tgasa egb`àmnas hs sth`` hihtal.

\ghs raport provhlas bm bmb`ytheb` drbiaworf to bssass tga vhbkh`hty od vbrhous lavaòpiamt sea-mbrhos od tga ehty. Ht oddars eost bml kamat bmb`ysas od tga egoheas bml trblaodds ra`bthmn to goushmnbml urkbm sarvheas. So`hey ibfars bml ehthzams od tga ehty wh`` ka bkà to saa tga hip`hebthoms od tgapo`hey egoheas tgay ibfa tolby. \ga raport wh`` sarva bs b vhtb` hmstruiamt dor krobl puk`he po`heyeomsu`tbthoms, wgheg bra bm hmtanrb` pbrt od tga urkbm lavaòpiamt po`hey lhbònua katwaam Iom-

no`hb bml tga or`l Kbmf.

Brsgbl UbyalEoumtry Ibmbnar dor Iomno`hbAbst Bshb bml Sbehe [anhom\ga or`l Kbmf

Ala HjjbszUaetor Ibmbnar Uustbhmbkà Lavaòpiamt Qmht\ga or`l Kbmf

Sradbea



Befmowàlnaiamts? Befmowàlniamts

\ghs raport hs kbsal om hmdoribthom droi ibmy soureas bml gbs kamatal nrabt`ydroi tga hmput od ibmy eomtrhkutors bml ravhawars. \ga worf wbs umlartbfam kyb eora ôr`l Kbmf tabi àl ky \bfuyb Fbibtb bml eoiposal od Jbias [ahegart,\uiamtsont \savanihl, Xoomgaa Fhi, bml Kratt Ualnawhef. \ga do`òwhmn eomsu`-

tbmts dorial pbrt od tga `brnar tabi ky eomtrhkuthmn to hmlhvhlub` egbptars: Mbifgbhmybi Kus- jbv (Gabthmn), Arlamakbt Q`zhhlb`bh (Aàetrhehty), Kbbsbmfguu Ibmluu` (\rbmsportbthom), Jba-Fyu

Eoh bml Fbmn-Fh Uomn (Uo`hl bsta), bml Naum Xomn Fhi bml Gaom-Joo Sbrf (@bml bml Gous-hmn). \ga tabi wbs supportal nrabt`y ky tga ga`p od Moiuumtuns \uvbbm, Otnomkbybr Xblibb,bml Ta`àt Darmbmlas. Uumjhlibb Jbikb wbs hmstruiamtb` hm ga`phmn hmtroluea tga tabi to faynovarmiamt odehb`s, bml B`tbmtsatsan Ughhànibb provhlal fay hmdoribthom to tga tabi bkoutIomno`hb‘s kulnat.

Otgars wgo gbva eomtrhkutal to tghs raport hmeùla Ih`b Drahra, Uomnsu Egoh, bml Ub`vblor [hvarb,wgo nrbehous`y sarval bs hmtarmb` paar ravhawar, bs wa`` bs Lbvhl Lo``br, Brsgbl Ubyal, Ihegba`^br`tars, [onhar J. A. Tbm Lam Krhmf, Uumjhlibb Jbikb, Nrbaia Arhe Gbmeoef, \oyofo Folbib,Egrhstopgar Dhmeg, Nbh`hus Lrbuna`hs, Xosghma Qeghiurb, bml Thetor Tarnbrb, wgo provhlal vbù-bkà eoiiamts, blvhea, bml bsshstbmea bòmn tga wby. Jogm Da`tom provhlal alhtorhb` support. ‐Ehthas

B``hbmea’“b iu`thpà-lomor nrbmt dbeh`hty“provhlal dumlhmn dor puk`hebthom bml lhssaihmbthom.

or`l Kbmf ibmbnaiamt provhlal vbùbkà nuhlbmea bml support tgroungout tga proeass, hmeùl-hmn Lbvhl Lo``br, Brsgbl Ubyal, Ala Hjjbsz, Fasgbv Tbrib, bml Jogm [ooia.

\ghs raport wbs lavaòpal whtg tga eo``bkorbthom bml bsshstbmea od tga Novarmiamt od Iomno-`hb, tga Iumhehpb`hty od Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK), bml tga ibmy raprasamtbthvas droi tga uth`hty eoipbmhastgbt oparbta hm QK. \ga umhqua omshta latbh`s eomtbhmal hm tga raport wou`l mot gbva kaam pos-shkà wara ht mot dor tga ibmy fgoroo, fgasan, bml eoiiumhty ablars, bs wa`` bs rashlamts, wgo vo`-umtaaral tgahr thia to iaat rapabtal`y whtg tga tbsf tabi. \ga novarmors bnraal abr`y om to ga`pbml eomthmual to provhla support tgroungout tga proeass. \ga projaet ibmbnaiamt umht od tga

Hmtarmbthomb` Lavaòpiamt Bssoehbthom―dumlal Uaeoml Q`bbmkbbtbr Qrkbm Uarvheas HiprovaiamtSrojaet provhlal vbùbkà support hm dbeh`htbthmn tgasa iaathmns bml provhlhmn saetorb` lbtb. Iai-kars od tga lomor bml momnovarmiamtb` ornbmhzbthom eoiiumhty, droi tga Bshbm LavaòpiamtKbmf to oeb` momprots, wara wh``hmn to hmdori bml nuhla tga proeass.

Axhsthmn raports provhlal fay lbtb bml kbefnrouml hmdor ibthom dor tghs raport. Od fay hmtarast waratga vbrhous raports surroumlhmn tga ‐Utuly om Ehty Ibstar S`bm bml Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt Sronrbiod Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty’ (;337)6 tga lrbdt ‐Bhr Rub`hty bml Gab`tg Hipbet Kbsa`hma Utuly’ 6 ‐Gabthmnhm Soor, Sarh-Qrkbm Nar Brabs od Q`bbmkbbtbr’ (;338)6 ‐Eomso`hlbthmn tga Nbhms, Ibmbnhmn Koois



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNW

bml Kusts, bml Iovhmn to Kattar Uarvhea La`hvary’ (;338)6 ‐[atghmfhmn tga La`hvary od Hmdrbstrue-tura Uarvheas hm Iomno`hb’ (;33>)6 ‐Ebpbehty Kuh`lhmn hm Amarny S`bmmhmn’ (;33;)6 ‐UoutgarmIomno`hb Hmdrbstruetura Utrbtany’ (;338)6 ‐B [avhaw od tga Iomno`hbm Srhibry Iortnbna Ibr-fat’ (;33>)6 ‐Iomno`hb‘s Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt bml Goushmn Uaetor Utrbtany’ (;331)6 ‐Gynhama bml

Ubmhtbthom Uhtubthom [aport dor Nar Brabs, Iomno`hb’ (;334)6 ‐Iomno`hb: Axpòrhmn Opthoms dorIbmbnaiamt Eomtrbethmn-Out hm ^btar Uupp`y bml Ubmhtbthom Uarvheas dor Nar Brabs hm Q`bbm-kbbtbr’ (;337)6 bml ‐Bssassiamt od tga Egh`l Iomay Sronrbi bml Sroparthas od Hts \brnathmn Iatg-oloòny’ (;334).



BefmowàlnaiamtsEurramey, Bkkravhbthoms, bml La mhth

EQ[[AMEX ARQHTB@AM\U(Axegbmna [bta Addaethva Jbmubry ;338)

Eurramey Qmht 9 \unrhf (\n, or IM\)

QU$2.33 9 \n 2,<33

\n 2 9 QU$3.333>2<

BKK[ATHB\HOMU BML LADHMH\HOMU

BLK Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf

Bhibn provhmea

B@BNbE Blihmhstrbthom od @bml Bddbhrs, Naolasy, bml Ebrtonrbpgy

EAU eamtrb` amarny systai

EGS eoikhmal gabt bml powar

EIS Egh`l Iomay Sronrbi

EO^H eomsu`thmn nroup tgbt spaehb`hzas hm amnhmaarhmn, amvhromiamtb`sehamea, bml aeomoihes

EUE Eustoiar Uarvhea Eamtar

EUL Eamtra dor Uoehb` Lavaòpiamt (hm Iomno`hb)

E/T eo`àethom vagheà

Lð ðran lhstrhet-àva` blihmhstrbthva lhvhshom, QK

A[B Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty

AUS Amarny Uaetor Srojaet

NLS nross loiasthe proluet

nar portbkà da`t lwa``hmn struetura, b`so fmowm bs b yurt

nar brab QK axurks, eomtbhmhmn kotg nars bml latbegal gousas

NGN nraamgousa nbs

NoI Novarmiamt od Iomno`hb

N\Z Nasa``segbdt dðr \aegmhsega Zusbiiambrkaht

gbsgbb `bml pòt



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNWHH

GG gousago`l

GHAU Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay

GOK gabt-om`y kohàr

HLB Hmtarmbthomb` Lavaòpiamt Bssoehbthom HID Hmtarmbthomb` Iomatbry Duml

H\U hmloor trbmsdoriar stbthoms

JHEB Jbpbm Hmtarmbthomb` Eooparbthom Bnamey

fgasan iherolhstrhet-àva` blihmhstrbthva lhvhshom, QK

fgoroo suklhstrhet-àva` blihmhstrbthva lhvhshom, QK

@L òblhmn

IEQL Ihmhstry od [obls, \rbmsport, Eomstruethom, bml Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt

ILN Ih`àmmhui Lavaòpiamt Nob`s

IM\ Iomno`hbm \unrhf

IoG Ihmhstry od Gab`tg

IQK Iumhehpb`hty od Q`bbmkbbtbr

MNO momnovarmiamtb` ornbmhzbthom

MUO Mbthomb` Utbthsthes Odea od Iomno`hb

O&I oparbthoms bml ibhmtambmea

O\U outloor trbmsdoriar stbthoms

SGE prhibry gab`tg ebra

SH[ prhea to hmeoia rbtho

SHQ Srojaet Hipàiamthmn Qmht

SIQ Srojaet Ibmbnaiamt Qmht

SSHBD Suk`he-Srhvbta Hmdrbstruetura Blvhsory Dbeh`hty

SU[ prasamt sarvheabkh`hty rbthmn

[\ raturm

U\D Uib`` \rbmsdar Utbthom

sui eoumty-àva` blihmhstrbthva lhvhshom, outshla QK

\B taegmheb` bsshstbmea

\n \unrhf, eurramey od Iomno`hb

\[ trbmsdar

\uf wbsta eo`àethom bml trbmsportbthom eoipbmy

QK Q`bbmkbbtbr, Iomno`hb

QKALM Q`bbmkbbtbr Aàetrhehty Lhstrhkuthom Matworf Eoipbmy

Q@ umòblhmn



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMW

QMHEAD Qmhtal Mbthoms Egh`lram‘s Duml

QUHS; Uaeoml Q`bbmkbbtbr Uarvheas Hiprovaiamt Srojaet

QUHS; SIQ Uaeoml Q`bbmkbbtbr Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt Srojaet,Srojaet Ibmbnaiamt Qmht od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty

QUQN ^btar Uupp`y bml Uawbna Butgorhty Eo. od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty

TB\ vbùa bllal tbx

^GO ôr`l Gab`tg Ornbmhzbthom

^^\S wbstawbtar trabtiamt p`bmt

W@SA rukkar-hmsu`btal barhb` eomluetors

zul savara whmtar

Utbta Nrabt Fgurb` Sbr`hbiamt od Iomno`hb





Uuiibry

\ga sustbhmbkà lavaòpiamt od nar brabs hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK), tga ebphtb` ehty od Iom-no`hb, hs oma od tga erhtheb` lava opiamt hssuas dbehmn tga eoumtry. \ga trbmshthom to bibrfat aeomoiy bml b sarhas od savara whmtars (eb`àl zul ) gbva rasu`tal hm tga brna-sebà ihnrbthom od òw-hmeoia dbih`has hmto tga nar brabs od QK. \ga ehty raprasamts

<3 pareamt od tga mbthom‘s popu`bthom bml namarbtas iora tgbm 43 pareamt od Iomno`hb‘s nrossloiasthe proluet (NLS).

\ghs ihnrbthom pbttarm gbs àl to bm umpraealamtal axpbmshom od tga nar brabs. \ga trblhthomb`kuh`t-up brabs od tga ehty eamtar eoiprhsa soia 253 fi ; , kut tga totb` blihmhstrbthva brab od QK,hmeùlhmn nar brabs, hs mow asthibtal bt bkout <,>33 fi ; . \ga popu`bthom od tga nar brabs hs mowasthibtal to ibfa up bkout 43 pareamt od tga totb` popu`bthom od QK. \ga ehty‘s popu`bthom gbsnrowm droi 433,333 hm 2878 to iora tgbm 2 ih``hom hm ;33> bml hs axpaetal to rabeg 2.5 ih``homhm ;321.

Kbshe sarvheas bra vary `hihtal or avam momaxhstamt hm nar brabs. Mabr`y 71 pareamt od nar rashlamtsusa wool- or eob`-kurmhmn stovas dor gabthmn, hm eomtrbst to bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns, wgheg bra eom-maetal to tga eamtrb` gabthmn systai. Nar rashlamts iust puregbsa wbtar bt puk`he wbtar fhosfs,

wghà bpbrtiamt rashlamts amjoy ra`hbkà supp`has od phpal-hm lrhmfhmn bml got wbtar.

\ga òwlamshty od nar brabs, eoupàl whtg tga axtraia`y eo`l e`hibta, ibfas tga provhshom od tgasa kbshepuk`he sarvheas vary eost`y. Soor urkbm sarvheas gbva b`so àl to amvhromiamt lanrblbthom, hmeùl-hmn tga po`ùthom od bhr bml soh`, wgheg posas gab`tg rhsfs sueg bs rasphrbtory lhsabsas bml gapbthths.

Eàbrar po`hey lhraethoms, sueg bs tga ‐Eoipbet Ehty’ eomeapt od tga QK Ibstar S`bm ;353, gbvaaiarnal hm raeamt yabrs to eomtro` spbthb` axpbmshom bml proiota ghng-lamshty lavaòpiamt dortga nar brabs. Gowavar, tga novarmiamt‘s prbetheas gbva kaam hmeomshstamt. \gasa prbetheas bra, hmpbrt, b rasu`t od hihtal bwbramass bml umlarstbmlhmn ky tga namarb` puk`he, bs wa`` bs ky po`hey ibf-ars, od tga puk`he eosts od tgahr bethoms om `bml ibmbnaiamt. B`so, ibmy supporthmn iaegbmhsis,hmeùlhmn `bml vbùbthom bml tbxbthom, gbva mot yat kaam propar`y lavaòpal.

\ghs aeomoihe saetor worf ky tga or`l Kbmf bhis to ga`p po`hey ibfars bml ehthzams od QK kat-tar umlarstbml tga eomsaquameas od tgahr prbetheas. \ga raport provhlas hmdoribthom dor usa hm puk-`he eomsu`tbthom whtg stbfago`lars, wgheg eomsthtutas tga eora od tga po`hey lhbònua axarehsa.

\ga hmtamt od tghs raport hs to e`brhdy tga eosts bml kamats od lhddaramt lavaòpiamt pbtgs. \gasapbtgs hmeùla (b) eomvarshom od nar brabs hmto bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmn eoipàxas, (k) nrblub` hiprova-iamt od urkbm sarvheas dor axhsthmn nar brabs, bml (e) durtgar axpbmshom od nar brabs bt tga drhmna odtga ehty.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNWTH

\graa nar brabs wara egosam dor ravhaw bs proxhas od tgasa pbtgs. B fgoroo (suklhstrhet) hm Mbrbmnar raprasamts tga rst pbtg (tga ‐Ehty Eamtar’ nar)6 bmotgar fgoroo hm tga Kbybmfgosguu nar rap-rasamts tga saeoml (tga ‐Ihlthar’ nar)6 bml b tghrl fgoroo hm Ugbrgbl nar (tga ‐Drhmna’ nar) hs tgaproxy dor tga bst. Eost bmb`ysas“bs wa`` bs soia kamat bmb`ysas wgara posshkà bml bpproprhbta“

wara ibla dor goushmn bml `bml, wbtar supp`y, iumhehpb` robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, gabthmn,aàetrhehty, so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt, bml otgar soehb` sarvheas sueg bs gab`tg bml aluebthom.

@bml bml Goushmn: Srhvbta owmarsghp od bml bml gousas hs namarb``y ghng. Hm o`lar bml astbk`hsgalnar brabs, mabr`y 88 pareamt od dbih`has owm tgahr owm lwa``hmns bml `bml. \ga owmarsghp rbta hsòwar (bkout 73 pareamt) hm mawar drhmna nar brabs wgara ibmy maw hiihnrbmts ramt tgahr `bml orgousas. Srhvbta owmarsghp od `bml hs brouml 43 pareamt dor bpbrtiamts bml 8; pareamt dor shmnà-dbih`y goushmn.

\ga shza od gbsgbbs (`bml pòts) hs dbhr`y umhdori bt bkout <>3 i ; ―183 i ; hm b`` nar brabs kaebusarashlamts oeeupy bs iueg `bml bs `bws b`òw. \ga bvarbna gousa hs s`hngt`y brnar hm tga Ehty Eamtar

nar bt >> i;

, eoipbral to 11 i;

hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars. Bpbrtiamts om bvarbna bra 5> i;

,sib`àr tgbm gousas. Hm tga Ehty Eamtar (Mbrbm) bml Drhmna (Ugbrgbl) nar brabs, bìost oma-gb`dod gousago`ls sth`` `hva hm nars, wghà hm tga Ihlthar (Kbybmfgosguu) nar brab, >3 pareamt `hva hmlatbegal gousas.

Bpbrtiamts bra tga iost vbùbkà bssats dor gousago`ls hm tga ehty, whtg ibrfat prheas om bvarbna\n <5.< ih``hom―\n 43.; ih``hom (QU$52,333―QU$<5,333). Gousas hm eamtrb` nar brabs bra shnmhd-hebmt`y iora vbùbkà, bt bm bvarbna od \n ;8.< ih``hom (QU$;2,333) tgbm gousas hm tga Ihltharbml Drhmna nars, wgheg eost bm bvarbna od brouml \n 27.8 ih``hom (QU$25,133) bml \n 2>.1 ih`-`hom (QU$2;,133), raspaethva`y. \ga vbùa od nars hs iueg òwar tgbm ahtgar bpbrtiamts or gousas:\n 2,7;3,333 (QU$2,533) hm eamtrb` brabs, bml \n 873,333 (QU$>33) hm drhmna nar brabs.

\ga iortnbna ibrfat hs sth`` aiarnhmn hm Iomno`hb, whtg om`y 23 pareamt od goia owmars ushmniortnbna òbms. Dawar tgbm ;3 pareamt od bpbrtiamt rashlamts usa iortnbnas. B ibjorhty od rash-lamts hm tga tgraa nar brabs wh`` mot ka bkà to bddorl to `hva hm bmy od tga bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns tgbttga novarmiamt proposas to kuh`l. Nhvam tghs bddorlbkh`hty hssua, b tarmbthvas sueg bs òw-eost gous-hmn bml/or òw-hmeoia puk`he ramtb` goushmn sgou`l durtgar ka axbihmal.

[ashlamts hm astbk`hsgal nar brabs bra mot om`y iora `hfa`y to owm tgahr goias tgbm rashlamts odbpbrtiamts, tgay bra soiawgbt iora `hfa`y to ka sbthsal whtg tgahr goias. Hm b survay, bìost83 pareamt od rashlamts hm tga Ihlthar nar sbhl tgay bra ahtgar ‐vary sbthsal’ or ‐iolarbta`y sbt-hsal’ whtg tgahr `hvhmn eomlhthoms, eoipbral to >3 pareamt od Ehty Eamtar nar rashlamts bml

73 pareamt od bpbrtiamt rashlamts. Gowavar, gb`d od rashlamts hm tga Drhmna nar sbhl tgay bra ‐varylhssbthsal’ whtg tgahr goushmn, eoipbral to om`y 4―> pareamt od rashlamts hm otgar nar brabs. \ga`hfa`y rabsom hs tgbt Drhmna nar rashlamts bra maw to QK, bml urkbm sarvheas tgara bra tga poorastbiomn b`` nar brab s. Hm taris od tga typa od bpbrtiamt lavaòpiamts, iost rashlamts wou`l pra-dar to `hva hm sib`` nroups od òw-rhsa bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns rbtgar tgbm hm `brna ghng-rhsa bpbrt-iamt eoipàxas.

btar Uupp`y bml Uawarbna : [ashlamts hm b`` nar brabs raeahva tgahr wbtar tgroung soia 133 puk-`he wbtar fhosfs. Iost nar rashlamts sby tgay bra ra`bthva`y eomtamt whtg tga eurramt systai od wbtar



WUQIIB[X

lhstrhkuthom, hm eomtrbst to tgahr vhaws od otgar sarvheas bml hmdrbstruetura sueg bs so`hl wbsta eo`-àethom, oeb` pbtgwbys, bml lrbhmbna. Bddorlbkh`hty od wbtar puregbsal bt fhosfs hs mot b ibjor hssuaahtgar, kaebusa tga eost hs òw bml rashlamts eomsuia bm bvarbna od om`y 23 `htars par lby par par-som. Qmht eosts od wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna sarvheas bra ky dbr tga owast dor rashlameas eomvartal

to bpbrtiamts, asthibtal bt bkout \n ;73 (QU$3.28) par i5

.

Dor nar brabs, tga axhsthmn systai od puk`he fhosfs saais to ka tga iost prbetheb` wby to provhlawbtar. Ht wou`l ka axorkhtbmt`y axpamshva to eommaet latbegal gousas hm astbk`hsgal nar brabs to tgaeamtrb` wbtar supp`y systais6 asthibtal eommaethom eosts rbmna droi \n 1.4 ih``hom―\n 24.2 ih`-`hom (QU$<,333―QU$22,133) par gousago`l, lapamlhmn om toponrbpgy, proxhihty to axhsthmn mat-worfs, bml raquhraiamts dor wbstawbtar trabtiamt.

Lavaòpiamt od fhosfs hm drhmna nar brabs sgou`l ka ihmhihzal, gowavar, kaebusa od tga possh-kh`hty dor raòebthom od rashlamts, bml fhosf wbtar supp`y hs vary axpamshva to lavaòp. \ga prhe-hmn bml sukshly od fhosf wbtar supp`y hs b ibjor po`hey laehamey: tga eurramt fhosf tbrhdd od

\n 2,333 (QU$3.4>) par i5

eovars om`y b drbethom od tga totb` umht eost od fhosf wbtar supp`y. \gara hs mo spbea dor eross-sukshlhzbthom, ahtgar. Eurramt`y, wbtar hs supp`hal ky truefs to bkoutoma-gb`d od b`` fhosfs6 tga rast bra eommaetal to matworfs vhb wbtar phpas. Eomvarthmn tga truef-supp`hal fhosfs to matworfal fhosfs wou`l ibfa samsa om`y hd b lrbsthe hmerabsa hm eomsuipthom hsaxpaetal, kaebusa matworfal fhosfs bra om`y ibrnhmb``y àss eost`y (asthibtal bt bkout \n 5,;73― \n <,;43 par eukhe iatar, or QU$;.28―QU$;.7<) tgbm truef-supp`hal fhosfs (\n <,;13―\n <,;43,or QU$;.75―QU$;.7<). @hihtal ebpbehty hm wbtar sourea bml trabtiamt, bml tga `hihtal sawarbnasystai, wou`l ka ibjor eomstrbhmts dor hmerabsal laibml hm tga dutura.

Iumhehpb` [obls bml Suk`he \rbmsportbthom : \ga poor eomlhthom od ump`bmmal bml umstrueturalabrtgam robls hm nar brabs hs oma od tga iost sarhous eomearms axprassal ky nar rashlamts. Ibmy pbrts

od tgasa robls bra hipbssbkà dor vagheàs, gbva lrbhmbna prokàis, posa trbde sbdaty gbzbrls, bmlbra tga sourea od b sukstbmthb` bioumt od lust. B`so, tga `bef od straat `hngts eomtrhkutas to ghngarerhia rbtas bdtar lbrf.

Soor beeass to puk`he trbmsportbthom p`beas nar rashlamts bt b lhsblvbmtbna kaebusa od tgahr òmneoiiuthmn thias to worf bml segoo`s. [ashlamts hm drhmna nars taml to ra`y gabvh`y om puk`he kusaskaebusa tgay ebmmot bddorl prhvbta vagheàs. [ashlamts od kotg Ihlthar bml Drhmna nar brabs iustwb`f omn lhstbmeas droi puk`he trbmsportbthom lrop-odd pohmts bòmn ibjor eorrhlors kaebusa kusas,ihmh-kusas, bml tbxhs ebmmot or wh`` mot oparbta om tga mbrrow abrtgam robls hm nar brabs.

\ga eost od robl hiprovaiamts dor b eoupà od fhòiatars whtghm tga eoiiumhty to b`òw ihmhkus

oparbthoms hs shih`br dor abeg od tga tgraa typas od nar brabs. \ypheb` eosts bra katwaam \n ;57 ih`-`hom bml \n 5;; ih``hom (QU$2>3,333―QU$;53,333) dor hmhthb` eomstruethom, katwaam \n 2,2;3,333bml \n 2,>13,333 (QU$733―QU$2,;13) dor bmmub` ibhmtambmea, bml \n 2,2;3,333―\n 2,843,333(QU$733―QU$2,<33) dor tga oparbthom od straat hngts. Sar ebphtb, tga ebphtb` eosts wou`l ka brouml\n ;2,433―\n <3,>33 (QU$21.<5―QU$;8.3>), wghà ibhmtambmea wou`l ka brouml \n 83―\n <41(QU$3.34―QU$3.55) bmmub``y. [obl hiprovaiamt hs `brna`y b seb` ebpbehty hssua dor tga Iumheh-pb`hty od Q`bbmkbbtbr (IQK) ranbrlàss od tga egbrbetarhsthes or òebthom od nars. Dhmbmehb` sustbhm-bkh`hty od puk`he trbmsportbthom hs bmotgar po`hey hssua, kaebusa ibmy pbssamnars lo mot pby dbras bmltga puk`he kus eoipbmhas dbea mbmehb` laehts.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNWTHHH

Uo`hl bsta Ibmbnaiamt : Nar rashlamts ehta so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt bs oma od tga worst puk`he sar-vheas. Uo`hl wbsta hs eo`àetal soà`y ky vagheàs, tga sarvhea hs umra`hbkà, bml eo`àethoms bra hmdra-quamt: omea abeg iomtg or avam omea avary tgraa iomtgs. Oparbthomb` adehamey b`so hs vary òw,whtg abeg vagheà eo`àethmn droi bm bvarbna od om`y 233 gousago`ls par lby hm suiiar bml avam

dawar lurhmn tga whmtar (sabsomb` vbrhbthom od wbsta qubmthty hs shnmhebmt: bm bvarbna par gousa-go`l od 3.8―2.3 fn hm whmtar bml 3.;―3.5 fn hm suiiar).

Eomvarshom od nars to bpbrtiamt eoipàxas hm eamtrb` nar brabs wou`l ibfa so`hl wbsta eo`àe-thom sarvheas iora adehamt bml eost-addaethva. Hm brabs wgara nars bra mot eomvartal to bpbrtiamts,b`tarmbthvas sueg bs ushmn b eoikhmbthom od òeb` sbmhtbthom worfars, eo`àethom stbthoms, bml vagheàswou`l ka iueg iora eost-addaethva tgbm tga eurramt systai. B`so, wbsta eo`àethom hs àss eost`y hmtga iora lamsa`y popu`btal nar brabs tgbm hm sprabl-out omas.

Ebphtb` eosts dor b systai od eo`àethom ky sbmhtbthom worfars bra asthibtal bt \n 25.; ih``hom― \n 28.4 ih``hom (QU$8,<33―QU$2<,333) dor aquhpiamt puregbsas. Oparbthoms bml ibhmtambmea

(O&I) eosts wou`l ka \n 24.7 ih``hom―\n 51 ih``hom (QU$2;,333―QU$;1,333) hm tga Ihlthar bmlDrhmna nars raspaethva`y, lapamlhmn om lamshty bml spbthb` egbrbetarhsthes. Hiprovaiamts ushmn tgaeurramt vagheà eo`àethom systai wou`l ka iora axpamshva, whtg ebphtb` eosts od \n >> ih``hom― \n 21; ih``hom (QU$1<,333―QU$238,333) bml O&I od \n 24.7 ih``hom―\n 18 ih``hom (QU$2;,333― QU$<;,333) par yabr. Gowavar, IQK okjaets to tga usa od sbmhtbthom worfars dor umfmowm rabsoms.

Om b par ebphtb kbshs, asthibtal ebphtb` eosts rbmna droi bs httà bs \n 2,41< (QU$2.27) dor tga eoi-khmal bpprobeg to bs iueg bs \n 25,417 (QU$8.>4) dor hiprovhmn tga eurramt systai. \brhdds vbrybeross lhstrhets, bt \n 2,133―\n 5,333 (QU$2.3>―QU$;.2<) par iomtg dor abeg gousago`l, whtg bvary ow tbrhdd eo`àethom rbta od 53 pareamt. ghà oparbthomb` bml mbmehb` latbh`s od tga\uf (eo`-àethom eoipbmhas) bra sukjaet to durtgar ravhaw, so`hl wbsta eo`àethom sarvheas saai to ka b gabvy

seb` kurlam om lhstrhet novarmiamts. B`so, IQK wou`l maal to lavaòp bmotgar `bml`` soom“btbm asthibtal eost od \n 12.7 kh``hom (QU$5> ih``hom)“hd eurramt sarvheas bra shnmhebmt`y hiproval.

Gabthmn: \gara bra dour typas od axhsthmn gabthmn systais hm QK: (b) eamtrb`hzal (or lhstrhet) gabt-hmn systai, (k) sib`` gabthmn systais dor nroups od kuh`lhmns (gabt-om`y kohàrs or kohàr gousas), (e)hmlhvhlub` gabthmn systais (wbtar gabtars), bml (l) gousago`l stovas. \ga dua` dor b`` tgasa gabthmnopthoms hs hmlhnamous eob` or hnmhta. \ga usa od rbw eob` hm gabt-om`y kohàrs bml gousago`l stovashs eomshlaral oma od tga ibhm rabsoms dor tga worsamhmn bhr qub`hty hm QK. Otgar prokàis hmeùlatga ghng eost od hmlhvhlub` eommaethoms, ow gabt lamshty, tga ghng rbta od gabt òss kaebusa od tga`bef od hmsu`bthom hm nars bml gousas, tga bef od gabthmn ebpbehty hm tga Q`bbmkbbtbr lhstrhet gabthmnmatworf, bml tga ump`bmmal bml taiporbry òebthom od gbsgbbs (`bml pòts).

Sosshkà opthoms dor gabthmn hiprovaiamts iby hmeùla (b) eommaethmn iora rashlameas to lhstrhetgabthmn sarvheas, (k) erabthom od sib`` gabthmn systais dor nroups od kuh`lhmns, (e) hiprovhmn tga ad-ehamey od gousago`l stovas to raluea bhr po`ùthom, bml (l) raluehmn tga usa od rbw eob` dor gabt-om`y kohàrs bml hmlhvhlub` stovas, bml ushmn eàbmar dua`s hmstabl.

\ga eost od eommaethmn sib`` kushmassas bml hmlhvhlub` gousago`ls to lhstrhet gabthmn iby vbrykatwaam \n ;.7 ih``hom bml \n 1.4 ih``hom (QU$;,333―QU$<,333). Hm soia ebsas, kaebusa odòw gabt lamshty or lhsparsal òebthoms, tga par-umht eosts eou`l ka bs iueg bs \n 22.; ih`-



WUQIIB[X

`hom (QU$7,333). \ga eommaethom eost hm bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns iby vbry katwaam \n 143,333 bml\n >33,333 (QU$<33―QU$133) par bpbrtiamt umht. Eommaethmn hmlhvhlub` nars to tga lhstrhet gabt-hmn systai hs mot eomshlaral eost-addaethva, gowavar. Oma rabsom hs tgbt tga gabt òbl lamshty dorhmlhvhlub` eommaethoms hm nar brabs hs bkout <3―13 thias òwar tgbm dor bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns. Hm

bllhthom, hmlhvhlub` eommaethoms wou`l mot ka aeomoiheb``y dabshkà whtgout propar gabt hmsu`b-thom iabsuras. \ga bvarbna nar òsas <―1 thias iora gabt tgbm mbthomb` hmsu`bthom stbmlbrls6 hmlh-vhlub` gousas òsa twhea tga mbthomb` stbmlbrls.

Gabt tbrhdds maal to ka radorial shnmhebmt`y kaebusa eurramt tbrhdds lo mot eovar tga du`` eosts.Srhehmn b`so hs ranrasshva, whtg wab`tghar gousago`ls eommaetal to lhstrhet gabthmn pbyhmn dor tgahrgabthmn om tga kbshs od spbea shza (rbtgar tgbm betub` usbna bs iabsural ky b iatar), wgarabs narbrab rashlamts pby tga ibrfat prhea dor eob` bml rawool bml nat b drbethom od tga gabthmn eoi-pbral to bpbrtiamt lwa`àrs. Ovarb``, owar-hmeoia dbih`has spaml up to <3 pareamt od totb` gousa-go`l hmeoia om gabthmn.

Aàetrhehty: Aàetrhehty supp`y hm nar brabs hs sukjaet to savarb` ibjor prokàis, hmeùlhmn vo`tbna lropslua to ebpbehty sgortbnas, hmsudehamt ebpbehty od trbmsdoriars bml sukstbthoms, bml b sib`` muikar odgousago`ls whtgout aàetrhehty. Iost gousago`ls hm tga tgraa nar brabs umlar ravhaw gbva aàetrhehty,axeapt bkout 2;3 dbih`has maw`y ihnrbtal droi rurb` brabs. Nar brab rashlamts wgo gbva eommaethomsusa, om bvarbna, bkout 233―223 f^g od aàetrhehty par iomtg bml pby bkout <―1 pareamt od tgahriomtg`y hmeoia dor ht, wgheg hs whtghm tga hmtarmbthomb``y raeonmhzal bddorlbkh`hty `hiht. Hiprovhmnsarvhea dor axhsthmn eomsuiars, sueg bs hmerabsal ebpbehty bt mabrky sukstbthoms bml hiproval iatar-hmn bml whrhmn, wou`l eost katwaam \n ;73,333 bml \n 143,333 (QU$;33―QU$<33) par gousago`l.

\ga eost od maw eommaethoms dor gousago`ls hm tga saàetal nar brabs vbrhas katwaam \n 7<3,333 bml \n 2,2;3,333 (QU$433―QU$733) par eommaethom lapamlhmn om (biomn ibmy vbrhbkàs) toponrb-

pgy bml lhstbmea droi bml bvbh`bk a ebpbehty od mabrky trbmsdoriars bml sukstbthoms od tga Q`bbm-kbbtbr Aàetrheb` Lhstrhkuthom Matworf (QKALM). Gousago ls tgbt eurramt`y lo mot gbva aàetrhehtywou`l mot ka bkà to bddorl maw eommaethoms. Avam tgoung tga Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty(A[B) gbs hmtrolueal `hda`hma tbrhdds dor òw-hmeoia gousago`ls, vary daw gousago`ls gbva suk-serhkal dor tgasa tbrhdds kaebusa ahtgar tgay gbva raeamt`y ihnrbtal to tga brab bml gbva mot yat ran-hstaral or tgay gbva mot pbhl tgahr kh``s dor aàetrhehty. \ga `bef od propar p`bmmhmn bml amdoreaiamtbiomn lhstrhet bml iumhehpb` butgorhthas b`so ibfas ht iora lhdeu`t to provhla maw eommaethoms.

Uoehb` Uarvheas“Aluebthom: Uegoo`s hm nar brabs `bef dbeh`hthas to bksork tga hmerabshmn muikar odstulamts. \ga kurlam om axhsthmn segoo`s ebm ka absal ky axpbmlhmn tgai or provhlhmn bllhthomb`prhibry bml saeomlbry segoo`s. Ahtgar od tgasa bethoms wou`l raquhra mot om`y hmvasthmn hm dbeh`h-

thas kut b`so bllhmn tabegars bml otgar supporthmn hmdrbstruetura sueg bs robls, wbtar supp`has, bmlsbmhtbthom. \ga hmhthb` eost bssassiamt sunnasts bkout \n 2.7 ih``hom (QU$2,533) par ebphtb wou`lka maalal to provhla segoo` dbeh`hthas om b morib` shmnà sghdt bml tga supporthmn hmdrbstruetura,axeùlhmn raiumarbthom dor segoo`tabegars. Nhvam tgbt axpbmshom od segoo`s hs mot axpaetal hm tgasgort tar i, provhlhmn youtg bml raerabthomb` eamtars sgou`l ka eomshlaral dor pravamthom od juva-mhà la`hmquamey. \ga bmmub` ebphtb` eost od sueg eamtars hs asthibtal to ka brouml \n 2>1,333(QU$2;1) par egh`l, bml eosts bra \n 27,;33―\n ;1,;33 (QU$25―QU$27) par egh`l dor oparbthom.Uegoo`s b`so eou`l ka ibla iora beeasshkà to stulamts ky hiprovhmn namarb` robl eomlhthoms bmlhmerabshmn tga draquamey od tga puk`he/ihmhkusas tgbt ibmy stulamts usa.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNWW

Uoehb` Uarvheas“Gab`tg: Axpbmlhmn or bllhmn prhibry ebra provhlars hs erhtheb` hm tga raiota nar brabstgbt bra sarval ky om`y b `hihtal muikar od gosphtb`s. [ap`behmn outlbtal aquhpiamt bml amsurhmnlapòyiamt od amoung stbdd wou`l pravamt tga axhsthmn prokài od umlaruth`hzbthom od tga dbeh`hthas:eurramt`y mot ibmy paopà usa tga dbeh`hthas. \ga eost od kuh`lhmn maw prhibry gab`tg ebra dbeh`hthas hs

asthibtal bt \n 131,<33 (QU$542) par ebphtb, mot hmeùlhmn sb`brhas bml otgar vbrhbkà eosts.

SO@HEX LH[AE\HOMU BML UEAMB[HOU

\ga do`òwhmn po`hey lhraethoms bml seambrhos gbva aiarnal bs b rasu`t od tga bkova bmb`ysas.

Uibrt nrowtg hs erhtheb` : Ht ibfas aeomoihe samsa to blopt ‐sibrt nrowtg’ po`hehas bs prhmehpb`lhraethoms hm tga òmn rum, dor axbipà, to hmerabsa lamshty hm tga ehty eamtar wgara bpproprhbtawghà eomtro``hmn durtgar axpbmshom bt tga outsfhrts od tga ehty. Hm namarb`, ghng-lamshty lavaòp-iamt wou`l ibfa ht abshar to provhla kattar urkbm sarvheas whtg ghngar adehamey bml òwar eost.

\ga puk`he b`so gbs tga lashra to `hva hm ghng-lamshty lavaòpiamt: òw-rhsa bpbrtiamts or eo`-àethva goushmn whtg uth`hty sarvheas. [ab`hstheb``y, gowavar, tga ibjorhty od nar brabs wh`` raibhmhm tgahr eurramt eomlhthoms kaebusa beghavhmn ghngar-lamshty lavaòpiamt hs vary eoip`hebtal, bsa`bkorbtal kaòw.

Eomvarshom od eamtrb` nars to bpbrtiamts wh`` tbfa thia : Eomvarthmn eamtar nar brabs hmto bpbrtiamteoipàxas gbs mot pronrassal bs dbst bs tga novarmiamt gbl amvhsbnal. Oma rabsom hs tgbt iost narbrab rashlamts ebmmot bddorl tga eost od bpbrtiamts hm tga ehty eamtar. \ga bef od iortnbna mbmeab`so ibfas kuyhmn `brna bssats (sueg bs bpbrtiamts) lhdeu`t dor ibmy paopà. B tghrl rabsom hs tgbttga bksamea od b dumethomhmn rab` astbta ibrfat“hmeùlhmn propar iatgols dor latarihmhmn prheasdor prhvbta `bml trbmsbethoms“gbs hipalal tga lavaòpiamt od maw goushmn.

[atrotthmn urkbm sarvheas hm ihlthar nars hs axorkhtbmt`y axpamshva: B ibjorhty od nar brabs outshlatga ehty eamtar bra o`lar astbk`hsgiamts. Ibmy rashlamts gbva `hval tgara dor b òmn thia bml gbvahmvastal hm tgahr lwa``hmns, b brna muikar od wgheg bra latbegal gousas. \gosa rashlamts bra ra`b-thva`y eomtamt whtg tgahr mahngkorgools bml wou`l `hfa to saa hiproval urkbm sarvheas dor tgahrgousas or tga lavaòpiamt od ow-rhsa, sib``-sebà bpbrtiamt eoipàxas. \ga brabs bra mot suhtbkàdor eomvarshom to `brna ghng-rhsa bpbrtiamt eoipàxas“bt àbst dor tga ihltari“ibhm`y kaebusatgay bra mot mabr matworf hmdrbstruetura axeapt bòmn tga ibjor trbmsportbthom eorrhlors.

B`tgoung b ihmhiui àva` od urkbm sarvheas gbs rabegal iost od tgosa brabs, upnrblhmn sarvheasto tga du``- alnal àva` mow bvbh`bkà dor bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns wou`l ka axorkhtbmt`y axpamshva

bml bìost hiposshkà. \ga umht eosts od sarvheas to hmlhvhlub` gousas bra savarb` thias ghngar tgbmdor bpbrtiamt umhts. Hmstabl, hiprovaiamts hm goushmn“sueg bs eomvarshom to òw-rhsa, sib`àreo`àethva lwa``hmns, wgheg ihngt ibfa eommaethom to matworf hmdrbstruetura dabshkà“eou`l kaamvhsbnal hd rashlamts‘ hmeoia hmerabsas. Hm tga iabmthia, nrblub``y hiprovhmn sarvheas whtghmtga bddorlbkh`hty `hiht od rashlamts bml puk`he mbmehb` rasoureas wou`l saai tga iost prbetheb`bpprobeg dor tga ibjorhty od nar brabs.

[ooi hs maalal dor raòebthmn Drhmna nar rashlamts: \ga shtubthom hm tga iora raiota Drhmna brabs odtga ehty hs s`hngt`y lhddaramt. Nars hm tgosa brabs bra hmgbkhtal ky raeamt ihnrbmts. \gahr hmeoia àva`



WUQIIB[X

hs avam òwar tgbm tgosa od ehty eamtar rashlamts or tga rashlamts od òmn-astbk`hsgal nars. \gay bradbrtgar bwby droi tga aeomoihe bethvhthas od tga ehty bml gbva `httà beeass to gab`tg bml aluebthomsarvheas. Qth`hty sarvheas b`so bra avam worsa tgbm dor rashlamts hm astbk`hsgal nar brabs. \garadora,rashlamts od tga drhmna nars bra vary lhssbthsal whtg tgahr `hvhmn eomlhthoms bml bra rably to raò-

ebta, hd bddorlbkà kattar goushmn hs bvbh`bkà a`sawgara. Kut bnbhm, bddorlbkh`hty hs b vary sarhous hssuador tga rashlamts kaebusa od tgahr aeomoihe ehreuistbmeas.

HIS@HEB\HOMU DO[ S@BMMHMN BML LATA@OSIAM\

Nhvam tga shtubthom suiibrhzal bkova, savam prhorhty brabs raquhra bttamthom ky tga novarmiamt:

2. Beeass robls whtghm nar brabs: \ga ibjorhty od tga rashlamts hm nar brabs bra òwar-hmeoia bmlbra durtgar lhsblvbmtbnal ky vary poor beeass to ibrfats, worfp`beas, bml aluebthom bml otgar sar-vheas. Iolast hiprovaiamts hm tga saeomlbry beeass robls droi ibjor eorrhlors to hmshla tga fgo-

roos (hmeùlhmn kbshe lrbhmbna bml straat `hngthmn) wou`l nhva rashlamts ibjor kamats, hmeùlhmnabshar beeass ky tbxhs or ihmhkusas bml ralueal lust, storiwbtar torramts, bml erhia. \garadora, htwou`l ibfa samsa to hmhthbta p`bmmhmn dor lavaòpiamt od beeass robls whtghm tga fgoroos. Eoi-iumhty-lrhvam hmhthbthvas om bml ra-pòtthmn, hd bpproprhbta, wou`l b`so ibfa ht abshar to p`bm roblsbml provhla beeass dor uth`hthas.

;. Kattar gabthmn systais to hiprova adehamey bml raluea bhr po`ùthom : Kaebusa tga lavaòpiamtod bpbrtiamt eoipàxas hs `hfa`y to tbfa b òmn thia bml iost nar brabs wh`` mot ka eommaetal toeamtrb` gabthmn systais hm tga mabr dutura, sgort-tari iabsuras bra maalal to hiprova bhr qub`hty hmtga ehty. Uueg iabsuras eou`l hmeùla kattar beeass to eàbmar bml iora adehamt stovas bml dua`s, bswa`` bs pronrbis to hmerabsa tga amarny adehamey od gousas.

5. Uo`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt bml eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura : Uo`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt hs odtam hstal kynar brab rashlamts bs oma od tgahr iost sarhous eomearms. \ga eurramt so`hl wbsta eo`àethom prbe-theas saai to ka vary hmadehamt bml eost`y. Otgar eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura bml sarvheas, sueg bspbtgwbys, dootkrhlnas, bml eoiiumhty youtg eamtars, b`so wou`l ka ga`pdu` hm iaathmn lby-to-lbymaals od ibmy nar brab eoiiumhthas, nhvam tga `bef od propar shta lavaòpiamt bml tga sgortbnaod segoo`s bml axtrbeurrheu`br bethvhthas hm nar brabs.

<. [asabreg om bddorlbkà eo`àethva goushmn hm ihlthar nars: Uo dbr, b`` bpbrtiamt lavaòpiamts gbvakaam eomeamtrbtal hm tga ehty eamtar bml tbrnatal om`y dor ghngar-hmeoia rashlamts. \garadora, tgalavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamts gbs mot kamatal tga ibjorhty od nar rashlamts. Gowavar, soia rash-

lamts hm tga o`lar, astbk`hsgal ihlthar nar brabs òebtal bòmn ibjor robls saai wh``hmn to eomso`h-lbta tgahr hmlhvhlub` pòts bml lavaòp ow-rhsa eo`àethva goushmn, wgheg wou`l provhla abshar bmlàss eost`y beeass to uth`hty sarvheas. \garadora, ht wou`l ibfa samsa to kanhm ravhawhmn tga dabshkh`-hty od bddorlbkà eo`àethva goushmn lavaòpiamt bòmn trbmsportbthom eorrhlors bml uth`hty supp`y`hmas hm tga astbk`hsgal ihlthar brabs.

1. Drhmna nars: Srovhlhmn matworfal uth`hty sarvheas hm tga drhmna nar brabs hs vary axpamshva. Ibmyrashlamts hm tgosa brabs bra vary lhssbthsal whtg eurramt hvhmn eomlhthoms (hmeùlhmn tga poor qub`-hty bml bvbh`bkh`hty od puk`he uth`hty sarvheas) bml ihngt wbmt to ml kattar goushmn bml aeomoihe



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMNWWHH

opportumhthas a`sawgara. Dor tgosa rabsoms, b ibjor axpbmshom od matworfal uth`hthas hm tga Drhmnanar brabs loas mot ibfa iueg aeomoihe samsa. Hmstabl, sarvheas sgou`l ka provhlal bt tga ihmh-iui guibmhtbrhbm àva`. Kaebusa tga dutura od tgasa nars wh`` lapaml, hm pbrt, om tga soehb` hmta-nrbthom od maw ihnrbmts, soia àssoms bkout soehb` goushmn hm Gomn Fomn, Eghmb, or Uhmnbpora

ihngt ga`p Iomno`hb lavaòp eàbrar po`hehas.

4. Qth`hty ebpbehty axpbmshom bml radoris: \ga iora rashlamts wgo amjoy b ghngar stbmlbrl od hvhmn,tga ghngar tga raquhral ebpbehty wh`` ka dor uth`hty sarvheas. Gowavar, iost uth`hty sarvheas“wbtarsupp`y, gabthmn, bml aàetrhehty“b`rably gbva rabegal ebpbehty `hihts. Bs nrblub` pronrass hs iblaom goushmn bml uth`hty sarvheas, ebpbehty ebm b`so ka axpbmlal. Kaebusa asthibtal hmvastiamtraquhraiamts bra shnmhebmt bml uth`hty sarvheas dbea eomshlarbkà mbmehb` eomstrbhmts, radoris odprhehmn bml ranu`bthoms od uth`hty sarvheas wh`` ka assamthb` praraquhshtas.

>. Durtgar rasabreg hm ra`btal saetors : \ga iumhehpb` kulnatbry rasoureas od QK bra quhta `hihtal, btbkout \n 53 kh``hom―\n 43 kh``hom (QU$;2 ih``hom―QU$<5 ih``hom) par yabr. Nhvam tga sòw hipà-

iamtbthom od prhehmn radoris, ibmy hmdrbstruetura sarvheas hm QK b`rably raeahva `brna hip`hehtsukshlhas. Durtgariora, axpbmshom od fay matworf hmdrbstruetura wh`` absh`y raquhra hmvastiamts od\n 53 kh``hom―\n 13 kh``hom (QU$;2 ih``hom―QU$54 ih``hom) or iora. Otgar prokàis motal hmtghs raport“hmeùlhmn hmblaqubta goushmn lavaòpiamt, tga bef od iortnbna mbmehmn, bml prok-àis hm tga kbmfhmn saetor“erabta bllhthomb` egb`àmnas dor tga goushmn saetor. Durtgar rasabreg omiumhehpb` mbmea bml tga kbmfhmn saetor, hmeùlhmn iortnbna mbmehmn, ihngt ga`p tga novarm-iamt lavaòp eàbrar po`hey lhraethoms.



2 Hmtroluethom: Kbefnrouml, Ueopa,bml Iatgols

KBEFN[OQML

\ga sustbhmbkà lavaòpiamt od nar brabs hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK), tga ebphtb` ehty od Iomno`hb, hs omaod tga erhtheb` lavaòpiamt hssuas dbehmn tga eoumtry. \ga trbmshthom to b ibrfat aeomoiy shmeatga 2883s bml b sarhas od savara whmtars, eb`àl zul , gbva rasu`tal hm tga ihnrbthom od ibmy òw-hmeoia dbih`has droi tga eoumtryshla hmto tga nar brabs od QK. \ga ehty nraw droi soia 433,333

paopà hm 28782

to ovar 2.35 ih``hom hm ;33>,;

raprasamthmn 58 pareamt od tga mbthom‘s popu`bthom.

\ga ehty mow namarbtas iora tgbm 43 pareamt od Iomno`hb‘s nross loiasthe proluet (NLS) bmlbeeoumts dor 13 pareamt od tga totb` hmvastiamt hm tga eoumtry. Nhvam tga `bef od aipòyiamtopportumhthas hm otgar ibjor bhibn ehthas, ihnrbthom to QK hs axpaetal to eomthmua. \ga btast dora-ebsts hmlhebta tgbt tga popu`bthom od QK hs `hfa`y to rabeg 2.5 ih``hom hm ;321 bml bkout 2.> ih`-`hom hm ;3;1.5

\ga nrowtg gbs al to bm umpraealamtal axpbmshom od tga nar brabs. \ga totb` blihmhstrbthva brab odtga ehty hs mow asthibtal bt bkout <,>33 fi ; , wgheg hs iora tgbm 51 thias `brnar tgbm tga orhnhmbèamtar od tga ehty (brouml 253 fi ; ). \ga popu`bthom od tga nar brabs hs mow asthibtal to ibfa up

bkout 43 pareamt<

od tga totb` popu`bthom od QK.

Kbshe sarvheas bra vary `hihtal or momaxhstamt hm nar brabs. Mabr`y 71 pareamt od nar rashlamts usawool- or eob`-kurmhmn stovas dor gabthmn, wghà bpbrtiamts bra eommaetal to b eamtrb` gabthmn sys-tai. Nar rashlamts iust trbva` to puk`he fhosfs bs dbr bs 133 i droi tgahr goias to puregbsa wbtar,wgheg tgay ebrry kbef goia hm p`bsthe or iatb` tbmfs. [ashlamts od bpbrtiamts, ky eomtrbst, amjoybm brouml-tga-eòef supp`y od phpal-hm lrhmfhmn wbtar bml got wbtar. Srovhshom od vary kbshepuk`he sarvheas hm tga nar brabs hs vary eost`y, `brna`y lua to tga òw popu`bthom lamshty bml tgaaxtraia`y eo`l e`hibta od Iomno`hb.

\ga `bef od kbshe urkbm sarvheas hm tga nar brabs gbs b`so rasu`tal hm amvhromiamtb` lanrblbthom,

hmeùlhmn tga po`ùthom od bhr, wbtar, bml otgar mbturb` rasoureas. \ghs shtubthom b`so posas sarhousgab`tg rhsfs to rashlamts, hmeùlhmn rasphrbtory lhsabsas bml gapbthths.

Eàbrar po`hey lhraethoms gbva aiarnal to eomtro` spbthb` axpbmshom bml to proiota ghng-lamshty lavaòpiamt. \ga ‐ILN-kbsal Eoipragamshva Mbthomb` Lavaòpiamt Utrbtany,’bloptal ky tga Sbr`hbiamt hm ;33>, raeoiiamlal tgbt spbthb` axpbmshom hm QK sgou`l ka eom-tro`àl. \ga ‐;337 QK Ehty Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt Ibstar S`bm,’ wgheg wbs lavaòpal whtg bsshs-tbmea droi tga Jbpbmasa novarmiamt, blvoebtal b ‐Eoipbet Ehty’ eomeapt tgroung tga ioraadehamt usa od `bml. Hipàiamthmn tghs nuhlbmea, kh`btarb` lomors gbva oddaral taegmheb` bsshs-



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN;

tbmea dor tga hmtroluethom od addaethva zom-hmn ranu`bthoms, bml tga novarmiamt gbskaam tbfhmn om `brna-sebà lavaòpiamt odbpbrtiamt rashlameas dor QK.

B`tgoung po`hey lhraethoms gbva kaeoiaeàbrar, tga novarmiamt‘s prbetheas eom-earmhmn tga spbthb` lavaòpiamt od nar brabsgbva kaam hmeomshstamt. \ga novarmiamt‘sabr`y bttaipts to eomtro` ihnrbthom to QKky hiposhmn pumhthva sattàiamt daas warastruef lowm ky tga eoumtry‘s ghngast eourtbs umeomsthtuthomb`. \ga prhvbta `bml owm-arsghp `bws ambetal hm ;33;, bs wa`` bs tgasuksaquamt bml owmarsghp ranhstrbthom pro-

ealuras hmtrolueal hm ;331, provhla hmeam-thvas dor gousago`ls to oeeupy bs `brna bpbrea` od `bml bs posshkà. Lurhmn tga pra-aàethom parhol hm ;337, tga prhvbta `bmlowmarsghp bws wara ravhsal to axpbml rash-lamts‘ bml go`lhmn amthtàiamts ky <33 par-eamt to 133 pareamt om bvarbna, rasu`thmn hmb `bml-sahzhmn dramzy brouml QK.

\gasa hmeomshstamt bethoms bra, hm pbrt, brasu`t od `hihtal bwbramass bml umlarstbml-

hmn ky tga namarb` puk`he, bs wa`` bs ky po`heyibfars, od tga puk`he eosts od tgahr bethoms.\gara hs ghng suseapthkh`hty to bl goe kagbv-hor tgbt p`beas praihuis om sgort-tari prh-vbta nbhms ovar òmn-tari vbùa erabthom hmpuk`he nools. Ibmy supporthmn iaegbmhsis,hmeùlhmn `bml vbùbthom bml tbxbthom, gbvamot yat kaam lavaòpal to erabta hmeamthvasdor omn-tari vbùa erabthom.

\garadora, tghs aeomoihe saetor worf bhis

bt ga`phmn po`hey ibfars bml ehthzams od QKhiprova tgahr umlarstbmlhmn od tga eom-saquameas od tgahr egoheas od po`hehas bmlprbetheas. Upaeheb``y, ht hmtamls to e`brhdytga eost bml kamat hip`hebthoms od lhddaramtlavaòpiamt pbtgs, whtg tga nob` od eom-

trhkuthmn to tga avamtub` beghavaiamt od tga Eoipbet Ehty eomeapt. \gasa pbtgs hmeùla (b) eom-varshom od nar brabs hmto lavaòpiamts od bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns, (k) nrblub` hiprovaiamt od urkbmsarvheas dor axhsthmn nar brabs, bml (e) durtgar axpbmshom od nar brabs bt tga drhmna od tga ehty.

KOW 2.2. Nar Brabs bml Nars

\ga parh-urkbm nar brabs surrouml tga kuh`t-up ‐lowmtowm’ odQ`bbmkbbtbr (QK) ehty, bml bra egbrbetarhzal ky òw-lamshty sebttaralbrrbys od dameal proparty eomtbhmhmn hmdorib` goushmn strueturas, bihx od nars bml latbegal gousas. \gasa brabs mow tbfa up bkout ioratgbm 83 pareamt od QK. Ihnrbmts typheb``y e`bhi opam `bml, hmstb`` bdamea bòmn tga proparty koumlbrhas, bml kuh`l b nar or b latbegalgousa. Bs tga ihnrbmts sattà lowm bml sbva iomay, tgay upnrbla orkuh`l tga iora axpamshva latbegal gousas om tgahr `bml. Hm QK nar brabs , soia 42 pareamt `hva hm gousas bml 57 pareamt rashla hm nars.

\rblhthomb` nars bra moiblhe da`t tamts whtg woolam `bttheasukstrueturas, usal ky Iomno`hbm moibls dor eamturhas. \ga narwbs bm hlab` `hvhmn soùthom dor moibls ovar ibmy eamturhas kaebusa

ht hs iokhà (ht ebm ka bssaikàl hm gb`d bm gour), `hngtwahngt (omaparsom ebm araet b nar), bml portbkà, ibfhmn ht wa`` suhtal dor absyiovhmn. \ga nars gbva `hihtal spbea (om bvarbna om`y oma rooi odeb. ;7 i ; ) bml lo mot iaat iolarm stbmlbrls od `hvhmn. Ebst hromstovas provhla gabthmn bml bra hmadehamt kaebusa od poor hmsu`bthom(23―21 ei od da`t) bml erabta axtraia`y poor hmloor bhr qub`hty.

(Sgoto ky Kratt Ualnawhef, ôr`l Kbmf)




EGBS\A[ 2 HM\[OLQE\HOM: KBEFN[OQML, UEOSA, BML IA\GOLU

UEOSA BML IA\GOLU

Kaebusa tga aeomoihe saetor worf ra aetal hm tghs raport hs hmtamlal to ka bm hmstruiamt dor dur-tgar puk`he eomsu`tbthom bml lhbònua, ht usas lhddaramt seopa bml iatgols droi tgosa od typheb`

saetor raports od tga or`l Kbmf. \ghs raport provhlas eost kamat hip`hebthoms droi tga rashlamts‘pohmt od vhaw bml radars to seb` hip`hebthoms dor tga iumhehpb` novarmiamt od QK. Ht loas mot pro-vhla eoipragamshva saetor ovarvhaw od tgosa urkbm sarvheas, wgheg bra rablh`y bvbh`bkà hm ibmysaetor raports, hmeùlhmn tga ;33> Kbmf/Suk`he-Srhvbta Hmdrbstruetura Blvhsory Dbeh`hty (SSHBD)raport, ‐Doumlbthom dor Uustbhmbkà Lavaòpiamt: [atghmfhmn tga La`hvary od Hmdrbstruetura Uar-vheas hm Iomno`hb.’

\ghs raport hs om`y tga rst pgbsa od tga axarehsa. Ht wh`` ka sgbral whtg stbfago`lars tgroung b sarhasod worfsgops bml otgar puk`he outrabeg bethvhthas. Utbfago`lars hmeùla pbr`hbiamt iaikars, po`-hey ibfars, bml prbeththomars bt tga mbthomb` bml tga iumhehpb` novarmiamts, lhstrhet bml fgorooeoiiumhty ablars, nar brab rashlamts, prodasshomb` bssoehbthoms, beblaihb, momnovarmiamtb` ornb-

mhzbthoms (MNOs), bml lomors.

Eost bmb`ysas, bs wa`` bs kamat bmb`ysas wgara posshkà bml bpproprhbta, wara ibla dor `bml bmlgoushmn, wbtar supp`y, robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, gabthmn, aàetrhehty, so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt,bml otgar soehb` sarvheas. Bmb`ysas od wbtar supp`y bml soehb` sarvheas iost`y ra`hal om lbtb droi om-nohmn, lomor-dumlal projaets hm nar brabs od shih`br egbrbetarhsthes bml otgar axhsthmn saetor ravhaws.Ruhef a`l survays gbva kaam ebrrhal out dor robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, gabthmn, aàetrhehty,so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt, bml goushmn bml bml.

^ghà omshta sbmhtbthom hs oma od tga erhtheb` hssuas dor nar rashlamts, ht hs mot hmeùlal hm tghs raport,kaebusa eralhkà soùthoms gbva mot yat kaam lavaòpal. Ibmy omnohmn axparhiamtb` pronrbis bra

so eost`y tgbt tgay bra mot bddorlbkà dor nar rashlamts. [aeoiiamlbthoms droi muiarous pbst stul-has gbva kaam laaial hmbpproprhbta kaebusa od tga eo`l e`hibta bml tgus gbva mavar kaam bloptalhm b sustbhmbkà ibmmar.

Bs proxhas od tga tgraa pbtgs od lava opiamt“(b) bpbrtiamt eomvarshom, (k) sarvhea hiprovaiamtdor axhsthmn nar, bml (e) durtgar lavaòpiamt od drhmna nar brabs“fgoroos (suklhstrhets) hm tgraanar brabs wara egosam dor tga bmb`ysas. Hm Mbrbm nar, tga 22tg fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet (tga ‐EhtyEamtar nar’), hs axpaethmn `brna-sebà lavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamt bml eoiiarehb` eoipàxas. HmKbybmfgosguu nar, tga 7tg fgoroo, Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet (tga ‐Ihlthar nar’) hs egosam dortga bmb`yshs od tga saeoml pbtg. Hm tga Ugbrgbl nar, tga 8tg fgoroo hm Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet (tga‐Drhmna nar’) hs b maw nar bt tga drhmna od tga ehty.

\ga Ehty Eamtar nar iost`y korlars axhsthmn urkbm brabs bml gbs axparhameal b nrblub` eomvarshomhmto bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns. \ga brab pbrthb``y beeassas tga stbmlbrl àva` od sarvheas provhlal to nars, bmlht pbrthb``y beeassas iora axtamshva sarvheas tgroung tga brab‘s proxhihty to ghng-lamshty brabs. \gaIhlthar nar hs korlaral om b`` shlas ky otgar nar brabs. [ashlamts hm tga brab raeahva tga stbmlbrl àvaòd sarvheas provhlal to nars. [ashlamts hmtaml to stby hm tgahr pòts hm tga òmn rum, ibfhmn nrblub`hiprovaiamts hm tgahr goushmn bml axpaethmn hiproval urkbm sarvheas. Hm tga Drhmna nar, rashlamtsbra sth`` e`bhihmn `bml. Gousago`ls, aspaehb``y tga maw brrhvb`s, `bef tga stbmlbrl àva` od sarvheas eur-ramt`y provhlal to iost nar brabs. Durtgar laserhpthom od tgasa fgoroos hs hmeùlal hm tga maxt egbptar.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN<

\ga fgoroo wbs egosam bs b umht od bmb`yshs, kaebusa ht hs tga sib`àst blihmhstrbthva lhvhshomwhtg pbhl aipòyaas, tgus b`òwhmn dor tga hmthibta stuly od abeg brab kut whtg beeass to raàvbmtbml ra`hbkà lbtb. \ypheb``y, abeg fgoroo gbs 2,733―5,333 gousago`ls whtg b popu`bthom od >,333― 2;,333. Kaebusa fgoroo-àva` lbtb bra eo`àetal beross tga ehty, tgara hs iarht hm seb`hmn tga eosts od

hmdrbstruetura sarvhea provhshom or asthibthmn puk`he kamats. Hm bllhthom to oebthom, fgoroos warasaàetal om tga kbshs od stromn support dor tghs stuly droi fgoroo ablars bml lhstrhet novarmors bmlom tga bvbh`bkh`hty od soehoaeomoihe bml sarvhea provhshom lbtb droi gousago`l (GG) bssassiamtsbml otgar ôr`l Kbmf projaets, lomor projaets, bml MNO bethvhthas.



Lavaòpiamt Eomtaxt: Novarmiamtb`,Uoehoaeomoihe, bml @oeb` Sro a;

NOTA[MIAM\ BML BLIHMHU\[B\HTA U\[QE\Q[A HM NA[ B[ABU

Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) hs lhvhlal hmto mhma lhstrhets, orlððrans. Uhx od tga lððrans krabf up tga eamtrbùrkbm brab od tga ebphtb` ehty, dbmmhmn out to tga nar brabs. Abeg lððran hs lhvhlal hmto suklhstrhets,or fgoroos, od wgheg tgara bra eurramt`y 25; hm tga ehty. Abeg fgoroo hs tgam durtgar lhvhlal hmihero-lhstrhets, or fgasans. nar brabs bra òebtal hm b`` od tga mhma lhstrhets, usub``y eorraspomlhmn to

òwar àva`s od blihmhstrbthva koumlbry, tga fgoroos.

\ga krabflowm od raspomshkh`hthas, droi tga ibyor‘s odea to ablars od abeg fgasan, hs dbhr`y strbhngt-dorwbrl (saa tbkà ;.2). \ga iumhehpb`hty, àl ky b ibyor wgo hs egosam ky aàetal raprasamtbthvas,sats kulnat bml po`hey, eoorlhmbtas tga lhstrhets, bml eomtro`s ehtywhla bethvhthas (robl ibhmtambmea,dor hmstbmea). \ga lððrans, abeg àl ky bm aàetal novarmor, bra tga sib`àst blihmhstrbthva umht whtgkulnats bvbh`bkà dor sarvhea hiprovaiamts. \gay bra raspomshkà dor tga bssats hm tga brab, hmdrbstrue-tura, bml sarvhea hiprovaiamts (robl eomstruethom, gab`tg e`hmhes, bml segoo`s, dor hmstbmea).

Fgoroos bra tga prhibry àva` od novarmiamt hmtarbethmn whtg rashlamts. \o ranhstar bs b rashlamt,to vota, or to ranhstar b ebr, rashlamts no to tga òeb` fgoroo odea. Abeg fgoroo raprasamts brouml

\BK@A ;.2. Blihmhstrbthva Krabflowm od Q`bbmkbbtbr

NOTA[MIAM\ LHTHUHOM RQBM\H\XBSS[OW.

SOSQ@B\HOM [AUSOMUHKH@H\XKQLNA\(IH@@HOM \n)

[AS[AUAM\B\HOM,D[ARQAMEX OD MA^BSSOHM\IAM\

Ebphtb`(Q`bbmkbbtbr)

Ehty 2 2,3;1,2>< Kulnat b`òebthom,sarvheas, ibhmtambmea

55,13; Ehthzam‘s fgurb` (<yabrs), wgheg saàetstga ibyor (< yabrs)

Lððran Lhstrhet 8 225,837 Hmdrbstruetura, tbxeo`àethom, sarvheas

>1< ;―< raprasamtbthvaspar lððran aàetalto Utbta Nrabt fgurb`(< yabrs), lððrannovarmor (< yabrs)

Fgoroo Uuk-lhstrhet

25; >,>44 [anhstrbthom, eamsus,vothmn, eoiiumhtyoutrabeg

Ub`brhasbml odeaibhmtambmeaom`y

Ehthzam‘s fgurb`raprasamtbthva(< yabrs)6 fgoroonovarmor saàetal kyeoiiumhty iaathmn(< yabrs)

Fgasan Ihero-lhstrhet

eb. 7―25par fgoroo

eb. 18>―8>3 [anhstrbthom,eoiiumhty outrabeg

Sbrt-thiasthpaml

Fgasan ablar

Uoureas : JHEB ;338 ibstar p`bm, òeb` hmtarvhaws.Mota : eb. 9 Ehreb6 \n 9 \unrhf (Iomno`hb eurramey).



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN4

2,733―5,333 gousago`ls bml gbs b oeb` odea, odtam eoikhmal whtg b eoiiumhty eamtar. Fgasansbra tga sib`àst blihmhstrbthva umht, eomtbhmhmn mo iora tgbm b daw gumlral gousago`ls. Abeg gbs bvoùmtaar àblar wgo hs nhvam b sib`` sthpaml bml hs raspomshkà dor ga`phmn whtg ranhstrbthom, out-rabeg, gab`tg proiothom, bml oeb` bsshstbmea to tga umaipòyal bml lhsblvbmtbnal.

\ga iumhehpb` kulnat od QK ehty hs quhta eomstrbhmal, brouml \n 53 kh``hom―\n 43 kh``hom (QU$;2ih``hom―QU$<5 ih``hom) bmmub``y. Uhmea ;335, bmmub` ehty ravamuas gbva shnmhebmt`y axeaalalaxpamlhturas, whtg om`y 7< pareamt od ravamuas nohmn hmto tga ehty kulnat hm ;337.

UOEHOAEOMOIHE S[ODH@A OD NA[ B[ABU2

\ga soehoaeomoihe lhddarameas katwaam tga nar brabs bml bpbrtiamt brabs bra bs shnmhebmt bs tgapgysheb` lhddarameas. Nar brab gousago`ls bra `brnar, youmnar, àss aluebtal, poorar, bml iora ra`hbmtom soehb` sarvheas tgbm bra gousago`ls hm bpbrtiamt brabs (tbkà ;.;).

Laionrbpghes\ga bvarbna shza od b nar brab gousago`l hs just bkova dour parsoms, bìost oma parsom `brnar tgbm hmbpbrtiamt brabs. Hm hma whtg tga raeamt nrowtg od nar brabs, b ghng proporthom od rashlamts bra ihnrbmts.Om`y 13 pareamt od nar brab raspomlamts wara korm hm tga lhstrhet hm wgheg tgay bra `hvhmn, eoipbralto 43 pareamt od bpbrtiamt brab raspomlamts. Iora tgbm 85 pareamt od tgosa nar brab rashlamts wgo bramot korm hm tga lhstrhet ebia droi outshla QK. Hm nar brabs, ibrrhbna hs b loihmbmt rabsom dor ihnrb-thom (iora tgbm <3 pareamt), do`òwal ky aipòyiamt (28 pareamt) bml aluebthom (2< pareamt).

Aipòyiamt[btas od aipòyiamt hm nar brabs vbry beeorlhmn to tga sourea od tga lbtb, kut umaipòyiamt rbtastaml to ka ghngar hm tga nar brabs tgbm hm bpbrtiamt brabs or otgar brabs outshla tga ebphtb`. \ga ;337Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay (GHAU) raportal tgbt, od worfhmn-bna ; nar brab rashlamts, om`y 12pareamt gbl worfal lurhmn tga pravhous 2; iomtgs, eoipbral to 14 pareamt hm tga bpbrtiamt brabsbml tga bvarbna mbthomb` rbta od 45.4 pareamt. \ga ;33> Mbthomb` Utbthsthes Odea (MUO) yabrkooflhl mot lhsbnnranbta aipòyiamt ky tga typa od brab kut lhl bpproxhibta`y sukstbmthbta tga mbthombàipòyiamt rbta, bt 4;.< pareamt.

Aeomoihe bethvhthas hm tga vbrhous brabs b`sosgowal b eomtrbst. nar brab rashlamts pardori shn-

mhebmt`y iora ibmub` `bkor tgbm lo rashlamts odbpbrtiamt brabs (nura ;.2). Od tgosa aipòyalhm nar brabs, 53 pareamt bra amnbnal hm eomstrue-thom or ibmudbeturhmn, do`òwal ky 2; pareamthm trbla (wgoàsbà bml ratbh`) bml vagheà rapbhr.\gasa aeomoihe bethvhthas eomtrbst stbrf`y whtgtgosa hm tga bpbrtiamt brabs, wgara tga iostwhla`y ga`l joks bra hm aluebthom (2; pareamt),trbla bml vagheà rapbhr (22 pareamt), bml puk`he

\BK@A ;.;. Laionrbpghe Uuiibry od Nar bmlBpbrtiamt Brabs

NA[B[ABU

BSB[\IAM\B[ABU

Ibà <>.2% <1.7%

Daibà 15.3% 1<.;%

Bvarbna muikar odgousago`l iaikars

<.; 5.<

Bvarbna bna ;>.8 53.7

Uourea : MUO (Mbthomb` Utbthsthes Odea od Iomno`hb) ;337.



EGBS\A[ ; LATA@OSIAM\ EOM\AW\: NOTA[MIAM\B@, UOEHOAEOMOIHE, BML @OEB@ S[ODH@A

blihmhstrbthom bml ladamsa (23 pareamt). B`so, b ghngar sgbra od nar rashlamts bra amnbnal hm eomstrue-thom worf (21 pareamt) bml ibmudbeturhmn (21 pareamt), bs eoipbral to 4 pareamt bml 7 pareamt odbpbrtiamt rashlamts, raspaethva`y. \gasa mlhmns sunnast tgbt nar rashlamts bra iora vu`marbkà to aeo-moihe lowmturm tgbm bra tgosa hm otgar brabs.

Hmeoias hm QK b`so ghng`hngt tga lhddarameas katwaam tga brabs (nura ;.;). Nar brab ialhbmgousago`l hmeoia (hmeùlhmn ebsg, hm-fhml, bml komusas) hm QK hs \n ;,<84,78> (QU$2,441). \ghs

3 1 23 21 ;3 ;1 53 51

Otgar

Ibmudbeturhmn

^goàsbà bml ratbh` trbla6 rapbhr od vagheàs

Aluebthom

Eomstruethom

Suk`he blihmhstrbthom bml ladamea

Guibm gab`tg bml soehb` worf bethvhthas

\rbmsportbthom bml storbna

Beeoiiolbthom bml dool sarvhea bethvhthas

bpbrtiamt brab nar brab

A e o m o i

h e b e t h v h t y

Sareamtbna od rashlamts hmvo`val

DHNQ[A ;.2. Aeomoihe Bethvhty od QK Bpbrtiamt bml Nar Brab [ashlamts

DHNQ[A ;.;. Gousago`l Hmeoia Lhstrhkuthom, Lhvhlal ky Ruhmthà

3

2

;

5

<

1

4

>

7

82338373>34313

<353;323

3@owastquhmthà

Uaeomlquhmthà

\ghrlquhmthà

Dourtgquhmthà

Ghngastquhmthà

@owastquhmthà

Uaeomlquhmthà

\ghrlquhmthà

Dourtgquhmthà

Ghngastquhmthà

H m e o i a r b m n a

( i h ` ` h o m \ n )

L h s t r h k u t h o m o d r a s h l a m t s

( % )

bpbrtiamt brab nar brab ihxal brab ibx. bvarbna ihm.RuhmthàRuhmthà

Uourea : MUO ;337.

Uourea : MUO ;337.




hmeoia hs <5 pareamt ass tgbm dor bpbrtiamt brab gousago`ls. Uhih`br`y, hmeoia lhstrhkuthom whtghmnar brabs bml ehty eamtars sgow tgbt avam biomn tga ghngast ;3 pareamt, bvarbna hmeoia hm bpbrt-iamt brabs hs 2> pareamt ghngar tgbm hm nar brabs.

Kamats bml B`òwbmeasNovarmiamt kamats p`by b shnmhebmt roà hm suppàiamthmn tga hmeoias od QK rashlamts, raprasamt-hmn ;3 pareamt od nar brab hmeoia bml 2< pareamt od bpbrtiamt brab hmeoia (nura ;.5). \gasa kam-ats bra loihmbtal ky egh`l-ra`btal pbyiamts bml pamshoms6 lhsbkh`hty pbyiamts bra b`so b shnmhebmteomtrhkutor. ^htg tga aeomoihe erhshs, gowavar, tgasa pbyiamts bra tbrnatal dor savara raluethoms.

Ky dbr tga iost eoiiom kamat, egh`l-ra`btalkamats loihmbtal ky tga Egh`l Iomay Sro-nrbi (EIS), bra raeahval ky >5.1 pareamt od narbrab gousago`ls. \ga systai hs `brna`y umhvar-

sb` bml iu`ththaral, eoiposal od (b) b \n 5,333(QU$;.2<) iomtg`y pbyiamt dor avary egh`lumlar 27, (k) b \n ;1,333 (QU$2>.74) qubrtar`ypbyiamt dor avary egh`l umlar 27, 5 (e) b mawkbky b`òwbmea od \n 233,333 (QU$>2.<5) paregh`l6 bml (l) b ibtarmhty kamat od \n ;3,333(QU$2<.;8) par iomtg dor va iomtgs lur-hmn pranmbmey bml savam iomtgs bdtar khrtg, doriotgars kaòw tga ihmhiui sukshstamea àva`(\n 53,333, or QU$;2, hm QK). < Hm totb`, poordbih`has raeahva \n <28,555 (bkout QU$;73)

kadora tga egh`l turms savam iomtgs o`l, do`-òwal ky \n 254,333 (bkout QU$82) par yabr.

Utbta pamshoms b`so bra shnmhebmt, provhlhmn bmbvarbna \n 2.5 ih``hom (bkout QU$853) to 53 pareamt od nar rashlamts. Otgar kamats raeahval ky bt abst1 pareamt od tga popu`bthom hmeùla lhsbkh`hty pbyiamts (bvarbna \n ;54,312, or bkout QU$2>3, raeahvalky > pareamt od nar rashlamts), bml bm ‐otgar kamat’ tgbt hs umlamal hm tga survay (\n ;<4,>2>, orQU$2>4, to 25 pareamt od nar rashlamts). Uavarb` otgar kamats rabeg mo iora tgbm 1 pareamt od rashlamts.

Qmth` ;33>, tga EIS gbl kaam b tbrnatal, b`kaht hmadehamt, soehb` trbmsdar. htg tga umhvarsb`hzbthomod tga EIS bml tga pro`hdarbthom od otgar soehb` trbmsdar pronrbis, tgasa trbmsdars quhef`y kaebia

b sukstbmthb` pbrt od tga Iomno`hbm kulnat. \graa-qubrtars od tga EIS eoias droi tga Iomno`hbLavaòpiamt Duml, wgheg hs iost`y mbmeal ky ihmhmn tbxas. htg tga ibsshva lrop hm eoiiolhtyprheas hm tga eurramt aeomoihe e`hibta, tga Iomno`hbm novarmiamt hs axparhamehmn b eorraspoml-hmn kulnat sgortdb``. Bs pbrt od b kulnat bsshstbmea pbefbna mbmeal ky tga Hmtarmbthomb` IomatbryDuml (HID), Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf (BLK), ôr`l Kbmf, Jbpbm, bml otgar lomors, tga Novarm-iamt od Iomno`hb (NoI) gbs bnraal to proposa b ibjor rastrueturhmn, whtg tga ga`p od tga BLKbml ôr`l Kbmf, od hts soehb` trbmsdar pronrbis. \ga novarmiamt wh`` proposa eomso`hlbthmn, ralue-hmn, bml ebradu``y tbrnathmn tga trbmsdars to tga poor. \ga nob` wh`` ka to hmeùla om`y tga poorastdbih`has, bs lamal ky tga Mbthomb` Sovarty @hma, hm tga soehb` trbmsdar pronrbis.

1,333

<,133

<,333

5,133

5,333

;,133

;,333

2,133

2,333

133

3

( , 3 3 3 t u n r h f )

174

;,534

5,8<2

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Nar brabs Bpbrtiamt brabs

wbnas kamadhts

DHNQ[A ;.5. Bvarbna Hmeoias, Hmeùlhmn ^bnas bml Kamats

Uoureas : MUO ;337 bml QMHEAD ;33>.



EGBS\A[ ; LATA@OSIAM\ EOM\AW\: NOTA[MIAM\B@, UOEHOAEOMOIHE, BML @OEB@ S[ODH@A

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU BML LATA@OSIAM\ BUUQIS\HOMUOD \G[AA NA[ B[ABU

Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm), 22tg fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet (Ibp # HK[L54834)Mbrbm hs oma od tga o`last axhsthmn nar brabs, oebtal hiialhbta`y mortg od tga ehty. Eomtbhmhmn tgambthomb` \T bml rblho stbthoms, bs wa`` bs tgahr bmtammbs, tga brab hs odtam radarral to bs tga ‐\T Utb-thom nar .’ \ga 22tg fgoroo wbs orhnhmb``y iueg brnar, kut bs bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns gbva kaam eraap-

hmn mortgwbrl bml bs popu`bthom gbs hmerabsal, e uips od bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns gbva krofam odd hmtomaw fgoroos. \gara bra p`bms hm tga Iumhehpb`hty od Q`bbmkbbtbr (IQK) to kuh`l iora bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns hm tga soutgarm gb`d od tga fgoroo (saa bppamlhx K). \ga fgoroo e`hiks pbrt od tga soutg-arm sòpa od oma od tga ibmy gh``s hm QK, tbparhmn odd eòsa to tga top od tga gh``. \ga òmn abstarmkorlar hs oma od tga ibhm pbval robls beeasshmn tga mortgarm nar brabs bml raprasamts tga korlarkatwaam Kbtbmno` bml Eghmna`tah lhstrhets.

Hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar, `brna-sebà lavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns hs axpaetal nhvam tgaproxhihty to tga ehty eamtar. \ga eurramt iumhehpb` p`bms (dabtural hm bppamlhx K) bra dor parib-mamt strueturas, iost od tgai > to 2; storhas, to `` tga soutgarm gb`d od tga nar brab. Beeorlhmn totga p`bmmhmn, ky ;321 tgara wh`` ka 21,47< gousago`ls, bml tga popu`bthom wh`` rabeg 41,733 hm

tga lavaòpiamt zoma (wgheg hmeùlas tga 8tg, 23tg, bml 22tg Fgoroos). Dbeh`hthas wh`` ka lava`-opal, hmeùlhmn segoo`s dor 25,243 puph`s, fhmlarnbrtams dor 4,173 egh`lram, bml gab`tg e`hmhes whtgb ebpbehty od ;,533 pbthamts/lby, bs wa`` bs nraam brabs bml uth`hthas. ^btar supp`y wh`` ka eamtrb`-hzal, provhlhmn bm asthibtal supp`y od 22,>73 i 5/lby. ^bstawbtar wh`` b`so ka eamtrb`hzal, ushmn bmasthibtal ;,833 iatars od phpas bml whtg eo`àethom asthibtal bt 22,>73 i 5/lby. Bpproxhibta`y2;,133 iatars od trbmsihsshom phpas wh`` provhla eamtrb`hzal gabthmn, b òbl od 45.> Neb`/gour.Uavam sukstbthoms wh`` supp`y powar to tga lhstrhet, provhlhmn ebpbehty od bm asthibtal 5;.4I^t.Hipàiamtbthom, hmeùlhmn nrouml amnhmaarhmn, robls, prapbrbtory iabsuras dor amnhmaarhmn, nbr-lamhmn bml durmhsghmn, wh`` eost bpproxhibta`y \n ;4 kh``hom (QU$2>.5 ih``hom).

SGO\O ;.2. Ehty Eamtar nar(Mbrbm)

(Sgoto ky KrattUalnawhef, or`lKbmf)




Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu), 7tg fgoroo,Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet(Ibp # HK[L5483<)\ga Kbybmfgosguu nar has b daw fhòiatars uptga robl droi tga Ehty Eamtar nar‘s ibhm robl,om tga otgar shla od b `brna gh``. \ga ibhm roblprovhlas tga fgoroo‘s mortgarm korlar bml hstga prhmehpb` sourea od eoiiarea. \ghs fgoroohs ra`bthva`y bt, whtg b sib`` `bfa hm tga ihllàtgbt daals savarb` krhef-ibfhmn amtarprhsas. \ga`bfa b`so addaethva`y eo`àets tga so`hl wbsta tgbtkòws brouml tga mahngkorgool‘s straats. \gaihlthar nar brabs axaip`hal ky Kbybmfgosguudori tga iost`y eomthmuous ibss od tga `brnarnar brab. Ht hs surroumlal, dor savarb` fhòiatarshm avary lhraethom, ky otgar fgoroos `àl whtgnars. Gousago`l pòts od `bml gbva kaam orh-amtal bòmn tga ibhm robl whtg `httà p`bmmhmn,tgus erabthmn òmn, umhmtarruptal kòefs soia-

thias iora tgbm 2 fi òmn. \ga eoiiumhty hs amtramegal, kaebusa rashlamts, gbvhmn astbk`hsgaltgaisa`vas bml tgahr dbih`has hm tga brab, bra raùetbmt to àbva. Uoia ghngar-hmeoia rashlamts ibywhsg to oktbhm prhvbta sarvheas, sueg bs prhvbta wbtar supp`y eommaethoms or prhvbta got-wbtar koh`-ars, dor tgahr gousas. Otgar bd uamt rashlamts ihngt wbmt to eomso`hlbta tgahr `bml pòts bml kuh`lsib``-sebà rashlamthb` kuh`lhmn strueturas dor iu`thpà dbih`y lwa``hmns.

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl), 8tg fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet (Ibp # HK[L54831)Bòmn tga mortgabst alna od QK, tga ra`bthva`y maw Ugbrgbl nar brab hs sth`` axpbmlhmn, whtg b

eoipbrbthva`y owar lamshty. \ga fgoroo stbrtshm tga ibhm QK kbshm, e`hikhmn tga alnas oddootgh``s. \ga rashlamts dbrtgast droi tga eam-tar rbhsa `hvastoef dor b `hvhmn6 otgar tgbm tghstypa od pbstorb`hsi, urkbm bnrheu`tura hs brna`yumfmowm hm QK. Uavarb` kus `hmas aml bt tgakus tarihmb` just ovar tga mabrast korlar, tgaom`y pbval saethom od tga fgoroo. B `brna`ysa`d-sudehamt mbthomb` iamtb` gosphtb` hs b`soòebtal hm tga fgoroo. \ga ehty‘s ibhm usal-ebr ibrfat hs òebtal hm tga mahngkorhmn fgo-roo (2>tg), provhlhmn joks to ibmy rashlamts.Eoipbral to tga ihlthar nar brabs, rashlamtsod tga dbr-drhmna nar brabs bra àss bttbegal totgahr `bml“gbvhmn om`y raeamt`y brrhval hmtga brab“bml bra, tgaradora, iora wh``hmn toiova.

SGO\O ;.;. Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu)

SGO\O ;.5. Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl)





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IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN2;

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dor latbh`

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\ghs ibp wbs prolueal ky tgaIbp Lashnm Qmht od \ga ôr`l Kbmf.

\ga koumlbrhas, eoòrs, lamoihmbthoms bml bmyotgar hmdoribthom sgowm om tghs ibp lo mot hip`y,om tga pbrt od \ga ôr`l Kbmf Nroup, bmy julniamtom tga ànb` stbtus od bmy tarrhtory, or bmyamlorsaiamt or beeaptbmea od sueg koumlbrhas.

3 233 ;33 533 <33 133

Iatars

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IBS ;.;. Kbybmno` 22tg Uuklhstrhet, Mbrbm Nar

DAK[QB[X ;323



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Uaa ibhm ibp dor latbh`

Uaa HK[L 54834 dor latbh`


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HK[L 5483<

DAK[QB[X ;323

\ghs ibp wbs prolueal ky tga Ibp Lashnm Qmht od \ga ôr`l Kbmf. \ga koumlbrhas , eoòrs,lamoihmbthoms bml bmy otgar hmdoribthom sgowm om tghs ibp lo mot hip`y, om tga pbrt od \gaôr`l Kbmf Nroup, bmy julniamt om tga ànb` stbtus od bmy tarrhtory, or bmy amlorsaiamt orbeeaptbmea od sueg koumlbrhas.

3 233 ;33 533 <33 133

Iatars

Q@BBMKBB\B[ B[AB

KG

IBS ;.5. Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm 7tg Uuklhstrhet, Kbybmfgosguu Nar



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dor latbh`

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DAK[QB[X ;323

3 233 ;33 533 <33 133

Iatars

Q@BBMKBB\B[ B[AB

\ghs ibp wbs prolueal ky tga Ibp Lash nm Qmht od \ga ôr`l Kbmf. \ga koumlbrhas, eoòrs,lamoihmbthoms bml bmy otgar hmdoribthom sgowm om tghs ibp lo mot hip`y, om tga pbrt oôr`l Kbmf Nroup, bmy julniamt om tga ànb` stbtus od bmy tarrhtor y, or bmy amlorsaiamt obeeaptbmea od sueg koumlbrhas.

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IBS ;.<. Kbybmzðrfg 8 tg Uuklhstrhet, Ugbrgbl Nar



@bml bml Goushmn5

\ghs egbptar hs kbsal om b survay tgbt tga stuly tabi ornbmhzal hm tgraa nar brabs bml braprasamtbthva bpbrtiamt brab to bssass `bml owmarsghp, lwa``hmn typas, bml gousago`ls‘pradarameas dor goushmn opthoms bml bddorlbkh`hty hssuas.2 \ga survay bmb`yshs hmtamls toghng`hngt hssuas ra`btal to mbmehmn bml bddorlbkh`hty dor goushmn.

@ANB@, HMU\H\Q\HOMB@, BML SO@HEX BUSAE\U

@bml owmarsghp hm Iomno`hb gbs nrblub``y kaam prhvbthzal shmea tga eoumtry‘s trbmshthom to b ibr-fat aeomoiy hm tga 2883s. \gara gbs kaam b sarhas od `bml `bws or biamliamts to axhsthmn `bws6 tgaeurramt bml owmarsghp hm Iomno`hb hs kbsal om tga ;33; ‐@bw om B`òebthom od @bml to Iomno`hbmEhthzams dor Owmarsghp.’ Beeorlhmn to tghs `bw, tga `bml tamura systai hm Iomno`hb hs eoiposal od beoikhmbthom od tgraa `bml rhngts: ‐owmarsghp’ om`y dor Iomno`hbm ehthzams6 ‐possasshom rhngts’ dor upto 43 yabrs, whtg posshkà axtamshom, bvbh`bkà to Iomno`hbm ehthzams bml johmt vamturas6 bml ‐`bml usarhngts,’ vb`hl up to va yabrs whtg posshkà axtamshom, dor wgheg dorahnmars bra b`so a`hnhkà.

@bml owmarsghp hs thal to tga `bml daa systai, wgheg tga novarmiamt hmtrolueal hm 288> umlartga ‐@bw od Iomno`hb om @bml Daas.’ \ga `bw sthpu`btas tgbt hmlhvhlub`s, kushmass amththas, bmlornbmhzbthoms tgbt owm or usa `bml bra sukjaet to `bml daas. Dor ehthas, vh``bnas, bml otgar sattàlp`beas, tga bml daa rbmnas droi 3.2 to 2 pareamt od tga kbsa `bml vbùa. \ga bml daa hs latarihmalky tga eamtrb` novarmiamt tbfhmn hmto beeoumt eartbhm xal pbrbiatars, hmeùlhmn òebthom bml`bml usa bs wa`` bs soehoaeomoihe, naoònheb`, bml amvhromiamtb` eomlhthoms.; \ga ehty od Q`bbm-kbbtbr (QK) hs lhvhlal hmto va `bml vbùbthom zomas lapamlhmn om òebthom bml hmeoia àva`, bmltga `bml daa hs bpp`hal umhdori`y to tga proparthas hm abeg zoma.

\ga Novarmiamt od Iomno`hb (NoI) gbs du``y prhvbthzal owmarsghp od `bml dor ‐dbih`y maals’ orrashlamthb` purposas. \ga ‐@bw om B`òebthom od @bml to Iomno`hbm Ehthzams dor Owmarsghp’ sthp-u`btas tgbt abeg gousago`l hs amthtàl to tga do`òwhmn dor owmarsghp: up to >33 i ; hm QK6 up to

5,133 i;

hm bhibn6 or up to 1,333 i;

hm totb`. \ga bssoehbtal bml daa hs sat ow: bkout 83 pareamt odtga `bml daa up to >33 i ; hs axaipt. 5 \ga daas bra asthibtal om bm bmmub` kbshs bml egbrnal qubr-tar`y6 eo` aethom hs ibmbnal bt tga lhstrhet novarmiamt ava`.

@bml ibmbnaiamt hs eurramt`y loma ky tga Blihmhstrbthom od @bml Bddbhrs, Naolasy, bml Ebrtonrb-pgy (B@BNbE), umlar tga Ihmhstry od Eomstruethom bml Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt. \ga ibmlbta od tgaB@BNbE hs to ovarsaa bml hipàiamt tga novarmiamt‘s `bml po`hey, to ibmbna bml uplbta naolathebml ebrtonrbpghe hmdoribthom bml lbtbkbsas, bml to hiprova tga eblbstrb` systai ky ebrryhmn out eblbs-trb` survays bml astbk`hsghmn b umhal lbtbkbsa. Hm bllhthom to tga B@BNbE, tgara bra `bml lapbrtiamts




hm mhma lhstrhets od QK tgbt proeass bml ibmbna ranhstrbthom. \gosa lapbrtiamts bra b`so raspomshkàdor ialhbthmn bmy lhsputas ovar `bml owmarsghp, bs wa`` bs avhethmn tga oeeupbmts od h`ànb` sattàiamts.

B`tgoung tgara gbva kaam muiarous hmhthbthvas to hiprova `bml ibmbnaiamt“iost`y dumlal ky

axtarmb` lomors“tga eblbstrb` systai (survays od `bml koumlbrhas) namarb``y suddars droi b `bef odblihmhstrbthva ebpbehty bml tga `hihtal bvbh`bkh`hty od blaqubta lbtbkbsas. \ghs prokài hs ebusaliost`y ky umsbthsdbetory or hmsudehamt eblbstrb` survays bml ibpphmn bml hmblaqubta ranhstrbthomod bml-owmars, usars, bml possassors.

Om tga ànb` shla, axhsthmn eblbstrb` bw loas mot hmeùla proealuras dor proparty ranhstrbthom. \garab`so hs mo ànb` drbiaworf dor gbml`hmn lhsputas brhshmn lurhmn eblbstrb` survays6 sueg lhsputas brahmerabshmn`y eoiiom hm rashlamthb` brabs. Hmsthtuthomb` roàs bml raspomshkh`hthas bt lhddaramt àva`s onovarmiamt bra mot eàbr`y la`hmabtal, bml tgara hs b namarb` bef od blihmhstrbthva ebpbehty, aspaehb``ybt tga lhstrhet àva`s tgbt bra ibhm`y raspomshkà dor ibmbnhmn `bml ranhstrbthom. \ga Mbthomb` @bmlHmdoribthom Uystai“b eoipragamshva eblbstrb` lbtbkbsa eommaethmn tga eo`àethom od lbtb droi

brouml tga eoumtry“wbs p`bmmal dor hipàiamtbthom kut gbs axparhameal soia la`by.<

\ga NoI `bumegal iora raeamt`y tga <3,333 goushmn umhts pronrbi brouml ;335 bml tga 233,333goushmn eomstruethom po`hey brouml ;337. \gasa bra supp`y-lrhvam goushmn lavaòpiamts tgbt doeusibhm`y om provhlhmn bpbrtiamts bml eora supporthmn hmdrbstruetura. Gowavar, tga addaethvamass bmlvhbkh`hty od tgasa pronrbis raibhm quasthombkà, bs tgara bra sth`` erhtheb` systaihe laehamehas hm gous-hmn mbmea bml bddorlbkh`hty. Hm bllhthom, tgara bra mo hmsthtuthomb` systais to provhla ow-eost goushmndor ihllà- bml òw-hmeoia gousago`ls, wgheg eoiposa bkout >3 pareamt od b`` gousago`ls.

NAMA[B@ GOQUAGO@L EGB[BE\A[HU\HEU

Dor tga survayal gousago`ls, tga bvarbna bna od rashlamts rbmnas droi <<.< to <7.7, bml tga muikarod paopà par gousago`l rbmnas droi 5.< to <.8 (saa tbkà 5.2).

Bkout gb`d od nar rashlamts bra raportal to ka umaipòyal, eomshstamt whtg tga mlhmns droi tgaGousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay (GHAU), wgheg sgowal bkout 14 pareamt od tga sbipà hm narbrabs raportal mot to gbva worfal lurhmn tga pravhous 2; iomtgs. \ga pareamtbna od umaipòyal hs

\BK@A 5.2. Uurvay [aspomlamts‘ Bvarbna Bna (yabrs) bml Gousago`l Uhza (muikar od parsoms)

BTA[BNA BNAOD GG BTA[BNA GG UHZA

[AUSOMLAM\U (%)GABL OD GG USOQUA

Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm) <>.2 <.8 41.2 5<.8

Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu) <7.7 <.5 8>.> ;.5

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) <<.< <.1 47.3 5;.3

Bpbrtiamt brab <4.3 5.< >4.2 ;5.8

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota: GG 9 Gousago`l.



EGBS\A[ 5 @BML BML GOQUHMN 2

ghngast hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars: 4;.4 pareamt bml 1<.5 pareamt, raspaethva`y, hm eomtrbst whtg;2.2 pareamt hm tga bpbrtiamt brab (saa tbkà 5.;) .

\ga survay rasu`ts ghng`hngt hmeoia bml wab`tg nbps katwaam nar bml bpbrtiamt brabs. Bvarbna

iomtg`y hmeoia hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars hs om`y bkout 13 pareamt od bpbrtiamt brabs. \gahmeoia àva` hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar hs ghngar tgbm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars, bt QU$;;5 pariomtg, wgheg hs bkout >3 pareamt od bpbrtiamt brabs‘ hmeoia. Bs dor bssats bml `hbkh`hthas, tgara hsbnbhm b stbrf eomtrbst katwaam nar bml bpbrtiamt rashlamts. Lhddarameas bra iost motbkà katwaambpbrtiamt brabs bml tga Drhmna nar, wgara tga totb` raportal bssats bra om`y 53 pareamt od tga bpbrt-iamt rashlamts (saa tbkà 5.5).

@BML BML GOQUHMN HM NA[ B[ABU

Uhih`br to iost nar brabs, lwa``hmn typas hm tga tgraa nar brabs eomshst od b eoikhmbthom od nars bml

latbegal gousas, bml tga lhstrhkuthom od lhddaramt lwa``hmn typas ra aets tga òebthoms od tga brabs. Hmtga Ehty Eamtar nar, b ibjorhty od paopà (18 pareamt) sth`` `hva hm nars. \ghs brrbmnaiamt hs kaebusatga brab hs sth`` axpbmlhmn whtg paopà satt`hmn hm tga gh``y shla od tga lhstrhet. Hm Kbybmfgosguu, tgaIhlthar nar, iora tgbm >3 pareamt od gousago`ls `hva hm latbegal gousas, eomshstamt whtg tga dbettgbt tghs nar brab wbs astbk`hsgal b ra`bthva`y omn thia bno. Hm tga Drhmna nar , iora tgbm oma-gb`d tgarashlameas bra nars kaebusa tghs hs b maw`y astbk`hsgal bml sth``-nrowhmn brab (saa tbkà 5.<).

\BK@A 5.;. Aipòyiamt Utbtus (% draquamey)

^BNA AIS@OXAA

\AISO[B[XO[ UABUOMB@

AIS@OXAA

UA@D-AIS@OXAL(KQUHMAUU

O^MA[U, A\E.) QMAIS@OXAL

Ehty Eamtar nar ;> (;7.3) 3 (3.3) 58 (;2.2) << (13.8)

Ihlthar nar 2< (23.1) 4 (1.5) ;; (;2.4) 47 (4;.4)

Drhmna nar ;4 (;<.5) 5 (2.1) ;2 (28.8) 43 (1<.5)

Bpbrtiamt brab <5 (58.<) 23 (8.;) 55 (53.5) ;5 (;2.2)

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota: Muikars hm pbramtgasas sgow pareamtbna.

\BK@A 5.5. Gousago`l Bssats, @hbkh`hty, Iomtg`y Hmeoia, bml Ubvhmns (QU$)

\O\B@ BUUA\U

\O\B@@HBKH@H\HAU

IOM\G@XHMEOIA

IOM\G@XUBTHMNU

H@@HRQHLBUUA\U

(S[OSA[\X)

@HRQHLBUUA\U (EBUG,U\OEFU, EB[U) \O\B@

Ehty Eamtar nar ;2,8;3 <,572 ;4,284 ;5< ;;5 >3

Ihlthar nar 25,1;2 851 2<,<1< <; 21< 2<

Drhmna nar 7,817 52; 8,;44 <4 24< 1

Bpbrtiamt brab ;4,<<< 2,54; ;>,734 ;,3<8 528 ;2

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.




\ga bvarbna shza od bml pòts hm tga tgraa brabs hs ass tgbm tga >33 i ; shza od b gbsgbb, wgheg hmlh-vhlub` gousago`ls bra amthtàl to ky `bw. Dor nars, bvarbna `bml shza rbmnas droi <>3 i ; to 178 i ; ,bml tga bvarbna muikar od wb``s hm tga tgraa nars brabs hs iora or àss tga sbia, just umlar va. Dorlatbegal gousas, pòt shzas rbmna droi 132 i ; to 185 i ; , whtg tga bvarbna muikar od roois rbmn-hmn droi ;.5 to 5.1. Hm tga ebsa od latbegal gousas, tga eòsar to tga eamtar od Q`bbmkbbtbr tgbtgousago`ls bra oebtal, tga brnar tga bvarbna pòt shza bml gousa (saa tbkà 5.1).

Iost gousago`ls hm nar brabs owm tgahr rashlamea bml tga `bml bttbegal to ht. Hm ebsa od tga Drhmnanar, tga sgbra od hmeoia pbhl bs ramt hs ghngar. \ghs dbet eou`l ka kaebusa tga rashlamts gbva bvary òw hmeoia bml ebmmot pby bm up-dromt `bml ranhstrbthom daa (bvarbna \n 23,333/QU$>.2<dor ihnrbmts6 \n 1,333/QU$5.1> dor hmtrbehty ihnrbmts) bml gamea rashlamts ramt nars taiporbrh`y(saa tbkà 5.4). Bmotgar axp`bmbthom hs tgbt paopà p`bm to stby hm tga drhmna brab dor om`y b sgort

\BK@A 5.1. Uhza od @bml bml Gousas hm \graa Nar Brabs

@BML UHZA(i ; )

# OD^B@@U

@BMLUHZA (i; )

GOQUAUHZA (i; )

# OD[OOIU

BS\. UHZA(i ; )

# OD[OOIU

Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm) 151.> <.7 185.1 >4.1 5.1 18.3 2.8

Ihlthar nar(Kbybmfgosguu)

178.5 <.8 1<4.7 11.< ;.8 “ “

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) <48.; <.7 132.5 1<.3 ;.5 “ “

Bpbrtiamt brab “ “ “ “ “ 54.> ;.2

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota: “ 9 Mot Bpp`hebkà.

\BK@A 5.4. Owmarsghp Sbttarms dor Goushmn bml @bml (% draquamey)

O^MAL [AM\ O\GA[U S[HTB\A

U\B\A-

O^MAL*

O\GA[U-

O^MAL

Ehty Eamtar nar 237 (8>.5) 2 (;.>) 3 (3.3) 238 (88.2) 3 (3.3) 2 (3.8)

Ihlthar nar 237 (87.7) ; (2.;) 3 (3.3) 7< (7>.8) ;5 (4.>) ; (1.<)

Drhmna nar 233 (72.1) 23 (27.1) 3 (3.3) 84 (>1.>) 2 (3.1) 2; (;2.<)

Bpbrtiamt brab 233 (82.7) > (4.<) ; (2.7) 41 (18.4) 54 (55.3) 7 (>.<)

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota : *Hm tga ebsa od bpbrtiamt rashlamts hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar, bkout >3 pareamt raspomlal tgbt tgahr bml wbs stbta-owmal (motprhvbta`y owmal). Do`òwhmn tga lamhthom od tgraa typas od bml owmarsghp, tgay eou`l gbva ahtgar possasshom rhngts or bml-usa rhngts.Muikars hm pbramtgasas iabm pareamtbna.

\BK@A 5.<. Lwa``hmn \ypas hm \graa Nar Brabs (% od raspomlamts hm nar brab)

NA[ (%) LA\BEGAL (%) BSB[\IAM\ (%) \O\B@ GGs

Ehty Eamtar nar 2,733 18 2,233 54 213 1 5,313

Ihlthar nar <43 ;8 2,212 >2 “ “ 2,422Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) 2,<27 17 2,321 <; “ “ ;,<55

Uourea : Utbthsthes droi lhstrhet novarmiamt odeas hm QK ehty ;337.Mota: “ 9 Mot Bpp`hebkà.



EGBS\A[ 5 @BML BML GOQUHMN 2

parhol od thia kadora iovhmn to b lhddaramt òebthom. Hm bllhthom, nar rashlamts raportal tgbt tgaypbhl bkout \n 24,733 (QU$2;) par yabr hm bml daas6 tgosa hvhmn hm latbegal gousas pbhl bkout \n;8,<33 (QU$;2) bml bpbrtiamt rashlamts pbhl bkout \n ;22,<33 (QU$212).

\ga umht prhea bmb`yshs od axhsthmn latbegal gousas bml bpbrtiamts sgows tgbt tga prheas od bpbrt-iamts bra bkout ;.1 to 5 thias ghngar tgbm bra tgosa od latbegal gousas (saa tbkà 5.>). \ga prheas odlatbegal gousas par squbra iatar rbmna droi \n 5;<,8<3 to \n <<8,843 (QU$;5; to QU$5;2), wghàtga bpbrtiamt umht eost dor tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml bpbrtiamt brabs hs \n 2,3>4,433 (QU$>43) bml\n 2,;;4,843 (QU$7>4), raspaethva`y. Bpbrtiamts hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar wara eoipàtal hm ;331,bml bpbrtiamt brabs hmeùla tgosa kuh`t lurhmn tga `bta 2883s, abr`y ;333s, bml, iost raeamt`y, hm ;338(saa tbkà 5.>).

\ga bvarbna prhea hmerabsa dor latbegal gousas vbrhas. \ga ghngast prhea hmerabsa hs saam hm latbegalgousas hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar. B`tgoung namarb`hzhmn prhea tramls kbsal om b sib`` sbipà shza hslhdeu`t, tga bmb`yshs sgows tgbt tga eòsar to tga ehty eamtar, tga ghngar tga prhea. \ga prhea hmerabsa

hs iost avhlamt hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar brab bml àbst hm tga Drhmna nar brab. Bs dor tga bmmub` eostsod oparbthom bml ibhmtambmea, nar rashlamts raportal tgbt tgay spaml \n >33 to \n ;,733 (QU$3.1to QU$;.3) par i ; , b eomtrbst whtg tga eost dor bpbrtiamts, wgheg rbmnal droi \n 23,373 to \n25,3;3 (QU$>.; to QU$8.5) par i ; . \ga bvarbna prhea od b nar rbmnal droi \n ;8,<33 to \n 7.1ih``hom (QU$;2 to QU$4,3>2) whtg bvarbna od \n 43>,433 (QU$<5<).

Goushmn mbmea hs loma iost`y tgroung parsomb` sbvhmns, bml om`y b sib`` pareamtbna od goushmn mbmeahs posshkà tgroung òbms droi kbmfs or otgar dorib` soureas. Hm tga ebsa od latbegal gousas, om`y ; to8 pareamt od tga totb` prhea hs mbmeal tgroung obms. \ga bmb`yshs sgows tgbt gousago`ls hm tga Ihltharnar bml tga Drhmna nar gbl vary `hihtal beeass to kbmf òbms, bioumthmn to àss tgbm 1 pareamt od tgatotb` goushmn prhea. Bpbrtiamt rashlamts, gowavar, raportal tgbt tgay korrowal b ghngar porthom droi

kbmfs or otgar eralhtors: 23.< pareamt bml 28.5 pareamt hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar bpbrtiamt bml bpbrtiamtbrabs raspaethva`y (saa tbkà 5.7). \ghs mlhmn ra aets tga dbet tgbt iortnbna àmlhmn dor goushmn hs sth``bm avo`vhmn eomeapt bml om`y tga wa``-to-lo ebm korrow droi mbmehb` hmsthtuthoms.

\BK@A 5.>. Goushmn Srheas bml Bmmub` Oparbthom bml Ibhmtambmea Eosts (\n par i ; )

@OEB\HOM LÂ@@HMN \XSAAU\HIB\ALEQ[[AM\ S[HEA

BTA[BNA BMMQB@S[HEA HME[ABUA BMMQB@ O&I EOU\

Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm) Nar “ “ >33

Latbegal gousa <5<,873 ;8.3% >,2<3

Bpbrtiamt 2,3>4,433 21.1% 25,3;3

Ihlthar nar(Kbybmfgosguu)

Nar “ “ 2<3

Latbegal gousa 5;<,8<3 ;<.;% 2,473

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) Nar “ “ 2<3

Latbegal gousa <<8,843 21.>% ;,733

Bpbrtiamt brab Bpbrtiamt 2,;;4,843 MB 23,373

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota : Oparbthom bml ibhmtambmea (O&I) eosts lo mot hmeùla uth`hthas, om`y eosts hmeurral ky `hvhmn hm tga gousas.“ 9 Mot Bpp`hebkà6 MB 9 Mot Bvbh`bkà.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN;3

Bs dor sbthsdbethom whtg goushmn eomlhthoms, tgara saai to ka lhvarnhmn vhaws biomn fgoroos. Bìostb`` rashlamts hm tga Ihlthar nar sbhl tgay wara ‐vary sbthsal’ or ‐iolarbta`y sbthsal’ whtg tgahr gous-

hmn. Hm tga Drhmna nar, gowavar, iora tgbm oma-gb`d od survay raspomlamts voheal b `bef od sbthsdbethomwhtg tgahr goushmn (saa tbkà 5.8). Uueg b lhddaramea hs prokbk`y ebusal ky tga dbet tgbt tga Ihlthar nargbs axhstal dor b òmn thia bml rashlamts gbva gbl tga thia to hiprova tgahr goushmn eomlhthoms, wghàDrhmna nar rashlamts bra ra`bthva`y maw`y sattàl bml gamea gbva mot gbl tga thia bml opportumhty tohiprova tgahr shtubthoms. Hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml bpbrtiamt brabs, b ibjorhty od rashlamts hmlhebtaltgay wara eoidortbkà whtg tgahr goushmn. Bs to tga rabsoms dor lhssbthsdbethom whtg goushmn, rashlamtshm kotg tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml tga Ihlthar nar rbmfal wbtar supp`y, lrbhmbna, bml sbmhtbthom bs tgaiost hiialhbta eomearms. Drhmna nar rashlamts rbmfal tga shza od roois, `bef od b propar fhtegam, bmlgabthmn bs rabsoms dor lhssbthsdbethom, hm bllhthom to wbtar supp`y, lrbhmbna, bml sbmhtbthom.

^ghà nar rashlamts axprassal b ra`bthva eoidort hm tgahr goushmn eomlhthoms, whtg tga axeapthom od

tga Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl), survay raspomlamts saai quhta lhssbthsal whtg tga kroblar amvhromiamthm wgheg tgay `hva. \ghs lhssbthsdbethom hs iost bppbramt hm Drhmna nar, wgara iora tgbm 83 par-eamt od raspomlamts sbhl tgay wara ‐vary lhssbthsal.’ Hm eomtrbst, iost rashlamts hm tga Ihlthar narbmswaral tgbt tgay wara ‐iolarbta`y’ or ‐vary sbthsal’ whtg tgahr `hvhmn amvhromiamt (saa tbkà5.23) . \ga lhddarameas katwaam tga Ihlthar nar bml Drhmna nar iby ka bttrhkutal to tgahr raspaethvaegbrbetarhsthes bs nar brabs: tga Ihlthar nar gbs axhstal dor ibmy yabrs, wghà tga Drhmna nar hs ra`b-thva y maw bml sth`` axpbmlhmn. Hm tga Ihlthar nar, iora tgbm >3 pareamt od rashlamts hva hm latbegalgousas, hmlhebthmn tgbt tga popu`bthom gbs kaam tgara dor b omn thia6 tghs mlhmn b`so ebm ka hmfalto tga ghng àva` od sbthsdbethom whtg goushmn eomlhthoms.

\BK@A 5.8. @ava` od Ubthsdbethom whtg Goushmn Eomlhthoms (% od raspomlamts hm nar brab)

TA[X UB\HUDHALIOLA[B\A@X

UB\HUDHALIOLA[B\A@XLHUUB\HUDHAL TA[X LHUUB\HUDHA

Ehty Eamtar nar 8.7 45.; ;3.; 4.7

Ihlthar nar <4.7 <4.> 1.5 2.;

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) <.< 5>.5 7.5 13.3

Bpbrtiamt brab 5;.2 15.; 8.; 1.1


\BK@A 5.7. Gousa Dhmbmehmn Uoureas (ih``hom \n)

UA@D-DHMBMEHMN (%)

@OBMU D[OIKBMFU O[O\GA[U (%) \O\B@

Ehty Eamtar nar Latbegal gousas >,28> 82.; 48; 7.7 >,777Bpbrtiamt 52,123 78.4 5,415 23.< 51,24;

Ihlthar nar Latbegal gousas 23,1;2 8>.> ;<; ;.; 23,>41

Drhmna nar Latbegal gousas 1,<7> 81.5 ;4> <.> 1,>1<

Bpbrtiamt brab 52,;<1 73.> >,<45 28.5 57,>38




EGBS\A[ 5 @BML BML GOQUHMN ;

Bsfal wgy tgay bra lhssbthsal whtg tgahr `hvhmn amvhromiamt, Drhmna nar rashlamts pohmtal to brbmna od soehb` bml puk`he hmdrbstruetura laehamehas, hmeùlhmn segoo` dbeh`hthas, gab`tg sarvheas,robls, puk`he pbrfs, nbrkbna eo`àethom, bml so dortg. Dor Ehty Eamtar nar bml Ihlthar nar rashlamts,beeass to segoo` bml gab`tg sarvheas saais to ka àss od b eomearm, kut robl beeass, `hihtal puk`he

spbea, nbrkbna eo`àethom, bhr po`ùthom, bml erhia wara rbtal bs hiportbmt rabsoms dor lhssbthsdbe-thom hm tgahr `hvhmn amvhromiamt. Hm tga ebsa od bpbrtiamt brab rashlamts, bhr po`ùthom, hihtal puk-`he spbea, bml trbde eomnasthom wara rbtal bs tga prhibry rabsoms.

Sradarral Lwa``hmn \ypa bml Lavaòpiamt od Fgoroo BrabsHm `hngt od tga novarmiamt po`hey to iolarmhza axhsthmn nar brabs ky kuh`lhmn bpbrtiamt eoi-pàxas, nar brabs hm tga vhehmhty od tga Ehty Eamtar bml Ihlthar nar brabs wh`` lavaòp bpbrtiamteoipàxas or b eoikhmbthom od bpbrtiamts bml latbegal gousas. Uurvay quasthommbhras hmeùlalgousago`ls‘ pradarameas dor lwa``hmn typa bml lavaòpiamt pbttarms hm fgoroo brabs to latarihmagow tga ehty novarmiamt‘s po`hey hs hm `hma whtg nar rashlamts‘ pradarameas dor goushmn bml lava`-

opiamt opthoms.

\ga survay bmb`yshs sgows tgbt b eomvarshom to bpbrtiamts saais to ka tga opthom iost pradarralbiomn rashlamts, aspaehb``y hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml Drhmna nar (saa tbkà 5.22). Hm tga Drhmna nar,iora tgbm 81 pareamt od rashlamts sbhl tgay wou`l `hfa tga brab to ka lavaòpal whtg bpbrtiamt

\BK@A 5.22. Sradarral Opthoms dor Fgoroo Lavaòpiamt (% draquamey)

EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Kuh`l bpbrtiamts hm b`` fgoroo brabs. 42.4 24.< 81.2

[alavaòp amthra brabs od tga fgoroo whtg b ihx odbpbrtiamts bml latbegal gousas.

;2.< 2>.1 2.3

Kuh`l bpbrtiamts hm soia pbrts od tga fgoroo. ;.3 2>.1 2.1

Lavaòp b ihx od bpbrtiamts bml latbegal gousas hm soianar brabs.

2.5 ;<.3 3

Lo mot ralavaòp tga brab kut hiprova axhsthmn goushmn bmlsupporthmn hmdrbstruetura.

25.3 ;<.3 ;.<

Faap tga fgoroo bs ht hs. 3.> 3.4 3


\BK@A 5.23. @ava` od Ubthsdbethom whtg @hvhmn Amvhromiamt (% od raspomlamts hm nar brab)

TA[X UB\HUDHALIOLA[B\A@X

UB\HUDHALIOLA[B\A@XLHUUB\HUDHAL TA[X LHUUB\HUDHAL

Ehty Eamtar nar 4.1 ;4.8 ;5.7 <;.7

Ihlthar nar 54.5 57.4 ;;.7 ;.5

Drhmna nar 3.3 2.8 >.7 83.5

Bpbrtiamt brab 2>.4 ;>.7 21.> 57.8




IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN;;

eoipàxas. Kaebusa tga sbia rashlamts bra iost lhssbthsal whtg tgahr goushmn bml hvhmn amvhromiamt,ht iby ka tgbt tga rashlamts saa bpbrtiamts bs tga u`thibta soùthom dor hiprovhmn tgosa hssuas. Hm tgaEhty Eamtar nar , iora tgbm 43 pareamt od rashlamts pradarral bm opthom to eomvart tgahr lhstrhet hmtobm bpbrtiamt brab6 b ihmorhty dbvoral ralavaòpiamt whtg b eoikhmbthom od bpbrtiamts bml latbegal

gousas. Bkout 25 pareamt od tga Ehty Eamtar nar rashlamts raspomlal tgbt tgay wou`l mot `hfa to saatga brab lavaòpal kut wou`l pradar to hiprova axhsthmn gousas or supporthmn hmdrbstruetura.

[aspomsas droi tga Ihlthar nar wara soiawgbt lhddaramt droi tga otgar two fgoroos. [ashlamtshm tga Ihlthar nar saai to wbmt to ibhmtbhm tga eurramt egbrbetarhsthes od nars whtg b pbrthb` lava`-opiamt od tgahr fgoroo, hmeùlhmn b ihx od bpbrtiamts bml latbegal gousas“or faaphmn tga fgo-roo bs ht hs wghà hiprovhmn axhsthmn gousas bml hmdrbstruetura. \ghs raspomsa hs prokbk`y axp`bhmalky tga ra`bthva`y ghng àva` od sbthsdbethom whtg goushmn eomlhthoms bml tga `hvhmn amvhromiamtaxprassal ky tgasa rashlamts.

Hm namarb`, survays douml tgbt nar rashlamts saai to pradar bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns ovar shmnà latbegal

gousas or nars. Bs dor b pbrtheu`br typa od bpbrtiamts, tgasa rashlamts sbhl tgay wou`l pradar ow-rhsarbtgar tgbm ghng-rhsa kuh`lhmns. B `brna sgbra odrashlamts hm tga Ehty Eamtar bml Ihlthar narssbhl tgay whsgal to `hva hm bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmnsod va storhas or àss, whtg oma or two kuh`l-hmns nroupal tonatgar hm b eoipàx. \gay egosatghs styà hm pradaramea to ghng-rhsa kuh`lhmns(23 storhas or iora) whtg iu`thpà kuh`lhmnsnroupal tonatgar. \ga doeus nroup hmtarvhawb`so sunnastal tgbt ibmy rashlamts bra hmtarastalhm òw-rhsa, iu`thdbih`y kuh`lhmns. Hm tga ebsa od

tga Drhmna nar, wgara bkout 81 pareamt od sur-vay raspomlamts bmswaral tgbt tgay wou`l `hfatgahr fgoroo to ka lavaòpal hmto bm bpbrtiamtbrab, rashlamts, hm dbet, sbhl tgay wou`l pra-dar to `hva hm maw`y kuh`t latbegal gousas. \ghsraspomsa iby ra aet tga rashlamts‘ bwbramasstgbt tgahr hmeoia ava` hs kaòw wgbt hs raquhraldor bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns (saa tbkà 5.2;).

HIS@HEB\HOMU OD NA[ B[AB GOQUHMN LATA@OSIAM\ OS\HOMU

Hip`hebthoms dor NoI : \ga abr`har survay rasu`ts sunnast tga do`òwhmn hip`hebthoms wgam eomshlar-hmn nar goushmn lavaòpiamt opthoms.

[ashlamts od iost nar brabs saai namarb``y eomtamt whtg tgahr goushmn. Hm pbrtheu`br, dbih`haswgo gbva hval hm tga brab dor b òmn parhol gbva rap`beal nars whtg latbegal gousas, bml tgaybra quhta eoidortbkà whtg tgahr eurramt goushmn. Bm axeapthom hs douml hm tga raiota Drhmnanar brab, wgara iaikars od gousago`ls axprassal b vary ow ava` od sbthsdbethom6 tghs raspomsara aetal tga egbrbetarhsthes od tgbt brab, wgheg hs dbhr`y maw bml sth`` axpbmlhmn.

\BK@A 5.2;. Sradarral Lwa``hmn \ypa(% draquamey)

EH\XEAM\A[

NA[IHL\HA[

NA[D[HMNA

NA[

Ghng-rhsa bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns

2<.8 4.8 5>.2

@ow-rhsa bpbrtiamt

kuh`lhmns

48.5 >8.5 3

Maw`y kuh`tlatbegal gousas

21.7 25.7 <>.<

Otgars (nar,lorihtory, ate.)

3 3 21.1

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota : Ghng-rhsa bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns bra 23 storhas or iorawhtg iu`thpà kuh`lhmns hm b eoipàx6 òw-rhsa bpbrtiamt brava storhas or àss whtg oma or two kuh`lhmns hm oma eoipàx.



EGBS\A[ 5 @BML BML GOQUHMN ;

Ky eomtrbst, nar brab rashlamts saai namarb``y lhssbthsal whtg tga kroblar amvhromiamt hmwgheg tgay `hva. \ghs raspomsa hs ibhm`y tga rasu`t od dbetors sueg bs bhr po`ùthom bml tga `befod fay hmdrbstruetura bml soehb` dbeh`hthas, hmeùlhmn robls, nbrkbna eo`àethom, bml puk`he spbea.Ibmy rashlamts, aspaehb``y tgosa `hvhmn eòsa to tga ehty eamtar bml hm tga raiota nar brabs,

wou`l pradar to `hva hm bpbrtiamts. Gowavar, b shnmhebmt muikar od rashlamts, aspaehb``y hm tgaIhlthar nar brab, wbmt to faap tgahr axhsthmn goushmn kut whtg hiproval hvhmn eomlhthoms bmlkattar hmdrbstruetura bml sarvheas.

Nar rashlamts saai to pradar sib`` eomeamtrbthoms od òw-rhsa, iu`thdbih`y bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns, bsopposal to `brna eomeamtrbthoms od ghng-rhsa kuh`lhmns.

\ga rab` astbta ibrfat hs sth`` dorihmn hm Iomno`hb. Goushmn prheas saai to ka latarihmal ombm bl goe kbshs, tgoung tgara bra soia eomshstamt eorra`bthoms katwaam òebthom bml goushmnprhea, bml katwaam lwa``hmn typa bml goushmn prhea.Goushmn hm tga nar brabs hs mbmeal iost`y tgroung prhvbta sbvhmns. Avam dor rashlamts wgo

gbva stably hmeoias bml eou`l bddorl to puregbsa bpbrtiamts, natthmn òbms droi eoiiarehb`kbmfs bt bm bddorlbkà rbta wou`l ka b fay egb`àmna. \ghs lhdeu`ty hs kaebusa kbmf òbms brasebrea bml kaebusa kotg eralht bml tga iortnbna ibrfat bra sth`` avo`vhmn.B ibjorhty od rashlamts hm tga tgraa nar brabs wh`` mot ka bkà to bddorl bmy od tga bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns tga novarmiamt proposas to kuh`l. Nhvam tga bddorlbkh`hty hssua, ow-eost goushmn oròw-hmeoia puk`he ramtb` goushmn or kotg sgou`l ka durtgar axbihmal bs b`tarmbthvas.

Hip`hebthoms dor Gousago`ls hm tga Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm): Qmlar tga novarmiamt‘s p`bm, soia pbrtsod tghs fgoroo wh`` ka eomvartal to ghng-lamshty bpbrtiamt eoipàxas. Bm bddorlbkh`hty bmb`yshs sgowstgbt hmeoia ava`, bssat go`lhmns, bml sbvhmns hm Mbrbm bra mot shnmhebmt`y lhddaramt droi tgosa od rash-lamts b`rably hvhmn hm bpbrtiamts.1 Hd tga brab hs eomvartal to bpbrtiamt eoipàxas tbrnatal dor ihl-

là-hmeoia gousago`ls, iost od tga rashlamts hm latbegal gousas sgou`l ka bkà to bddorl maw`y kuh`tbpbrtiamts, hd tgay whsg, shmea tgay sgbra shih`br soehoaeomoihe egbrbetarhsthes bs rashlamts od tga ehtyeamtar (saa tbkà 5.25). Avam so, tgasa rashlamts wou`l maal to mbmea bkout 23 to ;3 pareamt od tgaeost ushmn kbmf obms. \gus, tga bef od b ibtura eralht ibrfat eou`l kaeoia b fay eomstrbhmt dor tgai.

[ashlamts `hvhmn hm nars, gowavar, dbea b lhddaramt story. \gahr hmeoia àva`s bml bssat vbùas braom`y bkout >3 pareamt bml <3 pareamt, raspaethva`y, od tgosa dor rashlamts od latbegal gousas. Nar

\BK@A 5.25. Hmeoia, Bssats, bml Goushmn Srheas hm Ehty Eamtar Nar

LÂ@@HMN \XSA

BTA[BNAIOM\G@X

HMEOIA (\n)

BTA[BNAIOM\G@X

UBTHMNU (\n)\O\B@ BUUA\U(IH@@HOM \n)

EQ[[AM\GOQUHMN S[HEA

(IH@@HOM \n)

Ehty Eamtar nar(Mbrbm)

Nar ;1>,433 8;,<33 ;;.48 2.82

Latbegal gousa 5>4,433 85,733 15.1> ;7.8>

Bpbrtiamt <77,433 ;3<,<33 73.4; 42.;5

Bpbrtiamt brab Bpbrtiamt <<4,433 ;8,<33 57.85 <5.22

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.Mota : Goushmn prhea hs kamegibrfal bs bvarbna prhea od bpbrtiamts hm Ehty Eamtar bml bpbrtiamt brabs.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN;<

rashlamts wh`` ka àss bkà to bddorl bpbrtiamts. Dor rashlamts hm brabs segaluàl to ka eomvartal, tgabddorlbkh`hty hssua wh`` mot ka od nrabt hiportbmea kaebusa lava opars bra hfa`y to eoipamsbta tgaiky nrbmthmn tgai bpbrtiamts hm axegbmna dor tgahr `bml.

Hm maw`y kuh`t bpbrtiamt brabs hm Mbrbm, tga mbmehb` kurlam od ibhmtambmea bml oparbthom dorgoushmn bml otgar uth`hthas wh`` hmerabsa nrabt`y. Dor latbegal gousas, tga bmmub` eost par squbraiatar od ibhmtambmea bml oparbthom rbmnas droi bkout \n 2,<33 to \n >,333 (QU$2 to QU$1)6ibhmtbhmhmn b nar eosts prbetheb``y motghmn. gam rashlamts iova hmto bpbrtiamts, tgahr eosts wou`lrhsa to \n 8,733 to \n 2;,433 (QU$> to QU$8) par squbra iatar par yabr.

Hip`hebthoms dor Gousago`ls hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna Nars : Uoehoaeomoihe eomlhthoms hm tgasatwo nar brabs bra iueg worsa tgbm hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml bpbrtiamt brabs. \ga eurramt ibrfatprhea od bpbrtiamts“rbmnhmn droi \n <; ih``hom to \n 45 ih``hom (QU$53,333 to QU$<1,333)“ hs eàbr`y kayoml tga bddorlbkh`hty rbmna dor nar rashlamts wgosa bvarbna iomtg`y hmeoia hs bkout\n ;53,333 (QU$241) (saa tbkà 5.2<). \gasa rashlamts wh`` prokbk`y gbva to stby hm tgahr axhsthmn

gousas, avam hd tgay whsg to iova to bpbrtiamts.

Hm tga ebsa od tga Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu), b ibjorhty od paopà raspomlal tgbt tgay bra ra`b-thva y eomtamt whtg tgahr goushmn eomlhthoms bml wou`l hfa to saa hiprovaiamts hm tga hvhmn amvh-romiamt, rbtgar tgbm iova to maw goias. Gamea, ibhmtbhmhmn tga stbtus quo om goushmn loas motsaai iueg od b eomearm dor tgai. [ashlamts od tga Drhmna nar, gowavar, wou`l pradar to iova hmtobpbrtiamts kut, kaebusa od tgahr poor aeomoihe eomlhthoms, wh`` prokbk`y gbva to beeapt tga iorarab`hsthe b`tarmbthvas od kuh`lhmn or hiprovhmn tgahr nars bml latbegal gousas.

\BK@A 5.2<. Hmeoia, Bssats, bml Goushmn Srheas hm Ihlthar bml Drhmna Nars

LÂ@@HMN \XSA

BTA[BNAIOM\G@X

HMEOIA (\n)

BTA[BNAIOM\G@X

UBTHMNU (\n)\O\B@ BUUA\U(IH@@HOM \n)

EQ[[AM\ GOQUHMNS[HEA (IH@@HOM \n)

Ihlthar nar Nar 283,<33 <,;33 7.>< “

Latbegal gousa ;;1,<33 ;4,433 ;<.75 2>.18

Drhmna nar Nar ;5;,<33 “ 4.84 2.33

Latbegal gousa ;;1,<33 24,733 ;2.5> 27.48




^btar Uupp`y<U\B\QU OD EQ[[AM\ ^B\A[UQSS@X HM NA[ B[ABU

^btar fhosfs : \ga eurramt stbtus od wbtar sup-p`y bml sawar sarvheas hs dbhr`y eomshstamt berosstga tgraa fgoroos umlar ravhaw. Mo gousa or

nar hm bmy nar brab od Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) gbs bprhvbta eommaethom to wbtar lhstrhkuthom mat-worfs. [ashlamts hmstabl puregbsa wbtar btfhosfs. Iora tgbm 113 fhosfs gbva kaam lava`-opal beross tga nar brabs od QK, soia <43 odwgheg bra ibmbnal ky ^btar Uupp`y bml Uaw-bna Butgorhty Eoipbmy od QK Ehty (QUQN)“ tga puk`he wbtar supp`y bml sbmhtbthom uth`htyeoipbmy owmal ky tga iumhehpb`hty od QK (IQK). 2 \ga rast bra eomtrbetal out to prhvbta oparb-tors. Bkout 44 pareamt od tga fhosfs lapaml om tbmfar truefs oparbtal ky QUQN dor wbtar la`hvary6iost od tga rast bra eommaetal to wbtar lhstrhkuthom ibhms, wgheg gbva kaam lava opal umlar tga

two or`l Kbmf―mbmeal QK Uarvheas Hiprovaiamt Srojaets. B sib`` muikar od fhosfs hm raiotabrabs lapaml om òeb` wbtar wa``s. (Uaa bppamlhx L dor tga lhstrhkuthom od fhosfs. ; )

Beeass to fhosfs : Fhosfs gbva kaam oebtal so tgbt abeg sarvas bkout 833―2,;33 paopà, hm hma whtgtga ehty‘s kamegibrf od 2,333 paopà par fhosf. Dor iost rashlamts, fhosfs bra oebtal whtghm 233― 133 iatars. \bkà <.2 suiibrhzas tga lhstrhkuthoms od fhosfs hm tga tgraa fgoroos umlar ravhaw, bmlbppamlhx L provhlas hmdoribthom om kroblar nar brabs.

Uarvheas: \ga sa``hmn segaluà hs namarb``y 23 b.i.―7 p.i., whtg b ihllby ùmeg krabf. [ashlamtsraport tgbt 75 pareamt od fhosfs provhla wbtar beeorlhmn to tghs segaluà, whtg axeapthoms usu-

SGO\O <.2. [ashlamts `` wbtar eomtbhmars bt b wbtar fhosf.

\BK@A <.2. Lhstrhkuthom od Fhosfs hm \graa Nar Brabs

NA[U/FGO[OOU SHSA-DAL FHOUFU\[QEF-DAL

FHOUFU

MQIKA[ OD[AUHLAM\U SA[

FHOUF

LHU\BMEA D[OIFHOUF (I) DO[ IOU\

[AUHLAM\U

Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm) 8 2 2,;;1 133 i

Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu) 8 3 77> 233 i

Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl) 1 1 2,225 133 i

Uourea : QUQN (^btar Uupp`y bml Uawbna Butgorhty Eoipbmy od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty) ;338.





b``y ebusal ky supp`y krabflowms or ky fhosfaipòyaas mot do`òwhmn tga segaluàs6 77pareamt hmlhebtal tgbt tghs segaluà wbs suht-bkà.5 Fhosfs dal ky tbmfar truefs bra àss ra`h-

bkà kaebusa od `hihtal ebpbehty, krabflowms,bml trbde. ghà ht hs euikarsoia dor rashlamtsto trbmsport 23―53 `htars od wbtar droi fhosfsto tgahr gousas b eoupà thias b waaf, iostod tgai beeapt tga eurramt prbethea. Bpproxh-ibta`y tgraa-qubrtars usa ebrts dor trbmsport,wghà ; pareamt (iost`y tgosa `hvhmn iora tgbm433i droi b fhosf) usa vagheàs. < btar trbms-port hs ibla lhdeu`t ky tga wabtgar bml tga `bef od hmdrbstruetura: roefy or hey surdbeas, spaalhmntrbde, trbsg-strawm robls, bml staap hme`hmas bra tga iost draquamt`y laserhkal okstbeàs. 1 Avam so,rashlamts bra ra`bthva`y eomtamt whtg tga wbtar supp`y shtubthom, bs eoipbral to otgar iora prasshmn

prokàis sueg bs tga bef od so`hl wbsta eo`àethom, lrbhmbna, bml propar sbmhtbthom dbeh`hthas.

Bddorlbkh`hty: Bddorlbkh`hty od wbtar puregbsal bt fhosfs hs mot b shnmhebmt hssua dor rashlamts.Gousago`l axpamlhturas dor wbtar raprasamt àss tgbm 5 pareamt od nar rashlamts‘ bvarbna hmeoia,avam tgoung tgbt hmeoia hs quhta iabnar: brouml \n 41>,333 (QU$<48) par yabr dor tga òwastquhmthà. [ashlamts ebm bddorl wbtar kaebusa tgahr eomsuipthom hs axtraia`y `hihtal: brouml 1―23`htars par parsom par lby bs b rasu`t od hmeomvamhamt trbmsportbthom. \ga wbtar tbrhdd bt fhosfs hs \n2,333 (QU$3.>2) par eukhe iatar, or \n 2 (àss tgbm QU$3.32) par `htar. \ga eost od wbtar, typa odlwa``hmn, or gousago`l hmeoia àva`s lo mot saai to bddaet par ebphtb eomsuipthom. 4 \bkà <.; pras-amts latbhàl lbtb om wbtar axpamlhturas eoipbral to hmeoia.

Qth`hty eoipbmy : QUQN hs tga wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna eoipbmy hm egbrna od lavaòphmn, ibhm-tbhmhmn, bml oparbthmn fhosfs, axeapt dor bkout 83 fhosfs tgbt gbva kaam eomtrbetal out to prhvbtaoparbtors. Dor QUQN, fhosfs osa iomay kaebusa tga axhsthmn tbrhdd od \n 2,333 (QU$3.>2) par eukheiatar hs wa`` umlar tga du`` umht eost od fhosf wbtar supp`y oparbthoms, wgheg hs asthibtal bt soia-wgara katwaam \n 5,;33 to \n <,533 (QU$;.;8 to QU$5.3>) par eukhe iatar, lapamlhmn om tgatypas od wbtar la`hvary (truef-dal or phpal) bml tga eoipàxhty od eomstruethom. Srovhlhmn wbtar

bt fhosfs hs asthibtal to ka iora tgbm 23 thiasiora axpamshva tgbm tga eost od eamtrb` wbtarsupp`y to bpbrtiamts (\n ;73, or QU$3.;3, pareukhe iatar >). Abeg fhosf hmeurs bmmub` òssashm tga rbmna od \n 23 ih``hom to \n ;4 ih``hom (

bkout QU$>,233 to QU$27,433), lapamlhmn omsbàs voùia, wgheg rasu`tal hm QUQN bmmubòparbthmn òssas od \n <.2 kh``hom (QU$;.8 ih`-`hom) hm ;337.7 \ga khnnast porthom od fhosfoparbthmn eosts hs dor tga sb`brhas od fhosf opar-bthmn parsomma`: asthibtal bt 12 pareamt od tgatotb` umht eost od phpal fhosfs bml << pareamt odtruef-dal fhosfs. 8 Dor truef-dal fhosfs, dua` bmloparbthmn eosts od tbmfar truefs raprasamt iora

SGO\O <.;. Xoumn egh`lram òbl wbtar dortrbmsport.

\BK@A <.;. Gousago`l ^btar Axpamlhtura bml Hmeoia

HMEOIARQHM\H@A

GG HMEOIA(\n/XAB[)

GG AWSAMLH\Q[AOM FHOUF ^B\A[

(\n/XAB[)

SA[EAM\ OD HMEOIA(GG UQ[TAX

[AUSOMLAM\U)

1tg 1,578,738 24,78> 3.5%

<tg ;,845,5;4 24,<44 3.4%

5rl ;,3>1,11; 2<,>34 3.>%

;ml 2,<2;,;33 24,>4< 2.;%

2st 41>,2<< 27,17; ;.7%

\otb` ;,<84,78> 24,>32 3.>%

Uourea : MUO ;337.

(Sgoto ky \oiofo Ghrbh, ôr`l Kbmf/\ofyo)



EGBS\A[ < ^B\A[ UQSS@X ;

tgbm 53 pareamt od tga umht eost. Dor phpa-dal fhosfs, lapraehbthom egbrnas (or lakt sarvhea) od tgalhstrhkuthom phpa matworf bra ;1 pareamt od totb` umht eosts. Iora latbh`s bra ravhawal ky spaehenar brabs kaòw.

^bstawbtar : \gara hs mo sawarbna sarvhea hm nar brabs shmea tga sawar matworf gbs mot rabegalkayoml tga eamtrb` bpbrtiamt brabs. Lhsposb` od wbstawbtar hm nar brabs hs mot b ibjor hssua dor mow,kut ht wh`` gbva to ka raso`val hm tga omn rum. Kaebusa od tga ihmhib` bioumt od wbtar eomsuip-thom hm tga nar brabs bml tga axtraia e`hibta od tga eoumtry, sawar eo`àethom wou`l dbea bìostumso`vbkà taegmheb` egb`àmnas umàss tga nar rashlamthb` brabs bra eomvartal to du``y sarval bpbrt-iamt lwa``hmns. \garadora, wbstawbtar hssuas bra om`y `hngt`y lhseussal hm tghs raport.

Ubmhtbthom: Iost gousago`ls gbva pht `btrhmas, tga ibjorhty od wgheg bra mot vamth`btal. @hmal`btrhmas bra usal to b vbryhmn lanraa droi fgoroo to fgoroo. (Uaa tbkà <.5 dor b krabflowm od`btrhma typas.23) B`tgoung vbrhous lomors oddar pronrbis to hiprova `btrhmas, moma od tgosa pro-nrbis saai to gbva ibla bmy `brna-sebà hipbet hm nar brabs, bml soia lomors gbva whtglrbwm

support dor hiproval btrhmas. Ht loas mot bppabr tgbt tgara hs iueg hmeamthva dor nar brab rashlamtsto hmvast hm hiprovhmn `btrhmas ahtgar. Kaebusa od tga axtraia`y eo`l e`hibta od tga eoumtry, axhst-hmn pronrbis gbva provam lhdeu`t to blopt hm QK or gbva kaam vary eost`y. Gowavar, tga manbthvaamvhromiamtb` hipbet“po`ùthom od soh`s bml nroumlwbtar bml tga poor gab`tg eomlhthoms od narrashlamts“hs okvhous bml wh`` raquhra iora doeusal bttamthom. Kaebusa od tga eurramt bef od b eàbrsoùthom, tga gousago`l sbmhtbthom hssua hs mot bllrassal hm tghs raport.

EH\X EAM\A[NA[ (MB[BM), 22\G FGO[OO , KBXBMNO@ LHU\[HE\

Opthoms od sarvhea hiprovaiamt

B brna-sebà lavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns hs axpaetal nhvam tga proxhihty od tga fgoroo totga ehty eamtar. Hd bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns bra kuh`t, tgay wh`` ka eommaetal to tga wbtar supp`y ibhms.B`` tga bpbrtiamts wh`` gbva tbp wbtar, bs wa`` bs got wbtar, supp`y.

Eosts od wbtar supp`y bml wbstawbtar sarvhea to bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns^btar supp`y ibhms bml sawar eo`àetorsb`rably axhst mabr tghs brab, tgaradora tga ebp-htb` eosts od eommaethmn maw bpbrtiamt eoi-pàxas to tga axhsthmn sarvhea wh`` ka ihmhib`.B pra`hihmbry lavaòpiamt p`bm prapbral ky

tga IQK amvhsbnas lavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamteoipàxas dor soia ;,<13 gousago`ls, bs wa``bs eoiiarehb` bml eoiiumhty hmdrbstrueturamabr tghs brab. Ht wou`l eost om`y bm asthibtal\n 2,711 kh``hom (QU$2,5;1 ih``hom) to eom-maet tgosa bpbrtiamt eoipàxas to tga axhsthmnwbtar supp`y ibhms bml wbstawbtar eo`àetors6hmstb``hmn koostar puips wou`l eost brouml \n>>3,333 (QU$113) par gousago`l.

\BK@A <.5. \ypas od Ubmhtbthom Dbeh`hthas

TAM\H@B\AL @HMAL

NA[ \XSA XAU MO XAU MO

Ehty Eamtar(Mbrbm)Nar

;8.;% >3.7% 4<.4% 51.<%

Ihl-thar(Kbybmfgosguu)Nar

<;.2% 1>.8% 52.4% 47.<%

Drhmna* <4.7% 15.;% 17.<% <2.4%

* Lbtb dor Kbybmzurfg Lhstrhet, 8tg Fgoroo mot bvbh`bkà6 mahngkorhmn 23tg Fgoroo usal.




Fay bssuipthoms bra bs do`òws: \ga totb` wbtar eomsuipthom hm tgasa eoipàxas wou`l ka 5,513i 5 par lby (;>3 htars par lby par ebphtb, wgheg hs hm hma whtg tga eurramt bvarbna eomsuipthom odbpbrtiamt rashlamts). Shpa`hma àmntg hs 5.2 fi dor wbtar supp`y bml 5.< fi dor sawar eo`àetors,bml phpa lhbiatars bra LM233 to LM133 dor wbtar supp`y bml LM;13 to LM<33 dor wbstawbtar.\ga eosts od phpas, tthmns, bml wbtar iatars whtghm tga bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns bra mot hmeùlal hmtghs asthibta bml wh`` ka hmeùlal hm tga sa``hmn prheas od tga bpbrtiamts.

\ga asthibtal umht oparbthmn eost od tga wbtar supp`y, hmeùlhmn ibhmtambmea, hs tga sbia bs tga

om-nohmn eosts od tga wbtar supp`y dor axhsthmn bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns hm tga ehty, asthibtal bt \n;73 (QU$3.;3) par eukhe iatar. \ga wbtar supp`y tbrhdd dor bpbrtiamt rashlamts hs eurramt`y \n 24>(QU$3.2;) par eukhe iatar, wgheg hs wa`` kaòw tga umht eost od supp`y. \ghs sukshly ebusas amor-ious mbmehb` laehts dor tga wbtar uth`hty eoipbmy, QUQN.

Dhmbmehb` bml aeomoihe hip`hebthoms od sarvhea hiprovaiamtEomsuiar aeomoihe kamats : Bpbrtiamt rashlamts bra fmowm to eomsuia `brna qubmththas od wbtarkaebusa ht hs gabvh`y sukshlhzal bml usbna hs mot iataral. \ga eomsuipthom bt tga maw bpbrtiamteoipàxas hs axpaetal to raibhm bt brouml ;>3 `htars par parsom par lby, bs eurramt`y oksarval hmibmy bpbrtiamts. \ghs bioumt wou`l raprasamt b lrbsthe hmerabsa ovar tga eurramt wbtar eomsuip-

thom od eurramt nar brab rashlamts, wgo usa om`y bkout 1 to 23 `htars par parsom par lby. \garadora,wghà tga rashlamts od tga maw bpbrtiamt eoipàxas bra um`hfa`y to ka tga sbia eurramt rashlamtsod tghs fgoroo, tgara wh`` ka b shnmhebmt hmerabsa hm eomsuiar kamats.

Dhmbmehb` hip`hebthoms: \ga prhehmn od tga wbtar supp`y dor bpbrtiamts wh`` raibhm tga iost erhth-eb` po`hey hssua. Hd tga eurramt àva` od gabvh`y sukshlhzal tbrhdds eomthmuas bml wbtar eomsuipthomhmerabsas lrbstheb``y, tga mbmehb` pardoribmea od tga b`rably iomay-òshmn wbtar supp`y oparbthomshm QK wh`` ka worsamal to b eb`bihtous àva`. Eurramt mbmehb` òssas od QUQN droi bpbrtiamtrashlamthb` oparbthoms bra asthibtal bt \n <2 kh``hom (QU$;8.5 ih``hom) dor ;337.

SGO\O <.5. [ashlamt usas b wbtar fhosf hm tga nar brabs.

(Sgoto ky \bfuyb Fbibtb, ôr`l Kbmf)



EGBS\A[ < ^B\A[ UQSS@X ;

Dhseb` hip`hebthoms: Ibhm`y kaebusa od shnmhebmt la`bys hm tbrhdd bljustiamts dor bpbrtiamts, tgaQUQN hs mot hm b poshthom to sarvhea lakt ok`hnbthoms om vbrhous dorahnm obms, hmeùlhmn sukshlhbryòbms bml òbms droi or`l Kbmf QUHS2 bml QUHS; bml droi tga Upbmhsg novarmiamt. \ga out-stbmlhmn lakt ok`hnbthoms bioumt to soia \n <; kh``hom (QU$53 ih``hom). Eurramt`y, tga IQK hs

ibfhmn lakt rapbyiamts bml hmtarast pbyiamts om kagb`d od QUQN, tgus sukshlhzhmn tga eoipbmy‘smbmehb` òssas. Hd tbrhdd hmerabsas bra mot ambetal bml wbtar eomsuipthom hmerabsas hm maw bpbrt-iamt lavaòpiamt, tga hip`heht sukshlhas b`so wh`` hmerabsa, tgus gbvhmn b shnmhebmt manbthva addaetom tga seb` pardoribmea od tga IQK.

Otgar hip`hebthomsHd bllhthomb` wbtar soureas maal to ka lavaòpal (bòmn whtg tga maeassbry hmdrbstruetura), bllh-thomb` eosts wh`` ka hmeurral, tgoung mot bttrhkutbkà om`y to tga eomvarshom od gousas to bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns. B`so, wghà ht hs lhdeu`t to qubmthdy bt tghs stbna, tga opportumhty eosts to tga amvhromiamtod tbpphmn hmto praehous wbtar rasoureas wh`` gbva to ka eomshlaral.

\gara b`so iby ka hip`hebthoms dor tga ebpbehty od tga wbstawbtar trabtiamt p`bmt (^^\S) odQUQN, kaebusa tga wbtar eomsuipthom voùia hm tghs brab wh`` shnmhebmt`y hmerabsa bt tga mawbpbrtiamt eoipàxas. \gara hs om`y oma `brna-sebà ^^\S hm QK whtg b pabf ow od 273,333 i 5 par lby, bs wa`` bs b eoupà od sib`` hmlapamlamt trabtiamt dbeh`hthas, hmeùlhmn oma mabr tga QK hmtar-mbthomb` bhrport.

IHL\HA[ NA[ (KBXBMFGOUGQQ), 7\G FGO[OO,UOMNHMO FGBH[FGBM LHU\[HE\

Opthoms dor sarvhea hiprovaiamtUoia ghngar-hmeoia rashlamts iby whsg to oktbhm prhvbta wbtar supp`y eommaethoms dor tgahrgousas. Otgar bd uamt rashlamts ihngt whsg to eomso`hlbta tgahr `bml pòts bml to kuh`l sib``-sebàrashlamthb` strueturas dor iu`thpà dbih`y lwa``hmns. Gowavar, hmsu`bthmn wbtar phpas to protaet tgaidroi draazhmn taiparbturas wh`` ka b lbumthmn amnhmaarhmn egb`àmna, bml tga amnhmaarhmn vhbkh`htyod prhvbta eommaethom maals durtgar ravhaw. Uo dbr, tgara gbva kaam mo prhvbta wbtar eommaethoms tobmy gousas hm QK. Hm bllhthom, wbstawbtar krbmegas wh`` gbva to ka eommaetal to tga mabrast sawarmatworf. Hd mo sawar matworf sarvas tga brab, otgar iatgoloònhas sueg bs ihmhtrabtiamt p`bmtswh`` gbva to ka pursual.

Eost od sarvhea hiprovaiamtUavarb` amnhmaarhmn asthibtas hmlhebta tgbt prhvbta eommaethom eosts dor gousas hm nar brabs wou`lka hm tga rbmna od \n 1.4 ih``hom to \n 24.2 ih``hom (QU$<,333 to QU$22,133) par gousago`l,axeùlhmn hm-gousa ibtarhb`s sueg bs shmfs bml dbueats. \ga eost lapamls om ibmy dbetors hm abegbrab, hmeùlhmn proxhihty to tga axhsthmn wbtar supp`y matworfs, eommaethvhty to sawar trabtiamtsystais, bml toponrbpgy.

\ga krabflowm od eosts hs bs do`òws: Eomstruethom eost od krbmegas dor wbtar lhstrhkuthom bmlsawar eo`àethom bml ibhm matworfs dor wbtar bml sawar par gousago`l bioumts to bkout \n 1.4




ih``hom to \n > ih``hom (QU$<,333 to QU$1,333par gousago`l), axeùlhmn eomstruethom eostswhtghm abeg prhvbta proparty. \ga bllhthombèost od eommaethmn to gousas whtghm tgahr prh-

vbta proparty wou`l ka brouml \n ;.7 ih`-`hom to \n <.; ih``hom (QU$;,333 to QU$5,333)par gousago`l. \ghs rbmna iabms, typheb``y, tgatotb` prhvbta eommaethom eost wh`` ka brouml\n 7.< ih``hom to \n 22.; ih``hom (QU$4,333― QU$7,333). Hd b sib`` wbstawbtar dbeh`hty gbs toka kuh`t kaebusa tga wbstawbtar ibhm matworfsgbva mot rabegal tga brab, tga ebphtb` lava`-opiamt eost od tga hmlapamlamt sib`` wbsta-wbtar trabtiamt p`bmt wh`` ka bm bllhthomb`\n <.; ih``hom to \n <.8 ih``hom (QU$5,333―

QU$5,133) par gousago`l. \gus, tga totb` eosthm iora axpamshva ebsas od prhvbta eommaethomwh`` ka brouml \n 2;.4 ih``hom to \n 24.2 ih`-`hom (QU$8,333 to QU$22,133) par gousago`l.Latbh`s od tga krabflowm od ebphtb` eost dor prh-vbta eommaethom bra prasamtal hm nura <.2.

Kaebusa tgara hs mo axhsthmn wbtar supp`y tbrhdddor hmlhvhlub` gousas, tbrhdds dor wbtar eomsuipthom wou`l ka sat bt soiawgara katwaam tga eur-ramt bpbrtiamt wbtar tbrhdd (eurramt`y \n 24>, or QU$3.2;, par eukhe iatar) bml tga nar brab fhosfwbtar tbrhdd (eurramt`y \n 2,333, or QU$3.>2, par eukhe iatar). Bssuihmn tgbt eomsuipthom wou`l

hmerabsa to >3―73 `htars par ebphtb par lby, iomtg`y wbtar kh``s bra asthibtal to ka brouml \n 28,333to \n 221,333 (QU$25 to QU$7;) par dour-parsom gousago`l par yabr.

Bddorlbkh`hty bml wh``hmnmass-to-pby dor gousa eommaethoms wou`l ka ibjor hssuas, bs tga bvarbnabmmub` hmeoia od avam tga wab`tghast quhmthà od nar rashlamts hs \n 1.< ih``hom, or QU$5,433. Opthomsdor eomshlarbthom ihngt hmeùla eost-sgbrhmn bml puk`he eomtrhkuthoms to tga eost od eommaethmn abegprhvbta sarvhea to tga lhstrhkuthom bml eo`àethom matworfs. Avam hd tga eosts bra sgbral or sukshlhzalbt tga kanhmmhmn, eomsuiars ihngt avamtub``y ka raquhral pby b`` tga eosts tgroung tgahr tbrhdds.

Kamats od sarvhea hiprovaiamt

Eomsuiar aeomoihe kamats : \ga lhraet kamat to eomsuiars wh`` ka quhta shnmhebmt kaebusatga gousago`l eomsuipthom wh`` lamhta`y hmerabsa droi tga eurramt àva` od 1―23 `htars parparsom par lby to bs iueg bs 43―>3 `htars par parsom par lby“iora tgbm b 23-do`l hmerabsa hmsoia ebsas.

Qth`hty eoipbmy : \ga ehty-owmal uth`hty eoipbmy (QUQN) eou`l raeovar hts eosts hd prhvbta gousasbra raquhral to pby tga betub` eost od wbtar la`hvary bml omnohmn oparbthoms. Kut hd tga eurramt,gabvh`y sukshlhzal bpbrtiamt rashlamthb` tbrhdd hs bpp`hal to prhvbta gousas, QUQN wh`` hmeur suk-stbmthb` òssas.

E o s t p a r

g o u s a ( i h ` ` h o m \ n )

gousa ― wbtar gousa ― sawar krbmeg ― wbtar

ibhms ― wbtar ibhms ― sawar ^^\S/`bml

krbmeg ― sawar

24

2<

2;

23

7

4

<

;

3Lbikblbrjbb Lbrh Afg Mbrbm Mhsafg

nar brabs

;.;4<.37

3 32.27 2.15

3.81

5.;<

2.>3

2.54

3.14

;.<<

2.5;

3.88

32.353.>>

3

1.8<

3

3.473.783.8<

;.<2

;.73

<.83

DHNQ[A <.2. Axbipàs od Gousa Eommaethom Eosts

Uourea : QUQN ;338, Uaeoml Q`bbmkbbtbr Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt Srojaet, SrojaetIbmbnaiamt Qmht od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty (QUHS; SIQ) ;338.



EGBS\A[ < ^B\A[ UQSS@X 5

Dhseb` hip`hebthom: B`so, lapamlhmn om wgo kabrs tga eost od eommaethmn prhvbta pòts to tga wbtarlhstrhkuthom ibhms (ahtgar hm tga dori od lhraet eoumtarpbrt eomtrhkuthom bt tga thia od eomstrue-thom, or tgroung tbrhdd eo`àethom `btar om), tghs axpbmshom od sarvhea eou`l put b seb` kurlam omtga iumhehpb`hty.

Otgar hip`hebthomsHm tga òmn rum, provhlhmn phpal-hm wbtar sarvhea to ibmy iora goias wh`` raquhra axpbmshom odtga ehty‘s sawar matworf bml wbstawbtar trabtiamt ebpbehty.

D[HMNA NA[ (UGB[GBL), 8\G FGO[OO, KBXBMZÐ[FG LHU\[HE\

Opthoms dor sarvhea hiprovaiamtEomstruethom od iora tbmfar-dal fhosfs whtg iora ra`hbkà wbtar la`hvary hs lashral dor tga sgort

tari. Hm tga omn rum, eomstruethom od b wbtar ibhm ihngt ka eomshlaral dor eommaethmn tga fhosfsto wbtar supp`y ibhms, lapamlhmn om tga ra`bthva eosts bml kamats od tga two opthoms (tbmfar-dalfhosfs or matworf-eommaetal fhosfs).

Eost od sarvhea hiprovaiamt\ga eost od kuh`lhmn fhosfs hs ra`bthva`y sib``: \n 2;.4 ih``hom (QU$8,333) par fhosf. Gowavar, kotgphpa-dal fhosfs bml truef-sarval fhosfs bra ra`bthva`y axpamshva to oparbta. \ghs hs kaebusa od tgaghng eost od parsomma` raquhral to oparbta kotg typas od fhosfs, tga ghng dua` bml oparbthmn eostsdor wbtar tbmfar truefs dor tga truef-dal fhosfs, bml tga ebphtb` eomstruethom eost od tga wbtar lhs-trhkuthom matworf dor tga phpa-dal fhosfs. \ga ebphtb` eosts od matworf eomstruethom bml od ragb-

kh`htbthom or eomstruethom od fhosfs bra prasamtal hm tbkà <.<.

\otb` umht eosts dor tga matworfal (phpa-dal) fhosf wbtar supp`y bra asthibtal bt brouml \n 5,;73to \n <,;43 par i 5, eoipbral to tga umht eost od eamtrb` bpbrtiamt wbtar supp`y oparbthoms od (\n

;73 par i 5). Lapamlhmn om eomstruethom iatg-ols bml eost ebèu`bthom iatgols (dor axbipà,bttrhkuthom od bssoehbtal eamtrb` matworf oparb-thom eosts bml b`òebthom od ebphtb` hmvastiamteosts), tga umht eosts od tga phpal-fhosf wbtarsupp`y saai to ka òwar or aqub` to tga umhteost od truefal-fhosf wbtar supp`y. Beeorlhmn

to tga ;337 pardoribmea hmlhebtor ebèu`bthomsibla ky QUQN, tga umht eost od tga phpal-fhosf wbtar supp`y wbs \n 5,;73 (QU$;.5<) pareukhe iatar (axeùlhmn QUHS;-ra`btal ebphtbèosts) bml tga umht eost od truefal-fhosf wbtarsupp`y wbs \n <;43 (QU$5.3<) par eukhe iatar.B ôr`l Kbmf tbsf tabi gbs asthibtal tgbt tgaumht eost od phpal-fhosf wbtar supp`y hs brouml\n <,;13 (QU$5.3<) par eukhe iatar (whtg du``y

\BK@A <.<. Ebphtb` Eosts od Matworf/FhosfEomstruethomb

NA[ B[ABUEBSH\B@ EOU\U

(IH@@HOM \n) # OD FHOUFU

KbybmfgosguuMortg

\n 4,457 54

KbybmfgosguuUoutg

\n 2,81< ;8

Eghmna`tah \n 2,>2; ;<

Lbrh-Afg \n 818 24

Lbikblbrjb \n ;,;18 ;4

\otb` \n 25,1;< 252

Uoureas : QUQN ;3386 QUHS; SIQ ;338.b QUQN ;338, ôr`l Kbmf QHUS; Srojaet




òblal QUHS;-ra`btal ebphtb` eosts), bml tga umhteost od truefal-fhosf wbtar supp`y hs brouml \n<,;43 (QU$5.3<) par eukhe iatar (tbkà <.1).

Eomvarshom od truef-supp`hal fhosfs to mat-worfal or phpal fhosfs wou`l ibfa samsa om`yhd b lrbsthe hmerabsa hm eomsuipthom hs axpaetal,kaebusa tga eost blvbmtbna dor matworfalfhosfs hs om`y ibrnhmb``y provam eoipbralwhtg tga eost od truef-supp`hal fhosfs. Gow-avar, ht sgou`l ka motal tgbt ahtgar typa od fhosf

wbtar supp`y hs vary eost`y wgam eoipbral to phpal-hm wbtar supp`y dor bpbrtiamts. Avam whtg tgahmerabsal tbrhdd od \n 2,333 (QU$3.>2) par eukhe iatar, fhosf wbtar supp`y hs b guna iomay-òshmnoparbthom dor tga uth`hty eoipbmy.

Kamats od sarvhea hiprovaiamtEomsuiar aeomoihe kamats : Eomvarthmn fhosfs droi sarvhea ky truefs to sarvhea ky matworfalphpas wh`` gbva `httà hipbet om eomsuipthom bml, tgaradora, sgou`l mot ka saam bs b lhraet kamatto eomsuiars.

Dhmbmehb` hip`hebthoms: Dor QUQN, fhosfs wh`` raibhm iomay-òshmn oparbthoms whtg tga eurramtàva od tbrhdd bt \n 2,333 (QU$3.>2) par eukhe iatar. \ga iora fhosfs bra kuh`t, tga khnnar tga ossaswh`` ka. \ga mbmehb` oss od oma fhosf dor b fgoroo hs asthibtal bt \n 28ih``hom (bkout QU$25,433)par yabr, bml tgara bra iora tgbm 113 fhosfs hm QK.

Dhseb` hip`hebthoms: QUQN wh`` mot ka bkà to iaat lakt rapbyiamt ok`hnbthoms dor tga eomstrue-thom od wbtar ibhms bml fhosfs bs òmn bs tga eurramt àva` od tbrhdds pravbh`s. \garadora, tga IQKwh`` gbva to bssuia tga lakt rapbyiamt ok`hnbthoms od QUQN.

\BK@A <.1. Qmht Eost Asthibtas od Fhosf ^btarUupp`y (\n par i 5)

\[QEFAL \OFHOUF

MA\Ô[FAL\O FHOUF

QUQN asthibtas <,;43 5,;73

^K tbsf tabiasthibtas

<,;13 <,;43

Uoureas : QUQN ;3386 QUHS; SIQ ;3386 EO^H ;338.



Iumhehpb` [obls bmlSuk`he \rbmsportbthom1

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD [OBLU HM EH\X EAM\A[, IHL\HA[, BML D[HMNA NA[U

\ga eomlhthom od robl matworfs hm tga tgraa fgoroos ravhawal hm tghs stuly hs `brna`y shih`br. Iost odtga robls kanbm bs hmdorib` trbefs to gbsgbbs bml nar gousago`ls umlar lavaòpiamt. Bs suksaquamtgbsgbbs wara pòttal out bml `bml tbfam, trbefs wara ship`y axtamlal to rabeg tgai. \gara wbs modorib` p`bmmhmn hmvo`val, bml whtg thia tga trbefs avo`val hm b gbpgbzbrl ibmmar to kaeoia abrtgam

robls. Bs b rasu`t, tgay gbva `httà eommaethvhty or hmtanrbthom whtg tga dorib` iumhehpb` robl matworf.

\ga abrtgam robls hm abeg od tga fgoroos gbva mo pralatarihmal b`hnmiamts, bra mot kuh`t to bmystbmlbrls, bef eomshstamt lhiamshoms, bml bra eoipàta`y lavohl od supporthmn dbeh`hthas, hmeùlhmnlrbhmbna systais, shlawb`fs, bml spbea dor pbrfhmn. Utraat `hngts bra avhlamt bòmn soia od tga robls,kut ibmy lo mot worf bml otgars bra umra`hbkà. Bòmn bmy nhvam eorrhlor, tga whltg od bvbh`bkàrhngts-od-wby rbmnas droi bkout ;.1 iatars to 24 iatars, bml tga robls odtam gbva sullam bmlumaxpaetal sgbrp turms. \ga robls bra suhtbkà om`y dor sib`àr vagheàs kaebusa `brnar omas braumbkà to manothbta tga umdorasaam mbrrow pbssbnas bml thngt turms. Hm soia hmstbmeas, tga abrtgamrobls aml bkrupt`y bt eartbhm naonrbpghe dabturas, sueg bs laap rbvhmas, nu` has, or staap gh``shlas.

Axeapt lurhmn tga rbhmy sabsom, vagheàs lrhvhmn bòmn tga abrtgam robls erabta lust. gam ht loasrbhm, tga robls turm to iul. Kaebusa tgara hs mo propar lrbhmbna, wbtar ows droi tga sur roumlhmnsòpas omto tga roblwby. \ghs rumodd beeaàrbtas latarhorbthom bml erabtas b muhsbmea dor paopà hv-hmn hm tga brab. Lurhmn whmtar iomtgs, tga smow bml hea om staapar sòpas ebm erabta trabegarouslrhvhmn eomlhthoms. [ashlamts eoip`bhmal od gbvhmn to wbsg eòtgas bml sgoas iora tgbm morib`kaebusa od tga abrtgam robls.

SGO\O 1.2. \ruefbpprobegasom bm abrtgamrobl hm tgaIhlthar nar(Kbybmfgosguu)

(Sgoto ky \bfuybFbibtb, ôr`l Kbmf)




Ugb`òw rbvhmas bra eoiiom hm nar brabs, bml ht hs mot umusub` dor tgosa rbvhmas to ka usal bs roblslurhmn lry parhols. \ypheb``y, gbsgbbs bra shtubtal bòmn kotg shlas od b rbvhma whtg dameas kuh`t totga alna. Lurhmn gabvy rbhms or proòmnal wat parhols, tga rbvhmas ool, tgaraky eutthmn odd b routador vagheàs. \ga rbhms b`so krhmn trbsg bml nbrkbna omto roblwbys, erabthmn gab`tg gbzbrls.

Bpproxhibta`y 23 pareamt od tga robl matworf hm tga tgraa nars hs pbval. Gowavar, iost od tga pbvalmatworfs taml to ka `brna brtarhb` robls tgbt korlar tga nars. \ga sgort saniamts od saeomlbry pbvalrobl tgbt pamatrbta tga nars taml to ka hm vary poor eomlhthom bml gbva latarhorbtal so iueg tgbt tgaymaal to ka raeomstruetal. Iost robls gbva b Srasamt Uarvheabkh`hty [bthmn (SU[) roungmass 2 od katwaam2 bml ;, wgheg iabms tgay bra pbssbkà kut mot hm nool eomlhthom. \ga axeapthoms to tghs eomlhthom braòebtal hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm), hm wgheg tgara hs b 2.1 fi strateg od pbval robl tgbt khsaets tganar brab, bml b sgort saniamt od Fgbskbbtbrhhm Utraat, kotg od wgheg bra hm nool eomlhthom. B`tgoung tgalhstrhets bra raspomshkà dor ibhmtbhmhmn fgoroo robls, pravamthva ibhmtambmea hs bìost mavar umlar-tbfam. \bkà 1.2 provhlas b smbpsgot od robl typa ky amntg hm abeg od tga nars hmeùlal hm tghs stuly.

Hd oma axeùlas tga Ehty Eamtar nar, tga pareamtbna od pbval robls lrops shnmhebmt`y to just ovar5 pareamt.

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD SQK@HE \[BMUSO[\B\HOM

Nrabtar Q`bbmkbbtbr Brab : \ga puk`he trbmsportbthom systai hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) eomshsts od `brnakusas, tro`ày kusas, ihmhkusas, bml tbxhs. Beeorlhmn to asthibtas, ; tgara bra iora tgbm 211 ih``hompbssamnar trhps par yabr, wgheg aqubtas to bm bvarbna od brouml <51,333 pbssamnar trhps lbh`y.

Suk`he trbmsportbthom sarvheas bra assamthb` dor amgbmehmn paopà‘s iokh`hty bml beeass to worf, segoo`,

bml otgar bethvhthas. Hm tga nrabtar QK brab, pbssamnar trbmsportbthom laibml eomshsts od kusas (5< par-eamt), wb`fhmn (53 pareamt), ebrs (;1 pareamt), tbxhs (8 pareamt), bml otgar (; pareamt). \ga iost popu-`br iola od trbva` to worf hs ky kus (58 pareamt), wghà 71 pareamt od stulamts wb`f or usa tga kus tonat to segoo`. \ga bvarbna thia ht tbfas to nat to worf hs 5; ihmutas, bml tga bvarbna lhstbmea trbvaàlhs <.1 fi.

@brna kusas typheb``y sabt katwaam <3 bml 13 pbssamnars, wghà ihmhkusas gbva sabthmn dor 2; to21 pbssamnars. Kus dbras, wgheg bra sat ky tga iumhehpb`hty, bra \n 533 (QU$3.;2) dor `brna kusas,katwaam \n ;33 ($3.2<) bml \n <33 (QU$3.;8) dor ihmhkusas (lapamlhmn om lhstbmea trbvaàl), bml\n <33 (QU$3.;8) par fi dor tbxhs. Gowavar, whtg om`y brouml ;1 pareamt od pbssamnars pbyhmn

\BK@A 1.2. [obl \ypa ky Nar\XSA OD [OBL EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[ \O\B@

Abrtgam 27,<42 ;5,;<2 53,422 >;,525

Sbval 4,731 2,33< 73> 7,424

\otb`s ;1,;44 ;<,;<1 52,<27 73,8;8

% Sbval robls ;4.8 <.2 ;.4 23.4

Uourea: JHEB ;338.Mota : \ga nuras bkova bra hm iatars umàss otgarwhsa spaehal.



EGBS\A[ 1 IQMHEHSB@ [OBLU BML SQK@HE \[BMUSO[\B\HOM 5

tga du`` prhea om `brna kusas, tga novarmiamt hs ok`hnal to gabvh`y sukshlhza dbras. Mabr`y 233 par-eamt od pbssamnars ushmn ihmhkusas pby du`` dbra.

Ehty Eamtar, Ihlthar bml Drhmna Fgoroos : ^htg tga axeapthom od tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom, 5 wgheg hs

om tga alna od tga fgoroo koumlbry hm tga Drhmna nar, om`y ihmhkusas bml tbxhs provhla sarvhea totga tgraa nars. Gowavar, sarvheas bra `hihtal ky tga poor robl qub`hty, bm hmbkh`hty to beeass b`` brabslurhmn hmeàiamt wabtgar, bml tga lrhvars‘ umdbih`hbrhty whtg tga lasthmbthoms whtghm tga nars. Hmabeg od tga tgraa fgoroos umlar stuly, bpproxhibta`y ;3 pareamt or dawar gousago`ls owm vagheàs. < Bs b rasu`t, tga sgbra od wb`fhmn hs ghng biomn dbih`has tgbt lo mot owm b vagheà, bml tga usa od puk-`he trbmsportbthom hs ghng biomn b`` gousago`ls. \ga usa od kheyeàs bml iotorkhfas hs mot eoiiom.

[oung asthibtas hmlhebta tgbt hmgbkhtbmts od tga tgraa nars nat to worf ushmn puk`he trbmsportb-thom sarvheas (kusas) 17 pareamt od tga thia, do`òwal ky wb`fhmn (;8 pareamt) bml dbih`y vagheàs(25 pareamt). \gosa nuras wou`l hmlhebta tgbt rashlamts ra`y bìost twhea bs iueg om puk`he trbms-portbthom (kusas) to trbva` to worf bs lo ehthzams od otgar lhstrhets (5< pareamt), bml tgbt tgay usa

prhvbta vagheàs gb`d bs iueg (25 pareamt vs. ;1 pareamt). \ga bvarbna trbva` thia to worf (;1 ihm-utas) hs roung`y tga sbia bs dor rashlamts od otgar lhstrhets, kut tga bvarbna lhstbmea trbvaàl (7 fi)hs bìost twhea bs dbr. Kaebusa rashlamts ra`y gabvh`y om puk`he trbmsportbthom to nat to worf, hmhthb-thvas to hiprova kus sarvheas to tga fgoroos sgou`l ka eomshlaral.

Hm taris od trbva`hmn to segoo`, 83 pareamt od stulamts hm tga tgraa nars wb`f tga amthra wby orwb`f to ebteg b kus6 tghs muikar hs hm `hma whtg mlhmns dor stulamts hm otgar lhstrhets. Gowavar,ht tbfas twhea bs òmn to nat to segoo` (24 ihmutas iora) hm tgasa nars tgbm hm otgar lhstrhets, avamtgoung tga lhstbmea hs mabr`y 2 fi àss om bvarbna. Kaebusa so ibmy stulamts wb`f to segoo`, eom-struethom od shlawb`fs bml blaqubta straat `hngthmn bra hiportbmt prhorhthas.

Lurhmn hmdorib` hmtarvhaws whtg ;2 ihmhkus lrhvar or owmars wgo eurramt`y provhla sarvheasto tga parhpgarhas od tga fgoroos, b`` hmlhebtaltgbt tgay wou`l axpbml sarvheas whtghm tgafgoroos hd robls wara whlamal bml hiproval(tgbt hs, pbval).

\bkàs 1.; bml 1.5 provhla smbpsgots od trbms-portbthom iolas bml trbva` thias bml lhstbmeasdor b`` lhstrhets hm QK bml dor tga tgraa fgorooshm tghs stuly.

B ebsub` oksarvbthom od trbde eoumts1

bt saàetfay hmtarsaethoms hm abeg od tga tbrnatal narbrabs ravab`s tgbt hm tga Ehty Eamtar (Mbrbm) bmlIhlthar (Kbybmfgosguu) nars, tga ovarwgaìhmnpareamtbna od vagheàs oksarval wara pbssamnarebrs (tbkà 1.<). Hm tga Drhmna nar (Mbrbm), ioratgbm gb`d od tga vagheàs wara kusas, prasuibk`ykaebusa tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom hs oebtal hm tgasoutg-eamtrb` alna od tga nar.

\BK@A 1.;. \rbmsportbthom Iolas hm QK

\[BMUSO[\B\HOMLAIBML KX IOLA Q@BBMKBB\B[

\B[NA\AL NA[B[ABU

Kus 5<% 17%

^b`f 53% ;8%

Dbih`y vagheà ;1% 25%

Uourea : ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.

\BK@A 1.5.\rbva` \hias bml Lhstbmeas hm QKbml Nar Brabs

\[BTA@ \HIAUBML LHU\BMEAU Q@BBMKBB\B[

\B[NA\AL NA[B[ABU

\o worf (bvarbnas) 5; ihms./ <.1 fi

;1 ihms./7.3 fi

\o segoo`(bvarbnas)

;> ihms./5.5 fi

<5 ihms./;.1 fi





OS\HOMU BML EGB@@AMNAU DO[ UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\U

Opthoms: [obl qub`hty bml sbda beeass dor palastrhbms saai to ka tga khnnast eomearms dor rashlamtsod tga tgraa fgoroos. gam bsfal wgbt iabsuras wara iost maalal to hiprova trbmsportbthom hmtgahr fgoroo, 81 pareamt od raspomlamts supportal tga hiprovaiamt od lhstrhet robls bml od eom-

lhthoms dor palastrhbms.4 Kaebusa tga robls bra too roung dor iost puk`he trbmsportbthom oparbtorsto provhla eoipragamshva sarvhea, ibmy rashlamts iust wb`f òmn lhstbmeas“up to 53 ihmutas hmsoia ebsas“to rabeg tgahr goias. Hm lohmn so, tgay iust eoipata whtg vagheàs dor tga `hihtalspbea bvbh`bk a, bml tgay sby tgbt bdtar lbrf, tga bef od straat hngthmn eomtrhkutas to erhia. > Hiprov-hmn robls wou`l b`so dbeh`htbta beeass dor aiarnamey vagheàs, hmeùlhmn biku`bmeas bml ra truefs,bs wa`` bs tga la`hvary od nools bml otgar sarvheas.

Hmerabshmn tga eovarbna bml draquamey od puk`he kus sarvheas hs bmotgar prhorhty brab. ^gam rash-lamts wara bsfal wgbt iabsuras wou`l hiprova tga eurramt trbmsportbthom shtubthom hm tga tgraafgoroos, iora tgbm 81 pareamt od hmgbkhtbmts wbmtal hiprovaiamts to kus bml tbxh stops. 7^gambsfal to bssass tga qub`hty od ihmhkus sarvheas hm taris od eomvamhamea od trbmsdar to otgar ehty kusas,

<1 pareamt raspomlal tgbt ht wbs ‐kbl’ or ‐vary kbl.’ 8

Egb`àmnas: Oma od tga fay rabsoms oparbtors lo mot provhla sarvhea to tgasa brabs hs tga axtraia`ypoor eomlhthom od robls, wgheg pravamts tgai droi amtarhmn ibmy brabs. Hiprovhmn robl qub`htywou`l ameourbna puk`he trbmsportbthom provhlars to axtaml tgahr oparbthoms hm tga tgraa fgoroos,bml ht wou`l bppabr tgbt laibml hs ghng dor puk`he trbmsportbthom sarvheas hm tgosa brabs. ^ghàpbvhmn robls wou`l hmerabsa beeass, ht wou`l b`so gbva b lrbibthe hipbet om brab lavaòpiamt, kotghm taris od `bml usa bml soehoaeomoihe bethvhty. Bs sueg, bmy p`bms to pbva or kuh`l robls hm tga fgoroos iust ka eomshlaral hm `hngt od òeb` `bml-usa p`bms.

Hd robls bra to ka pbval, dbeh`hthas dor palastrhbms, hmeùlhmn shlawb`fs bml straat `hngthmn, iust ka

hmeùlal. Ht wou`l b`so ibfa samsa to eomshlar prasarvhmn tga rhngts-od-wby dor posshkà duturauth`hty sarvheas (powar, wbtar, bml wbstawbtar), b`tgoung tghs provhshom eou`l hmvo`va eomshlarbkàbllhthomb` axpamsa. Gowavar, kaebusa od tga shnmhebmt eost hmvo`val, tga provhshom od wbtar supp`ybml sbmhtbthom sarvheas sgou`l ka eomshlaral om`y hd tgara bra bpbrtiamt kòefs bòmn b pbval robl‘sb`hnmiamt. Hd puk`he trbmsportbthom sarvheas wara to ka axtamlal hmto tga fgoroos, spbea wou`l b`soka maalal to eomstruet `by-kys dor puk`he trbmsportbthom stops.

Bmotgar lhdeu`ty to pbvhmn robls hm tga fgoroos hs tga `hfa`hgool tgbt `bml wh`` maal to kabequhral droi proparty owmars. Kaebusa tgara wbs mo dorib` p`bmmhmn hm tga òebthom od gbsgbbs,

\BK@A 1.<. Oksarval Tagheàs hm \brnatal Nar Brabs

LHU\[HE\ EB[U % KQUAU % \[QEFU %

Ehty Eamtar nar <7,582 85 855 ; ;,1;5 1

Ihlthar nar >,551 7> 253 ; 8>4 22Drhmna nar <3> ;4 7;7 1; 512 ;;

\otb`s 14,255 2,782 5,713





pòts bra od vbrhous shzas. Bs b rasu`t, iost od tga abrtgam robls lo mot gbva strbhngt b`hnmiamts.Hmstabl, tgay iabmlar pbst bml brouml gbsgbbs bml mbturb` naonrbpghe dabturas. Eoip`hebthmn ibt-tars bra tga dameas tgbt iost owmars gbva kuh`t to ameòsa tgahr gbsgbbs, ibmy od wgheg axtaml hmtotga pbtg od tga abrtgam robls. Lapamlhmn om tga b`hnmiamt od tga robl to ka pbval, soia hmgbkht-

bmts or aeomoihe bethvhthas ihngt maal to ka raòebtal.

Ibhmtbhmhmn tga hiproval robls wou`l prasamt bmotgar egb`àmna. \ga vbùa od ibhmtbhmhmn roblsgbs òmn kaam raeonmhzal. Dor axbipà, robls hm nool eomlhthom raluea vagheà oparbthmn eosts,laerabsa trbva` thias, bml eomtrhkuta to sbda lrhvhmn eomlhthoms. Hmtarmbthomb` nool prbethea eb``s doreoumtrhas to spaml bkout 2 pareamt od tgahr NLS to ibhmtbhm axhsthmn robls. Dor Iomno`hb, wgheggbl bm asthibtal NLS od brouml QU$5 kh``hom hm ;337, tghs prbethea wou`l hip`y axpamlhturas hmtga rbmna od QU$53 ih``hom par yabr. Gowavar, om`y \n <.; kh``hom (QU$5 ih``hom), or bkout 3.2pareamt od NLS, wbs spamt to ibhmtbhm tga eoumtry‘s matworf od robls hm ;337. Bmy p`bm dor roblhiprovaiamts wh`` raquhra b ravhaw od opthoms dor mbmehmn tga eost od ibhmtambmea.

B`` robl projaets wou`l maal to ka ebradu``y ravhawal bml sukjaetal to b vbrhaty od taegmheb`bssassiamts. \gosa avbùbthoms wou`l hmeùla naotaegmheb` stulhas bml gylroònheb` ravhaws, bswa`` bs aeomoihe, mbmehb`, amvhromiamtb`, bml soehb` bmb`ysas to amsura tgahr vhbkh`hty bml vbùador iomay.

Eomstruethom bml Ibhmtambmea Eosts\ypheb` Eomstruethom Eosts :23 @ow trbde-voùia robls bml pbrfhmn brabs bra odtam sabàl ushmnloukà khtuihmous surdbea trabtiamt (rbtgar tgbm got ihx pbvhmn) kaebusa od tga eost sbvhmnstgbt bra posshkà.22 Hm Q`bbmkbbtbr, tga eost to kuh`l robls ushmn tghs iatgol hs bkout \n ;7 ih`-`hom (QU$;3,333) par fi, bml tga iumhehpb`hty gbs hssual b sat od nuhla`hmas dor ushmn loukà sur-

dbea trabtiamt dor nar brab robls.2;

\o lrbhm stori wbtar droi tga robl surdbea bml tga kbsa eoursa,Q-sgbpal roblshla lhtegas, `hmal whtg stomas hm eomerata, bra proposal bt b eost od bpproxhibta`y\n >3 ih``hom (QU$13,333) par fi. 25

\ga eost to kuh`l eomerata shlawb`fs (2 iatar whla) hs bkout \n ;2,333 (QU$21) par squbra iatar,bml tga eost to araet straat `hngthmn hs brouml \n <;3,333 (QU$533) par straat`hngt. 2<\gara wou`lka bm bllhthomb` eost od soia \n 2< ih``hom (QU$23,333) par fi dor ebk`hmn bml eomtro` koxas. 21

\ypheb` Ibhmtambmea Eosts : Bs b namarb` nuhla`hma, eoumtrhas sgou`l lavota bkout 2 pareamt odNLS bmmub``y to ibhmtbhm robl bssats. Hm Iomno`hb, tghs bioumt wou`l aqubta to bkout \n 7<3,333(QU$433) par fi par yabr 24. \ga bvarbna asthibtal bioumt spamt to ibhmtbhm bml powar straat

`hngthmn hm abeg od Q`bbmkbbtbr‘s fgoroos hs \n ;.2 ih``hom (QU$2,133) par iomtg.

Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm): 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet[obls : \ga fgoroo eovars soia 24; gaetbras, gbs 2;,;<1 hmgbkhtbmts, bml hs egbrbetarhzal ky gh``ytarrbhm. \ga fgoroo gbs bkout ;1.5 fi od robls, 4.7 fi od wgheg bra pbval. \ga pareamtbna odpbval robls hs ghngar hm tghs nar tgbm tga otgar two oebthoms umlar stuly (;> pareamt eoipbral to< pareamt bml ; pareamt), bml tga robls taml to ka hm kattar eomlhthom. Gowavar, iost od tga pbvalmatworf rums bòmn tga abstarm bml soutgarm parhpgary. \gara bra b`so tgraa vagheu`br krhlnas bml




ahngt doot-krhlnas. Hm bllhthom, rashlamts gbva kattar beeass to puk`he trbmsportbthom, kaebusa od htseamtrb` oebthom bml lamsa eomeamtrbthom od hmgbkhtbmts, tgbm lo tgosa hm tga otgar brabs. Ht hs, gow-avar, oma od tga o`lar nar brabs, whtg avam àss orlar hm tga p`beaiamt od gbsgbbs bml nars. Bs sueg,wgam oma àbvas tga pbval matworf, tga straats taml to iabmlar iora bml bra mbrrowar, wgheg era-

btas b egb`àmnhmn amvhromiamt dor vagheu`br iovaiamt.

Kaebusa od tga gh``y mbtura od tghs fgoroo, bml kaebusa od tga `bef od protaethva iabsuras om tgastaap sòpas, brna stomas bml kou`lars gbva kaam fmowm to ro`` lowm tga gh``shlas bdtar gabvy rbhms,tgus lhihmhsghmn robl whltg. Lurhmn whmtar iomtgs, ht hs odtam mot posshkà dor vagheàs to usa tgaumlu`bthmn mbrrow robls tgbt bra eovaral whtg smow bml hea.

Bm axhsthmn 2,;33-iatar-òmn oolwbtar lbi wbs eomstruetal katwaam 287; bml 2871. Ht hs hmpoor eomlhthom, bml nbrkbna gbs beeuiu`btal bt tga lbi wb``. H`ànb nar lwa`àrs oeeupy tga upparaml od tga oolwby.

\ga ehty p`bms to kuh`l b sarhas od bpbrtiamt eoipàxas hm tga soutgarm gb`d od tga fgoroo. \gap`bms sgou`l provhla dor sudehamt pbrfhmn dor tga rashlamts od tgosa bpbrtiamts.

Ht hs asthibtal tgbt 1―23 pareamt od fgoroo rashlamts owm prhvbta vagheàs. B quhef oksarvbthomod trbde hmlhebtas tgbt tghs fgoroo gbs tga iost lbh`y trbde od tga tgraa umlar stuly. Bt tga nar‘skushast hmtarsaethom, \bsnbmhh Ovoo, tga bvarbna lbh`y trbde hs brouml 1;,333 vagheàs par lby. \gavbst ibjorhty od vagheàs, 85 pareamt, bra pbssamnar ebrs6 kusas bml iherokusas beeoumt dor ass tgbm; pareamt od trbde. \ghs mlhmn hmlhebtas tgbt bt \bsnbmhh Ovoo hmtarsaethom, b ot od vagheu`br trbd-e orhnhmbtas outshla, or pbssas tgroung, tga brab.

SGO\O 1.;. B pbval robl hm tga Ehty Eamtar Nar





Suk`he \rbmsportbthom: B`tgoung muiarous puk`he trbmsportbthom opthoms sarva tga abstarm bmlsoutgarm parhpgarhas bòmn ibhm trbmsport eorrhlors, mo ranu`br iherokus sarvhea hs oddaral hmshlatga nar. \bxhs provhla om`y `hihtal beeass, prhibrh`y bòmn tga abst-wast robl tgbt khsaets tga fgoroo.Bs b rasu`t, rashlamts iust typheb``y wb`f droi 233 iatars to 133 iatars to beeass puk`he trbmspor-

tbthom sarvheas. Kaebusa od tga gh``y tarrbhm, wb`fhmn ebm ka pbrtheu`br`y egb`àmnhmn lurhmn whmtar,wgam taiparbturas ranu`br`y lrop to ―53 lanraas Ea`shus, bml lurhmn sprhmn, wgam tga rbhms turmtga abrtgam robls to iul.

Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts: Kaebusa od hts òebthom hm eamtrb` Q`bbmkbbtbr, tga Ehty Eamtarnar gbs iora pbval robls bml kattar beeass to puk`he trbmsportbthom sarvheas tgbm lo tga otgar twonars hm tga stuly. Momatgaàss, hiprovhmn robls bml ameourbnhmn kattar puk`he trbmsportbthom sar-vheas raibhm hiportbmt eomshlarbthoms. [ashlamts hmlhebtal tgbt tgahr prhorhthas wou`l hmeùla tgado`òwhmn hmvastiamts:

Opthom 2: Qpnrbla bml pbva (hmeùlhmn lrbhmbna, shlawb`fs, bml straat `hngthmn) tga 2.; fi robl

tgbt rums droi tga ‐Ihero [obl’ om tga soutgarm parhpgary bml hm b mortgar`y lhraethom pbst tgaLhstrhet Eamtar to tga ‐\T kus tarihmb` hmtarsaethom.’ \ghs robl usal to ka wa`` ibhmtbhmal bml hspbval dor tga rst ;33 iatars odd Ihero [obl. ^gam trbde kuh`ls om tga ibhm robl, lrhvars usatghs robl bs b kypbss.

Opthom ; : [aiova tga eurramt rastrhethoms tgbt proghkht iherokus oparbtors droi provhlhmn segal-uàl sarvheas bòmn tga ibhm pbval robl tgbt khsaets tga fgoroo droi abst (‐\T kus tarihmb`’) towast (‐iherokus #> tarihmb`’). Lashnmbtal brabs kashla b robl wgara iherokusas ebm pu`` ovar bmlmot hipala trbde, or kus `by-kys, sgou`l ka eomstruetal, bml shlawb`fs sgou`l ka kuh`t bòmn tgaàmntg od tga robl. Utraat hngthmn hs b`rably hm p`bea.

Opthom 5: Srovhla pbval shlawb`fs droi tga iherokus tarihmb` om tga soutgwastarm parhpgarymortg bkout ; fi to tga fhmlarnbrtam. \ghs b`hnm-iamt hs staap bml pbssas tgroung b ghng-lamshtybrab. Ht wbs raportal tgbt b muikar od ehthzamswb`f bòmn tghs routa kaebusa ht hs too lhdeu`tdor iost vagheàs to beeass.

B`tgoung pbrfhmn hs mot eurramt`y p`bmmal bsbm opthom, ht hs ghng`y raeoiiamlal tgbt bla-qubta pbrfhmn ka provhlal dor tga rashlamts odtga p`bmmal bpbrtiamt eoipàxas. Sbrfhmn hs

maeassbry kaebusa od tga b`rably ghng pareamt-bna od pbssamnar ebrs oparbthmn hm bml broumltga fgoroo.

Eost od Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts\ga asthibtal eost od proposal sarvheahiprovaiamts 2, ;, bml 5 bra out`hmal hm tbkà1.1.

SGO\O 1.5. Kus sarvhea om b ibhm eorrhlor




IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN<3

Dhmbmehb` bml Aeomoihe Hip`hebthoms od Uarvhea HiprovaiamtsAeomoihe Kamats to [ashlamts : Kamats dor rashlamts wou`l eoia ibhm`y droi hiproval robleomlhthoms (wgheg wou`l ibfa b ihmor eomtrhkuthom to òwarhmn vagheà oparbthmn eosts) bmldroi iora ra`hbkà bml ghngar draquamey od kus sarvheas (wgheg wou`l laerabsa trbva` thias dorsoia usars ky raluehmn tga wb`fhmn lhstbmea to ebteg b iherokus). \ga shlawb`f to tga fhmlarnbr-tam wou`l erabta sbdar wb`fhmn eomlhthoms. \gosa hiprovaiamts wou`l rasu`t hm hmerabsal beeassto ibrfats, segoo`s, gab`tg e`hmhes, otgar puk`he sarvheas, bml aipòyiamt“bs wa`` bs hiproval bhrqub`hty kaebusa od b raluethom od lust.

Dhseb` Hip`hebthoms: Hipàiamthmn tga hiprovaiamts proposal hm tghs saethom wou`l gbva seb`hip`hebthoms, prhibrh`y hm tga dori od dumlhmn raquhral to ibhmtbhm tga maw bssats. \ga hiprovalrobl wou`l raquhra routhma, parholhe ibhmtambmea, wgheg hs eo`àethva y asthibtal to eost \n 7<3,333(QU$433) par fi par yabr (or \n 2 ih``hom/QU$>;3 par yabr dor tga proposal robl hiprovaiamtprojaet). Hd straat `hngthmn systais bra provhlal bt 13-iatar hmtarvb`s bòmn tga hiproval robl, tgaeost to ibhmtbhm bml powar tgai hs axpaetal to ka àss tgbm \n 2.2 ih``hom (bkout QU$733) par

yabr, \n 83 (QU$3.34) par rashlamt. 2>

\BK@A 1.1. Asthibtal Eosts od Sroposal Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts hm Ehty Eamtar Nar

EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ (MB[BM)S[OSOUAL UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\

@AMN\G O[RQBM\H\X

EOU\/QMH\(IH@@HOM \n)

EOISOMAM\EOU\

(IH@@HOM \n)

SA[ EBSH\BEOU\

(\GOQUBML \n)

2. Qpnrbla bml pbva 2.; fi droi Ihero [l.to \T kus tarihmb`

2.2 [obl eomstruethom (loukà surdbeatrabtiamt par fi)

2.3 ;7 ;7 ;.5

2.; [obl lrbhmbna systai (par fi) 2.; >3 7< 4.8

2.5 Uhlawb`fs (par fi) 2.; ;2 ;1.; ;.2

2.< Utraat hngthmn (2 avary 13 iatars) ;3 3.<; ;;.< 2.7

2.1 Ebk`hmn dor straat hngts (par fi) 2.; 2< 53.7 ;.1

Asthibtal ebphtb` eost: 283.< 21.1

;. [aiova rastrhethoms om iherokus oparbtors(Abst-âst [l.)

3.3

;.2 Eomstruet kus `by-kys (par fi, ; abeglhraethom)

< ;7 22; 8.2

;.; Uhlawb`fs (par fi) 2.3 ;2 ;2 2.>

Asthibtal ebphtb` eost: 255 23.8

5. Srovhla shlawb`f droi iherokus tarihmb` tofhmlarnbrtam

3.3

5.2 Uhlawb`fs (par fi) ;.3 ;2 <; 5.<

Asthibtal ebphtb` eost: <; 5.<

Ovarb`` asthibtal eost od hiprovaiamts: 541.< ;8.7

Uourea : ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.



EGBS\A[ 1 IQMHEHSB@ [OBLU BML SQK@HE \[BMUSO[\B\HOM <

Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu): 7tg fgoroo, Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet[obls : \ga Ihlthar fgoroo eovars bm brab od mabr`y 88 gaetbras od `bml, hs goia to >,8>8 hmgbkhtbmts,bml gbs praloihmbta`y bt tarrbhm. Biomn tga ;<.; fi od robls, om`y < pareamt, or 2 fi, bra pbval. B`òd tga pbval robls rum bòmn tga mortgarm, wastarm, bml abstarm koumlbrhas od tga fgoroo. \gara bra

mo pbval robls whtghm tga fgoroo. \ga iost strhfhmn dabtura bkout tga robl matworf hm tghs fgoroo hstga dbet tgbt tgara hs just oma mortg-soutg robl (tga ‐Nu``y [obl’) om tga wastarm shla. Gowavar, tghsrobl loas mot provhla beeass to tga mortgarm shla od tga fgoroo kaebusa ht stops soia >13 iatars sgortod tga ibhm robl to tga mortg. B`` otgar robls gbva abst-to-wast b`hnmiamts, wgheg savara`y hiht beeassbml vagheu`br iovaiamt. Dameas ameòshmn gbsgbbs bkut oma bmotgar, pravamthmn mortg-soutg beeass,kut sib`` dootpbtgs avary 2 fi or so lo pariht palastrhbms to wb`f katwaam soia gbsgbbs.

Bpproxhibta`y > pareamt od rashlamts owm prhvbta vagheàs. \rbde eoumts wara tbfam bt tga hmtar-saethom katwaam Zuumsb`bb bml Kbybmfgosguu Utraats (bòmn tga ibhm robl korlarhmn tga fgorooto tga mortg). B roung asthibta od bvarbna lbh`y trbde bòmn tghs strateg hs 7,133 vagheàs par lby.\ga ibjorhty od vagheàs, 74 pareamt, bra pbssamnar ebrs, whtg kusas bml iherokusas beeoumthmn dor

bkout 2 pareamt.

[ashlamts eoip`bhm od gabvy truefs trbmsporthmn krhefs katwaam gbsgbbs wgara mo dorib` roblsaxhst. \ga krhefs eoia droi dbetorhas tgbt oparbta hm tga soutgarm shla od tga fgoroo. \ruefs opar-bta tgroungout tga lby, proluea hmorlhmbta bioumts od lust, pùs erabta gbzbrlous eomlhthoms dorpalastrhbms.

Suk`he \rbmsportbthom: Mo ranu`br iherokus sarvheas bra provhlal whtghm tga fgoroo. \o trbva`whtghm tga fgoroo, iost rashlamts wb`f or ra`y om tbxhs, wgam bvbh`bkà.

Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts: Srovhlhmn kattar mortg-soutg beeass hs b prhorhty dor iost rash-

lamts. Hiprovhmn tga Nu``y [obl wou`l ka ga`pdu`, kut kaebusa ht‘s om tga wastarm shla od tga fgo-roo, bmotgar mortg-soutg b`hnmiamt dbrtgar to tga abst sgou`l ka hlamthal. \gara bra mo shlawb`fsor straat `hngthmn om tga Nu``y [obl6 lurhmn tga rbhmy sabsom, òw aàvbthoms bòmn tga b`hnmiamttaml to gbva stbmlhmn wbtar.

Opthom 2: Qpnrbla bml pbva, hmeùlhmn lrbhmbna, shlawb`fs, bml straat `hngthmn, tga axhsthmn Nu``y[obl droi Kbybmfgosguu #;1 to Muur Utraat (bkout 2.< fi). Uoia ihmor egbmnas hm tga b`hnm-iamt iby ka raquhral, bml, hd posshkà, tga robl sgou`l ka axtamlal to tga mortgarm shla od tgafgoroo. Ht hs hiportbmt to mota tgbt axtamlhmn tga robl ihngt raquhra tga bequhshthom od proparty,wgheg wou`l bll to tga eost od tga projaet. Ht hs b`so wortg mothmn tgbt tga ovarb`` àmntg od tgaNu``y [obl hs brouml 5.> fi bml tgbt brouml ;.5 fi od tga robl pbssas tgroung two otgar fgo-

roos (to tga mortgabst bml soutgwast). Bmy p`bmmal hiprovaiamts to tga robl sgou`l ka eoorlh-mbtal whtg tgosa fgoroos.

\ga asthibtal eost to hiprova tga Nu``y [obl hs suiibrhzal hm tbkà 1.4.

Dhmbmehb` bml Aeomoihe Hip`hebthoms od Uarvhea HiprovaiamtsAeomoihe Kamats to [ashlamts : B`tgoung `hihtal to oma shla od tga fgoroo, bm hiproval Nu``y[obl wou`l provhla b ra`hbkà mortg-soutg eorrhlor whtg yabr-rouml beeass. \ghs hiprova-



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN<;

iamt wou`l ka tga khnnast kamat to rashlamts. Ht wou`l spaal trbva` thias bml ihngt opam tgawby dor iherokus sarvheas. Uhlawb`fs bml straat `hngthmn wou`l erabta sbdar bml eàbmar wb`fhmneomlhthoms dor palastrhbms. \gosa hiprovaiamts wou`l b`so rasu`t hm hmerabsal beeass to ibr-fats, segoo`s, gab`tg e`hmhes, otgar puk`he sarvheas, bml aipòyiamt, bs wa`` hiproval bhr qub`htykaebusa od tga raluethom od lust.

Dhseb` Hip`hebthoms: Dhmbmehmn tga eosts dor routhma bml parholhe ibhmtambmea od bm hiproval Nu``y[obl wou`l raquhra bkout \n 2.>1 ih``hom (QU$2,;13) par yabr whtg tga axtamshom, bml \n 2.; ih``hom

(QU$7<3) par yabr hd tga axtamshom hs axeùlal. Ibhmtbhmhmn bml powarhmn tga straat `hngthmn systaiebm ka axpaetal to eost àss tgbm \n 2.84 ih``hom, or QU$2,<33 bmmub``y (\n 2.;4 ih``hom, or QU$8;1whtgout tga axtamshom). Sar ebphtb, tga eosts wou`l ka bkout \n 533 to \n <41 (QU$3.;; to QU$3.55)par yabr.

Drhmna Nar (Ugbrgbl): 8tg fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet[obls : \ga Drhmna nar hs tga brnast out`yhmn fgoroo kotg hm taris od shza (<7 gaetbras) bml mui-kar od hmgbkhtbmts (22,253). Ht gbs tga sbia gh``y tarrbhm bs tga Ehty Eamtar nar bml hs korlaral omtga wast ky tga Q`hbstbh [hvar bml om tga mortg ky tga Aaj Fgbhrfbm (iotgar ioumtbhm). Ovarb``,tgara bra bkout 52.< fi od robls, 53.4 fi od wgheg bra abrtgam (8>.1 pareamt). \ga 73> iatarsod pbval robls tgbt rum droi tga fgoroo koumlbry to tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom bra hm vary poor

eomlhthom.

Uoia ;3 pareamt od rashlamts owm prhvbta vagheàs. \rbde eoumts wara tbfam od vagheàs pbsshmntgroung tga ibhm hmtarsaethom wgara tga Mbthomb` Sgyshoòny Gab`tg Eamtar hs òebtal. Beeorlhmnto vary `hihtal oksarvbthoms, tga bvarbna lbh`y voùias saai to ka brouml 2,433 vagheàs par lby.Kusas bml iherokusas ibla up just ovar 13 pareamt od trbde, do`òwal ky pbssamnar ebrs (;1 par-eamt) bml truefs (;1 pareamt). \ga eoiposhthom od trbde bt tghs oebthom hs lhddaramt droi tga otgarfgoroos hmeùlal hm tghs stuly, wgara wa`` ovar 83 pareamt od trbde eomshstal od pbssamnar ebrs. \gaghngar pareamtbna od kusas hs `hfa`y tga rasu`t od tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom.

\BK@A 1.4. Asthibtal Eosts od Sroposal Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts hm Ihlthar Nar

IHL\HA[ NA[ (KBXBMFGOUGQQ)S[OSOUAL UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\

@AMN\G O[RQBM\H\X


EOISOMAM\EOU\ (IH@@HOM \n)

SA[ EBSH\B EOU\(\GOQUBML \n)

2. Qpnrbla bml axtaml Nu``y [obl


;.2 ;7 17.7 >.<

2.; [obl lrbhmbna systai (par fi) ;.2 >3 2<> 27.<

2.5 Uhlawb`fs (par fi) ;.2 ;2 <<.2 1.1

2.< Utraat hngthmn (2 avary 13 iatars) <; 3.<; 52.4< <.3

2.1 Ebk`hmn dor straat hngts (par fi) ;.2 2< <5.< 1.<

Asthibtal ebphtb` eost: 5;<.8< <3.>

Ovarb`` asthibtal eost od hiprovaiamts: 5;<.8< <3.>

Uourea : ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.Mota : Hd tga robl hs mot axtamlal >13 iatars to tga mortg, tga eost wou`l ka bkout \n ;;4 ih``hom, or QU$242,<33.



EGBS\A[ 1 IQMHEHSB@ [OBLU BML SQK@HE \[BMUSO[\B\HOM <

Suk`he \rbmsportbthom: \ga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom hs shtubtal om tga axtraia soutg-eamtrb` alna odtga fgoroo, oeeupyhmn mabr`y 413 i ; od `bml. Ht hs usal ky `brna kusas, ihmhkusas, bml tbxhs. \gakus stbthom hs òebtal om b roumlbkout, kut hs mot wa`` ornbmhzal bml erabtas b kottàmaef bs lrhv-

ars saaf to amtar bml axht tga dbeh`hty. Ht hs b`so òebtal maxt to b segoo`, wgheg erabtas umsbda eom-lhthoms dor stulamts.

\gara bra mo segaluàl kus sarvheas or kus stops kayoml tga Ugbrgbl stbthom, kut soia tbxhs looddar to tbfa rashlamts to soia out`yhmn brabs whtghm tga fgoroo. Gowavar, iueg od tga brab gbsvary roung robl eomlhthoms, wgheg hihts wgara iost tbxhs wh`` no. [ashlamts wgo maal to usa puk-`he trbmsportbthom iust wb`f droi tgahr goias to tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom or iust gopa to ebteg bsgbral tbxh tgbt ihngt ka pbsshmn ky.

Kaebusa od hts lhstbmt oebthom, rashlamts iust trbva` twhea bs dbr to nat to bml droi tga eamtrb` kush-mass lhstrhet, wgheg rasu`ts hm ghngar trbva` eosts dor hmgbkhtbmts od tghs fgoroo.

Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts : B`tgoung rashlamts od tghs gh``y fgoroo wou`l waèoiahiproval puk`he trbmsport bthom sarvheas, tgay axprassal iora hmtarast hm gbvhmn kattar robls.Ibmy rashlamts provhlal sunnasthoms dor hiprovhmn spaehe robls, kut iost od tga proposalprojaets prasamtal prokàis. Hm oma ebsa, tga robl to ka hiproval wou`l provhla kattar beeassdor gbsgbbs tgbt gbl kaam kuh`t hm bm h`ànb` brab. Sroposal robl hiprovaiamts hm tga eora odtga fgoroo wara eomstrbhmal ky `hihtal spbea bml ky mbrrow, whmlhmn b`hnmiamts tgbt wou`lsavara`y `hiht tga shza od vagheàs tgbt eou`l usa tga robl. Bs sueg, om`y oma proposal roblhiprovaiamt projaet wbs eomshlaral.

SGO\O 1.<. Bm abrtgam beeass robl hm tga nar




IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN<<

Opthom 2: Qpnrbla bml pbva, hmeùlhmn lrbhmbna, shlawb`fs, bml straat `hngthmn, tga 2.1 fi robldroi tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom to tga top od Aaj Fgbhrfbm Ioumtbhm to tga mortg. \ga proposalrouta pbrb`à`s b ghng-lamshty brab to tga wast bml wou`l provhla rashlamts kattar beeass om tgamortg shla od tga fgoroo. Hd eomlhthoms wara hiproval, iherokus oparbtors ihngt oddar kus sarvheas

dor rashlamts hm tga brab bòmn tga b`hnmiamt.

B muikar od rashlamts b`so bsfal tgbt tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom ka raòebtal to tga top od Aaj Fgbhr-fbm Ioumtbhm kaebusa od bipà opam `bml tgbt‘s bvbh`bkà. Gowavar, lohmn so wou`l raquhra bshnmhebmt stuly to latarihma tga kamats, hd bmy, bml tga potamthb` amvhromiamtb` bml soehb` hip`h-ebthoms. Ht wou`l b`so tbfa eomshlarbkà eoorlhmbthom whtg iumhehpb` bnamehas.

\ga asthibtal eost to hiprova tga 2.1 fi robl to Aaj Fgbhrfbm Ioumtbhm hs out`hmal hm tbkà 1.>.

Aeomoihe bml Dhmbmehb` Hip`hebthoms od Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts

Eomsuiar Aeomoihe Kamats : Hd puk`he trbmsportbthom sarvheas bra provhlal bòmn tga maw routa,tga khnnast aeomoihe kamat to rashlamts wou`l `hfa`y ka tga bioumt od thia sbval ky mot gbvhmnto wb`f to bml droi tga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom. \ga hiprovaiamts wou`l rasu`t hm hmerabsal beeass toibrfats, segoo`s, gab`tg e`hmhes, otgar puk`he sarvheas, bml aipòyiamt, bs wa`` bs hiproval bhr qub`-hty kaebusa od tga raluethom od lust.

Dhseb` Hip`hebthoms. Dumlhmn ibhmtambmea bethvhthas wou`l ka tga khnnast seb` hipbet. [outhmabml parholhe ibhmtambmea dor tga hiproval robl hs asthibtal to eost \n 2.;4 ih``hom (QU$833)par yabr, wghà tga eost to ibhmtbhm bml oparbta tga straat`hngts wou`l ka brouml \n 2.< ih``hom(QU$2,333) par yabr. Sar ebphtb, tgosa eosts wou`l ka brouml \n ;58 (QU$3.2>) bmmub``y.

\BK@A 1.>. Asthibtal Eosts od Sroposal Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts hm Drhmna Nar

D[HMNA NA[ (UGB[GBL)S[OSOUAL UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\

@AMN\G O[RQBM\H\X


EOISOMAM\(IH@@HOM \n)

SA[ EBSH\BEOU\

(\GOQUBML \n)

2. Qpnrbla robl droi Ugbrgbl kus stbthom to Aaj Fgbhrfbm


2.1 ;7.33 <;.33 5.7

2.; [obl lrbhmbna systai (par fi) 2.1 >3.33 231.33 8.<

2.5 Uhlawb`fs (par fi) 2.1 ;2.33 52.13 ;.7

2.< Utraat hngthmn (2 avary 13 iatars) 53 3.<; ;4.43 ;.<

2.1 Ebk`hmn dor straat`hngts (par fi) 2.1 2<.33 51.33 5.2

Asthibtal ebphtb` eost: ;<3.23 ;2.4

Ovarb`` asthibtal eost od hiprovaiamts: ;<3.23 ;2.4




Uo`hl ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt4OTA[THA^ OD EQ[[AM\ UO@HL ^BU\A IBMBNAIAM\ HM NA[ B[ABU

Hmsthtuthomb Brrbmnaiamt: \ga ku`f od raspomshkh`hthas dor so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt bra laeam-trb`hzal to tga lhstrhet àva`, wghà tga ehty novarmiamt hs raspomshkà dor `bml`` oparbthoms. Qmth`;33>, tga Ehty ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt Lapbrtiamt lhraet`y ibmbnal tga eo`àethom bml lhsposb` odso`hl wbsta hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK). Hm ;33>, b maw ranu`bthom om wbsta ibmbnaiamt wbs hmtrolueal

to ihmhihza tga ehty novarmiamt‘s hmvo`vaiamt, wghà hmerabshmn tga adehamey od ibmbnaiamt.Qmlar tga eurramt hmsthtuthomb` brrbmnaiamt, abeg lhstrhet novarmiamt hs raspomshkà dor eo`àethombml trbmsportbthom od wbsta droi goias, kushmass amththas, bml b`` otgar oebthoms axeapt dor puk`he,spbeas. \ga wbsta ibmbnaiamt lapbrtiamt od abeg lhstrhet eo`àets daas (wgheg bra odtam laehlalky tga ehty eoumeh`) (nura 4.2), ibmbnas eomtrbethmn sarvheas whtg b prhvbta`y rum wbsta eo`àethom

DHNQ[A 4.2. Hmsthtuthomb` Brrbmnaiamt bml [aspomshkh`hthas dor Uo`hl ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt hm Q`bbmkbbtbr

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi ;338.

Q`bbmkbbtbr^bsta Ibmbnaiamt Lapbrtiamt

Q`bbmkbbtbr \ufVAmtarprhsa owmal

ky tga ehtyY

Lhstrhet^bsta Ibmbnaiamt

Lapbrtiamt

Eo`àet bmltrbmsport

wbsta hm puk`hep`bea

Sarsomma` lhspbtegal kylhstrhet oddhea hm fgoroos

^bsta eo`àethom bmltrbmsportbthom eoipbmy

V\ufY

@bmldh`` oparbthom bml ibmbnaiamt

Lhraet`y àvhas eo`àethom egbrnas droi rashlamts Laposhts tga tbrhdd dumls bt tga lhstrhet oddhea Lashnmbtas eo`àethom brab Hmstruets \uf to eo`àet bml trbmsport nbrkbna

Srhvbthzal eoipbmhas ^bsta eo`àetal ky umht-prhea eomtrbet whtg tga ^bsta

Ibmbnaiamt Lapbrtiamt od lhstrhet oddhea Eoip`hbmea whtg tga hmstruethom od parsom hm egbrna od

wbsta ibmbnaiamt lhspbtegal ky tga lhstrhet oddhea




bml trbmsportbthom eoipbmy (b \uf ), bml ht provhlas straat eàbmhmn sarvheas to ehthzams. \ga ^bstaIbmbnaiamt Lapbrtiamt od QK oparbtas wbsta bml``s bml eo`àets bml trbmsports wbsta hm puk`hep`beas ky eomtrbethmn-out to tga stbta-owmal amtarprhsa, Q`bbmkbbtbr \uf.

Eurramt Nbrkbna Eo`àethom Uystai : Kaebusa dorib` nbrkbna eo`àethom hs hmdraquamt bml umpra-lhetbkà, rashlamts lhsposa od iost gousago`l wbsta tgaisa`vas“usub``y ky luiphmn ht outshlatgahr gousas, om gh``s, hm ybrls, bml bòmnshla robls bml wbtarwbys. \ghs bl goe wbsta lhsposb` posasb rhsf to puk`he gab`tg bml sbmhtbthom, hmeùlhmn rasphrbtory lhsabsas. Opam nbrkbna lhsposb` hs b`so`hmfal to amvhromiamtb` lanrblbthom, hmeùlhmn tga eomtbihmbthom od soh` bml umlarnrouml wbtar.Hm eomtrbst, bpbrtiamt brabs rum b ra`bthva`y adehamt bml eàbm systai. Uapbrbta trbmsdar spbeas brahmstb`àl om tga rst oor od abeg kuh`lhmn, bml wbsta hs lhsegbrnal hmto tgosa spbeas ky trbsg egutaslhraet`y eommaetal to hmlhvhlub` bpbrtiamt umhts.

Nar brab nbrkbna hs eo`àetal ky vagheàs tgbt vhsht abeg gousago`l, loor-to-loor, bml eo`àet daasomshta. Hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar, bm butomoious eo`àethom systai whtghm tga fgoroo gbs kaam put

hm p`bea. \ga fgoroo owms eo`àethom vagheàs bml oparbtas b daw eraws od lrhvars bml supporthmnstbdd. Lhstrhet stbdd bml vagheàs no brouml to gousago`ls to eo`àet nbrkbna bml to àvy tga wbstaeo`àethom egbrna. \ga lhstrhet novarmiamt, hm turm, pbys b eoiiumhty-owmal systai dor eo`àethombml trbmsportbthom to bml`` shtas. Hm tga ebsa od tga Ihlthar (Kbybmfgosguu) bml Drhmna (Ugbrgbl),eo`àethom hs loma shih`br`y ky eo`àethom vagheàs vhshthmn abeg gousago`l bml trbmsdarrhmn tga eo`-àetal nbrkbna to bml`` shtas (saa nura 4.;).

\ga qubmthty od wbsta prolueal hm nar brabs vbrhas shnmhebmt`y ky sabsom. \ga wbsta qubmthty lur-hmn whmtar hs tgraa thias tgbt od suiiar: 3.8―2.3 fn par parsom par lby hm whmtar hm eoipbrhsomwhtg 3.;―3.5 fn par parsom par lby hm suiiar. \ghs qubmthty hs kaebusa gabthmn dua` (iost`y woolbml eob`) hs eomsuial hm `brna voùias lurhmn tga eo`l whmtars. Bsgas bra sapbrbtal droi namarb`

nbrkbna bml usub``y bra lhsegbrnal hmto ;33-`htar hrom lruis or sbefs. Lurhmn tga suiiar, wgamdua` hs usal om`y dor eoofhmn, bsg hs mot sapbrbtal. \groungout tga yabr, raeye`bkà ibtarhb`s brasortal dor sbà to tga raeye`bkà ibtarhb`s storas.

\ga draquamey od wbsta eo`àethom hm tga nar brabs hs vary òw, droi omea b iomtg hm tga ebsa od tgaIhlthar bml Drhmna nars, to omea avary tgraa iomtgs hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar (saa tbkà 4.2). @owdraquamey od eo`àethom hs bttrhkutal to b muikar od dbetors. Dhrst, tga eurramt vagheà-kbsal systaiod eo`àethom bt abeg gousago`l hs mot adehamt nhvam tga ow lamshty od nar brabs. Eo`àethom vagh-eàs ebm eovar om`y ;3―53 gousago`ls lurhmn suiiar bml 21―;3 gousago`ls hm whmtar par two-to-tgraa gour trhp. Eo`àethom vagheàs oparbta om bvarbna mhma gours par lby6 gamea, abeg vagheàebm eovar dawar tgbm 233 gousago`ls par lby.

B sgortbna od eo`àethom vagheàs, aquhpiamt, bml worfars hs bmotgar prokài. Lhstrhet novarmiamtsgbva `hihtal rasoureas dor aquhpiamt bml vagheàs, kaebusa tgahr ravamua hs soà`y lapamlamt omb eo`àetal tbrhdd. Beeorlhmn to tga a`l survay, om`y oma opam truef, oma lrhvar, bml two bsshstbmtworfars bra bsshnmal hm abeg nar brab to eovar 2,4>> to 5,333 gousago`ls (saa Opthoms bml Egb`-àmnas dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt dor latbhàl hmvastiamt raquhraiamt). Dhmb``y, poor robl eomlhthoms,or hm soia ebsas tga `bef od bm beeass robl to nar gousago`ls, bll to tga lhdeu`ty od eo`àethom.Gousas òebtal bt b lhstbmea droi tga ibhm robl, whtgout propar robl beeass or whtg vary mbrrowrobls, odtam raibhm umsarval.



EGBS\A[ 4 UO@HL BU\A IBMBNAIAM\ <

\ga wbsta ibmbnaiamt stbdd laposhtseo`àethom egbrna hm tga beeoumt od wbstaibmbnaiamt lapbrtiamt od lhstrhet.

Eo`àethom bml trbmsport egbrna hspbhl ky wbsta ibmbnaiamtlapbrtiamt od lhstrhet.

Gousago`l(lhsegbrna wbsta)

^bsta ibmbnaiamt stbdd od fgoroo(lhspbtegal droi lhstrhet)

Butomoious amdoreaiamtky nar (wbsta

eo`àethom/trbmsport)

Hmstruet \uf to eo`àet/trbmsportwbsta (wbsta eo`àethom

brab, eo`àethom draquamey)

^bsta ibmbnaiamt stbdd od fgoroo

(lhspbtegal droi lhstrhet)

Ehty Eamtar Nar Ihlthar bml Drhmna Nar

DHNQ[A 4.;. Uo`hl^bsta Eo`àethomhm \graa NarBrabs

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi ;338.

\BK@A 4.2. Uo`hl ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt hm \graa Nar Brabs

E@BUUHDHEB\HOM EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Gousago`ls/popu`bthom 5,333/2;,;<1 2,4>>/>,8>8 ;,133/22,253

% od GG pbyhmn tbrhdd 53% àss tgbm ;3% 53%

Draquamey od wbsta eo`àethom ; thias/lby,2 thia/5 iomtgs par

gousago`l

5 thias/lby,2 thia/iomtg par gousago`l

; thias/lby,2 thia/iomtg par gousago`l

Dori bml muikar od phaeas odeo`àethom aquhpiamt

2 opam truef 2 opam truef 2 opam truef

Muikar od eo`àetors 2 lrhvar,; bsshstbmt worfars

2 lrhvar,; bsshstbmt worfars

2 lrhvar,; bsshstbmt worfars

^bnas od eo`àetor(\n./ebphtb.trhp)

lrhvar: <,133bsshstbmt worfar: <,333

<,333 >,333

Lhstbmea to `bml`` bpprox. 21 fi bpprox. 8 fi bpprox. 53 fi

Uoureas : Hmtarvhaws whtg lhstrhet odehb`s bml fgoroo àblars bml ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi ;338.




\ga eo`àethom segaluà hs rbmloi, bml tgarahs mo lashnmbtal lbta bml thia dor eo`àethom.Kaebusa nbrkbna khms bra fapt hmshla gousago`ldameas, wbsta ebmmot ka eo`àetal hd mo oma hs bt

goia. \ga umpralhetbkh`hty od wbsta eo`àethomrahmdoreas rashlamts‘ gbkhts od lhsposhmn loias-the nbrkbna hm opam luip shtas mabrky.

Uo`hl ^bsta \brhdd Utruetura : \ga wbsta eo`-àethom tbrhdd dor gousago`ls hm QK wbs sat kytga Iumhehpb` Eoumeh` hm ;334 bt \n ;,133(QU$2.>8) par iomtg dor nar brabs bml \n ;,333(QU$2.<5) par iomtg dor bpbrtiamt rashlamts.Gowavar, tga lhstrhet ebm bljust tga tbrhdd àva` to

soia axtamt ra aethmn tga ravamua raquhraiamts bml soehoaeomoihe eomlhthoms od nar rashlamts. Hm

tga Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm), tga iomtg`y tbrhdd hs \n 5,333 (QU$;.2<)6 hm tga Drhmna nar (Ugbrgbl),\n ;,133 (QU$2.>8)6 bml hm tga Ihlthar nar (Kbybmfgosguu), \n 2,133 (QU$2.3>) (saa tbkà 4.;).

Om`y bkout 53 pareamt od gousago`ls betub``y pby b wbsta eo`àethom tbrhdd (saa tbkà 4.;). Oma rabsomokvhous`y hs tga soehoaeomoihe eomlhthom od poor gousago`ls. Bmotgar hiportbmt dbetor hs tga `bef odbwbramass od tga maal dor amvhromiamtb` protaethom bml puk`he nools. \ga a`l survay hmlhebtas tgbt nar rashlamts namarb``y tghmf nbrkbna eo`àethom hs tga raspomshkh`hty od ehty novarmiamt, so tgay bra mot usalto tga mothom od pbyhmn dor puk`he sarvhea. Durtgariora, soia rashlamts wgo eou`l bddorl tga eo`àethomdaa lo mot wbmt to pby bs òmn bs tgay ebm lhsposa od loiasthe nbrkbna a`sawgara outshla tgahr gousas.[ashlamts b`so lo mot saai to gbva b stromn eomlamea hm tga novarmiamt‘s bkh`hty to ibmbna wbsta.Uoia òmn-tari rashlamts ka`hava tgbt tga nbrkbna prokài hs erabtal ky maw ihnrbmts bml bra raùe-

tbmt to pby tga eo`àethom daa. gam bsfal bkout tgahr wh``hmnmass to pby dor hiproval eo`àethom, om`ytga Ihlthar nar rashlamts sgowal b wh``hmnmass to pby bllhthomb` eo`àethom egbrnas hd b lhddaramthb` tbrhddàva` ebm ka hmtrolueal (dor axbipà, oma tgbt hs ghngar lurhmn whmtar wgam iora nbrkbna hs prolueal).

OS\HOMU DO[ UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\U DO[ UO@HL ^BU\AIBMBNAIAM\

\ga fay brab dor sarvhea hiprovaiamts od so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt wou`l ka to hmerabsa adehameyhm tga eo`àethom systai. Bt tga ioiamt, tga draquamey od eo`àethom hs vary òw: omea avary iomtgor omea avary tgraa iomtgs par gousago`l. \ga tbrnat kamegibrf hs to hmerabsa eo`àethom dra-

quamey to omea b waaf par gousago`l.

Ehty Eamtar Nar : Kaebusa tga ku`f od tghs brab wh`` ka eomvartal to bpbrtiamts, tga eo`àethom sys-tai wh`` raibhm vagheà kbsal. Uhih`br to tga eurramt eo`àethom systai hm bpbrtiamt brabs, b trbmsdarstbthom wh`` ka hmstb`àl om tga rst oor od bpbrtiamt kuh`lhmns eommaetal to hmlhvhlub` gousago`lstgroung b trbsg eguta (saa nura 4.5) .

Hd tga Ehty Eamtar nar hs turmal hmto bm bpbrtiamt brab, axhsthmn aquhpiamt bml worfars bra amoungto ibmbna nbrkbna eo`àethom bml trbmsportbthom hm tga brab(saa tbkà 4.5) .

\BK@A 4.;. Uo`hl ^bsta \brhdd hm \graa Nar Brabs

H\AI EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Eo`àethom tbrhddpar GG

5,333 \n/ iomtg

2,133 \n/ iomtg

;,133 \n/ iomtg

% od GGs pbyhmntbrhdd

53% kaòw ;3% 53~<3%

^h``hmnmassod GGs to pbybm hmerabsalegbrna dor kattareo`àethom

Bllhthomb`pbyiamt

hs lhdeu`t,kaebusa tga

eurramt wbstaeo`àethom

egbrna hs ghng.

Bllhthombègbrnas eou`l

ka pbhl, hdeo`àethom

egbrnas bralhddaramthbtal

dor abegsabsom.

Eurramteo`àethom

egbrna sgou`lka ibhmtbhmal.

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Hmtarvhaws ;338.



EGBS\A[ 4 UO@HL BU\A IBMBNAIAM\ <

Ihlthar Nar bml Drhmna Nar : Hm tgasa two brabs, wgheg `hfa`y wh`` mot ka eomvartal to bpbrtiamtbrabs hm tga hiialhbta dutura, tgraa eo`àethom iatgols ebm ka eomshlaral to hiprova eo`àethom

1tg Dòor

<tg Dòor

5rl Dòor

;ml Dòor

2st Dòor

trbmsdar stbthom

gousago`l

Utap ;:B sbmhtbthom worfarebrrhas wbsta toeo`àethom vagheà. Utap 2:

Gousago`ls lhsegbrna wbstahm trbmsdar stbthom.

Utap 5:\ga eo`àethom vagheàtrbmsports to tga `bmldh`` shtabdtar tga vagheà hs du``.

DHNQ[A 4.5. Uo`hl ^bsta Eo`àethom hm Bpbrtiamt Brab

\BK@A 4.5. Sroeuraiamt [aquhral dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamts hm tga Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm),Bpbrtiamt Brab

H\AI QMH\ EH\X EAM\A[ NA[

Kbsa`hma lbtb ^bsta namarbthom tom/lby 2;,;<1

\hias od eo`àethom/gousago`l thias/waaf 2

[ouml trhp lhstbmea(`bml``) fi 53

^bsta eo`àethomvagheà

\hia spamt dor eo`àethom/trbmsport(@L, \[, Q@, [\)

ihm. 5<4

gr. 1.>

Muikar od eo`àethom vagheàs (totb`) abeg 2

Qshmn axhsthmn vagheà abeg 2ôrfars bml lrhvar Lrhvar parsom 2

Bsshstbmt worfar parsom ;

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.Mota: @L 9 @oblhmn6 [\ 9 [aturm6 \[ 9 \rbmsdar6 Q@ 9 Qmòblhmn.

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.




draquamey: eo`àethom sarvhea ky sbmhtbthom worfars, eo`àethom sarvhea ky rashlamts, bml vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom. Abeg iatgol gbs b lhddaramt hip`hebthom dor hmvastiamt bml oparbthom eosts, wgheg

wh`` ka lhseussal hm latbh`.

Opthom 2: Eo`àethom Uarvhea ky Ubmhtbthom ôrfars. Hm tghs ebsa, tga wbsta lhsegbrnal ky abeggousago`l hm b nar hs eo`àetal ky b sbmhtbthom worfar, wgo usas b gbmlebrt to trbmsport ht to b trbms-dar stbthom. \gam, tga wbsta hs trbmsportal droi tga trbmsdar stbthom to b wbsta bml`` hm b ghng-vo`-uia vagheà (saa nura 4.<).

Qmlar tghs opthom, tga raquhral muikar od sbmhtbthom worfars bml tga bioumt od eo`àethom aquhp-iamt bra latarihmal ky tbfhmn hmto beeoumt eo`àethom adehamey, worf thia, bml so dortg. Hm tgaIhlthar nar, shx sbmhtbthom worfars, shx gbmlebrts, bml two hmstb`àl trbmsdar stbthoms wh`` ka maalal.Hm tga Drhmna nar, mhma sbmhtbthom worfars, mhma gbmlebrts, bml tgraa hmstb`àl trbmsdar stbthoms wou`

ka maeassbry (saa tbkà 4.<).

Opthom ;: Eo`àethom Uarvhea ky [ashlamts. Qmlar tghs opthom, tga wbsta hs eo`àetal ky abeg gousa-go`l hm kbns. [ashlamts wh`` lhsposa od tga nbrkbna kbns tgaisa`vas hm mabrky shipà trbmsdar dbeh`h-thas or wbsta eomtbhmars. \ga wbsta eo`àetal hm eomtbhmars hs tgam trbmsportal to b bml`` ky b wbstatrbmsportbthom vagheà(saa nura 4.1) . Ht wbs asthibtal tgbt oma eomtbhmar hs raquhral par ;3 gousa-go`ls, whtg tga bvarbna lhstbmea od 233 iatars to trbmsdar dbeh`hthas. \gus, ht hs asthibtal tgbt bkout7< eomtbhmars wh`` ka maalal hm tga Ihlthar nar bml 2;1 hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar. Hm tga Drhmna nar,bllhthomb` vagheàs to trbmsport nbrkbna wh`` ka maalal (saa tbkà 4.1) .

DHNQ[A 4.<. Uo`hl ^bsta Eo`àethom ky Ubmhtbthom ôrfars

trbmsdar stbthom

Utap 5: \ga eoipbetor trbmsports wbsta to tga`bmldh`` shta bdtar tga vagheà hs du``.

mbrrow roblUtap ;: B sbmhtbthom worfar ebrrhas wbsta

to b trbmsdar stbthom ushmn gbmlebrt.

nar nar

narnar

sbmhtbthom worfar

Utap 2:[ashlamts lhsegbrna wbstahm tga gousa (nar).

ibhm robl

nbrkbna khmor wbsta khm

gousago`l trbmsdar stbthom

sbmhtbthom worfar wbsta trbmsportbthom truef

`bmldh``




EGBS\A[ 4 UO@HL BU\A IBMBNAIAM\ 1

Opthom 5: Tagheà-Kbsal Eo`àethom. \ghs iola` hs tga iost shih`br to tga stbtus quo, kut ht wou`lrap`bea eurramt eo`àethom bml trbmsportbthom aquhpiamt whtg b iolarm eo`àethom systai. ^bsta hseo`àetal ushmn tga loor-to-loor systai bml tgam trbmsportal to tga bml``. (saa nura 4.4) Ht hs asth-ibtal tgbt two eo`àethom vagheàs wou`l ka maalal hm tga Ihlthar nar bml tgraa hm tga Drhmna nar(Ugbrgbl). Bllhthomb` lrhvars bml worfars wou`l ka maalal to oparbta tga maw vagheàs (saa tbkà 4.4).

Abeg opthom gbs hts owm blvbmtbnas bml lhsblvbmtbnas. Eo`àethom ky sbmhtbthom worfars wou`l krhmntga bllhthomb` kamats od aipòyiamt erabthom ky uth`hzhmn `bkorars hm nar brabs wgo wou`l otgar-whsa raibhm umaipòyal. Eo`àethom adehamey wh`` ka ghngar tgbm vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom, bs wbstaphefars wou`l no to hmlhvhlub` gousago`ls tgbt bra lhdeu`t dor vagheàs to beeass. \ghs hs b`so tga iostaeomoiheb` opthom (Uaa Dhmbmehb` bml Aeomoihe Hip`hebthoms dor latbh`s). Dor tga saeoml opthom odeo`àethom ky rashlamts ushmn sib`` trbmsdar systais, eomshlarbkà puk`he aluebthom bml ebipbhnmhmn omwbsta lhsposb` wou`l gbva to beeoipbmy hts hipàiamtbthom bs rashlamts kaeoia b pbrt od tga eo`àe-thom systai. Dor tga opthom od ushmn tga axhsthmn vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom systai, hmtarvhaws whtg nov-armiamt odehb`s bml rashlamts hmlhebta tgbt tghs hs tga iost pradarral opthom kaebusa ht hs tga systai

\BK@A 4.<. Sroeuraiamt [aquhraiamt dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt Opthom 2

H\AI QMH\ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Kbsa`hmalbtb

Sopu`bthom popu`bthom >,8>8 22,253

Muikar od gousago`ls gousago`l 2,4>> ;,133Sopu`bthom/gousago`l popu`bthom/gousago`l <.7 <.1

^bsta namarbthom par ebphtb fn/par ebphtb par lby 2.3 2.3

^bsta namarbthom tom/lby >,8>8 22,253

\hias od eo`àethom/gousago`l thias/waaf 2 2

[ouml trhp lhstbmea (`bml``) fi 27 43

Ubmhtbthomworfar

Eo`àethom adehamey od nbrkbna khm ig/tom 1.72;1 1.72;1

\otb` eo`àethom thia gr. <4.< 4<.>

Lbh`y eo`àethom thia gr. 7 7

Muikar od sbmhtbthom worfars parsom 4 8Eo`àethom gousago`ls/sbmhtbthom worfar gousago`l ;73 ;>7

\rbmsdarstbthom

Muikar od gbmlebrts abeg 4 8

Muikar od hmstb`àl trbmsdar stbthoms abeg ; 5

^bstaeo`àethomvagheà

\hia spamt dor eo`àethom/trbmsport(2 thia)(@L, \[, Q@, [\)

ihm. 8; 2<;

gr. 2.1 ;.<

Muikar od eo`àethom vagheàs (totb`) abeg 2 2

Qshmn axhsthmn vagheà abeg 2 2

Muikar odparsoms pareo`àethompar vagheà

Lrhvar parsom 2 2

Bsshstbmt worfar parsom ; ;





DHNQ[A 4.1. Uo`hl ^bsta Eo`àethom ky [ashlamts

eomtbhmar

Utap 5: \ga eoipbetor trbmsports wbsta to tga`bmldh`` shta bdtar tga vagheà hs du``.

mbrrow roblUtap ;: B rashlamt ebrrhas wbsta to beomtbhmar ushmn vhmy` or pbpar kbn.

nar nar

narnar


ibhm robl

nbrkbna khmor wbsta khm

gousago`l shipà trbmsdar stbthom

rashlamts wbsta trbmsportbthom truef

`bmldh``

rashlamt

\BK@A 4.1. Sroeuraiamt [aquhraiamt dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt Opthom ;

H\AI QMH\ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Kbsa`hma lbtb Sopu`bthom popu`bthom >,8>8 22,253Muikar od gousago`ls gousago`l 2,4>> ;,133

Sopu`bthom/gousago`l pop/GG <.7 <.1

^bsta namarbthom par ebphtb fn/par ebphtb par lby 2.3 2.3

^bsta namarbthom tom/lby >.8>8 22.253

\hias od eo`àethom/gousago`l thias/waaf 2 2

[ouml trhp lhstbmea (`bml``) fi 27 43

Uhipà trbmsdardbeh`hthas

Bvarbna hmtarvb` od hmstb``bthom iatar 233 233

Mo. od hmstb`àl dbeh`hthas(2AB/;33gousago`l)

abeg 7< 2;1

^bstaeo`àethom vagheà


ihm. 57; 43>

gr. 4.< 23.2

Muikar od eo`àethom vagheà (totb`) abeg 2 ;

Qshmn axhsthmn vagheà abeg 2 2

Bequhshthom od maw vagheà abeg “ 2

Muikar odparsoms pareo`àethom parvagheà

Lrhvar parsom 2 ;

Bsshstbmt worfar parsom ; <






tgbt tgay bra iost dbih`hbr whtg. Hm b`` opthoms, b maw tbrhdd systai wh`` gbva to ka hmtrolueal to rap`beatga axhsthmn oma wgara rashlamts pby b daa bt tga thia od nbrkbna eo`àethom (saa tbkà 4.>).

DHMBMEHB@ BML AEOMOIHE HIS@HEB\HOMUDO[ HIS[OTAL UO@HL ^BU\A UA[THEA

\ga tgraa opthoms dor hiprovhmn so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt kabr lhddaramt mbmehb` hip`hebthoms,kotg hm taris od hmhthb` hmvastiamt eosts bml raeurrhmn oparbthmn bml ibhmtambmea eosts. Bs dor tga

hmvastiamt eost, hm ebsa od tga Ehty Eamtar nar, wgheg wh`` ka turmal hmto bm bpbrtiamt brab, axhst-hmn eo`àethom vagheàs bml aquhpiamt bra eomshlaral sudehamt to eovar tga maw`y kuh`t bpbrtiamtbrab. Gamea, tgara sgou`l ka mo bllhthomb` hmvastiamt raquhral.

Hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars, gowavar, tgara hs b whla vbrhbthom biomn lhddaramt sarvhea opthoms.\ga owast eost hmvastiamt opthom hs eo`àethom sarvhea loma ky sbmhtbthom worfars. \ga asthibtalhmvastiamt eost dor tghs sarvhea hs bkout \n 25.; ih``hom (QU$8,<33) dor tga Ihlthar nar bml \n 28.7ih``hom (QU$2<,333) dor tga Drhmna nar. Hm eomtrbst, eo`àethom ky rashlamts hmto sib`` trbmsdar sys-tais hs tga iost axpamshva opthom, whtg bm asthibtal eost od bkout \n ;<2 ih``hom (QU$2>;,333)

DHNQ[A 4.4. Uo`hl ^bsta Eo`àethom ky Tagheàs

nar nar

nar nar


Utap ;:B sbmhtbthom worfar ebrrhas wbstato b eoipbetor ushmn nbrkbna khm.

sbmhtbthom worfar

Utap 5:\ga eoipbetor trbmsportsto tga `bmldh`` shta bdtartga vagheà hs du``.

nbrkbna khm orwbsta khm

ibhm robl

gousago`lwbsta trbmsportbthom truef

`bmldh``





bml \n <5< ih``hom (QU$523,333) hm tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars, raspaethva`y. Hmvastiamt eosts dor

vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom hm tga two nars wou`l ka \n >1.4 ih``hom (QU$1<,333) bml \n 21; ih`-`hom (QU$237,1>4), raspaethva`y.

Bs dor oparbthom bml ibhmtambmea, hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar, bkout \n 2<.14 ih``hom (QU$23,<33)hs tga asthibtal eost par yabr dor `bkor bml vagheà ibhmtambmea bml oparbthom. Hm tga Ihl-thar bml Drhmna nars, eo`àethom ky rashlamts hmto sib`` trbmsdar systais wou`l amtbh` bkout oma-gb`d od tga oparbthom bml ibhmtambmea eost od tga otgar two opthoms. Qshmn sbmhtbthom worfarswou`l eost bkout \n 24.1 ih``hom (QU$22,733) bml \n 24.1 ih``hom (QU$;1,133) hm tga Ihl-thar bml Dr hmna nars, raspaethva`y. \ga iost axpamshva opthom, vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom, wou`lraquhra \n 24.2 ih``hom (QU$22,133) bml \n 17.7 ih``hom (QU$<;,333) par yabr hm tga twonars, raspaethva`y.

Droi b sarvhea provhlar‘s parspaethva, tga rst opthom“b systai od eo`àethom ky sbmhtbthom worf-ars“saais tga iost eost-addaethva, eomshlarhmn tga hmhthb` raquhral hmvastiamt bml tga bmmub` opar-bthom bml ibhmtambmea eosts(saa tbkà 4.7) .

B`` od tga proposal opthoms wh`` hmerabsa kotg tga draquamey od eo`àethom bml tga voùia od eo`-àetal so`hl wbsta, tgaraky putthmn bllhthomb` prassura om tga ehty `bml``. Oparbthmn eosts dor tga`bml``, eurramt`y brouml \n 2.1< kh``hom (QU$2.2 ih``hom) bmmub``y, wh`` hmerabsa bs tga draquameyod la`hvary hmerabsas. ^htg tga `hfa`y koost hm voùia, tga asthibtal ;3-yabr `hda od tga `bml``

\BK@A 4.4. Sroeuraiamt [aquhraiamt dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt Opthom 5

H\AI QMH\EH\X EAM\A[

NA[IHL\HA[

NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Kbsa`hma

lbtb

Sopu`bthom popu`bthom 2;,;<1 >,8>8 22,253

Muikar od gousago`ls gousago`l 5,333 2,4>> ;,133

Sopu`bthom/gousago`l pop/GG <.2 <.7 <.1

^bsta namarbthom par ebphtb fn/ebphtb.l 2.3 2.3 2.3

^bsta namarbthom tom/lby 2;.;<1 >.8>8 22.253

\hias od eo`àethom/gousago`l thias/waaf 2 2 2

[ouml trhp lhstbmea(`bml``) fi 53 27 43

^bstaeo`àethomvagheà


ihm. 2,1<4 7>; 2,555

gr. ;1.7 2<.1 ;;.;

Muikar od eo`àethom vagheàs (totb`) abeg 5 ; 5

Qshmn axhsthmn vagheà abeg 2 2 2

Bequhshthom od maw vagheà abeg ; 2 ;

Muikar odparsoms pareo`àethompar vagheà

Lrhvar parsom 5 ; 5

Bsshstbmt worfar parsom 4 < 4





iby ka sgortamal s`hngt`y. \ga eosts od bm bllhthomb` `bml`` shta bra asthibtal bt \n 1;.54 kh``hom(QU$5>.< ih``hom) dor b >.1 ih``hom i 5 bml``.

\ga eurramt eo`àethom tbrhdd àva` hs sat ky tga iumhehpb` eoumeh` bt \n ;,133 par gousago`l (bkout

QU$2.>8 par iomtg) hm nar brabs, ghngar tgbm tga tbrhdd dor bpbrtiamt rashlamts bt \n ;,333 (QU$2.<5).Hm tgraa nar brabs, tbrhdds rbmna droi \n 2,133 to \n 5,333 (QU$2.3> to QU$;.2<). \ghs ra`bthva`y ghngàva` od tbrhdd hs iost`y lua to tga òw eo`àethom rbta bml to tga `bef od novarmiamt sukshly. Dor bmasthibta od tga mbmehb` kurlam dor gousago`ls, tga tbrhdd ava` wbs eoiputal to eovar just oparbthombml ibhmtambmea eosts, mot hmvastiamt or lapraehbthom. \ga rasu`thmn tbrhdd vbrhas eomshlarbk`y berossnar brabs, lapamlhmn om sarvhea opthoms. Gousago`ls hm tga Ihlthar nar bra axpaetal to pby bt àbst\n <23 to \n 753 (QU$3.;8 to QU$3.18) par iomtg. \gosa hm tga Drhmna nar pby droi \n 2,5;3 to\n 2,843 (QU$3.8< to QU$2.<3), bml tgosa hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar pby \n <23 (QU$3.;8) dor mawbpbrtiamt brabs (saa tbkà 4.8).

\BK@A 4.>. Eoipbrhsom od Lhddaramt Opthoms dor Uarvhea Hiprovaiamt

E@BUUHDHEB\HOM BLTBM\BNAU EGB@@AMNAU

Opthom 2Eo`àethomsarvhea kysbmhtbthomworfar

• \o erabta joks ky ushmn parsomma` hm nars, brabs whtg ghng umaipòyiamt, bssbmhtbthom worfars

• \o so`va tga hssua od wbsta stbnmbmeyhm abeg goia ky hmerabshmn eo`àethomdraquamey

• \o hmerabsa eo`àethom bml trbmsportbthomadehamey eoipbral to tga eurramteo`àethom systai ky lhraet loor-to-looreo`àethom systai

• \o hmerabsa tga eo`àethom rbta od raeye`bkàibtarhb`s ky oparbthmn tga trbmsdar stbthom

• \o gbva tga iost aeomoiheb` pronrbi

• B maw tbrhdd systai maals to ka hmtroluealrap`behmn eurramt oma, wgheg àvhas tbrhdd bttga thia od eo`àethom.

• @bml sgou`l ka bequhral to hmstb`` b trbmsdarstbthom.

• \ga trbmsdar stbthom posas tga rhsf od ra.• @oeb` rashlamts iby eoip`bhm bkout lust,

stameg, bml mohsa droi tga trbmsdar stbthom.

Opthom ;Eo`àethomsarvhea kyrashlamts

• \o hiprova tga bwbramass od rashlamtskaebusa tgay bra pbrt od eo`àethom systai.

• \o raluea wbsta eo`àethom bml trbmsporteost

• \o raluea tga bioumt od stbnmbmt wbsta hmtga gousa, kaebusa tga rashlamt parsomb``ylhsposas wbsta to tga trbmsdar stbthom

• B maw tbrhdd systai maals to ka hmtroluealrap`behmn tga eurramt oma, wgheg àvhas tbrhddbt tga thia od eo`àethom.

• Ht hs maeassbry to ameourbna rashlamts topbrthehpbta voùmtbrh`y, tgroung puk`hehty bmlaluebthom ebipbhnms.

• @bml sgou`l ka bequhral to hmstb ` btrbmsdar stbthom whtg tga eomsamt od òeb`rashlamts.

• @oeb` rashlamts iby eoip`bhm bkout lust,stameg, bml mohsa droi tga trbmsdar stbthom.

Opthom 5Eo`àethom

sarvhea kyvagheà

• \ga iost dbih`hbr systai, wgheg ship`ysuppàiamts tga eo`àethom aquhpiamt

od tga eurramt eo`àethom systai• Uystai iost pradarral ky rashlamts bmlpuk`he odehb`s

• Kaebusa tga eo`àethom hmtarvb` hs too òmn,ht iust hiprova tga eo`àethom vagheàs bml

eo`àethom eomtbhmars.• \ga eo`àethom rbta iby raibhm vary òw.• Eurramt tbrhdd systai hs mot mbmehb``y

vhbkà, bml b maw tbrhdd systai maals to kabloptal.





\BK@A 4.7. Hmhthb` Hmvastiamt Eost bml Oparbthom Eost to Hiprova ^bsta Eo`àethom Uarvhea

H\AI QMH\EH\X EAM\A[

NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

Opthom 2

(sbmhtbthomworfars/gbmlebrts)

Hmhthb`

hmvastiamt

Kuyhmn

gbmlebrt

abeg “ 4 8

ih``hom \n (umht) “ 3.>5 3.>5

ih``hom \n (totb`) “ <.57 4.17

Hmstb``hmn \/U ih``hom \n “ 7.7; 25.;5

\otb` eost ih``hom \n “ 25.;3 28.72

Oparbthom @bkor eost ih``hom \n/yabr “ 21.;; ;8.;5

Oparbthmn E/T ih``hom \n/yabr “ 2.5> 4.<2

\otb` eost ih``hom \n/yabr “ 24.18 51.41

Opthom ;(sib``trbmsdarstbthoms)

Hmhthb`hmvastiamt

Hmstb``hmn U\D abeg “ 7< 2;1

ih``hom \n (umht) “ ;.7> ;.7>

ih``hom \n (totb`) “ ;<3.84 517.17

Kuyhmn E/T abeg “ “ 2

ih``hom \n (umht) “ “ >4.33

ih``hom \n (totb`) “ “ >4.33

\otb` eost ih``hom \n “ ;<3.84 <5<.17

Oparbthom @bkor eost ih``hom \n/yabr “ 4.>1 55.34

Oparbthmn E/T ih``hom \n/yabr “ 2.5> 4.<2

\otb` eost ih``hom \n/yabr “ 7.2; 58.<7

Opthom 5

(hiprovalstbtusquo)

Hmhthb`

hmvastiamt

Kuyhmn E/T abeg ; 2 ;

ih``hom \n (umht) >4.33 >4.33 >4.33

ih``hom \n (totb`) 21;.32 >4.33 21;.32

\otb` eost ih``hom \n 21;.32 >4.33 21;.32

Oparbthom @bkor eost ih``hom \n/yabr 5;.72 25.12 <8.18

Oparbthmn E/T ih``hom \n/yabr >.38 ;.44 8.2;

\otb` eost ih``hom \n/yabr 58.83 24.2> 17.>2

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.Mota: E/T 9 Eo`àethom Tagheà6 U\D 9 Uib`` \rbmsdar Utbthom6 \/U 9 \rbmsdar Utbthom.




\BK@A 4.8. Axpaetal \brhdd @ava` dor Uo`hl ^bsta Ibmbnaiamt

GOQUAGO@L EOU\U EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ IHL\HA[ NA[ D[HMNA NA[

5,333 2,4>> ;,133

Eurramt tbrhdd (\n) ;,884 2,<87 ;,<8;Opthom 2:Ubmhtbthomworfars

Bmmub` O&I eost(ih``hom \n/yabr)

24.18 51.41

Eost par gousago`l(\n/iomtg)

7;4 2,283

Opthom ;:Uib`` trbmsdarsystais

Bmmub` O&I eost(ih``hom \n/yabr)

7.2; 58.<7

Eost par gousago`l(\n/iomtg)

<34 2,524

Opthom 5:Hiprovalstbtus quo

Bmmub` O&I eost (ih``hom \n/yabr)

2<.1< 24.2> 17.>2

Eost par gousago`l(\n/iomtg) <34 22;,>87 2,843

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.Mota: O&I 9 oparbthoms bml ibhmtambmea.





> Gabthmn

Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) hs oma od tga eo`last ebphtb`s hm tga wor`l, ibfhmn ra`hbkà bmlbddorlbkà gabthmn vhtb` dor sustbhmbkà hva`hgool bml lavaòpiamt. \ga gabthmn sab-som bsts brouml ahngt iomtgs, droi ihl-Uaptaikar umth` ihl-Iby. \ga dua` dor b``tga gabthmn opthoms hm Iomno`hb hs kbsal om hmlhnamous eob` or wool. \ga usa od

rbw eob` hm gabt-om`y kohàrs (GOK) bml gousago`l stovas hs eomshlaral oma od tga ibhm ebusasod worsamhmn bhr qub`hty hm QK. Beeorlhmn to b raeamt bhr po`ùthom bssassiamt hm QK, tga nrouml-

àva` bhr po`ùthom, iabsural hm taris od pbrtheu`bta ibttar (SI23), lurhmn whmtar hs asthibtal toka katwaam tgraa bml shx thias ghngar tgbm tga àva s raeoiiamlal hm Auropa bml Mortg Biar-heb, bml 23 to ;3 thias ghngar tgbm tga or`l Gab`tg Ornbmhzbthom―raeoiiamlal stbmlbrls. Ht gbskaam wa`` astbk`hsgal tgbt bhrkorma pbrtheu`bta ibttar hs b erhtheb` po`ùtbmt raspomshkà dor manb-thva gab`tg outeoias, sueg bs rasphrbtory h``massas, praibtura labtg, bml rastrhetal bethvhty lbys. \ghsdbetor hip`has b savara addaet om kotg guibm gab`tg eosts bml aeomoihe eosts to tga soehaty. \gaIumhehpb`hty od Q`bbmkbbtbr (IQK) hs faam to kbm tga usa od rbw eob` bml to lavaòp bml proiotatga usa od eàbmar dua`s, sueg bs saiheofa krhquattas. Hm dbet, hm raeamt yabrs tga QK novarmiamt gbsspamt savarb` kh``hom tunrhfs hm sukshlhas to proiota tga usa od eàbmar krhquattas.

Beeorlhmn to tga bkova eomtaxt, tghs egbptar laserhkas tga eurramt shtubthom od gabthmn systais hm

tga tgraa nar brabs, krhmns dorwbrl posshkà sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms, bml asthibtas bssoehbtaleosts bml kamats.

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD GAB\HMN HM NA[ B[ABU

Hm namarb`, dour lhddaramt typas od axhsthmn gabthmn systais bra usal hm Iomno`hb: (b) eamtrb`hzal(or lhstrhet) gabthmn systais, (k) sib``-lhstrhet gabthmn systais dor nroups od kuh`lhmns (gabt-om`ykohàrs, or GOK, or kohàr gousas), (e) hmlhvhlub` gabthmn systais (wbtar gabtars), bml (l) gousa-go`l stovas.

Eamtrb`hzal (or lhstrhet) gabthmn oddars b muikar od kamats ovar laeamtrb`hzal gabthmn opthoms hm brabsod ghng gabt-òbl lamshty. Oma od tga fay blvbmtbnas od eamtrb`hzal gabthmn hs bm hmerabsal usa odeoikhmal gabt bml powar (EGS) proluethom, wgheg rasu`ts hm hmerabsal adehamey od tga usa odtga prhibry amarny (eob` hm tga ebsa od Iomno`hb) bml b poshthva addaet om tga bikhamt bhr qub`hty.\gara bra shnmhebmt aeomoihe kamats od eamtrb`hzal (or lhstrhet gabthmn), sueg bs ow proluethomeosts eoipbral to bmy otgar typas od hmlhvhlub` kohàrs, bml dua` sbvhmns (bml ra`btal amvhromiamtb`hipbets), kaebusa od aeomoihas od sebà bml ghng gabt-òbl lamshty. EGS namarbthom provhlas upto 53 pareamt dua` sbvhmns eoipbral to tgosa od GOK. \garadora, eamtrb hzal (or lhstrhet) gabthmn hsiora adehamt hm taris od eost od sarvhea bml amvhromiamtb` drhaml`hmass. \ghs adehamey hs whla`yumlarstool: hm Naribmy, tgara hs avam anhs`bthom tgbt sukshlhzas EGS namarbthom.




Lhstrhet gabthmn ebm ka adehamt bml suhtbkà dor lamsa`y popu`btal urkbm brabs whtg b ghng gabt-òbllamshty par fi od matworf. \ga gabt lamshty hm nar brabs hs vary òw, gowavar, bml ebm ka bs iuegbs <3―13 thias òwar tgbm hm bpbrtiamt eoipàxas. Kaebusa od tga ump`bmmal lavaòpiamt od narbrabs, ht hs taegmheb``y bìost hiposshkà to provhla lhstrhet gabthmn. Avam hd ht wara taegmheb``y dab-

shkà to eommaet tgosa nar brabs, whtgout propar gabt hmsu`bthom bml amarny adehamey iabsuras omtga laibml shla, ht wou`l ka b wbsta od rasoureas. \rblhthomb` nars bml latbegal gousas hm nar brabsbra mot adehamt hm tar is od gabt hmsu`bthom. Om bvarbna, nars òsa bkout <―1 thias bml gousas òsabkout ;―5 thias bs iueg gabt bs tga mbthomb` stbmlbrls dor gabt hmsu`bthom.

Hm Iomno`hb, tga aàetrhehty saetor hs eòsa`y `hmfal to tga gabt saetor kaebusa iost gabt supp`halhm tga eamtrb` amarny systai (EAU) hs prolueal droi va EGS p`bmts hm Q`bbmkbbtbr, Lbrfgbm, bmlArlamat. \goung eonamarbthom od gabt bml powar provhlas tga iost adehamt amarny usbna, shnmhebmthiprovaiamts bra raquhral to raluea amarny òssas hm tga axhsthmn gabt lhstrhkuthom systai, to iatarpropar`y, bml to ranu`bta gabt eomsuipthom om tga laibml shla.

Eob`-ral wbtar gabtars ebm gabt up to 233―133 i5

spbea bml bra hmstb`àl hm tga kohàr gousas. \gamuikar od tgosa stovas gbs hmerabsal shnmhebmt`y shmea tga abr`y 2883s whtg tga trbmshthom to tga ibr-fat aeomoiy systai bml tga astbk`hsgiamt od muiarous sib`` kushmassas bml sarvheas. Eob`-ral wbtargabtars gbva òw ebpbehty bml bra usal iost`y hm nar brabs ky sib`` kushmassas, sgops, sarvheas, bml sodortg. B`` tgosa gabtars usa rbw eob`, eomtrhkuthmn to QK ehty bhr po`ùthom. B raeamt stuly ravabàltgbt 2,331 eob`-ral wbtar gabtars hm shx lhstrhets hm QK usa bkout 22,833 toms od rbw eob` par gabt-hmn sabsom. Hm taris od ebpbehty, tgara bra 12< (12.2 pareamt) wbtar gabtars whtg b ebpbehty od 2―23 f ,;;4 (;;.1 pareamt) whtg b ebpbehty od 23―;3 f , 28; (28.2 pareamt) whtg b ebpbehty od ;3―13 f , <3(< pareamt) whtg b ebpbehty od 13―83 f^, bml 55 (5.5 pareamt) whtg b ebpbehty od 83―2;3 f^. B`` odtgasa wbtar gabtars bra lashnmal dor gabthmn om`y oma struetura tgbt usub``y gbs two or tgraa roois.

Gabt-om`y kohàrs (GOK) hmeùla kohàrs tgbt ebm proluea 3.;―2.3 Neb`/gour (;13―2,333 f^) bmlbra usal iost`y to gabt oma or savarb` segoo`s, fhmlarnbrtams, bml gosphtb`s. \gara bra 244 koh`-ars od ;< lhddaramt typas hm 78 kohàr gousas hm QK. Hm tga ;33>―37 gabthmn sabsom, tgahr totb` eobèomsuipthom wbs 44,4<5 toms. Hm taris od ebpbehty, tgara bra 5; (51.4 pareamt) kohàr gousas whtgb ebpbehty od 3―3.; Neb`/g, <3 (<<.8 pareamt) whtg b ebpbehty od 3.;―3.4 Neb`/g, 23 (22.; pareamt)whtg b ebpbehty od 3.4―2.3 Neb`/g, bml > kohàr gousas whtg b ebpbehty od iora tgbm 83―2;3 f .

Gabthmn stovas bra usal hm b vbrhaty od wbys. Utovas ebm ka usal lhraet`y dor spbea gabthmn, or b gabt-hmn wb`` hs bttbegal to tga stova dor kattar gabt lhstrhkuthom. Uoia stovas gbva b got wbtar lhstrhku-thom systai bml rblhbtors to gabt tga gousa6 tghs systai hs eoiiom`y fmowm hm Iomno`hb bs b sib``,òw-prassura kohàr. [aeamt`y, lhddaramt iolhebthoms od hiproval stovas gbva kaam lavaòpal to

raluea dua` eomsuipthom bml EO ; aihsshoms. Hm tga tgraa tbrnatal nar brabs, bìost b`` gousago`ls,axeapt soia bpbrtiamts-lwa`àrs hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar (Mbrbm), usa trblhthomb` stovas dor gabthmn.

Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet : \graa lhddaramt typas od gabthmn bra mowraprasamtal hm tghs brab: sib`` kushmass wbtar gabtars, gousago`ls whtg hmlhvhlub` stovas, bml bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns bml puk`he ornbmhzbthoms eommaetal to tga lhstrhet gabthmn systai (saa tbkà >.2).

Dor gousago`ls ushmn hmlhvhlub` stovas, tga gabt òss hs eomshlarbk`y ghngar“two or tgraa thias tgambthomb` stbmlbrls dor gabt hmsu`bthom. Bvarbna gabt òbl dor prhvbta gousas hs bkout 1.8 f^ bml dor



EGBS\A[ > GAB\HMN 4

nars hs bkout <.7 f^. \ga totb` eurramt gabt òbl dor gousas bml nars hs 24.7 I^, bml tgasa gousa-go`ls usa 22,853 toms od eob` bml ;,113 toms od rawool. Bmmub` spamlhmn om dua` bioumts to bkout\n 2 kh``hom (QU$>2<,333). 2

Bpproxhibta`y 53 sib`` kushmassas, ibhm`y sarvhea eoipbmhas, usa tgahr owm gabtars. \gosa koh`-ars namarbta got wbtar dor gabthmn. \gara hs b`so oma kbtggousa whtg dour hmlhvhlhb` ebkhms bml shxeoiiom sgowars eommaetal to tga eamtrb`hzal gabt matworfs. \ga eoiiumhty raquastal tgbt bmbllhthomb` two or tgraa kbtggousas ka kuh`t hm tga mabr dutura. \gahr totb` lashnm gabt òbls bra2,21>.1 f^.

Hm bllhthom, oma kohàr gousa hm tghs fgoroo supp`has gabt to <4tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo` (dor ;,333 stulamts)bml tga fgoroo‘s blihmhstrbthva kuh`lhmn. \ga <4tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo` wbs orhnhmb``y eommaetal to tgaeamtrb` gabthmn systai, kut kaebusa od `hihtal gabthmn ebpbehty, ht wbs lhseommaetal droi tga systai hm28846 shmea tgam, tga segoo` gbs oparbtal hts owm kohàr gousa. \ga gabt obl od tga segoo` hs <33 f .

Ihlthar Nar (Kbybmfgosguu), 7tg Fgoroo, Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet: Krobl`y, tgara bratgraa typas od gabthmn systais hm tga nar brab: (b) `brnar eomsuiars, sueg bs segoo`s bml fhmlarnbr-tams eommaetal to kohàr gousas, (k) sib`` kushmassas bml sarvheas whtg tgahr owm gabtars, bml (e)hmlhvhlub` gousas or nars whtg stovas.

\ga 4>tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo` bml 22>tg Fhmlarnbrtam bra eommaetal to bml raeahva gabthmn droitga kohàr gousa oparbtal ky tga BMQ Uarvhea Eoipbmy. \ga lashnm gabt òbl hs 8;3 f^, gabthmnhs kh`àl par eukhe iatar od spbea, bml tga gabthmn egbrna hs \n <4; par eukhe iatar. B`so, bpproxh-ibta`y ;3 sib`` kushmassas bml sarvheas gbva tgahr owm gabtars. \ga totb` lashnm gabt òbl hs 2,5>7f^. Iost od tga sib`` kushmassas bra òebtal bt Kbybmfgosguu‘s kus stbthom bml usa hmadehamt stovasdroi òeb` bml Eghmasa ibmudbeturars.

Uhih`br to Mbrbm, iost gousago`ls tgbt usa stovas suddar droi ghng gabt òss“two or tgraathias tga stbmlbrl rbta. \ga bvarbna gabt òbl dor prhvbta gousas hs bkout 1.8 f^ bml dor nars hs

\BK@A >.2. Eurramt Utbtus od Gabthmn Uupp`y hm Uaàetal Fgoroos

FGO[OO

\XSAU OD GAB\HMN

\O\B@GOQUAGO@LU LHU\[HE\ GAB\HMN

GAB\-OM@XKOH@A[ (GOK)

^B\A[GAB\A[U U\OTAU

Kbybmno` lhstrhet, 22tgfgoroo

;,8>3 253 gousago`ls,4 ornbmhzbthoms,bml 23 bpbrtiamtkuh`lhmns

53 sib``kushmassas

;,7<3

Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbmlhstrhet, 7tg fgoroo ,Kbybmfgosguunar brab

2,4>> M/B GOK bt segoo`#4>, 21 sib``kushmassas,bml ;3prhvbta gousas

;3 sib``kushmassas

2,4>>

Kbybmzðrfg lhstrhet, 8tgfgoroo , Ugbrgbl nar brab

;,14> M/B M/B <5 sib``kushmassas

;,14>




bkout <.7 f . \ga totb` eurramt gabt òbl dor gousas bml nars hs 25.> I^6 tgosa gousago`ls usa>,3<< toms od eob` bml 2,123 toms od rawool bmmub``y, spamlhmn bkout \n 185.7 ih``hom (bkoutQU$<;<,333) dor gabthmn bml otgar purposas. ; Oma kbtggousa hm tghs fgoroo mabr tga dbih`y gos-phtb` thtàl ‐Aa`tah’ hs mot worfhmn, bml tga eoiiumhty gbs raquastal bt àbst two or tgraa maw

kbtggousas.

Drhmna Nar (Ugbrgbl), 8tg Fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet: Uhih`br to tga otgar two, tga do`-òwhmn gabthmn systais bra hm tghs fgoroo: (b) `brnar eomsuiars, sueg bs segoo`s bml fhmlarnbrtamseommaetal to kohàr gousas6 (k) sib`` kushmassas bml sarvheas whtg tgahr owm gabtars6 bml (e) hmlh-vhlub` gousas or nars whtg stovas.

^htghm tghs fgoroo hs tga >8tg Aàiamtbry Uegoo` whtg 2,243 puph`s, tga 5rl Fhmlarnbrtam whtg283 egh`lram, bs wa`` bs tga Mbthomb` Eamtra od Ssyegoònheb` Gab`tg (Ssyegomauroònheb` Gosph-tb`). \ga fhmlarnbrtam bml segoo` gbva tgahr owm kohàr gousas. \ga Ssyegomauroònheb` Gosphtb`kohàr gousa gbs two saethoms: gabthmn bml got wbtar supp`y. \gahr totb` lashnm gabt obls bra ;>43

f . \ga eoiiarehb` sarvhea dbeh`hthas whtghm tghs fgoroo bra òebtal eòsa to abeg otgar mabr tgaUgbrgbl kus tarihmb`. B`so mabr tga kus tarihmb` hs bm o`l kohàr gousa kuh`lhmn, wgheg stoppaldumethomhmn kaebusa ht `befal ibhmtambmea. Ht wou`l ka posshkà to usa tghs kuh`lhmn bml shta dor biolarm kohàr gousa.

Od ;,14> gousago`ls hm tghs fgoroo, bkout >3 pareamt gbva wb`` stovas. Gabt òss dor bìost b`` gousashs ;―5 thias tga stbmlbrl rbta. \ga gousago`ls eomsuia iora tgbm 23,333 toms od eob` par yabr bmlbmotgar ;,533 toms od wool dor gabthmn. \ga wgoàsbà prhea od oma tom od eob` hs bkout \n 41,333(QU$<4), bml hts ratbh` prhea hs bkout \n 253,333 (QU$85). \ga wgoàsbà prhea od oma tom od wool hsbkout \n 83,333 (QU$4<), wgheg bioumts to \n ;33,333 (QU$2<5) hm ratbh` prhea. \ga Fgusàm sarvheaeamtar gbs oma kbtg gousa whtg 23 eoiiom sgowars. Srhea od sarvhea hs \n 2,433 (QU$2.2<) par par-

som. \ga eoiiumhty raquastal two or tgraa kbtg gousas hm tga mabr dutura .

OS\HOMU DO[ UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\U BML DHMBMEHB@ HIS@HEB\HOMU

Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet: \ghs brab wh`` ka eommaetal tolhstrhet gabthmn nhvam hts proxhihty to tga lhstrhet gabthmn matworf, kut tga do`òwhmn dbetors maalto ka tbfam hmto beeoumt:

Dor maw`y lavaòpal bpbrtiamt eoipàxas.\gara hs 4.3 I^ od gabthmn ebpbehty bt tga >;7tg sukstbthom,wgheg hs b`rably p`bmmal to ka eommaetal to kuh`lhmns hm mahngkorhmn fgoroos. \ga eomstruethom

od soia od tga kuh`lhmns gbs b`rably stbrtal, whtg p`bms to kuh`l b gabthmn sukstbthom whtg b ebpbehtyod 23 I^ ebpbehty om tga abst shla od tga Ibtarmb` bml Egh`lram‘s Gosphtb`. \ghs sukstbthom wh``supp`y tga gabthmn to b maw bpbrtiamt eoipàx, wgheg hs p`bmmal to ka kuh`t ky ;323. \ga eoi-pàx wh`` gbva 833 bpbrtiamt umhts6 soia od tgosa wh`` sarva bkout 2;3 gousago`ls tgbt gbva `hvalhm tga brab bml wh`` raeahva bpbrtiamts hm axegbmna dor tgahr bml. \ga eost to provhla b eamtrb`hzalgabthmn systai hm tga bpbrtiamt brab hs brouml \n 42; ih``hom (QU$<5>,<33), hmeùlhmn tga hmstb`-`bthom od b maw gabt sukstbthom dor brouml \n ;23 ih``hom (QU$213,333) bml b gabt phpa matworfdor \n <3; ih``hom (QU$;7>,<33), or brouml \n 473,<33 (QU$<74) par eommaethom od abeg bpbrt-iamt umht (saa tbkà >.;).



EGBS\A[ > GAB\HMN 4

\ga eost od eommaethmn axhsthmn sib`` kushmassas to b lhstrhet gabthmn matworf hs ghng, avam hd

lhstrhet gabthmn ebpbehty hs bvbh`bkà. \gara hs b `hihtal taegmheb` posshkh`hty od eommaethmn bkout;3 sib`` prhvbta kushmassas mabr <4tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo` to lhstrhet gabthmn. \ga totb` eommae-thom eost wou`l ka \n 2>3,333 (QU$2;2) or bkout \n 7,133 (QU$4) par eommaethom. B raeamtsurvay eomluetal biomn sib`` kushmassas sgows tgbt tgay b`` bra hmtarastal hm kahmn eommaetalto lhstrhet gabthmn.

\ga eost od eommaethmn axhsthmn latbegal gousas bml nars to lhstrhet gabthmn hs b`so ghng. \gaeost par hmlhvhlub` eommaethom wh`` ka bkout \n 5.< ih``hom (QU$;,<21), hmeùlhmn \n <>4,333(QU$5<3) dor eomstruethom od tga ibhm gabthmn phpa`hma, \n 2.; ih``hom (QU$713) dor eomstruethomod tga kohàr, bml \n 2.7 ih``hom (QU$2,;13) dor hmstb``bthom od tga hmloor gabthmn bml wbtar systai.\ga totb` eost od eommaethmn to tga lhstrhet gabthmn matworf wh`` ka brouml \n 8.; kh``hom (QU$4.4

ih``hom) dor b gabt matworf od <.4 fi bml b kohàr gousa whtg b ebpbehty od 24.3 I .

Dor tga lhstrhet to eommaet maw bpbrtiamt eoipàxas to lhstrhet gabthmn, tga ebpbehty od axhsthmnlhstrhet gabthmn wou`l gbva to ka amgbmeal. Q`bbmkbbtbr lhstrhet gabthmn matworfs gbva b`rablyrabegal ibxhiui gabthmn ebpbehty. Qmàss tga maw gabthmn soureas bra hm p`bea, ht hs taegmheb``y motdabshkà to b`òw maw eommaethoms. \ga totb` bvbh bkà gabthmn ebpbehty droi tga tgraa powar p`bmtshm QK hs 2,171 Neb`/g, bml tga bpp`hebthoms dor maw eommaethoms wou`l bll ;75 Neb`/g, erabthmnb laeht od 2,5>.< Neb`/g hd eommaetal. Utbrthmn hm ;323, tga QK ehty wh`` mot ka bkà to ibfa bmymaw eommaethoms to lhstrhet gabthmn kaebusa od gabt supp`y sgortbnas. Hm bllhthom, oksoàta gabthmnphpa`hmas bml matworfs raquhra shnmhebmt ragbkh`htbthom iabsuras, whtgout wgheg tga QK lhstrhetgabthmn matworf ebmmot amsura ra`hbkà gabt supp`y. \ga Ihmhstry od Ihmarb` [asoureas bml Amarny

hs hm tga proeass od tamlarhmn khllars to lavaòp Sowar S`bmt #1, wgheg hs p`bmmal hm tga abstarmpbrt od tga ehty, whtg gabt ebpbehty brouml >33 Neb`/g.

Ihlthar Nar (Kbybmfgosguu), 7tg Fgoroo, Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet: \wo opthoms dorsarvhea hiprovaiamts bra axpbmlhmn tga ebpbehty od òeb` GOK bml eommaethmn tgai to tga òeb`gabthmn matworf, or eommaethmn to tga lhstrhet gabthmn systai.

Axpbmshom od ebpbehty bt tga axhsthmn kohàr gousa bt 4>tg Uegoo` bml eommaethom od mabrky usars.\ghs axpbm-shom wou`l hmerabsa tga gabthmn ebpbehty od BMQ Uarvhea Eo. @tl‘s kohàr bt 4>tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo`

\BK@A >.;. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eosts od Hmstb``hmn b Maw Gabt Uukstbthom whtg Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOM BMLS[OSOUAL HMTAU\IAM\U QMH\ QMH\ EOU\ TO@QIA \O\B@ QU$

Hmstb``bthom od b maw gabt sukstbthom hm tga abst

shla od tga Ibtarmb` bml Egh`lram‘s Gosphtb`

I^ 21,333/I^ 23.3 $213,333

Hmstb``bthom od b maw gabt phpa`hma droi tgaibhm `hma to tga maw gabt sukstbthom

; x L;33ii

523 QU$/i 213 i $<4,133

Hmstb``bthom od b maw gabt phpa droi tga mawgabt sukstbthom to bpbrtiamts

; x L;13ii

553 QU$/i >53 i $;<3,833

\otb` $<5>,<33





droi 2,2>3 to 2,<>3 f^ bml wou`l eommaet to hts matworf b`` potamthb` eustoiars mabr tga Kby-bmfgosguu kus tarihmb`. \otb` gabt òbl od eustoiars mabr tga kus tarihmb` hs 533 f^, whtg ;33f^ dor eustoiars òebtal hm tga fgoroo. \ga ebpbehty od tga gabthmn kohàrs òebtal hm 4>tg Uae-omlbry Uegoo` eou`l ka hmerabsal to b`òw eommaethoms to tga sib`` sarvhea kuh`lhmns eòsa toKbybmfgosguu‘s dor iar kus tarihmb`. Bpproxhibta`y ;3 sarvheas eoipbmhas gbva tgahr owm gabtars,wgheg namarbta got wbtar dor gabthmn. \aegmheb` lbtb od gabt eomsuiars bml kohàrs bra sgowm hmtbkà >.5. \gahr totb` lashnm gabt òbls bra 2,5>7.3 f^.

\ga ebphtb` hmvastiamt to hiprova tga gabthmn ebpbehty od tghs kohàr ky 533 f^ hs \n 2;2.7 ih``hom(QU$7>,333), hmeùlhmn \n 17.7 ih``hom (QU$<;,333) dor upnrblhmn kohàr ebpbehty bml \n 45 ih``hom(QU$<1,333) dor eomstruethmn maw gabthmn phpa`hmas. \ga eob` prhea hs \n 7<,333 (QU$43) par tom. Bdtarhiprovaiamts to tga kohàr, tga prhea dor oma Neb` gabthmn wh`` ka \n 44,133 (QU$<>.1). \ghs prhea hs asstgbm tga eurramt axpamsa od gabthmn sib`` kuh`lhmns. \ga owmars od tgasa sarvheas eoipbmhas b`` beeapttghs opthom. \otb` hmvastiamt eosts od hmstb``hmn maw kohàrs bml gabthmn matworf bra sgowm hm tbkà >.<.

Axpbmshom od ebpbehty bt axhsthmn kohàr gousa bt 4>tg Uegoo` bml tga eommaethom od mabrky usars. Eustoiarsòebtal mabr Kbybmfgosguu‘s kus tarihmb` ebm ka eommaetal to tga gabthmn matworf od \b`st Aeghi

\BK@A >.<. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn Maw Kohàrs bml b Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOM BMLS[OSOUAL HMTAU\IAM\U QMH\ QMH\ EOU\ TO@QIA \O\B@ EOU\ (QU$)

Hmstb``bthom od b maw kohàr bt tgakohàr gousa bt 4>tg Uegoo`

f^ 2<3 $/f^ 533.3 <;,333

Hmstb``bthom od b gabt phpa bt tga kohàrgousa bt 4>tg Uegoo`

; x L233 ii; x L 73 ii

213.7 $/i2<1.7 $/i

231.3 i;33.3 i

21,75<;8,244<1,333

\otb` 7>,333


\BK@A >.5. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn b Maw Kohàr Gousa bml Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOM BMLS[OSOUAL HMTAU\IAM\U QMH\

QMH\ EOU\(QU$) TO@QIA

\O\B@ EOU\(QU$)

Hmstb``bthom od b maw kohàr gousa

hm tga nar brab

f^ $2<<.2 /f^ 1,8*;>;3 9

24313.3 fw

;,52;,733

Hmstb``bthom od b gabt matworfdroi b maw kohàr gousa

; x L;13 ii; x L273 ii; x L213 ii; x L2;1 ii; x L233 ii; x L>3 ii; x L13 ii\otb`

$553.3 /i$533.3 /i$;43.3 /i$;;3.3 /i$213.7 /i$2<1.7 /i$251.3 /i

<1.3 i1<1.3 i<33.3 i>33.3 i

2,233.3 i744.< i813.3 i

<,434.3 i

2<,713245,13323<,33321<,333241,7732;4,5;32;7,;13714,433

Hmstb``bthom od hmloor gabthmn bmlwbtar systai hm prhvbta gousas

$2,;13 /oma gousa

;,>;3.3 i 5,<33,333

\otb` 4,148,<33




EGBS\A[ > GAB\HMN 4

Eo., @tl., bml hts kohàr gousa bt tga 4>tg Uaeomlbry Uegoo`. \gara bra tgraa KZHQ-233 bml omaAEO-133 kohàrs hm tga kohàr gousas, whtg b ebpbehty od ;,433 f . Kaebusa tga KZHQ-233 umhts

bra quhta hmadehamt, tgay sgou`l ka egbmnal to iolarm kohàrs od tga sbia ebpbehty bml ghng ad-ehamey. \ga betub` gabt obl hs 873 f^ (3.7< Neb`/gour), bml tga lashnmal gabt obl dor maw eus-toiars droi tga Drhmna nar hs 133f^ (21 eoiiarehb` sarvheas bml bkout ;3 prhvbta gousas) bmldroi tga Ihlthar nar hs 233 f^.

\ga ebphtb` hmvastiamt dor ramawhmn tga kohàr hm Kbybmfgosguu‘s maw kus tarihmb` whtg b ghng-adehamey varshom hs \n <58.4 ih``hom (QU$52<,333), hmeùlhmn \n ;21.4 ih``hom (QU$21<,333)dor ramawb` bml \n ;;< ih``hom (QU$243,333) dor eomstruethom od maw gabthmn phpa`hmas. \ga eob`prhea hs \n 7<,333 (QU$43) par tom, bml tga dua`-eost rbtho od totb` oparbthmn bml ibhmtambmeaeosts dor Q`bbmkbbtbr ehty hs 3.4. Bdtar tga hiprovaiamt od tga kohàrs, tga prhea dor oma Neb` gabt-hmn hs axpaetal to ka brouml \n 44,133 (QU$<>.13). \ghs eost hs àss tgbm tga eurramt gabthmn

axpamsa od sib`` kuh`lhmns. \ga totb` hmvastiamt eosts od hmstb``hmn maw kohàrs bml gabthmn mat-worf bra sgowm hm tbkà >.1. Bdtar hipàiamthmn tgosa opthoms, tga eob` eomsuipthom hs `hfa`y toka ralueal ky 8;; toms bmmub``y, bml nraamgousa nbs (NGN) aihsshoms wh`` ka ralueal ky 2,;13toms bmmub``y.

Eost od eommaethmn axhsthmn gousas to tga lhstrhet gabthmn.Bkout \n 1.4> kh``hom (QU$<.31 ih``hom)wou`l ka raquhral to eommaet tgasa gousago`ls to tga eamtrb`hzal gabthmn systai (gabt matworfod ;,7<3 iatars bml kohàr gousa whtg b ebpbehty od 8,78<.3 f^) (saa tbkà >.4). \ga hmvastiamtbioumt par gousago`l hs \n 5.< ih``hom (QU$;,<21), hmeùlhmn \n <<2,333 (QU$521) dor eom-struethmn gabthmn ibhm `hmas, \n 2,283,333 (QU$713) dor kohàr eomstruethom, bml \n 2,>13,333(QU$2,;13) dor hmstb``bthom od bm hmloor gabthmn bml wbtar systai. \ga bmmub` gabthmn eost dor

gousago`ls wh`` ka ;.> thias ghngar tgbm tga eomvamthomb` systai, or \n 852,333 (QU$441) par yabr. Gousago`l hmeoia eou`l mot eovar tgasa axpamsas whtgout b shnmhebmt novarmiamt suk-shly, wgheg hs umrab`hsthe bt tghs pohmt.

B iora rab`hsthe bml addaethva opthom wou`l ka to hiprova kuh`lhmn hmsu`bthom. \ga hmsu`bthom eostdor b gousa od 54 i ; hs \n ;44,333 (QU$283). Omea hmsu`bthom hs eoipàta, tga eomsuipthom odeob` ebm ka ralueal ky ;.; thias, to brouml two toms par gabthmn sabsom. Hm bllhthom, ht hs `hfa`ytgbt dua` axpamsas wh`` ka ralueal ky \n ;43,333 (QU$271.>2) bml NGN aihsshoms ralueal to ;.>toms par sabsom.

\BK@A >.1. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn od Hiproval Kohàrs bml b Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOM BMLS[OSOUAL HMTAU\IAM\U QMH\ QMH\ EOU\ (QU$) TO@QIA \O\B@ EOU\ (QU$)

[ap`beaiamt od tgraa KZHQ-233 bt

tga kohàr gousa bt 4>tg Uegoo`

f^ $2<3 /f^ 2,233 21<,333

Hmstb``bthom od b gabt phpa bt tgakohàr gousa bt >4tg Uegoo`

; x L2;1 ii; x L233 ii; x L 73 ii

\otb`

$;;3.3 /i$213.7 /i$2<1.7 /i

57>.3 i583.3 i223.3 i

71,21317,72;24,357

243,333

\otb` 52<,333





[ashlamts axprassal b stromn hmtarast hm gbvhmn got wbtar bml sgowars hm tgahr gousas or bt b mabrkybrab. Hm tga ihllà od tga nar, two kbtggousas whtg hmlhvhlub` gabtars ebm ka kuh`t. \ga hmvastiamteost od hmstb``hmn oma kbtggousa, ebpbk a od sarvhmn 233 parsoms lbh`y (51,333 bmmub``y), hs \n 2<3ih``hom (QU$233,333). Hd tga sarvhea daa hs \n 2,;13 (QU$3.78) par parsom, tga ebphtb` hmvastiamtwh`` ka raeovaral hm tgraa yabrs bdtar tga hmstb``bthom.

Drhmna Nar (Ugbrgbl), 8tg Fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg Lhstrhet: Opthoms bvbh`bkà to hiprova gabt

supp`y hmeùla (b) hmstb``bthom bt tga kus tarihmb` od b maw, ghng-adehamey kohàr gousa brnar tgbm2.4 I^6 (k) hmstb``bthom od b maw gabthmn matworf droi b maw kohàr gousa6 (e) rap`beaiamt odtgraa o`l kohàrs (typa KZHQ-233) bt Ssyegomauroònheb` Gosphtb` whtg maw, ghng-adehamey koh`-ars6 bml (l) hmstb``bthom od two maw kbtggousas hm tga eamtar od tga nar brab.

Iost od tga <5 sib`` sarvhea kuh`lhmns bra mabr tga Ugbrgbl kus tar ihmb`. \gara hs mo kohàr gousahm tgbt brab. Ht hs posshkà to kuh`l b maw kohàr whtg 2.4 I^ ebpbehty to eommaet tga sarvhea kuh`l-hmns to tga eamtrb`hzal gabthmn systai. \ga ebphtb` hmvastiamt dor tghs kohàr hs asthibtal to ka\n43<.7 ih``hom (QU$<5;,333), hmeùlhmn \n <;3 ih``hom (QU$533,333) dor hiprovaiamts to tgakuh`lhmn bml hmstb``bthom od tga maw kohàr, bml \n 27<.7 ih``hom (QU$25;,333) dor tga eomstruethomod maw gabthmn phpa`hmas (saa tbkà >.>). \ga eob` prhea hs \n 7<,333 (QU$43) par tom. \ga dua`-eost

rbtho od totb` oparbthmn bml ibhmtambmea eosts dor Q`bbmkbbtbr ehty hs 3.4.

Bdtar tga kohàr hs hmstb`àl, tga prhea dor oma Neb` gabthmn wh`` ka \n 44,133 (QU$<>.13). \ghs prheawh`` ka bddorlbkà to tga sib`` stora owmars. \ga totb` hmvastiamt eosts od hmstb``hmn maw kohàrs bmlgabthmn matworf bra sgowm hm tbkà >.>. Hd tghs opthom hs hipàiamtal, tga eob` eomsuipthom wh``ka ralueal ky 2,333 toms, bml NGN aihsshom wh`` ka ralueal ky 2,543 toms bmmub``y.

[ap`behmn tgraa o`l kohàrs (typa KZHQ-233) bt tga Ssyegomauroònheb` Gosphtb`‘s kohàr gousawhtg maw ghng-adehamey kohàrs wh`` eost bm asthibtal \n 5>;.< ih``hom (QU$;44,333). ^gam

\BK@A >.4. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn b Maw Kohàr Gousa bml Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOMS[OSOUALHIS[OTAIAM\ QMH\

QMH\ EOU\(QU$) TO@QIA

\O\B@ EOU\(QU$)

Kohàr gousa hm nar brab Hmstb``bthom od b

maw kohàr gousa

f^ 2<<.2 /f^ 1,8*2,28; 9

8,78<.3 fw

2,<;1,>;1

Gabt matworf droi bmaw kohàr gousa

Gabt phpashmstb``bthom

; x L;13 ii; x L273 ii; x L213 ii; x L2;1 ii; x L233 ii; x L>3 ii; x L13 ii

\otb`

553 /i533 /i;43 /i;;3 /i212 /i2<4 /i251 /i

1;.4 i522.3 i;54.3 i<<3.3 i4>3.3 i1<3.3 i183.3 i

;,7<3.3 i

2>,54385,53342,54384,733

232,354>7,>5;>8,413

1;7,;<3

Nar or prhvbta gousas hmstb``bthom od bmhmloor gabthmn bmlwbtar systai

2,;13 /doroma gousa

2,4>>.3 ;,384,;13

\otb` <,313,333




EGBS\A[ > GAB\HMN 4

ghng-adehamey kohàrs bra rum, tga eob` eomsuipthom wh`` ka ralueal ky 2,;<1 toms, bml tga gabt-hmn axpamsas wh`` ka ralueal ky \n 23<.4 ih``hom (QU$><,>33) bmmub``y. \ga ebphtb` hmvastiamt wh``ka raeovaral hm tgraa to dour yabrs kaebusa od ralueal eob` eomsuipthom. \otb` hmvastiamt eosts odhmstb``hmn maw kohàrs bra sgowm hm tbkà >.7.

Eommaethmn gousago`ls to tga eamtrb`hzal gabthmn systai wh`` maal bm asthibtal \n 7.> kh``hom(QU$4.; ih``hom) dor tga gabt matworf od <,5;3 iatars bml kohàr gousa whtg b ebpbehty od 21,2<1.3f . \ga hmvastiamt bioumt par gousago`l wou`l ka \n 5< ih``hom (QU$;,<2;), hmeùlhmn \n <54,733(QU$52;) dor tga gabt matworf, \n 2.; ih``hom (QU$713) dor tga kohàr, bml \n 2.7 ih``hom (QU$2,;13)dor hmstb``bthom od tga hmloor gabthmn bml wbtar systai(saa tbkà >.8) . Uhih`br to tga Ihlthar nar sea-mbrho, tghs opthom hs mot mbmehb``y vhbkà, bml b kattar opthom wou`l ka to hiprova kuh`lhmn hmsu`bthom.

\ga do`òwhmn eomeùshoms ebm ka lrbwm droi tghs bmb`yshs:

Hmtanrbthmn nar brabs hmto tga lhstrhet gabthmn systai hs eost`y avam hm tga Ehty Eamtar nar, wgaratga eamtrb` matworfs bra b`rably lhstrhkutal mabrky. \ga asthibtal eost par eommaethom dor b `hi-htal muikar od sib`` kushmassas to tga axhsthmn eamtrb`hzal gabthmn systai wh`` ka brouml \n 2.7ih``hom (QU$7,133), bml tga eost par eommaethom od hmlhvhlub` gousago`ls hs brouml \n 5.< ih`-`hom (QU$;,<21). Eommaethom to tga lhstrhet gabthmn systai loas mot ibfa iueg samsa whtgouthiprovhmn tga gabthmn hmsu`bthom od axhsthmn gousas bml sib`` strueturas. Hm bllhthom to sebttaralòebthoms bml òw gabt lamshty, tga axhsthmn hmlhvhlub` gousas bml goias òsa bs iueg bs two totgraa thias iora gabt eoipbral to mbthomb` gabt hmsu`bthom stbmlbrls .Dor tga Ihlthar bml Drhmna nars, axpbmlhmn or ragbkh`htbthmn omshta kohàrs, hiprovhmn gous-hmn hmsu`bthom bml axhsthmn stovas, bml provhlhmn puk`he kbtggousas saai to ka iora aeomoih-eb` opthoms.

\BK@A >.7. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn Maw Kohàrs

@OEB\HOMS[OSOUALHIS[OTAIAM\ QMH\ QMH\ EOU\ TO@QIA \O\B@ (QU$)

Ssyegomauroònheb` Gosphtb`‘skohàr gousa

[ap`beaiamt odo`l kohàrs

f^ QU$2<3 /f^ 2,833 ;44,333

Uourea: ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi asthibtas ;338.Mota : Dor tghs tbkà, QU$2 9 \n 2,<13.

\BK@A >.>. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn Maw Kohàrs bml b Gabthmn Matworf

@OEB\HOMS[OSOUALHIS[OTAIAM\ QMH\

QMH\ EOU\(QU$) TO@QIA \O\B@ (QU$)

Ugbrgbl kus tarihmb` Hmstb `bthom od b maw

kohàr gousa whtgghngar adehamey

f^ 2<3/f^ 2433.3 ;<3,333

Ugbrgbl kus tarihmb` Hmstb `bthom od b mawgabt phpa`hma

; x L2;1 ii; x L233 ii; x L73 ii

;;3.3 /i213.7 /i2<1.7 /i

;53.3;7<.1;4<.3

13,433<;,82357,<83

25;,333





\ga nar rashlamts wh`` gbva mo egohea kut to eomthmua ushmn stovas kaebusa b`tarmbthva hiprova-iamts sueg bs lhstrhet gabthmn or òeb` kohàrs bra too axpamshva. Nhvam tghs rab`hty, taegmhebòpthoms dor amarny-adehamt stovas, b`tarmbthva dua`s, bml goushmn hmsu`bthom wou`l gbva to kadurtgar lavaòpal.Nar rashlamts kabr b ghng mbmehb` kurlam od gabthmn eosts. Beeorlhmn to b raeamt Kbmf sur-vay, 5 tga asthibtal totb` axpamlhtura par gousago`l lurhmn tga gabthmn sabsom hs \n 2><,>4>(QU$2;1) dor rbw eob` bml \n 7<,715 (QU$42) dor rawool. Iora hiportbmt, tga sbia survay

ravab`s tgbt òwar hmeoia gousago`ls hm tga nar lhstrhets spaml b shnmhebmt bioumt od iomayto gabt tgahr nars or goias. \ga mbmehb` kurlam hs axtraia`y ghng dor gousago`ls hm tga kot-toi dtg hmeoia quhmthà6 tgay spaml bs iueg bs <3 pareamt od tgahr iomtg`y whmtar hmeoiaom gabthmn dua`s, eoipbral to shih`br axpamlhturas od om`y 8 pareamt ky gousago`ls hm tga tophmeoia quhmthà.

\BK@A >.8. \otb` Hmvastiamt Eost od Hmstb``hmn Maw Kohàr Gousa bml Gabt Matworf

@OEB\HOMS[OSOUALHIS[OTAIAM\ QMH\ QMH\ EOU\ TO@QIA

\O\B@ EOU\(QU$)

Kohàr gousa hm nar brab Hmstb``bthom od maw

kohàr gousa

f^ 2<<.2 $/f^ 1,8*;14> 9

212<1.3fw

;,27;,<<3

Gabt matworf droi mawkohàr gousa

Gabt phpashmstb``bthom

; x L;13 ii; x L273 ii; x L213 ii; x L2;1 ii; x L233 ii; x L>3 ii; x L13 ii\otb`

553.3 $/i533.3 $/i;43.3$/i;;3.3 $/i213.7 $/i2<1.7 $/i251.3 $/i

<3.3 i121.3 i5<3.3 i4>3.3 i2353.3 i7;1.3 i833.3 i<,5;3.3 i

25,;3321<,133

77,<332<>,<33211,5;12;3,;712;2,133733,423

Nar or prhvbta gousas Hmstb``bthom odhmloor gabthmnbml wbtar systai

2,;13.3 $dor oma gousa

;,14>.3 5,;37,>13

\otb` 4,282,733




Aàetrhehty7OTA[THA^ OD EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD A@AE\[HEH\X

Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) ehty hs nrowhmn rbphl`y, kotg bs tga nar brabs swa`` bs b rasu`t od tga hm uxod ihnrbmts droi rurb` brabs, bml whtg tga rbphl eomstruethom od tga urkbm eamtar bml goushmnlava opiamts. \ga or`l Kbmf―mbmeal Amarny Uaetor Srojaet (AUS) gbs prolueal nool rasu`tshm raluehmn taegmheb` bml momtaegmheb` òssas hm nar brabs hm QK, hiprovhmn ravamua eo`àethom,

bml hm eoiiarehb`hzhmn tga lhstrhkuthom kushmass od tga Q`bbmkbbtbr Aàetrhehty Lhstrhkuthom Mat-worf Eoipbmy (QKALM). \ga projaet gbs sueeassdu``y owaral taegmheb` bml momtaegmheb` ossasdroi bm bvarbna od 52 pareamt to ;3 pareamt hm QK nar brabs. Kh``hmn bml ravamua eo`àethom gbvahiproval lrbibtheb``y (kh`` eo`àethom lbys gbva kaam ralueal droi 87 to 1> lbys hm QK).

Lasphta tgasa hiprovaiamts, tga ehty‘s aàetrhehty sarvhea sth`` dbeas shnmhebmt egb`àmnas. Mabr`y >3pareamt od umlarnrouml ebkàs gbva axeaalal tgahr taegmheb` `hda spbms, bml soia <;1 ebkà dbu`tsbra raportal bmmub``y. Gb`d od tga >1 ibhm sukstbthom trbmsdoriars gbva kaam hm sarvhea dor ioratgbm ;1 yabrs6 mhma gbva kaam hm usa dor iora tgbm <3 yabrs. Kaebusa od tga nòkb` mbmehb` erh-shs bml tga sgbrp lrop hm eoiiolhty prheas dor Iomno`hb‘s ibjor axport eoiiolhthas, tga rhsf odeoipoumlhmn tga aeomoihe erhshs hd tga aàetrhehty systai dbh`s hs vary ghng.

Iomno`hb‘s eurramt totb` hmstb`àl aàetrhehty ebpbehty hs 7>7.< I . \ga raeamt`y uplbtal AmarnyUaetor Ibstar S`bm doraebstal tgbt powar laibml hs axpaetal to hmerabsa bt bm bmmub` rbta od ;.8pareamt katwaam ;332 bml ;3;3. Gowavar, tga betub` bvarbna powar laibml nrowtg dor tga pbsttgraa yabrs bvarbna wbs 1 pareamt. Kaebusa od ralueal ra`hbkh`hty bml hmsudehamt ebpbehty od tgalhstrhkuthom matworf, tga QKALM gbs to stop maw eommaethoms (bìost 213 eommaethoms dor mawkuh`lhmns hm <5 òebthoms). \ga nsovarmiamt gbl bmmoumeal b khl to eomstruet b maw eoikhmalgabt bml powar (EGS) p`bmt #1 hm QK, kut kaebusa od tga `bef od propar p`bmmhmn bml lua lh`h-namea proeass, tga tamlar gbs kaam ebmea`àl. \ga novarmiamt gbs raquastal bllhthomb` mbme-hmn droi tga omnohmn AUS dor eruehb` hmvastiamts hm QK‘s lhstrhkuthom bml trbmsihsshom matworfs.Hiialhbta mbmehmn hs maalal to iaat tga hmerabshmn laibmls dor axpbmshom bml ragbkh`htbthom od

tga lhstrhkuthom bml trbmsihsshom matworfs hm Iomno`hb‘s Eamtrb` [anhom, asthibtal to ka broumlQU$213 ih``hom to QU$;33 ih``hom.

B`tgoung aàetrhehty tbrhdds bra mot ow ky hmtarmbthomb` stbmlbrls (om bvarbna QU$<.> eamts/f^g),tgay bra kaòw tga àva` tgbt hs maeassbry to ra aet tga eost od sarvhea bml pbrtheu`br`y tga systaiaxpbmshom. B ôr`l Kbmf stuly hm ;33> ravabàl tgbt aàetrhehty bml gabt tbrhdds maal to hmerabsaky 43 pareamt to eovar eosts. @bef od ebpbehty bml po`htheb` wh`` to bljust tbrhdds hm b thia`y ibmmar,ra aethmn hmerabshmn eosts (dor dua`, eob`, hiportal spbra pbrts, nools, bml aquhpiamt) gbva axbear-kbtal mbmehb` òssas.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN>3

\ga Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty (A[B) od Iomno`hb b`so hmtrolueal b hda`hma tbrhdd rbta to ihth-nbta tga mbmehb` hipbet om poor bml òw-hmeoia eomsuiars. \goung tga A[B hmtrolueal `hda-`hma tbrhdds b daw yabrs bno, vary daw gousago`ls gbva sukserhkal dor tgosa tbrhdds `brna`y kaebusa odtga bef od ranhstrbthom (ky maw`y ihnrbtal gousago`ls) or outstbmlhmn pbybkàs dor pravhous`y usal

aàetrhehty. Sbyhmn aàetrhehty kh``s hs mot b prokài dor iost nar brab rashlamts, kut tgay wou`l motka bkà to pby dor maw eommaethoms kaebusa iost od tgai bra poor. Kaebusa od tga `bef od proparp`bmmhmn bml amdoreaiamt, ht wou`l ka prokàibthe to provhla maw eommaethoms, wgheg maal to kaeoorlhmbtal whtg lhstrhet bml ehty butgorhthas.

\ga tbrhdd dor aàetrhehty hm nar brabs hs katwaam 17 bml 44 \n/f^g (QU$3.3<2 bml 3.3<>) whtg-out TB\, lapamlhmn om iomtg`y eomsuipthom. Gousago`ls hm nar brabs pby brouml \n 7,333 to \n2;,333 par iomtg dor aàetrhehty6 tghs raprasamts bkout < pareamt to 1 pareamt od totb` hmeoia (\n;33,333 to \n ;13,333, or QU$2<5 to QU$2>8 par iomtg) (saa tbkà 7.2).

QKALM‘s SardoribmeaQKALM‘s ovarb`` oparbthomb` pardoribmea gbs hiproval eomshlarbk`y ovar tga pbst tgraa yabrs.Lhstrhkuthom òssas (taegmheb` bml momtaegmheb`) gbva lae`hmal pronrasshva`y droi ;7.< pareamthm ;331 to ;2.> pareamt hm ;337. \ga bvarbna kh``hmn eo`àethom rbta gbs kaam sbthsdbetory bml gbsrbmnal katwaam 233 pareamt (hm ;33>) bml 81.8 pareamt (hm ;337). \ga raeamt lae`hma hm tga ovar-b`` eo`àethom rbta sunnasts tgbt o`lar outstbmlhmn kh``s bra kaeoihmn hmerabshmn`y iora lhdeu`t toeo`àet bml ra aets tga eurramt aeomoihe lowmturm.

\ga umlar`yhmn nrowtg hm laibml bml raluethom hm matworf òssas ovar tga pbst tgraa yabrs gbsrasu`tal hm ghng sbàs nrowtg bvarbnhmn 2;.5 pareamt par yabr. \otb` muikar od eustoiars bs odLaeaikar 52, ;337, rabegal 2>4,333, ranhstarhmn bm bvarbna bmmub` nrowtg od just umlar 7,;33

eustoiars. \ga bvarbna muikar od eustoiars par aipòyaa gbs noma up ibrnhmb``y droi 22< hm;334 to 22> hm ;337. \ga eustoiar ihx dor ;337 hs hmlhebtal hm tbkà 7.;.

Aàetrhehty tbrhdds hmerabsal ky ;> pareamt addaethva Ju`y 21, ;337. \ga wahngtal bvarbna aàetrhehtyravamua gbs hmerabsal droi <7.12\n/f^g (QU$3.3<2/f^g) hm ;334 to 1>.7<\n/f^g (QU$3.3<8/

f^g) hm ;337, raprasamthmn nrowtg od 28.; par-eamt. Gowavar, tga lhstrhkuthom bml supp`y eoi-pomamt od tga tbrhdd (tgbt hs, axeùlhmn ku`fsupp`y or powar puregbsa eosts) gbs rhsam ky <3.<pareamt droi 8.>2\n/f^g (QU$3.337/f^g)hm ;334 to 25.4<\n/f^g (QU$3.3<8/f^g) hm

;337. \ga do`òwhmn egbrt h`ùstrbtas tga lavaòp-iamt od tga ratbh` tbrhdd 2 ovar tga pbst tgraa yabrs.

\ga ovarb`` mbmehb` pardoribmea od QKALMgbs hiproval ovar tga pbst tgraa yabrs kaebusaod adehamey hiprovaiamts (òwar lhstrhkuthomòssas bml ghngar kh``hmn eo`àethoms) bml sgbrphmerabsas hm tga lhstrhkuthom bml supp`y eoipo-mamt (tgbt hs, QKALM‘s sgbra) od tga tbrhdd. \ga

\BK@A 7.2. Aàetrhehty \brhdds dor [ashlamthb` Eomsuiars

EQU\OIA[ N[OQSU \B[HDD (\n/f^g)

QK bpbrtiamt lwa`àrs

0213 f^g par iomtg 43.33

212―;13 f^g par iomtg 4<.33

=;12 f^g par iomtg 47.33

QK nar rashlamts

0213 f^g par iomtg 17.33

212―;13 f^g par iomtg 4;.33

=;12 f^g par iomtg 44.33

Uourea: QKALM ;338.



EGBS\A[ 7 A@AE\[HEH\X >

eo`àetal ravamuas eoipbral whtg ebsg ravamua raquhraiamts h`ùstrbta tgbt tga eoipbmy gbs eòsaltga mbmehmn nbp bml gbs `hval whtghm hts iabms hm tga pbst two yabrs.

QKALM‘s lhstrhkuthom bml supp`y eosts, otgar tgbm lapraehbthom, gbva hmerabsal bs b pareamtbna odoparbthmn ravamua droi 28.3 pareamt hm ;334 to 28.> pareamt hm ;337. Sbyro`` eosts par aipòyaagbva rhsam ky <> pareamt ovar tga pbst tgraa yabrs, bml totb` pbyro`` eosts beeoumtal dor 2;.1 pareamtod oparbthmn ravamua hm ;337. [apbhrs bml ibhmtambmea eosts hm ;337 wara 74 pareamt ghngar tgbmhm ;334 bml raprasamtal 2;.1 pareamt od oparbthmn ravamua6 gowavar, sueg eosts bra sth`` dbr kaòwsystai raquhraiamts. Lapraehbthom egbrnas bra axeùlal kaebusa od b paeu`hbr bml umaxp`bhmal lrop,ra aetal hm QKALM‘s hmeoia stbtaiamts, droi \n <.2 kh``hom hm ;334 to \n 2.7 kh``hom hm ;337(QU$;.8 ih``hom to QU$ 2.5 ih``hom).

Ebphtb` hmvastiamts lurhmn tga pbst tgraa yabrs bioumtal to QU$2;.5 ih``hom. Od tghs bioumt, <8

pareamt wbs dumlal tgroung òmn-tari korrowhmn bml 2< pareamt tgroung novarmiamt nrbmts. \garaibhmhmn 5> pareamt wbs mbmeal droi QKALM‘s hmtarmb` rasoureas bml sgort-tari kbmf korrowhmn.

\ga eoipbmy‘s hquhlhty raibhms wabf, b tgoung ht gbs hiproval shmea ;334. \ga eurramt rbtho (tgaproporthom od eurramt bssats to eurramt hbkh`hthas) gbs noma up droi 3.4 hm ;334 to 3.7 hm ;337. \galakt/aquhty rbtho gbs hmerabsal droi 87 pareamt to 235 pareamt. \ga umsbthsdbetorh`y ghng rbtho hsibhm`y kaebusa xal bssats gbva mot kaam ravbùal dor ibmy yabrs. B prodasshomb` ravbùbthom odxal bssats hs axpaetal to ka eoipàtal ky aml ;338.

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD A@AE\[HEH\X HM NA[ B[ABU

[aeamt gousago`l survays raport tgbt iora tgbm 81 pareamt od nar rashlamts hm Q`bbmkbbtbr gbvaaàetrhehty hm tgahr gousago`ls.; Lasphta tga axtamshva eovarbna od aàetrhehty hm tga nar brabs, tga`bef od ebpbehty od aàetrhehty supp`y bml umra`hbkà sarvhea raibhm bs ibhm egb`àmnas, odtam rasu`t-hmn hm powar outbnas. \ga fay hssuas whtg tga aàetrhehty supp`y hm nar brabs bra hmsudehamt ebpbe-hty od trbmsdoriars bml sukstbthoms, bs wa`` bs poor sarvhea qub`hty kaebusa od tga ebpbehty sgortbna.

Gousago`ls whtgout beeass to aàetrhehty taml to ka tgosa hm tga drhmna nar brabs. \goung maw eom-maethoms wara ibla hm raeamt yabrs hm nar brabs, mbmeal droi tga stbta bml iumhehpb` kulnat, bkout

\BK@A 7.;. QKALM Eustoiar Ihx

EQU\OIA[UUB@AU,N^g

[ATAMQA,IH@@HOM \n

BTA[BNA \B[HDD(\n/f^g)

Nar brab (parh-urkbm) 8;,7>4 1;.7% ;;;.1

(28.2%)

22,<1;.8

(2>.3%)

12.4

Bpbrtiamt >5,558 <2.>% 24>.>(2<.<%)

8,>47.4(2<.1%)

17.5

Eoiiarehb` bml hmlustrhb` (EH) 8,>82 1.4% >><.>(44.1%)

<4,372(47.<%)

18.1

\otb` 2>4,334 233% 2,241 4>,5>3 1>.7

Uourea : QKALM ;338.



IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN>;

7,333 dbih`has sth`` lo mot gbva aàetrhehty hm QK. \ga QKALM asthibtal tgbt bkout \n ;.7 kh``hom(QU$; ih``hom) wou`l ka maeassbry to provhla aàetrhehty to tgosa gousago`ls. Hm tga tgraa nar brabsumlar ravhaw, om`y bkout 2;3 gousago`ls bra raportal to gbva mo beeass to aàetrhehty (tbkà 7.5).

OS\HOMU DO[ UA[THEA HIS[OTAIAM\U HM NA[ B[ABU

Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` LhstrhetEomsuiars `hvhmn hm bpbrtiamts pby s`hngt`y ghngar tbrhdds tgbm rashlamts hm nar brabs. \ga tbrhdd dorbpbrtiamt brabs hs 47 \n/f^g, eoipbral to 44 \n/f^g hm nar brabs. Eommaethom eosts od aàetrhe-hty to rashlameas bra prasamtal hm tga maxt saethom.

Ihlthar Nar Brab Kbybmfgosguu Nar brab, 7tg Fgoroo , Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet

\ghs fgoroo gbs ahngt fgasans(iherolhstrhets), shx od wgheg gbva umlarnoma taegmheb` ragbkh`htbthomumlar tga AUS hm ;331―3>. \ghs egbmna hmeùlas tga hmstb``bthom od rukkar-hmsu`btal barhb` eom-luetors (W@SA) ebkàs bml aàetrhehty tbrhdd iatars tonatgar whtg iatar koxas. \ga projaet hipà-iamtbthom hm tga two raibhmhmn fgasans hs pamlhmn. htghm tga Q`bbkbbtbr Uarvheas HiprovaiamtSrojaet (QUHS), straat `hngthmn gbs kaam hiproval, bml 12 `hngthmn xturas wara hmstb`àl bt kotgamls od ahngt straats. Eblbstra ibpphmn od tga fgoroo wbs prapbral, hmeùlhmn tga systaibthe ibp-phmn od gbsgbbs od abeg fgasan. Gowavar, tga betub` oebthoms od gbsgbbs bml straats ebm ka lhdeu`tto latarihma kaebusa od poor ibpphmn bml `bka`hmn hm tga eblbstra systai. Hm namarb`, aàetrhehtysupp`y hm tghs fgoroo gbs hiproval shnmhebmt`y whtg tga hipàiamtbthom od AUS. \gara bra vo`t-bna lrop hssuas om`y om Utraats # 7 bml # 8 od tga Zuum Kbybm \sbnbbm brab dor bkout <3 gousa-go`ls6 b so, soia maweoiars gbva mot kaam provhlal whtg aàetrhehty kaebusa od tga bef od odehb`

ranhstrbthom.

Uavam outloor trbmsdoriar stbthoms (O\U) bml hmloor trbmsdoriar stbthoms (H\U) bra hm oparbthomhm tghs fgoroo, wgheg hs òebtal hm tga Muur (`bfa) brab, wgara dour krhef ibmudbeturhmn dbeto-rhas oparbta lurhmn suiiar iomtgs. Nhvam tga ghng lamshty od tga òebthom, ht gbs `hihtal spbeador maweoiars. Uoiathias savarb` dbih`has `hva hm oma gbsgbb bml bs b rasu`t iby absh`y iova tobmotgar p`bea whtgout pbyhmn tgahr aàetrhehty egbrnas. \ga hmstb``bthom od aàetrhehty iatars umlartga taegmheb` pbrt od AUS b`òws tga usa od thia-lhddaramthbtal iatars, wghà tga maw W@SA ebkàsga`p raluea momtaegmheb` ossas, sueg bs tgadt od aàetrhehty.

\BK@A 7.5. Eurramt Utbtus od Aàetrhehty Uupp`y hm Uaàetal Fgoroos

FGO[OO\O\B@

GOQUAGO@LUA@AE\[HEH\X

UQSS@X

UA[THEAHIS[OTAIAM\U

MAALALMO

A@AE\[HEH\X

Kbybmno` lhstrhet, 22tgfgoroo ;,8>3 ;,8;3 53 13Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm lhstrhet, 7tgfgoroo ,Kbybmfgosguunar brab

2,4>> 2,4>> 13 M/B

Kbybmzðrfg lhstrhet, 8tgfgoroo ,Ugbrgbl nar brab

;,14> ;,<8> <7 >3

Uourea : QKALM ;338.



EGBS\A[ 7 A@AE\[HEH\X >

Brouml >3 gousago`ls om Aaj Fgbhrfgbm‘s 7tg Utraat (or <tg Fgasan) lo mot gbva aàetrhehty. Hmbllhthom, brouml <> maweoiars hm tga >tg Fgasan sattàl hm b swbipy, òw-`yhmn brab whtgout ran-hstarhmn6 tgosa gousago`ls eomstruetal b 3.<fT lhstrhkuthom hma prhvbta`y bml gbva tbfam aàetrhehtyom`y droi oma poà. Hm tga 4tg bml ;ml fgasans , ;3 gousago`ls bml 53 gousago`ls, raspaethva`y, om

;ml Utraat bra tbfhmn aàetrhehty droi oma iatar, tgus hmerabshmn òblhmn bml ebushmn vo`tbna lrops.Eomvarsa`y, tga eamtrb` fgasans gbva b ra`bthva`y ra`hbkà aàetrhehty supp`y wgara AUS hs eoipàtal.

Hm oma pbrtheu`br shtubthom, om 7tg Utraat od Aaj Fgbhrfgbm or Ka`fg, brab gousago`ls bra amnbnal hmebttà kraalhmn6 tga poor robl eomlhthom ibfas tga eomstruethom od lhstrhkuthom `hmas vary lhdeu`t.Namarb``y, tga tarrhtory od tghs fgoroo gbs b iully bml erbnny surdbea. Mhma O\Us bml H\Us bra hmoparbthom hm tghs fgoroo, bml tga raibhmhmn eustoiars bra supp`hal droi otgar O\Us.

Oeebshomb` aàetrhehty hmtarrupthoms bra raportal hm tghs fgoroo lurhmn avamhmn pabf oblhmn. \ga fgo-roo hs òebtal dbr droi tga ehty eamtar bml gbs b ra`bthva`y ghng muikar od maweoiars. B`so, taiporbrygousago`ls iova hmto tga brab lurhmn tga suiiar sabsom to p`bmt vanatbkàs bml to ebip, tgus hmerabs-

hmn aàetrhehty laibml. Ht hs asthibtal tgbt bmmub` laibml nrowtg wh`` ka bs iueg bs 1 pareamt to 4pareamt par yabr. Lurhmn lhseusshoms, fgoroo bml fgasan àblars motal tgbt tga bvarbna iomtg`y aàe-trhehty eomsuipthom od nar brab gousago`ls hs brouml 213 f^g or \n 23,333 whtgout TB.

\ga wastarm lhstrhkuthom eamtar od QKALM hs raspomshkà dor taegmheb` bspaets od aàetrhehty sup-p`y, bml tga Kbybmno` lhstrhet eustoiar sarvhea eamtar (EUE) hs raspomshkà dor eustoiar kh``hmn bmlravamua eo`àethom, bs wa`` bs lby-to-lby sarvhea bml ibhmtambmea.

Hm tga Ihlthar nar, tgara hs bm hssua od hiprovhmn sarvheas dor bkout 13 gousago`ls wgo `hva hm 7tgbml 8tg Utraats od tga Zuum Kbybm \sbnbbm brab. \ga par ebphtb eost od upnrblhmn bml ragbkh`htbthomhs asthibtal to ka bkout \n 554,><;.4 (bkout QU$;53).

Eurramt nar rashlamts wh`` kamat droi tga hiproval bml ra`hbkà supp`y od aàetrhehty, bml so tgaeomsuipthom àva` hs `hfa`y to rhsa. [aeamt`y, tga Srojaet Utaarhmn Eoiihttaa od AUS laehlal toragbkh`htbta 57 trbmsdoriar sukstbthoms hm Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm lhstrhet bt b totb` eost od brouml\n 1<1.1 ih``hom (QU$583,333). Ht hs axpaetal tgbt momragbkh`htbtal fgasans od tga 7tg fgoroo wh``ka hmeùlal hm tghs worf.

Drhmna Nar (Ugbrgbl), 8tg Fgoroo, Kbybmzðrfg LhstrhetOd tga ahngt fgasans hm tghs fgoroo, upnrblasumlar tga AUS wara hipàiamtal hm shx fga-

sans hm ;331―34, hmeùlhmn hmstb``bthom od W@SAebkàs bml aàetrhehty iatars tonatgar whtgiatar koxas.

\ga eost od eommaethoms dor gousago`ls whtg-out aàetrhehty wh`` ka brouml \n >2;,133― \n 814,>75 (QU$133―QU$4>3), lapamlhmnom tga lhstbmea droi axhsthmn sukstbthoms,toponrbpgy, bml so dortg (saa tbkàs 7.<6 7.16

\BK@A 7.<. Eost od Uarvhea Hiprovaiamtshm 7tg Fgoroo dor 13 Gousago`ls

EOU\ H\AIUEOU\ (\GOQUBMLU,

\N)

3.< fT ovargabl hmas, 3.1 fi 2;,32<.4

Iatars, koxas, bml otgar <,7;;.1

\otb` 24,75>.2




IBMBNHMN Q[KBM AWSBMUHOM HM IOMNO@HB: KAU\ S[BE\HEAU HM UEAMB[HO-KBUAL Q[KBM S@BMMHMN><

bml 7.4). \ga mabrky QKALM matworf loasmot gbva amoung ebpbehty, so tgara hs b maalto kuh`l b maw trbmsdoriar sukstbthom whtgebpbehty od 243 fTB bml bm bssoehbtal lhstrh-

kuthom matworf od 23 fT bml 3.< fT ovar-gabl hmas.

Uarvhea hiprovaiamts dor bkout <7 gousago`lshm >tg Fgasan od tghs fgoroo wou`l eost bkout\n 8<1,375 (QU$443) par gousago`l, hmeùlhmnb trbmsdoriar sukstbthom od 233 fTb, ovargabl`hmas od 23 fT bml 3.< fT, iatars, bml bssoeh-btal worfs (saa tbkà 7.4).

EOME@QLHMN [AIB[FU\gara bra savarb` ibjor hssuas whtg aàetrhe-hty supp`y hm nar brabs, hmeùlhmn vo`tbna lropsebusal ky ebpbehty sgortbnas, hmsudehamt ebpbe-hty od trbmsdoriars bml sukstbthoms, bs wa`` bsgousago`ls whtgout aàetrhehty. Aàetrhehty hsprovhlal to iost gousago`ls od tga tgraa narbrabs umlar ravhaw, axeapt dor bkout 2;3 maw`ysattàl dbih`has. nar brab rashlamts wgo gbvaeommaethoms om bvarbna usa bkout 233 f^g―

223 f^g od aàetrhehty, dor wgheg tgay pbybkout <―1 pareamt od tgahr iomtg`y hmeoia,wgheg hs whtghm tga hmtarmbthomb``y raeonmhzalbddorlbkh`hty `hiht. Uarvhea hiprovaiamts doraxhsthmn eomsuiars, sueg bs ebpbehty hiprova-

iamts bt mabrky sukstbthoms bml hiproval iatarhmn bml whrhmn wou`l eost om bvarbna \n ;73,333to \n 143,333 (QU$;33 to QU$<33) par gousago`l.

\ga eost od maw eommaethoms dor gousago`ls hm tga saàetal nar brabs vbrhas katwaam \n 7<3,333bml \n 2,2;3,333 (QU$433 to QU$733) par eommaethom lapamlhmn om (biomn ibmy vbrhbkàs)toponrbpgy bml lhstbmea droi bml bvbh`bkà ebpbehty od mabrky trbmsdoriars bml sukstbthoms od tga

lhstrhkuthom matworf. Gousago`ls eurramt`y whtgout eommaethoms wou`l mot ka bkà to pby dor maweommaethoms om tgahr owm. Avam tgoung tga Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty (A[B) gbs hmtrolueal`hda`hma tbrhdds, vary daw gousago`ls gbva sukserhkal dor tgosa tbrhdds kaebusa od b bef od ranhstrbthom(kaebusa tgay bra maw`y ihnrbtal), or outstbmlhmn pbybkàs dor pravhous`y usal aàetrhehty. \ga befod propar p`bmmhmn bml amdoreaiamt biomn lhstrhet bml iumhehpb` butgorhthas ibfa ht iora lhd-eu`t to provhla maw eommaethoms.

\BK@A 7.1. Eost od Maw Eommaethoms hm 8tg Fgoroo dor 43 Gousago`ls

EOU\ H\AIUEOU\ (\GOQUBMLU,

\N)

\rbmsdoriar sukstbthom,243 fTb

27,2;8.1

23 fT ovargabl hmas, 3.1 fi 23,333.2

3.< fT ovargabl hmas, 2.1 fi ;2,2;>.4

Iatars, koxas, bml otgar 7,2<8.7

\otb` 1>,<3>.2


\BK@A 7.4. Eost od Uarvhea Hiprovaiamtshm 8tg Fgoroo dor <7 Gousago`ls

EOU\ H\AIUEOU\

(\GOQUBMLU, \N)

\rbmsdoriar sukstbthom,233 fTb

21,121.3

23 fT ovargabl hmas, 3.4 fi 7,27>.7

3.< fT ovargabl hmas, 3.7 fi 24,355.2

Iatars, koxas, bml otgar 1,4;7.5

\otb` <1,54<.5




Aluebthom bml Gab`tg Uarvheas8

Uoehb` sarvheas hm aluebthom bml gab`tg bra namarb``y hm poor eomlhthom hm nar brabs, tgoungtgay bra prokbk`y kattar hm taris od beeass bml bvbh`bkh hty tgbm bra iost otgar fay hmdrb-struetura saetors. Uhih`br to otgar trbmshthom aeomoihas, tga Iomno`hbm novarmiamt hs trb-lhthomb``y raspomshkà dor provhlhmn kbshe gab`tg bml aluebthom sarvheas, wgheg bra gabvh`y

sukshlhzal. Hm hngt od b sarhas od po`hey radoris hm raeamt yabrs, tga prhvbta saetor gbs p`byal b nrow-hmn roà hm tgosa saetors, bml tga sgbra od prhvbta out-od-poefat eosts gbs stablh`y hmerabsal. Gow-

avar, tga prhvbta eost od segoo`hmn bml gosphtb`s raibhms namarb``y òw eoipbral whtg ibmy otgartrbmshthom aeomoihas. Lasphta hmadehamehas bml strueturb` hssuas aikallal whtghm tgosa saetors,fay hmlhebtors om aluebthomb` bttbhmiamt bml gab`tg sunnast b nrblub` kut stably hiprovaiamttowbrl iaathmn tga Ih`àmmhui Lava opiamt Nob` (ILN) tbrnats.

Hiprovhmn sarvhea la`hvary hm aluebthom bml gab`tg wou`l raquhra bllrasshmn b sat od ra`btal po`h-ehas, hmsthtuthomb` strueturas, bml systais od mbmehb` hmeamthvas bt tga mbthomb` ava`, wgheg hs kayomltga seopa od tghs raport. \ghs egbptar laserhkas soia od tga raàvbmt saetor kbefnrouml, lhbnmosasfay hssuas hm aluebthom bml gab`tg saetors tgbt wara ghng`hngtal lurhmn tga doeus nroup lhseus-shom hm tgraa nars, bml suiibrhzas opthoms dor sarvhea hiprovaiamts bml tga mbmehb` hip`hebthoms.

EQ[[AM\ U\B\QU OD ALQEB\HOM BML GAB@\G UA[THEA S[OTHUHOM HM NA[ B[ABU

Aluebthom. Ovarb``, Iomno`hb rbmfs ghng biomn eoumtrhas hm tga Abst Bshb ranhom hm amro`ìamtrbtas bml tga pareamtbna od stulamts eoipàt-hmn kbshe aluebthom.2 Mavartgaàss, amro`ìamtnuras ibsf hiportbmt lhspbrhthas hm eoipà-thom rbtas ky naonrbpghe brab bml wab`tg. Alu-ebthomb` bttbhmiamt hm nar brabs hs òwar tgbmtgbt hm bpbrtiamt brabs, sgowhmn b eàbr eor-

ra`bthom katwaam hmeoia bml aluebthomb` àv-a`s (nura 8.2). Hm nar brabs, bkout 5> pareamtod rashlamts gbva eoipàtal saeomlbry segoo`,2< pareamt od egh`lram raeamt`y gbva mhsgalprhibry segoo`, bml bmotgar 2<.1 pareamt gbvalroppal out od saeomlbry segoo`. Hm bpbrtiamtbrabs, ky eomtrbst, bìost gb`d od stulamts gbvablvbmeal pbst saeomlbry segoo` to voebthomb`trbhmhmn or eo`àna aluebthom (saa nura 8.2).

DHNQ[A 8.2. Ghngast Aluebthom @ava` Oktbhmal hm Nar bmlBpbrtiamt Brabs (%)

73

43

<3

;3

3moma saeomlbry or

òwarghngar tgbmsaeomlbry

nar brab bpbrtiamt brab

p a r e a m t

Uourea : GHAU ;33>.




\ga sgbra od novarmiamt spamlhmn lavotal to aluebthom raibhms ra`bthva`y ghng. Uhmea 288>, wgamtga sgbra od aluebthom spamlhmn rabegal b òw od 24 pareamt od tga totb` kulnat, aluebthom‘s sgbra odtga kulnat gbs hmerabsal, ; rabeghmn ;3 pareamt od totb` puk`he axpamlhturas hm ;331. \ghs nura hs hm`hma whtg tga novarmiamt‘s po`hey to ibhmtbhm aluebthom‘s sgbra od tga totb` novarmiamt kulnat bt

bkout ;3 pareamt. \ghs àva` od spamlhmn hs ra`bthva`y ghng eoipbral to iost òw-hmeoia eoumtrhas.5

\otb` spamlhmn om aluebthom bs b pareamtbna od totb` puk`he axpamlhtura wbs 28.2 hm ;33< eoipbralwhtg bm bvarbna od 24.; pareamt dor otgar lavaòphmn eoumtrhas hm Abst Bshb bml tga Sbehe [anhom. <

Bt tga mbthomb` àva , prhibry bml saeomlbry aluebthom hs nhvam b ghng prhorhty ky tga novarmiamtwhtg tga vhaw od beghavhmn tga ILN od umhvarsb` prhibry aluebthom. Utramntgamhmn kbshe alueb-thom hs hstal bs b prhorhty brab hm tga Novarmiamt‘s Mbthomb` Lavaòpiamt Utrbtany S`bm.1 \ga ku`fod dumlhmn dor pratarthbry aluebthom eomthmuas to eoia droi tga stbta kulnat. Uhmea 2882, mom-stbtapbrthehpbthom hm aluebthom gbs hmerabsal, bml segoo`s gbva kaam iora bethva hm rbhshmn bllhthomb`soureas od ravamua. Mavartgaàss, stbta mbmehmn hs ky dbr tga brnast sourea od dumlhmn dor tga alu-ebthom saetor. Dumlhmn tgroung tga stbta kulnat raibhms praloihmbmt6 hm ;334, ht wbs asthibtal bt

87 pareamt. Srhibry bml saeomlbry aluebthom raeahva iora tgbm 13 pareamt od tga ovarb`` alueb-thom kulnat bml beeoumt dor >3 pareamt od b`` stulamts hm tga aluebthom systai. 4

\ga novarmiamt b`so rums aluebthom bhl pronrbis, hmeùlhmn tuhthom sukshlhas dor tga poor, pùsdraa taxtkoofs bml segoo` supp`has. \ga avbùbthom od tgosa pronrbis hmlhebtas tgbt wghà tgara hssoia abfbna to tga mompoor bml rooi dor hiprovaiamt to axpbml eovarbna od tga poor, tga poorlo nrabt`y kamat bml bra tga `brnast sgbra od kamaehbrhas.

\ga stbta mbmehmn bml bhl pronrbis hm prhibry bml saeomlbry aluebthom trbms`bta hmto ra`bthva`yòw-to-iolarbta gousago`l spamlhmn om aluebthom. Beeorlhmn to tga Gousago`l Hmeoia Axpamlh-

tura Uurvay (GHAU) bmb`yshs, hm nar brabs, mabr`y

>3 pareamt od prhibry bml saeomlbry stulamtslo mot pby bmy tuhthom, eoipbral to àss tgbm <1pareamt hm bpbrtiamt brabs (saa tbkà 8.2). Biomntgosa wgo lo pby dor tuhthom hm nar brabs dor prh-ibry bml saeomlbry segoo`, tga bvarbna bmmub`tuhthom hs \n 13,333 (QU$23>) par stulamt, eoi-pbral to \n 513,333 (QU$;13) par stulamt hmbpbrtiamt brabs. Otgar tgbm tuhthom, koofs, bmlsegoo` supp`has, dool bml trbmsport bra tga ibjoraxpamsas dor prhibry bml saeomlbry aluebthom.

Doeus nroup lhseusshoms hm tga tgraa nar brabshmlhebta tgbt tga lhstbmea bml thia spamt eoi-iuthmn to segoo` lo mot saai to ka iueg odbm hssua, b`tgoung ht wbs odtam ghng`hngtal tgbtstulamts droi maw`y sattàl, iora lhstbmt narswou`l gbva to wb`f iora tgbm oma gour tonat to segoo`. Bkout 43―41 pareamt od prh-ibry bml saeomlbry stulamts wb`f to segoo`6tga rast ra`y om puk`he trbmsportbthom or dbih`y

\BK@A 8.2. Bvarbna Bmmub` Gousago`lAxpamlhtura om Srhibry bml UaeomlbryAluebthom (\n)

B[AB NA[ B[AB BSB[\IAM\

[amt 248 23,837

Koofs bml supp`has 5<,785 <<,3>7

Qmhdoris 22,534 2<,81>

\rbmsportbthom ;>,2>7 5<,;;7

Dool ;8,;3> 11,422

Otgars 2;,5<< ;;,551

\otb` 221,387 27;,22>

% od bvarbna hmeoia >.; >.3

% od stulamts amro`àlhm puk`he segoo`

78 >>

% od GG wgo pbytuhthom

53 <<

Uourea : MUO ;337.



EGBS\A[ 8 ALQEB\HOM BML GAB@\G UA[THEAU >

vagheàs. Om bvarbna, prhibry bml saeomlbrystulamts bra raportal to spaml bkout ;1―51ihmutas natthmn to segoo` (saa tbkà 8.;). \ghstrbva` thia hs shih`br to tga rasu`t od tga GHAU

survay, wgheg sgowal bvarbna trbva` thias odbkout 27 ihmutas dor bpbrtiamt brabs bml ;;ihmutas dor nar brabs.

Gowavar, robl sbdaty bml segoo` trbmsportbthombra odtam ehtal bs ibhm brabs dor hiprovaiamthm segoo`hmn hm nar brabs. \gara bra vhrtub``y morobl sbdaty iabsuras hm dromt od or mabr segoo`s,bml tghs bksamea hmerabsas tga hmehlamea od trbd-e beehlamts. ^htg bìost oma-gb`d od tga narstulamts tbfhmn soia fhml od vagheà to no to

segoo`, umra`hbk a bml hmdraquamt trbmsportbthomsarvheas ebm bll lhdeu`thas.

Eomshlarhmn tga ra`bthva`y òw lrop-out rbtas,tga beeaptbkà aluebthomb` bttbhmiamt (kyhmtarmbthomb` stbmlbrls), bml tga ra`bthva bddorl-bkh`hty par gousago`l, tga ibhm egb`àmna dorprhibry bml saeomlbry segoo`s hm nar brabs hsto ibhmtbhm or hmerabsa tgahr ebpbehty hm raspomsa to urkbm ihnrbthom bml nrowtg. \ga axpbmshomod nar brabs gbs put shnmhebmt prassura om axhsthmn segoo` dbeh`hthas. Hm tga tgraa nar brabs umlarravhaw, tgara bra oma or two saeomlbry segoo`s whtg 2,;33 to 5,;33 stulamts. \ga puph`-tabegar

rbtho vbrhas droi 51:2 to 4<:2, eoipbral whtg 5<:2 hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) om bvarbna. Hm tga Ihltharnar, tga puph`-tabegar rbtho hs dbr ghngar tgbm QK‘s bvarbna ibhm`y kaebusa ht gbs to bksork bkout;,>33 stulamts droi mahngkorhmn fgoroos tgbt lo mot gbva b saeomlbry segoo`. Uhih`br`y, tga EhtyEamtar nar (Mbrbm) saeomlbry segoo`s beeoiiolbta bm bllhthomb` 2,733 stulamts droi mahngkor-hmn fgoroos. Hm tga Drhmna nar, axhsthmn segoo` dbeh`hthas ebm sarva om`y 53 pareamt od tga totb` stu-lamts hm tga fgoroo. \ga rast bttaml segoo`s hm mahngkorhmn fgoroos. B`` segoo`s rum tgraa to doursghdts par lby to beeoiiolbta tga nrowhmn muikar od stulamts, bppraehbk`y `hihthmn tga àmntg odsegoo` lbys dor stulamts.

Doeus nroup hmtarvhaws whtg fgoroo bml fgasan ablars sgow tgbt b`` segoo`s hm nar brabs suddar droipoor ibhmtambmea bml b `bef od blaqubta dbeh`hthas. Hm ebsa od tga Ihlthar nar, tga fhmlarnbrtam hs

sgbral whtg tgraa mahngkorhmn fgoroos (Mo. 2>, 28, bml ;<) bml hs dbr too sib``. Ibmy od tgosa fhm-larnbrtams bra lomor dumlal bml ra`y om axtarmb` dumlhmn dor oparbthom bml ibhmtambmea. Hd dor soiarabsom tga kulnat support or axtarmb` dumlhmn sgou`l db`` sgort, iost od tga dbeh`hthas wh`` ka eòsal.

\ga bksamea od raerabthomb` eamtars dor bdtar-segoo` bethvhthas hs bmotgar prokài dbehmn nar rash-lamts. Uegoo`s oparbta om tgraa or dour sghdts par lby, ibfhmn bdtar-segoo` bethvhthas bt segoo` lhd-eu`t, hd mot hiposshkà. Hm b`` tgraa nar brabs, tgara hs mo raerabthomb` eamtar bt tga fgoroo àva`. @befod suparvhsal àhsura bethvhthas hs odtam ehtal bs b ibhm dbetor eomtrhkuthmn to juvamhà erhia. gamsegooègh`lram gbva mo eomstruethva wby to spaml tgahr spbra thia, tgay aml up wbmlarhmn hm tga

\BK@A 8.;. Uaeomlbry Uegoo` hm \graa Nar Brabs

EH\X EAM\A[ NA[ (MB[BM)

IHL\HA[ NA[(KBXBMFGOUGQQ)

D[HMNA NA[(UGB[GBL)

Muikar od fhmlarnbrtams ; 2 2

Muikar od tabegars btfhmlarnbrtams

;2 27 27

Amro`ìamt bt fhmlarnbrtams 1>4 <83 283

# od saeomlbry segoo`s ; 2 2

\otb` muikar od stulamtshm tghs fgoroo amro`àl hmsaeomlbry segoo`s

;,>72 133 <,<53

\otb` muikar od stulamtsbttamlhmn segoo`s

<,173 5,;33 2,284

Suph`-tabegar rbtho (S\[) M/B 4< 51

Muikar od e`bss sghdts par lby 5 5 to < <Bvarbna trbva` thia(ihmutas)

;1 51 54

Bvarbna trbva` lhstbmea 5.; ;.1 2.7

Uourea : ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338 whtg fgasan àblars lurhmn doeus nrouplhseusshom.




straats bml natthmn hmto troukà. Hm dbet, erhia hm nar brabs hs aiarnhmn bs b soehb` hssua hm QK6 tghs hsb eoiiom soehb` pgamoiamom hm aeomoihas axparhamehmn lrbsthe soehb` bml laionrbpghe egbmnas,bòmn whtg rhshmn hmeoia hmaqub`hty. Hmtarmbthomb` lomors gbva mbmeal b muikar od youtg eamtarsbeross nar brabs, provhlhmn vbrhous pronrbis draa od egbrna to egh`lram droi lhsblvbmtbnal kbef-

nroumls. Gowavar, ibhmtambmea od tga dbeh`hthas bml pronrbis tgbt wou`l eomthmua to bttrbet youtghs tga ibhm egb`àmna. Uueg ibhmtambmea wou`l raquhra b sib`` kut stably bml ra`hbkà kulnat b`ò-ebthom droi lhstrhet novarmiamts, wgheg bra odtam strbppal dor ebsg.

Gab`tg Uarvheas: Gab tg hmlhebtors hm Iomno`hb dbra wa`` eoipbral to eoumtrhas bt shih`br àva`s odlava opiamt, ra aethmn tga trblhthomb` roà od tga novarmiamt bs tga ibhm provhlar od gab`tg sar-vheas. Hmdbmt bml egh`l iortb`hty hs òw bml gbs kaam lae`hmhmn stablh`y. \ga hmdbmt bml umlar-vaiortb`hty rbtas wara 51 bml <5 par 2,333 hm ;33>, raspaethva`y, > bml iortb`hty droi eoiiumhebkàlhsabsas gbs b`so laerabsal motbk`y, aspaehb``y dor tukareuòshs bml otgar lhsabsas tgbt ebm ka pra-vamtal whtg hiiumhzbthom pronrbis. 7 ^ghà hmdbmt bml egh`l iortb`hty saai to ka lae`hmhmn, tgablu`t iortb`hty rbta hs raportal to ka rhshmn kaebusa od `hdastyà-ra`btal lhsabsas bml momeoiiumh-

ebkà eomlhthoms sueg bs gabrt bttbef, strofa, ebmear, bml lhbkatas.

\ga Uoehb` Gab`tg Hmsurbmea hmtrolueal hm 288< provhlas eovarbna to paopà hm Iomno`hb. [av-amuas bra kbsal om pbyro`` eomtrhkuthoms ky hmlhvhlub`s hm tga dorib` `bkor ibrfat bml b bt rbtaeomtrhkuthom od \n 133 (QU$3.54) ky hmlhvhlub`s hm tga hmdorib` saetor `bkor ibrfat. Hm bllhthom,du`` novarmiamt sukshlhas bpp`y dor vu`marbkà nroups sueg bs tga umaipòyal, egh`lram umlar 24,pamshomars, bml pbramts whtg egh`lram umlar two yabrs o`l. Beeorlhmn to tga GHAU survay, bìost83 pareamt od nar rashlamts bml s`hngt`y àss tgbm 81 pareamt od bpbrtiamt rashlamts gbva gab`tghmsurbmea. Gab`tg ebra hs ibhm`y mbmeal droi tga novarmiamt kulnat. Novarmiamt axpamlhturasbeeoumtal dor bpproxhibta`y 45 pareamt od totb` gab`tg axpamlhturas hm ;335. Droi bm hmtarmbthomb`parspaethva, novarmiamt spamlhmn om gab`tg bs b sgbra od NSL hs ghng (4.8 pareamt), bml prhvbta

out-od-poefat axpamsas bra eomshlaral ow eoipbral whtg otgar trbmshthom aeomoihas.

\ga novarmiamt radori hm tga ihl-2883s hm tga gab`tg saetor sghdtal tga aipgbshs od tga systaidroi gosphtb`s to b prhibry gab`tg ebra (SGE) systai whtg support droi lomors, hmeùlhmn tgaBshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf bml tga QM bnamehas. 8 Hm `hma whtg tga novarmiamt‘s laeamtrb`hzbthompo`hey, raspomshkh`hty dor tga gab`tg ebra systai wbs b`so laeamtrb`hzal to tga òeb` novarmiamts,wgo bra mow ibhm`y raspomshkà dor tga la`hvary od gab`tg sarvheas. So`hey ibfhmn, strbtanhe p`bm-mhmn, bml avbùbthom raibhm bs raspomshkh`hthas od tga Ihmhstry od Gab`tg (IoG).

Hm urkbm brabs, SGE sarvheas bra la`hvaral ky dbih`y nroup prbetheas, eomshsthmn od eoiiumhtymursas wgo radar aiarnamey pbthamts to lhstrhet gab`tg eamtars. Upaehb hzal ebra hs la`hvaral ky urkbm

lhstrhet namarb` gosphtb`s, wgheg eovar b`` ibjor e`hmheb` spaehb`thas bml typheb``y gbva ebpbehthas od;33―533 kals dor la`hvarhmn hmpbthamt sarvheas.23 \gara bra b`so stbta e`hmheb` gosphtb`s bml spaehb`-hzal gab`tg eamtars, ibhm`y òebtal hm QK ehty.

Oma fay hssua hm tga gab`tg saetor hs tga hmadehamt b`òebthom od rasoureas katwaam eurbthva gosphtb`sarvheas bml pravamthva sarvheas. \ga ava` od axpamlhturas dor gosphtb` ebra hs ghng“tga gosphtb` suk-saetor beeoumts dor bkout two-tghrls od tga gab`tg kulnat“eoipbral whtg tga àva` od spamlhmn ompuk`he gab`tg bml prhibry ebra. 22 \ga pravhous`y iamthomal po`hey egbmna tgbt aipgbshzas tga SGEsystai bml tga laeamtrb`hzbthom od tga raspomshkh`hthas od tga gab`tg ebra systai wbs mot beeoipbmhal



EGBS\A[ 8 ALQEB\HOM BML GAB@\G UA[THEAU >

ky tga sudehamt ralhraethom od rasoureas to SGEs bml òeb` novarmiamts. Eomsaquamt`y, tga roàs bmlraspomshkh`hthas biomn tga IoG bml òeb` novarmiamts raibhm umeàbr. Ht hs odtam motal tgbt Iom-no`hb gbs dbr too ibmy gosphtb`s: ;5.< gosphtb`s par 233,333 paopà, iora tgbm twhea tga bvarbna hm tgaAuropabm Qmhom bml otgar trbmshthom aeomoihas.2; \ga gosphtb`s, gowavar, bra eomeamtrbtal hm urkbm

brabs, bml SGEs hm raiota brabs bra adt whtgout blaqubta dbeh`hthas bml rasoureas.

Bshla droi bm ovarsupp`y od gosphtb` sarvheas, tga provhshom od gab`tg sarvheas hm QK hs hmaquhtbkàbml dbvors tga mompoor brabs od tga ehty. Lasphta `bws, ranu`bthoms, bml po`hehas tgbt umlarseora tgahiportbmea od SGE, mbmehb` support dor puk`he gab`tg gbs kaam hmsudehamt. SGE hs fmowm toraeahva om`y brouml 1.1 pareamt od totb` gab`tg dumlhmn6 tga gosphtb` saetor, ky eomtrbst, eomthmuasto beeoumt dor bkout two-tghrls od tga stbta gab`tg kulnat.

\ga `bef od gab`tg ebra qub`hty bml hmvastiamt hm hmdrbstruetura, dbeh`hthas, bml aquhpiamt bra b`sowa`` h`ùstrbtal hm tga tgraa nar brabs (tbkà 8.5). SGEs hm tga nar brabs dbea prokàis hm faap-hmn up whtg tga laibml p`beal om tga sarvheas. Abeg fgoroo gbs oma or two SGEs, bml tga rbtho

od pbthamts to loetors hs ghng eoipbral to b shih`br SGE hm bpbrtiamt brabs. Kaebusa od `hi-htal kulnat b`òebthoms, tga dbeh`hthas hm tga brabs bra raportal to gbva outlbtal aquhpiamt bml braumlarstbddal, whtg dawar tgbm 23 stbdd par dbeh`hty, hmeùlhmn pbrt-thia worfars. \ga gab`tg e`hmhes hmraiota nar brabs, hm pbrtheu`br, taml to ka ovarerowlal nhvam tga `bef od b`tarmbthvas tgbt rashlamtsgbva dor prhibry gab`tg provhlars. Hm eomtrbst, hm tga eamtrb` nar brab, tga gab`tg e`hmhe hs usub``yumlaruth`hzal bs tga rashlamts gbva b`tarmbthva egoheas od prhibry bml saeomlbry gosphtb`s, bs wa`` bsotgar prhibry gab`tg e`hmhes hm tga ehty eamtar.

\ga doeus nroup lhseusshom ghng`hngtal lhssbthsdbethom whtg tga qub`hty bml beeasshkh`hty od prhibrygab`tg sarvheas, bs wa`` bs b `bef od trust hm prhibry ebra provhlars. Iost gousago`ls wou`l pradarto no to saeomlbry or tarthbry àva` gosphtb`s hm tga ehty dor kattar bml iora ra`hbkà sarvheas kut

bra odtam lhseourbnal droi lohmn so kaebusa od tga iueg ghngar eost tgbt hmlhvhlub`s gbva to pbytgaisa`vas. B`tgoung tgara hs mo gbrl lbtb to support tghs mlhmn hm nar brabs, eoiiumhty rapra-samtbthvas axprassal b eomearm tgbt bm hmerabshmn muikar od poor gousago`ls lo mot gbva beeass togab`tg sarvheas kaebusa tgay `bef ehvh` ranhstrbthom bml bra, tgaradora, mot odehb``y amthtàl to draagab`tg bml aluebthom sarvheas or otgar soehb` wa`dbra kamats, mor bra tgay a`hnhkà to ranhstar dortga soehb` gab`tg hmsurbmea segaia.

OS\HOMU DO[ UA[THEAHIS[OTAIAM\U BML DHMBMEHB@HIS@HEB\HOMU

Hiprovhmn sarvhea la`hvary hm aluebthom bmlgab`tg sarvheas hm nar brabs wou`l raquhra b sat odpo`hey radoris tgbt ravhsht tga umlar`yhmn hmsth-tuthomb`, mbmehmn, bml hmeamthva systais hm tgatwo saetors bt tga mbthomb` àva`. \ghs worf noaskayoml tga seopa od tga prasamt stuly. Gamea,opthoms lhseussal gara wh`` doeus om provhlhmndbeh`hthas bml sarvheas hm tga tgraa nar brabs.

\BK@A 8.5. Srhibry Gab`tg Srovhlars hm \graa Nar Brabs

EH\X EAM\A[(MB[BM)

IHL\HA[ NA[(KBXBMFGOUGQQ)

D[HMNA NA[(UGB[GBL)

Sopu`bthom 2;,;<1 >,8>8 22,253

Muikar od e`hmhes hmfgoroo

; 2 2

Muikar od loetors bmlmursas hm tga e`hmhe

4―> 4―> 22

Muikar od pbthamtsraeahval par lby

M/B M/B ;<3

Uourea : ôr`l Kbmf \bsf \abi Uurvay ;338 whtg fgasan àblars lurhmn doeus nrouplhseusshom.




Dor aluebthom:

\ga iost urnamt prokài hm nar brab segoo`hmn hs b `bef od dbeh`hthas to bksork tga hmerabshmnmuikar od stulamts. \ghs prokài ebm ka pbrt`y bllrassal ky provhlhmn bllhthomb` prhibry

bml saeomlbry segoo`s or axpbmlhmn tga axhsthmn omas to absa tga kurlam om axhsthmn dbeh`hthas.Ahtgar bpprobeg wou`l raquhra mot om`y gbvhmn pgysheb` hmvastiamts hm dbeh`hthas kut b`so bll-hmn tabegars bml otgar supporthmn hmdrbstruetura sueg bs robls, wbtar supp`has, bml sbmhtbthom.Bm hmhthb` bssassiamt sunnasts eosts wou`l ka brouml \n 2,7;3,333 (QU$2,533) par ebphtb toprovhla segoo` dbeh`hthas bml supporthmn hmdrbstruetura oparbthmn om b morib` shmnà sghdt. \ghsnura loas mot hmeùla eosts bssoehbtal whtg raiumarbthom dor segoo`tabegars, bml so dortg.Uhih`br`y, tga provhshom od youtg bml raerabthomb` eamtars sgou`l ka eomshlaral hm tga narbrabs. Brouml \n 2>1,333 (QU$2;1) par ebphtb hs asthibtal dor tga pgysheb` hmvastiamt om`y.Iora hiportbmt, ibhmtbhmhmn axhsthmn dbeh`hthas bml pronrbis, wgheg bra erhtheb` to amsura tgaòmn-tari sustbhmbkh`hty od tga eamtars, wh`` prokbk`y bll bmotgar 23―21 pareamt to tga ebphtb`hmvastiamt eost avary yabr.

Hm pbrb`à`, namarb` hiprovaiamts hm robl eomlhthoms bml eommaethvhty to segoo`s ebm ga`phiprova segoo` beeass. Hmerabshmn tga draquamey od puk`he kusas or ihmhkusas, wgheg stulamtsiost draquamt`y rhla to segoo`s, ebm ka shih`br`y kamaehb`. [a`btal eost hip`hebthoms bra lhs-eussal hm latbh` hm egbptar 1.

Dor gab`tg:

Axpbmlhmn or bllhmn prhibry ebra provhlars ebm ka aspaehb``y hiportbmt hm tga raiota narbrabs wgara tga egohea od otgar gosphtb`s hs rbtgar `hihtal. \ghs axpbmshom wh`` gbva to kabeeoipbmhal ky rap`behmn soia outlbtal aquhpiamt bml amsurhmn tgbt amoung stbdd iaikarsbra hm p`bea to pravamt umlarusa od tga dbeh`hthas.

Bm hmhthb` eost asthibta dor bllhthomb` prhibry gab`tg ebra dbeh`hthas sunnasts brouml \n 131,<33(QU$542) par ebphtb, mot hmeùlhmn sb`brhas bml otgar vbrhbkà eosts.Uoia gab`tg e`hmhes bra odtam umlarusal kaebusa od kotg b sgortbna od stbdmn bml outlbtaldbeh`hthas. \ghs shtubthom hs aspaehb``y eoiiom hm tga nar brabs eòsar to tga ehty eamtar wgarapaopà gbva iora hkarty to egoosa b`tarmbthva prhibry ebra provhlars or saeomlbry or tarthbrygosphtb`s. Hm tghs ebsa, uplbthmn axhsthmn dbeh`hthas bml bllhmn eoipatamt loetors bml mursassgou`l ka nhvam prhorhty.



Eomeùshom23

\ ga do`òwhmn po`hey lhraethoms bml seambrhos gbva aiarnal bs b rasu`t od tga bkova bmb`ysas.

Uibrt nrowtg : Ht ibfas aeomoihe samsa to blopt ‐sibrt nrowtg’ po`hehas bs tga prhmehpb`lhraethoms hm tga omn rum, (dor axbipà, to hmerabsa lamshty hm tga eamtar od tga ehty wgara

bpproprhbta wghà eomtro``hmn durtgar axpbmshom bt tga outsfhrts od tga ehty). Hm namarb`, ghng lamshtylava opiamt wh`` ibfa ht abshar to provhla kattar urkbm sarvheas whtg ghngar adehamey bml òwareost. \ga puk`he b`so gbs tga lashra to hva hm ghng-lamshty lava opiamt: ow-rhsa bpbrtiamts or eo`-àethva goushmn whtg uth`hty sarvheas. [ab`hstheb``y, gowavar, tga ibjorhty od nar brabs wh`` raibhmhm tgahr eurramt eomlhthoms kaebusa beghavhmn ghngar lamshty lavaòpiamt hs vary eoip`hebtal, bsa`bkorbtal kaòw.

Eomvarshom od eamtrb` nars to bpbrtiamts wh`` tbfa thia : Eomvarthmn eamtar nar brabs hmto bpbrtiamteoipàxas gbs mot pronrassal bs dbst bs tga novarmiamt gbl amvhsbnal dor savarb` rabsoms. Iost narbrab rashlamts ebmmot bddorl tga eost od bpbrtiamts hm tga ehty eamtar6 tga `bef od iortnbna mbmeab`so ibfas kuyhmn `brna bssats (sueg bs bpbrtiamts) lhdeu`t dor ibmy paopà6 bml tga bksamea od bdumethomhmn rab` astbta ibrfat“hmeùlhmn propar iatgols dor latarihmhmn prheas dor prhvbta `bmltrbmsbethoms“gbs hipalal tga lavaòpiamt od maw goushmn.

[atrotthmn urkbm sarvheas hm ihlthar nars hs axorkhtbmt`y axpamshva: B ibjorhty od nar brabs outshlaod tga ehty eamtar bra o`lar astbk`hsgiamts. Ibmy rashlamts gbva hval tgara dor b omn thia bml gbvahmvastal hm tgahr lwa``hmns, b brna muikar od wgheg bra latbegal gousas. \gosa rashlamts bra ra`b-thva`y eomtamt whtg tgahr mahngkorgools bml wou`l `hfa to saa hiproval urkbm sarvheas dor tgahrgousas or lavaòpiamt od òw-rhsa, sib``-sebà bpbrtiamt eoipàxas. \ga brabs bra mot suhtbkà doreomvarshom to `brna ghng-rhsa bpbrtiamt eoipàxas“bt àbst dor tga ihltari“ibhm`y kaebusatgay bra mot mabr matworf hmdrbstruetura, axeapt bòmn tga ibjor trbmsportbthom eorrhlors.

B`tgoung b ihmhiui àva` od urkbm sarvheas gbva rabegal iost od tga brabs, upnrblhmn sarvheas totga du``- alnal ava` mow bvbh`bk a hm bpbrtiamt brabs wou`l ka axorkhtbmt`y axpamshva bml bìost

hiposshkà. \ga umht eosts od sarvheas to hmlhvhlub` gousas bra savarb` thias ghngar tgbm dor bpbrt-iamt umhts. Hmstabl, hiprovaiamts hm goushmn“sueg bs eomvarshom to òw-rhsa, sib` ar eo`àethvalwa``hmns, wgheg ihngt ibfa eommaethom to matworf hmdrbstruetura dabshkà“eou`l ka amvhsbnalhd rashlamts‘ hmeoia hmerabsas. Hm tga iabmthia, nrblub``y hiprovhmn sarvheas whtghm tga bddorlbkh`-hty hiht od rashlamts bml puk`he mbmehb` rasoureas wou`l saai tga iost prbetheb` bpprobeg dor tgaibjorhty od nar brabs.

[ooi dor raòebthmn drhmna nar rashlamts: \ga shtubthom hm tga iora raiota drhmna brabs od tga ehtyhs s`hngt`y lhddaramt. Nars hm tgosa brabs bra hmgbkhtal ky raeamt ihnrbmts. \gahr hmeoia ava` hs avam




òwar tgbm tgosa od ehty eamtar rashlamts or tga rashlamts od òmn-astbk`hsgal nars. \gay bra dbrtgarbwby droi tga aeomoihe bethvhthas od tga ehty bml gbva httà beeass to gab`tg bml aluebthom sarvheas.Qth`hty sarvheas b`so bra avam worsa tgbm dor rashlamts hm astbk`hsgal nar brabs. \garadora, rashlamts odtgosa drhmna nars bra vary lhssbthsal whtg `hvhmn eomlhthoms bml bra rably to raòebta, hd bddorlbkà

kattar goushmn hs bvbh`bk a a`sawgara. Kut bnbhm, bddorlbkh`hty hs b vary sarhous hssua dor tga rashlamtskaebusa od tgahr aeomoihe ehreuistbmeas.

HIS@HEB\HOMU DO[ S@BMMHMN BML LATA@OSIAM\

Nhvam tga pravhous`y laserhkal shtubthom, savam prhorhty brabs raquhra bttamthom ky tga novarmiamt:

2. Beeass robls whtghm nar brabs : \ga ibjorhty od tga rashlamts hm nar brabs gbva òwar hmeoias bmlbra durtgar lhsblvbmtbnal ky vary poor beeass to ibrfats, worfp`beas, aluebthom, bml otgar sarvheas.Iolast hiprovaiamts hm tga saeomlbry beeass robls droi ibjor eorrhlors to hmshla tga fgoroos

(hmeùlhmn kbshe lrbhmbna bml straat `hngthmn) wou`l nhva rashlamts ibjor kamats, hmeùlhmn absharbeeass ky tbxhs or ihmhkusas bml ralueal lust, stori wbtar torramts, bml erhia. \garadora, ht wou`libfa samsa to hmhthbta p`bmmhmn dor lavaòpiamt od beeass robls whtghm tga fgoroos. Eoiiumhty-lrhvam hmhthbthvas om bml rapòtthmn, hd bpproprhbta, wou`l b`so ibfa ht abshar to p`bm robls bml pro-vhla beeass dor uth`hthas.

;. Kattar gabthmn systais to hiprova adehamey bml raluea bhr po`ùthom . Kaebusa tga lavaòpiamt odbpbrtiamt eoipàxas hs hfa`y to tbfa b omn thia, bml kaebusa iost nar brabs wh`` mot ka eommaetalto eamtrb` gabthmn systais hm tga mabr dutura, sgort-tari iabsuras bra maalal to hiprova bhr qub`-hty hm tga ehty. Uueg iabsuras eou`l hmeùla kattar beeass to eàbmar bml iora adehamt stovas bmldua`s, bs wa`` bs pronrbis to hmerabsa tga amarny adehamey od gousas.

5. Uo`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt bml eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura : Uo`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt hs odtam `hstalky nar brab rashlamts bs oma od tgahr iost sarhous eomearms. \ga eurramt so`hl wbsta eo`àethom prbe-theas saai to ka vary hmadehamt bml eost`y. Otgar eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura bml sarvheas, sueg bspbtgwbys, dootkrhlnas, bml eoiiumhty youtg eamtars, b`so wou`l ka ga`pdu` hm iaathmn lby-to-lbymaals od ibmy nar brab eoiiumhthas, nhvam tga `bef od propar shta lavaòpiamt bml tga sgortbnaod segoo`s bml axtrbeurrheu`br bethvhthas hm nar brabs.

<. [asabreg om bddorlbkà eo`àethva goushmn hm ihlthar nars: Uo dbr, b`` bpbrtiamt lavaòpiamts gbvakaam eomeamtrbtal hm tga eamtar od tga ehty bml kaam tbrnatal om`y dor ghngar-hmeoia rashlamts.\garadora, tga lavaòpiamt od bpbrtiamts gbs mot kamatal tga ibjorhty od nar rashlamts. Eom-

varsa`y, soia rashlamts hm tga o`lar, astbk`hsgal ihlthar nar brabs òebtal bòmn ibjor robls saaiwh``hmn to eomso`hlbta tgahr hmlhvhlub` pòts bml lavaòp ow-rhsa eo`àethva goushmn, wgheg wou`lprovhla abshar bml àss eost`y beeass to uth`hty sarvheas. \garadora, ht wou`l ibfa samsa to kanhmravhawhmn tga dabshkh`hty od bddorlbkà eo`àethva goushmn lavaòpiamt bòmn trbmsport eorrhlors bmluth`hty supp`y hmas hm tga astbk`hsgal ihlthar brabs.

1. Drhmna nars: Srovhlhmn matworfal uth`hty sarvheas hm tga drhmna nar brabs hs vary axpamshva. Ibmyrashlamts hm tgosa brabs bra vary lhssbthsal whtg eurramt hvhmn eomlhthoms (hmeùlhmn tga poor qub`-hty bml bvbh`bkh`hty od puk`he uth`hty sarvheas) bml ihngt wbmt to ml kattar goushmn bml aeomoihe



EGBS\A[ 23 EOME@QUHOM 7

opportumhthas a`sawgara. Dor tgasa rabsoms, b ibjor axpbmshom od matworfal uth`hthas hm tga drhmnanar brabs loas mot ibfa iueg aeomoihe samsa. Hmstabl, sarvheas sgou`l ka provhlal bt tga ihmh-iui guibmhtbrhbm àva`. Uhmea tga dutura od tgasa nars wh`` lapaml, hm pbrt, om tga soehb` hmtanrb-thom od maw ihnrbmts, soia assoms droi soehb` goushmn hm Gomn Fomn, Eghmb, or Uhmnbpora ihngt

ga`p Iomno`hb lava op eàbrar po`hehas.

4. Qth`hty ebpbehty axpbmshom bml radoris: \ga iora rashlamts amjoy b ghngar stbmlbrl od `hvhmn, tgaghngar tga raquhral ebpbehty wh`` ka dor uth`hty sarvheas. Gowavar, iost uth`hty sarvheas“wbtar sup-p`y, gabthmn, bml aàetrhehty“b`rably gbva rabegal ebpbehty `hihts. Bs nrblub` pronrass hs ibla omgoushmn bml uth`hty sarvheas, ebpbehty b`so ebm ka axpbmlal. Kaebusa asthibtal hmvastiamt raquhra-iamts bra shnmhebmt bml uth`hty sarvheas dbea eomshlarbkà mbmehb` eomstrbhmts, prhehmn radoris, bmluth`hty sarvheas ranu`bthoms wh`` ka assamthb` praraquhshtas.

>. Durtgar rasabreg hm ra`btal saetors : \ga iumhehpb` kulnatbry rasoureas od QK bra quhta `hihtal,bt brouml \n 53 kh``hom to \n 43 kh``hom (QU$;2 ih``hom to QU$<5 ih``hom) par yabr. Nhvam tga

sòw hipàiamtbthom od prhehmn radoris, ibmy hmdrbstruetura sarvheas hm QK b`rably raeahva `brnahip`heht sukshlhas. Durtgariora, axpbmshom od fay matworf hmdrbstruetura wh`` absh`y raquhra hmvast-iamts od \n 53 kh``hom to \n 13 kh``hom (QU$;2 ih``hom to QU$54 ih``hom) or iora. Otgar prokàismotal hm tghs raport, hmeùlhmn hmblaqubta goushmn lavaòpiamt, `bef od iortnbna mbmehmn, bmlprokàis hm tga kbmfhmn saetor, erabta bllhthomb` egb`àmnas dor tga goushmn saetor. Durtgar rasabregom iumhehpb` mbmea bml tga kbmfhmn saetor, hmeùlhmn iortnbna mbmehmn, ihngt ga`p tga nov-armiamt lavaòp eàbrar po`hey lhraethoms.





Amlmotas

Egbptar 22 Ugòio at b`. ;331.; JHEB (Jbpbm Hmtarmbthomb` Eooparbthom Bnamey) ;337b.5 Hkhl.< Sopu`bthom od mhma lhstrhets wgara ibjorhty od nar brabs bra òebtal. Uaa QK Eamsus ;33<.

Egbptar ;2 Qmàss otgarwhsa radarameal, tga lbtb dor tghs egbptar wara provhlal ky tga Mbthomb` Utbthstheb` Odea‘sGousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay (GHAU). Dor b latbhàl laserhpthom od tga bmb`yshs iatgoloòny od tgaGHAU lbtb hm tghs raport, saa bppamlhx B.; O`lar tgbm bna 24, youmnar tgbm bna 43.5 Sbhl droi tga Lavaòpiamt Duml bml eomthmnamt om tgara kahmn iomay hm tgbt duml.< Golnas at b`. ;33>.

Egbptar 52 \ga totb` sbipà shza od tghs survay wbs <<3. \ga survay wbs ebrrhal out hm dour brabs hmeùlhmn tgraa nar brabs, pùs b raprasamtbthva bpbrtiamt brab whtg b sbipà shza od 223 hm abeg brab. Uoia rasu`ts, wgara bppro-prhbta, gbva kaam wahngtal bml bljustal to ra aet tga ovarb`` lwa``hmn typas (bpbrtiamt, latbegal gousas, bmlnars) hm tga nar brabs. \ga sbip`hmn iatgol wbs kbsal om b rbmloi sbip`hmn. Nhvam tga sib`` sbipà shza,

nuras bml mlhmns gara sgou`l ka tbfam om`y bs hmlhebthva radarameas.; @bw om Iomno`hb @bml Daas m.l.5 @bw om Iomno`hb @bml Daas m.l.< N\Z (Nasa``segbdt dðr \aegmhsega Zusbiiambrkaht) ;337.1 Namarb``y spabfhmn, tga hmtarmbthomb` kamegibrf dor goushmn bddorlbkh`hty hs asthibtal whtg prhea to hmeoiarbtho (SH[). Hm iost eoumtrhas, bm bddorlbkà SH[ namarb``y rbmnas droi tgraa to va. Hm tga ebsa od Iomno-`hb, tghs rbtho hs iueg ghngar tgbm tga hmtarmbthomb``y beeaptal bddorlbkh`hty rbtho, avam hm tga bpbrtiamt brab.

Egbptar <2 EO^H ;338.; Hkhl.5 Eamtra dor Uoehb` Lavaòpiamt (EUL) hm Iomno`hb ;334b.< EO^H ;338, 27.1 EUL ;334b.4 EO^H ;338, 24.> Hkhl.7 QUQN ( btar Uupp`y bml Uawbna Butgorhty Eo. od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty) ;337.8 ôr`l Kbmf tabi asthibta kbsal om QUQN ;337 mbmehb` stbtaiamts dor tga truef lapbrtiamt bml tgaphpal to fhosf lapbrtiamt.23 EUL ;334, \bkà 1.1.




Egbptar 12 Srasamt sarvheabkh`hty rbthmn (SU[) hs bm bssassiamt od pbvaiamt sarvheabkh`hty tgbt hs kbsal om oksarvbthom.\ghs sukjaethva sebà rbmnas droi 1 (axea`àmt) to 3 (assamthb``y hipbssbkà).; JHEB (Jbpbm Hmtarmbthomb` Eooparbthom Bnamey) ;337b.5 \ga Ugbrgbl kus stbthom, wgheg `brna kusas ebm beeass, hs òebtal hm Ugbrgbl Nar, 8tg Fgoroo, KbybmzðrfgLhstrhet.< \groungout tghs egbptar, nuras usal dor tga tgraa fgoroos bra bpproxhibthoms kbsal om ra`bthva`y sib``sbipà shzas.1 \rbde eoumts, wgheg wara tbfam ovar b two-lby parhol hm Bprh` ;338, wara oksarval bt Kbybmno` Lhstrhet,22tg Fgoroo, \bsnbmhh Ovoo Hmtarsaethom6 Uomnhmo Fgbhrfgbm Lhstrhet, 7tg Fgoroo, Zuumsb`bb bml Kbybmf-gosguu Utraats6 bml Kbybmzurfg Lhstrhet, 8tg Fgoroo, Mbthomb` Gab`tg Eamtar Hmtarsaethom.4 JHEB (Jbpbm Hmtarmbthomb` Eooparbthom Bnamey) ;337k.> [ashlamts hmdorial tga tabi tgbt tga ghngast muikar od erhias oeeurral hm brabs whtgout `hngthmn.7 JHEB ;337k.8 Hkhl.23 Asthibtal eosts hmeùla b`` ibtarhb`s, `bkor, bml aquhpiamt.22 Hm Iomno`hb, tga eost to eomstruet b >-i ebrrhbnawby whtg 2.1-i sgou`lars ushmn got ihx pbvaiamt hsbkout QU$;>1,333 par fi.2; Iumhehpb` nuhla`hmas eb`` dor b eaiamt sukkbsa od ;3 ei bml dor two sapbrbta bpp`hebthoms od bspgb`t khmlaribtarhb` bml ihmarb` bnnranbta om b prapbral surdbea od mo iora tgbm 2.1 ei abeg (5 ei totb`).2; \ghs prhea axeùlas tga eost od shipà kox eu`varts (23 i), wgheg rbmna hm eost droi QU$2,133 to QU$;,333abeg.2< Utraat`hngts wou`l ka p`beal avary 13 i.21 Ht hs bssuial tgbt 2-i whla shlawb`fs bml straat hngthmn wh`` ka provhlal om bt abst oma shla od b`` hiprovalrobls.24 NLS od QU$5 kh``hom/13,333 fi od matworf (hmtarmbthomb`, stbta, bml òeb` robls).2> Qshmn b roung asthibta od ;> fi od robls par fgoroo, oma straat`hngt avary 13 i, bml QU$2,133 par fgo-roo par iomtg to ibhmtbhm straat `hngthmn aqub`s QU$;.>1 par straat`hngt par iomtg.

Egbptar >2 Dua` eost asthibtas gbva kaam loma ushmn wgoàsbà prheas: 2 tom od eob` eosts \n 41,333 (wgoàsbà) bml \n253,333 (ratbh`)6 2 tom od rawool eosts \n 83,333 (wgoàsbà) bml \n ;33,333 (ratbh`).; Dua` eost asthibtas gbva kaam loma ushmn wgoàsbà prheas: 2 tom od eob` eosts \n 41,333 (wgoàsbà) bml \n253,333 (ratbh`)6 2 tom od rawool eosts \n 83,333 (wgoàsbà) bml \n ;33,333 (ratbh`).5 or`l Kbmf ;338b.

Egbptar 72 Dor hmdoribthom bkout GHAU (Mbthomb` Utbthstheb` Odea‘s Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay), saa bppam-lhx B.

Egbptar 82 or`l Kbmf ;337. \ga eoipàthom rbta od kbshe aluebthom hm Iomno`hb hs >> pareamt, wgheg eoipbras whtg14 pareamt hm Thatmbi, <5 pareamt hm Hmlomashb, bml 57 pareamt hm Ebikolhb.; Hkhl.5 Hkhl.< Hkhl.1 BLK (Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf) ;337b.4 Hkhl.> ôr`l Kbmf ;33>k.7 Ihmhstry od Gab`tg, Mbthomb` Eamtar dor Gab`tg Lavaòpiamt m.l.



AMLMO\AU 7

8 BLK (Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf) ;337k.23 Hkhl.22 ôr`l Kbmf ;337.2; BLK ;337k.





Bppamlhxas





BSSAMLHWAU 8

BSSAMLHW B\aegmheb` Mota om tga Bmb`yshs od tga;337 Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay

\

ga latbhàl lbtb radarameal bs ‐GHAU’ bra droi tga Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvaydor ;337, eomluetal ky tga Mbthomb` Utbthstheb` Odea od Iomno`hb. B totb` od 22,2>;gousago`ls wara survayal, od wgheg 5,1>2 gousago`ls bra òebtal hm Q`bbmkbbtbr(QK). \ga lbtb sat provhlas hmdoribthom om namarb` soehoaeomoihe egbrbetarhsthes bml

latbhàl hmeoia bml axpamlhturas, hmeùlhmn iomtg`y kh``s dor fay hmdrbstruetura eosts. \ga survayb`so amtbh`s kbshe beeass lbtb dor aàetrhehty, wbtar supp`y, gabthmn, bml eomsuipthom. Gowavar, ht loasmot hmeùla hmdoribthom om qub`hty bml ra`hbkh`hty od iost sarvheas, voùia od eomsuipthom, spbthbèoorlhmbtas, suklhstrhet (fgoroo) hlamthebthom, or hm-laptg hmdoribthom dor gabthmn, sbmhtbthom, bmltrbmsportbthom beeass. Hm tgosa brabs wgara lbtb wara mot bvbh`bkà hm tga survay, tga egbptar wbssuppàiamtal whtg lbtb bs radarameal hm dootmotas.

Uhmea survay lbtb lo mot spaehdy hmlhvhlub` suklhstrhets, or fgoroos, ht wbs mot posshkà to latarihmatga oebthom od hmlhvhlub` gousago`ls ahtgar hm nar brabs or tga bpbrtiamt-loihmbtal ehty eamtar. \gasurvay loas spaehdy naonrbpghe eùstars od 23 gousago`ls, 2 gowavar. Uo bmb`ysts eou`l astbk`hsg b suk-sbipà od gousago`ls òebtal hm nar brabs bml eou`l eoipbra tgbt to bm urkbm suksbipà, tga lwa``-

hmn typa hm abeg eùstar wbs durtgar bmb`yzal. Kaebusa tga eùstars wara mot saàetal om tga kbshs odtga typa od goushmn, tgara bra eùstars tgbt ovar`bp nar brabs bml urkbm bpbrtiamt brabs6 hm QK, 24 par-eamt od tga eùstars eomtbhm tghs ihx. \gara wbs mo wby od hlamthdyhmn tgasa ihxal brabs bs nar brabs orbpbrtiamt brabs6 tga ihxal brabs wara axeùlal droi tga raport‘s suksbipà. Bs b rasu`t, nar brabs bslamal ky tghs raport eomtbhm mo bpbrtiamts, bml bpbrtiamt brabs eomtbhm mo nars or latbegal gousas.

\BK@A B.2. B Ubipà Uhza Uuiibry dor tga ;337 Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay

\otb` sbipà hm Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) 5,1>2

- \otb` gousago`ls (GGs) hvhmn hm bpbrtiamt brabs 2,58;

- GGs `hvhmn hm nars 728

- GGs `hvhmn hm latbegal gousas 2,53<

- GGs `hvhmn hm otgars ;3

\otb` suksbipà dor bmb`yshs (% od totb` QK GGs) ;,8>7 (75%)

\otb` GGs survayal hm nar brabs 2,737

- GGs `hvhmn hm nars (% od totb` QK GGs) 485 (;3%)

- GGs hvhmn hm latbegal gousas (% od totb` QK GGs) 2,235 (52%)

GGs hvhmn hm bpbrtiamts (% od totb` QK GGs) 2,2>3 (55%)

Uourea : MUO ;337.




BSSAMLHW KEhty Eamtar Nar S`bmmhmn H`ùstrbtho

Uourea : Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty.

DHNQ[A K.2. S`bmmhmn H`ùstrbthoms Hmeùlhmn tga Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet (âst)



BSSAMLHWAU 8

DHNQ[A K.;. S`bmmhmn H`ùstrbthoms Hmeùlhmn tga Ehty Eamtar Nar (Mbrbm), 22tg Fgoroo, Kbybmno` Lhstrhet (Abst)

Uourea : Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty.




BSSAMLHW EQ`bbmkbbtbr Lhstrhet Utbthsthes\BK@A E.2. Q`bbmkbbtbr Lhstrhet Utbthsthes

#

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B S B [ \ I A M \ U B M L

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2 Fgbm-Qu` <7<.> 8<,4>3 2< ;5,;2< 4;.< 52,5>5 <3,>22 ;2,174

; Kbnbmuur 4;3.; ;1,848 < 4,1;1 11.5 23,<;< <,<>7 23,>32

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< Mb`bhfg 47>.4 ;7,21; 4 >,<13 18.2 >,411 25,28< >,2;>

1 Kbybmno` ;8.1 241,218 ;3 51,<45 15.< 2;5,>>7 ;3,<;8 ;3,282

4 Uufgkbbtbr ;37.< 2;8,<74 27 53,25> 1<.5 17,481 <3,557 ;8,>38

> Eghmna`tah 78.5 254,32< 28 ;8,;>3 4< ;7,7;> >>,7;; ;7,>>2

7 Kbnbgbmnbh 2<3 5,74< ; 7>4 11 ;,34; >12 2,35<

8 Uomnhmofgbhrfgbm 2,;33.4 ;;3,;81 ;1 <8,812 1>.> 43,5;5 74,5<> >5,232

Q`bbmkbbtbr <>3<.< 2,3;1,2>< 25; ;5<,><5 14.88 58>,581 518,;;7 ;4,;14>

Uourea : Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty.Mota : Qmaipòyiamt rbta 9 proporthom od tga muikar od umaipòyal parsoms, ranhstaral hm tga Lapbrtiamt od @bkour bml Uoehb` â dbra, to tgaaeomoiheb``y bethva popu`bthom.



BSSAMLHWAU 8

BSSAMLHW LLhstrhkuthom bml Lhstbmeas od ^btarFhosfsDHNQ[A L.2. Lhstbmea to Mabrky Fhosfs

133

<13

<33

513533

;13

;33

213

233

13

3

L b r h - A f

g

Q ` h b s t b h

M b r b m

/ F g 8

M b r b m

/ F g 2 3

M b r b m

/ F g 2 2

L b i k

b l b r j b b

E g h m n a ` t a h / F g

2 >

E g h m n a ` t a h / F g

2 7

K b y b m

f g o s g u

/ F g >

K b y b m

f g o s g u

/ F g 7

K b y b m

f g o s g u

/ F g 8

K b y b

m f g o

s g u / F g

2 3

K b y b

m f g o

s g u / F g

2 2

bvarbna lhstbmea to mabrast wbtar fhosf ast. bvarbna

<41

;83

;<4 ;1> ;47 ;>>

<11

512

<31

;87

5>2

;45

<15

Uourea : Q`bbmkbbtbr Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt Eamtar dor Uoehb` Lavaòpiamt ;334.



\BK@A L.2. Lhstrhkuthom od Fhosfs hm Nar Brabs od QK

LHU\[HE\\O\B@

SOSQ@B\HOM NA[ B[AB\O\B@ MQIKA[

OD FHOUFU\[QEF-UQSS@HAL

QUQN FHOUFUSHSA-UQSS@HALQUQN FHOUFU

S[HTB\AFHOUFU

Fgbm Qu` 18,377 15 23 5> 5

2;,422 Mhsafg ; 24 “

;5,5;; Xbribq 2 27 “

2,838 Kòfoikhmbt 5 “ “

224 Lavsgh UBB 2 “ 2

5,11; \bhmh ; “ “

5,334 \uu` \osnom 2 “ ;

Uomsnoòm “ 2 “

Kbybmzðrfg 25>,<52 21; 7< ;; 5<

8,3>4 Bibnb`bm 7 2 2;

1,271 Bttbm-Q`nh` 8 “ 2

8,1>4 Lbr-Afm 2> “ 1

53,582 Ugbr Fgbl 7 2> 2

1,<85 \sbhz 8 “ “ 21,>71 Q`bstb` 25 2 23

;,73< Fmomfgor 1 “ 5

4,578 Q`bbm-Fgubrbm > “ “

4,77< \sbnbbm-Fgubrbm < “ “

>,7<3 Mbrbm-\uu` < 2 ;

4,433 Fhmo-Q`hlvar “ ; “

Kbybmno` <3,477 << 51 4 5

4,753 Nbmlbm “ 4 “

22,1;4 Mbrbm 21 “ “

23,;>< Ughma-Naita` 8 “ ; 23,1<> @rgorpoòhmbr 7 “ 2

Uufgkbbtbr 41,153 <4 58 “ >

2>,;54 Lbikblbrjbb 8 ; 5 “

8,;83 Ka`fgh 1 “ <

<,31; Ub`fght 5 2 “



2,4>8 Loòom Kuulbh 7 “ “

25,214 Nueghmfgoyor > “ “

>,>;1 Monoommuur 5 5 “

Eghmna`ta` 235,1>; 2;5 << 44 22

;5,>75 Eghmna`ta` ;5 2 <

;1,5;> Lamjh`m Iybmnb < ;; ;

58,21; Fgb``bbst 7 <5 5

2,375 Zurbnt 8 “ 2

UomnhmoFgbhrfgbm

2<8,;8< 2<5 82 ;2 ;4

15,2<8 Kbybmgosguu 14 2 2<

<<,;75 \o`noht ;5 ;5 4

;,><1 Zuumsb`bb 5 “ <

451 Zaa` ; “ ;

>,;<5 Fgbmh`m 1 “ “

\otb` 111,435 142 ;8> 242 7<

Uourea : Q`bbmkbbtbr Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt.Mota : “ 9 3 (mo fhosf).




BSSAMLHW AS`bm od ^btar Uupp`y Shòt Srojaethm LbikblbrjbbDHNQ[A A.2. S`bm od ^btar Uupp`y Shòt Srojaet hm Lbikblbrjbb

Uourea : QUHS; SIQ.



[adarameas

BLK (Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf). ;337b. ‐Iomno`hb: Aluebthom Uaetor [adori.’ \aegmheb` Bsshs-tbmea [aport, BLK, Ibmh`b, Sgh`hpphmas.

“““. ;337k. ‐Avbùbthom om tga Gab`tg bml Uoehb` Srotaethom hm Iomno`hb.’ BLK, Ibmh`b, Sgh`-hpphmas.

“““. ;331. ‐Iomno`hb: Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt bml Goushmn Uaetor Utrbtany.’BLK, Ibmh`b, Sgh`-hpphmas.

Eamtra dor Uoehb` Lavaòpiamt (EUL) hm Iomno`hb. ;334b. ‐\ga Eurramt Uhtubthom od tga Suk`heQth`hty Uarvheas od tga Nar Brabs hm Q`bbmkbbtbr.’ Utuly [aport, EUL, Q`bbmkbbbtbr, Iomno`hb. “““. ;334k. ‐Eoiiumhty-Uarvhea Uoehb` Lavaòpiamt Srojaet.’ EUL, Q`bbmkbbtbr, Iomno`hb.EO^H. ;338. ‐Iomno`hb: Axpòrhmn Opthoms dor Ibmbnaiamt Eomtrbethmn-Out hm ^btar Uupp`y

bml Ubmhtbthom Uarvheas dor Nar Brabs hm Q`bbmkbbtbr: Sronrass [aport B.’ ôr`l Kbmf/SSHBD,bsghmntom, LE, Ibreg.

N\Z (Nasa``segbdt dðr \aegmhsega Zusbiiambrkaht). ;337. ‐@bml Ibmbnaiamt“Dhseb` Eblbstra hmIomno`hb.’ N\Z, Arsegkorm, Naribmy, Bprh`.

Amarny [asabreg bml Lavaòpiamt Eamtar. ;33;. ‐Ebpbehty Kuh`lhmn hm Amarny S`bmmhmn.’ Amarny[asabreg bml Lavaòpiamt Eamtar, Q`bbmkbbtbr, Iomno`hb.

GHAU (Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay). m.l. Q`bbmkbbtbr, Iomno`hb.

Golnas, Bmtgomy, at b`. ;33>. ‐Egh`l Kamats bml Sovarty [aluethom: Avhlamea droi Iomno-`hb‘s Egh`l Iomay Sronrbiia.’ ôrfhmn Sbpar, QMHEAD, Maw Xorf, Iby. www.umhead.orn/vhlaobulho/SLDs/Egh l_Kamats_bml_Sovarty_[aluethom_Avhlamea_droi_Iomno`hb.pld.

JHEB (Jbpbm Hmtarmbthomb` Eooparbthom Bnamey). ;337b. ‐\ga Utuly om Ehty Ibstar S`bm bmlQrkbm Lavaòpiamt Sronrbi od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty.’ ôrfhmn Sbpar, JHEB, \oyfo, Jbpbm, Ju`y.

“““.;337k. ‐Lbtbkoof om Uoeho-Aeomoihe bml Amvhromiamtb` Eomlhthoms od Q`bbmkbbtbrEhty.’ JHEB, \ofyo, Jbpbm, Iby.

@bw om Iomno`hb @bml Daas, Brtheà 5. m.l. Novarmiamt od Iomno`hb, Q`bbmkbbtbr.Ihmhstry od Gab`tg, Mbthomb` Eamtar dor Gab`tg Lavaòpiamt. m.l. ‐Gab`tg Hmlhebtors od ;33<.’

Novarmiamt od Iomno`hb, Q`bbmkbbtbr.Mbthomb` Utbthstheb` Odea. ;337. ‐Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay.’ Mbthomb` Utbthstheb` Odea,

Q`bbmkbbtbr, Iomno`hb.Ugòio, Bmna`, at b`. ;331. ‐\ga Lymbihes od Nòkb` Qrkbm Axpbmshom.’ \rbmsport bml Qrkbm

Lavaòpiamt Lapbrtiamt, or`l Kbmf, bsghmntom, LE, Uaptaikar.Q`bbmkbbtbr Eamsus. ;33<. \ga Iumhehpb` Novarmiamt od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty, Iomno`hb.QMHEAD (Qmhtal Mbthoms Egh`lram‘s Duml). ;33>. ‐Egh`l Kamat bml Sovarty [aluethom: Avh-

lamea droi Iomno`hb‘s Egh`l Iomay Sronrbi.’ QMHEAD, Maw Xorf.QUBHL (Qmhtal Utbtas Bnamey dor Hmtarmbthomb` Lavaòpiamt). ;33>. ‐B [avhaw od tga Iomno-

`hbm Srhibry Iortnbna Ibrfat.’ QUBHL, bsghmntom, LE.




QUQN (^btar Uupp`y bml Uawbna Butgorhty Eo. od Q`bbmkbbtbr Ehty). ;337. Dhmbmehb` bml ibm-bnaiamt pardoribmea lbtb.

ôr`l Kbmf. ;338b. ‐Amarny Adehamt bml Eàbmar Gabthmn hm Soor, Sarh-Qrkbm Brabs od Q`bbm-kbbtbr, Uuiibry [aport om Bethvhthas.’ or`l Kbmf, bsghmntom, LE.

“““. ;338k. ‐\bsf \abi Uurvay ;338.’ or`l Kbmf, bsghmntom, LE. “““. ;337. Iomno`hb: Eomso`hlbthmn tga Nbhms, Ibmbnhmn Koois bml Kusts, bml Iovhmn to Kattar

Uarvhea La`hvary, B Suk`he Axpamlhtura bml Dhmbmehb` Ibmbnaiamt [avhaw . bsghmntom, LE: or`lKbmf.

“““. ;33>b. ‐[atghmfhmn tga La`hvary od Hmdrbstruetura Uarvheas hm Iomno`hb.’ or`l Kbmf,bsghmntom, LE.

“““. ;33>k. ‐ or`l Lavaòpiamt Hmlhebtors.’ ;33>. or`l Kbmf, bsghmntom, LE. “““. ;334b. ‐Gynhama bml Ubmhtbthom Uhtubthom [aport dor Nar Brabs, Iomno`hb.’ or`l Kbmf,

bsghmntom, LE. “““. ;334k. ‐Iomno`hb: Guibm Lavaòpiamt Uaetor [aport.’ or`l Kbmf, bsghmntom, LE.

or`l Kbmf bml SSHBD (Suk`he-Srhvbta Hmdrbstruetura Blvhsory Dbeh`hty). ;338.Uoutgarm Iomno`hb

Hmdrbstruetura Utrbtany. ^bsghmntom, LE: ôr`l Kbmf bml SSHBD.



Hmlax

Koxas, nuras, ibps, motas, pgotos, bml tbkàsbra hmlhebtal ky k, d, i, m, p, bml t, raspaethva`y.

BBlihmhstrbthom od @bml Bddbhrs, Naolasy, bml

Ebrtonrbpgy (B@BNbE), 21

Bshbm Lavaòpiamt Kbmf (BLK), 7

Kkbtggousas, 42, 4;, 44, 4>Kbybmfgosguu, bs proxy ihlthar nar, xvh, 5, 23,

23 p, 25 i . Uaa b`so ihlthar narskamats, novarmiamtb`, 7, 7 d kohàrs. Uaa gabt-om`y kohàrs (GOKs) bml

eob`-ral wbtar gabtars

E

Ebikolhb, 74 m2eamtrb` amarny systai (EAU), 18, 43eamtrb` nars.Uaa ehty eamtar narseamtrb`hzal gabthmn.Uaa lhstrhet or eamtrb`hzal

gabthmnEAU (eamtrb` amarny systai), 18, 43Egh`l Iomay Sronrbi (EIS), 7EGS (eoikhmal gabt bml powar) proluethom,

18, 43ehty eamtar nars

eurramt stbtus bml lavaòpiamt

bssuipthoms, 8, 8 p, 2; ialuebthom bml gab`tg ebra

muikar od gab`tg provhlars bmlpbthamts, >8t

muikar od segoo`s bml stulamts,>>t

aàetrhehty hm, >;, >;t gabthmn

eurramt systais, 43―42, 42 t

sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bmleosts, 4;―45, 45t , 4>

hmeoia àva`s hm, 2>`bml bml goushmn

gousago`l pradarameasdor lwa``hmn typa bml

lavaòpiamt pbttarm, ;2―;;,;2 t , ;; t owmhmn varsus ramthmn, 27t po`hey lhraethoms, xx, ;5―;<, ;5 t , 72prheas bml mbmehmn, 28, 28t , ;3 t sbthsdbethom whtg, ;3―;2, ;3t , ;2 t shza od, 27t typas od goushmn, 2>, 27t

Mbrbm bs proxy nar dor, xvh, 5, 8, 8 p, 2; ip`bmmhmn h`ùstrbthoms, 8, 8;―85 d robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom hm

eurramt stbta od puk`hetrbmsportbthom, 51, 54t , 58 peurramt stbta od robls, 5<, 5< t , 57 psarvhea hiprovaiamts, 5>―<3, <3 t

so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt hmeo`àethom od nbrkbna, <4, <> d , <>t ,

<7t mbmehb` sarvhea hiprovaiamt

hip`hebthoms, <7, <8t , 15, 1<sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms dor,

<7, <8 d , <8t

tbrhdd struetura, <7, <7t wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna, ;1 t , ;>―;8,

;> t EIS (Egh`l Iomay Sronrbi), 7eob`-ral wbtar gabtars. Uaa gabt-om`y kohàrs

(GOKs) bml eob`-ral wbtar gabtarseoikhmal gabt bml powar (EGS) proluethom,

18, 43eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura, maal dor, xxh, 7;




Eoipbet Ehty eomeapt, vhh, xv, 2―;eost-kamat bmb`ysas dor lhddaramt lavaòpiamt

pbtgs, xv―xx, ;, 5eurramey aquhvbàmts, xh

LLbikblbrjbb wbtar supp`y phòt projaet, 53 d ,

87 d laionrbpghes

od nar brabs, 4, 4 t gousago`l, 24―2>, 24 t

lhstrhet or eamtrb`hzal gabthmn, 18―43hm ehty eamtar nars, 4;―45, 45t mbmehb` vhbkh`hty od, 4>, 47hm ihlthar nars, 41―44, 44t

lhstrhet stbthsthes, QK, 8<t lrhmfhmn wbtar. Uaa wbtar supp`y bml sawarbnalððrans, xh, 1, 1 t

Aaeomoihe bethvhthas hm nar brabs, 4―>, > d aluebthom bml gab`tg ebra, xhx―xx, >1―73.Uaa

b`so umlar spaehe nar brabskbshe aluebthom eoipàthom rbtas, 74 m2eurramt stbtus od, >1―>8, >1 d , >4 t , >>t ,

>8t

nar varsus bpbrtiamt brabs, aluebthom hm,>1, >1 d

raerabthomb` dbeh`hthas bml pronrbis, >>―>7sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml eosts,

>8―73aàetrhehty, xhx, 48―><

EGS proluethom, 18, 43hm ehty eamtar nars, >;, >;t eomeùshoms ranbrlhmn, ><eurramt systai, 48―>;, >3―>; t gabthmn bml, 18―43

hm ihlthar nars, >;―>5, >5t sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml eosts,

>;―><, >5―><t tbrhdds, 48, >3t QKALM, 48, >3―>2, >2t , >;, ><

aipòyiamt stbthsthes, 4―7, > d , 7 d , 24―2>, 2>t Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty (A[B) od

Iomno`hb, >3, ><amarny usa. Uaa aàetrhehty6 gabthmn

amvhromiamtb` hssuasgabthmn systais, xxh, 18, 7;`bml``s, <1―<4, 1<―11`hihtal kbshe sarvheas hm nar brabs, xv, 2

pht btrhmas, ;>raeye`hmn, <4sbthsdbethom od rashlamts whtg `hvhmn

amvhromiamt, ;3―;2, ;2 t zomhmn, 21

A[B (Amarny [anu`btory Butgorhty) odIomno`hb, >3, ><

Ddrhmna nars

eurramt stbtus bml lavaòpiamt

bssuipthoms, 23, 23 p, 2<ialuebthom bml gab`tg ebra


muikar od segoo`s bml stulamts, >> t aàetrhehty hm, >2, >;, >;t , >5―><, ><t gabthmn

eurramt systais, 42 t , 4;sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml

eosts, 44―4>, 4>t , 47 t `bml bml goushmn

gousago`l pradarameasdor lwa``hmn typa bmllavaòpiamt pbttarm, ;2―;;,;2 t , ;; t

owmarsghp varsus ramtb`, 27―28, 27t po`hey lhraethoms, xx―xxh, ;<, ;<t ,

72―7;prheas bml mbmehmn, 28, 28t , ;3 t sbthsdbethom whtg, ;3―;2, ;3t , ;2 t shza od `bml pòts, 27, 27t typas od goushmn, 2>, 27t

matworfal uth`hty sarvheas dor, xxh―xxhh,7;―75

robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom hmeurramt stbtus od puk`he

trbmsportbthom, 51, 54t eurramt stbtus od robls, 5< t , <5 psarvhea hiprovaiamts, <;―<<, << t

Ugbrgbl bs proxy nar dor, xvh, 5, 23, 23 p,2<i



2HMLAW



hip`hebthoms, 12t , 1; t , 15―11,1<t

sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms dor,13―15, 12t , 1; d , 1; t , 15 d , 1<t , 11 t

tbrhdd struetura, <7, <7t umaipòyiamt bml hmeoia àva s hm, 2>wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna, ;1 t , ;> t ,

52―5;, 52t , 5; t

Nnbrkbna. Uaa so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt

NLS. Uaa nross loiasthe proluetnar brabs, 1―2<.Uaa b`so ehty eamtar nars6 drhmna

nars6 ihlthar narsbeeass robls whtghm, xxh, 7;eoiiumhty hmdrbstruetura, maal dor, xxh,

7;lamal, vhh, hx, ; k, ; paluebthom hm nar varsus bpbrtiamt brabs,

>1, >1 d axpbmshom od, xv, 2novarmiamt bml blihmhstrbthva

struetura, 1―4, 1t `hihtal kbshe sarvheas hm, xv, 2proxhas dor lhddaramt lavaòpiamt pbtgs,

xvh, 5soehoaeomoihe struetura, 4―7, 4 t , > d , 7 d Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK), ibp od 22 i

nars, hx, ; k, ; p, 2>novarmiamt kamats, 7, 7 d nross loiasthe proluet (NLS)

robl ibhmtambmea eosts bs pareamtbnaod, 5>

Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK) namarbthmn iora tgbm43 pareamt od, xv, 2

Ggbsgbbs, xh, xvh, 27, 27 t gab`tg ebra. Uaa aluebthom bml gab`tg ebragabt-om`y kohàrs (GOKs) bml eob`-ral wbtar

gabtars, 18, 43mbmehb` vhbkh`hty od, 4>, 47

hm drhmna nars, 44―4>, 4>t , 47 t hm ihlthar nars, 45―41, 4<t , 41 t

gabthmn, xvhhh―xhx, 18―47.Uaa b`so umlar spaehenar brabs

kbtggousas, 42, 4;, 44, 4>eomeùshoms ranbrlhmn, 4>―47eurramt systais, 18―4;, 42 t lhstrhet or eamtrb`hzal gabthmn.Uaa

lhstrhet or eamtrb`hzal gabthmnaàetrhehty bml, 18―43amvhromiamtb` hssuas, xxh, 18, 7;bs mbmehb` kurlam, 47hmsu`bthom, 43, 41, 4>po`hey lhraethoms dor, xxh, 7;sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml eosts,

4;―47, 45―47t gabthmn stovas, 18, 43, 4>, 47GHAU (Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay), 4,

24, >4, >>, >7, 82, 82 t GOKs. Uaa gabt-om`y kohàrs (GOKs) bml

eob`-ral wbtar gabtarsGomn Fomn, Eghmb, xxhh, 75Gousago`l Uoehoaeomoihe Uurvay (GHAU), 4,

24, >4, >>, >7, 82, 82 t goushmn.Uaa `bml bml goushmn

HHID (Hmtarmbthomb` Iomatbry Duml), 7hmeoia hm nar brabs, >―7, > d , 7 d , 2>, 2> t Hmlomashb, 74m2hmsu`bthom, 43, 41, 4>Hmtarmbthomb` Iomatbry Duml (HID), 7

J Jbpbm, 2, 7

F

fgasans, xhh, 1, 1t fgoroos

lamal, xhhlwa``hmn typa bml lavaòpiamt pbttarm

pradarameas hm, ;2―;;, ;2 t , ;; t hm novarmiamt bml blihmhstrbthva

struetura, 1―4, 1t proxy nar brabs kbsal om, xvh, 5bs umht od bmb`yshs, <




fhosfs supp`yhmn puk`he wbtar, ;1―;>, ;1 p, ;1 t ,;7 p, 81―8>t

@

`bml bml goushmn, xvh, 21―;<.Uaa b`so spaehenar brabs

laionrbpghes, gousago`l, 24―2>, 24 t lwa``hmn typa bml lavaòpiamt pbttarm

pradarameas, ;2―;;, ;2 t , ;; t , ;5novarmiamt blihmhstrbthom od, 21―24gbsgbbs, xh, xvh, 27, 27t `bws, ranhstrbthom proealuras, bml `bml

daas, ;, 21, 24owmarsghp varsus ramtb`, 27―28, 27t po`hey lhraethoms, xx, xxh, ;;―;<, ;5 t ,

72―7;prheas bml mbmehmn, 28, 28t , ;3 t , 71 m1sbthsdbethom whtg, ;3―;2, ;3t , ;2 t shza od, 27, 27t survay sbipà shza dor, 71 m2typas od goushmn, 2>, 27t zomhmn, 21

`bml``s, <1―<4, 1<―11`hngthmn.Uaa aàetrhehty

I

ILN-kbsal Eoipragamshva Mbthomb`Lavaòpiamt Utrbtany (;33>), 2

ialheb` ebra. Uaa aluebthom bml gab`tg ebraihlthar nars

Kbybmfgosguu bs proxy nar dor, xvh, 5,23, 23 p, 25 i

eurramt stbtus bml lavaòpiamtbssuipthoms, 23, 23 p, 25 i

aluebthom bml gab`tg ebrahmblaqubey od segoo` dbeh`hthas,

>>


muikar od segoo`s bml stulamts, >> t aàetrhehty hm, >;―>5, >5t gabthmn

eurramt systais, 42―4;, 42 t sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml

eosts, 45―44, 4<―44t , 4>`bml bml goushmn

bddorlbkà ow-rhsa eo`àethvagoushmn, lavaòpiamt od, xxh

gousago`l pradarameasdor lwa``hmn typa bml

lavaòpiamt pbttarm, ;2―;;,;2 t , ;; t

owmhmn varsus ramthmn, 27t po`hey lhraethoms, xx, ;<, ;< t , 72,

7;prheas bml mbmehmn, 28t , ;3 t sbthsdbethom whtg, ;3―;2, ;3t , ;2 t shza od, 27t typas od goushmn, 2>, 27t

robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom hmeurramt stbtus od puk`he

trbmsportbthom, 51, 54t eurramt stbtus od robls, 55 p, 5<t sarvhea hiprovaiamts, <2―<;, <; t



hip`hebthoms, 12t , 1; t , 15―11,1<t

sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms dor,13―15, 12t , 1; d , 1; t , 15 d , 1<t ,

11 t tbrhdd struetura, <7, <7t

umaipòyiamt bml hmeoia àva`s hm, 2>wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna, ;1 t , ;> t ,

;8―52, 53 d ihnrbthom to QK, xv, 2, ;Iomno`hb, urkbm p`bmmhmn hm.Uaa urkbm

p`bmmhmn hm Iomno`hbiumhehpb` robls. Uaa robls bml puk`he

trbmsportbthom

MMbrbm, bs proxy ehty eamtar nar, xvh, 5, 8, 8 p,

2;i. Uaa b`so ehty eamtar narsMbthomb` @bml Hmdoribthom Uystai, 24

Spamshoms, stbta, 7SGE (prhibry gab`tg ebra) systai, >7―>8pht btrhmas, ;>



2HMLAW

po`hey lhraethoms, xx―xxhh, 72―75eost-kamat bmb`ysas od lhddaramt

lavaòpiamt pbtgs, xv―xvh, ;, 5eurramt p`bms, 2―;

durtgar rasabreg, maal dor, xxhhgabthmn, xxh, 7;hm `bml bml goushmn, xx, xxh, ;;―;<, ;5t ,

72―7;matworfal uth`hty sarvheas dor drhmna

nars, xxh―xxhh, 7;―75raport bhial bt sunnasthmn, vhhrobls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, xxh, 7;so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt, xxh, 7;uth`hty ebpbehty axpbmshom bml radori,

xxhh, 75

powar. Uaa aàetrhehtyprasamt sarvheabkh`hty rbthmn (SU[), 5<, 74m2prhibry gab`tg ebra (SGE) systai, >7―>8SU[ (prasamt sarvheabkh`hty rbthmn), 5<, 74m2puk`he trbmsportbthom.Uaa robls bml puk`he

trbmsportbthompuk`he wbtar fhosfs, ;1―;>, ;1 p, ;1 t , ;7 p,

81―8>t

[ rab` astbta. Uaa `bml bml goushmn

raerabthomb` dbeh`hthas bml pronrbis, >>―>7raeye`hmn, <4radusa. Uaa so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamtrathraiamt kamats, stbta, 7robls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, xvhh, 55―<<.

Uaa b`so umlar spaehe nar brabsbeeass robls whtghm nar brabs, xxh, 7;eurramt stbtus

od puk`he trbmsportbthom, 5<―51,51t , 54 t

od robls, 55―5<, 55 p, 5<t

po`hey lhraethoms dor, xxh, 7;segoo`s, beeass to, 73sarvhea hiprovaiamts dor

egb`àmnas, 54―5>ehty eamtar nars, 5>―<3, <3t eomstruethom bml ibhmtambmea

eosts, 5>, 58―<;, <3t , <;t, <<,<<t

drhmna nars, <;―<<, <<t

ihlthar nars, <2―<;, <; t opthoms, 54

trbde eoumts, 51, 54 t , 74 m1

Usbmhtbthom.Uaa wbtar supp`y bml sawarbnasegoo`s. Uaa aluebthom bml gab`tg ebrasattàiamt daas, bttaipt to hiposa, ;sawars. Uaa wbtar supp`y bml sawarbnaUgbrgbl, bs proxy drhmna nar, xvh, 5, 23, 23 p,

2<i . Uaa b`so drhmna narsUhmnbpora, xxhh, 75sibrt nrowtg po`hehas, xx, 72Uoehb` Gab`tg Hmsurbmea, >7soehb` sarvheas.Uaa aluebthom bml gab`tg ebra

soehoaeomoihe struetura od nar brabs, 4―7, 4t ,> d , 7 d

so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt, xvhhh, <1―1>.Uaa b`so umlar spaehe nar brabs

eo`àethom od nbrkbna, <4―<7, <> d , <>t ,<7t

eurramt systai, <1―<7, <1 d , <> d , <>t ,<7t

`bml``s, <1―<4, 1<―11po`hey lhraethoms dor, xxh, 7;raeye`hmn, <4

sarvhea hiprovaiamtsehty eamtar nars, opthoms dor, <7,

<8 d , <8t mbmehb` bml aeomoihe

hip`hebthoms od, 15―11, 14t ,1>t

ihlthar bml drhmna nars, opthomsdor, 13―15, 12t , 1; d , 1; t , 15 d ,1<t , 11 t

rashlamts, eo`àethom ky, 13, 1; d ,1; t , 15―1<, 44t

sbmhtbthom worfars, eo`àethom ky,13, 12 t , 15, 1<, 11 t

tbrhdd struetura, 11, 11t , 1>t trbsg egutas, <7, <8 d vagheà-kbsal eo`àethom, <7, <8t ,

12―15, 15 d , 1<, 1< t , 11 t tbrhdd struetura, <7, <7t , 11, 11 t , 1>t zul bddaethmn, <4, <7




\trbde eoumts, 51, 54 t , 74 m1trbmsportbthom.Uaa robls bml puk`he

trbmsportbthom

trbsg. Uaa so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt

QQK Ehty Qrkbm Lavaòpiamt Ibstar S`bm

(;337), vhh, xv, 2QKALM (Q`bbmkbbtbr Aàetrhehty Lhstrhkuthom

Matworf Eoipbmy), 48, >3―>2, >2 t , >;, ><Q`bbmkbbtbr (QK), urkbm p`bmmhmn dor.Uaa

urkbm p`bmmhmn hm Iomno`hbQ`bbmkbbtbr Aàetrhehty Lhstrhkuthom Matworf

Eoipbmy (QKALM), 48, >3―>2, >2 t , >;, ><

umaipòyiamt, 4―7, > d , 7 d , 24―2>, 2>t urkbm p`bmmhmn hm Iomno`hb, xv―xxhh, 2―<

eost-kamat bmb`ysas dor lhddaramtlavaòpiamt pbtgs, xv―xvh, ;, 5

lamhthoms parthmamt to, xh―xhhhlhstrhet stbthsthes, QK, 8<t aàetrhehty, xhx, 48―><.Uaa b`so aàetrhehtydurtgar rasabreg, maal dor, xxhhnar brabs, 1―2<.Uaa b`so nar brabsgabthmn, xvhhh―xhx, 18―47.Uaa b`so

gabthmn

`bml bml goushmn, xvh, 21―;<.Uaa b`so `bml bml goushmn

ibp od QK, 22 iiatgoloòny bml seopa od raport, 5―<ihnrbthom to QK, xv, 2, ;po`hey lhraethoms dor, xx―xxhh, 72―75.Uaa

b`so po`hey lhraethomsrobls bml puk`he trbmsportbthom, xvhh,

55―<<.Uaa b`so robls bml puk`hetrbmsportbthom

soehb` sarvheas, xhx―xx, >1―73.Uaa b`so

aluebthom bml gab`tg ebraso`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt, xvhhh, <1―1>.

Uaa b`so so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamtwbtar supp`y bml sawarbna, xvh―xvhh,

;1―5;. Uaa b`so wbtar supp`y bmlsawarbna

QUQN (^btar Uupp`y bml Uawbna ButgorhtyEoipbmy od QK Ehty), ;1, ;4―;>, 53, 5;

uth`hthas.Uaa b`so aàetrhehty6 gabthmn6 wbtarsupp`y bml sawarbna

ebpbehty axpbmshom bml radori, xxhh, 75drhmna nars, matworfal uth`hty sarvheas

dor, xxh―xxhh, 7;―75

TThatmbi, 74 m2

^wbsta. Uaa so`hl wbsta ibmbnaiamt6 wbtar

supp`y bml sawarbnabtar Uupp`y bml Uawbna Butgorhty Eoipbmy

od QK Ehty (QUQN), ;1, ;4―;>, 53, 5;wbtar supp`y bml sawarbna, xvh―xvhh, ;1―5;

bllhthomb` wbtar soureas, ;8kbtggousas, 42, 4;, 44, 4>ehty eamtar nars, ;1t, ;>―;8, ;> t eosts, ;4, ;4 t

ehty eamtar nars, ;>―;7drhmna nars, 52―5;, 52t , 5; t ihlthar nars, ;8―53, 53 d

Lbikblbrjbb wbtar supp`y phòt projaet,53 d , 87 d

drhmna nars, ;1t , ;> t , 52―5;, 52 t , 5; t ihlthar nars, ;1 t , ;> t , ;8―52, 53 d pht `btrhmas, ;>, ;>t puk`he wbtar fhosfs, ;1―;>, ;1 p, ;1 t ,

;7 p, 81―8>t sarvhea hiprovaiamt opthoms bml eosts,

;7―;8, 53―52, 5;trbmsportbthom od wbtar to goushmn, ;4, ;4 pwbstawbtar

lhsposb` od, ;>trabtiamt p`bmt, ;8

ôr`l Kbmf, 7, 48

Zzomhmn, 21zul

lamal, xhhhihnrbthom lua to, xv, 2so`hl wbsta qubmththas bml tbrhdds lurhmn,

<4, <7





Aeo-Bulht

Amvhromiamtb` Kamats Utbtaiamt\ga or`l Kbmf hs eoiihttal to prasarvhmn amlbmnaral dorasts bml mbturb` rasoureas. \ga Odeaod tga Suk`hsgar do`òws tga raeoiiamlal stbmlbrls dor pbpar usbna sat ky tga Nraam Srass Hmhthb-thva, b momprot pronrbi supporthmn puk`hsgars hm ushmn kar tgbt hs mot droi amlbmnaral dorasts.

Hm tga prhmthmn od Ibmbnhmn Qrkbm Axpbmshom hm Iomno`hb: Kast Srbetheas hm Ueambrho-KbsalQrkbm S`bmmhmn, wa toof tga do`òwhmn iabsuras to raluea our ebrkom dootprhmt:

â usal pbpar eomtbhmhmn 13 pareamt raeyeàl kar ibla droi post-eomsuiar wbsta6 abegpouml od posteomsuiar raeyeàl kar tgbt rap`beas b tom od vhrnhm kar pravamts tga ra absa od;,237 poumls od nraamgousa nbs aihsshoms bml àssams tga kurlam om `bml``s.

a usal pbpar tgbt hs egòrhma-draa bml behl-draa. â prhmtal whtg vanatbkà-kbsal hmfs ibla droi ramawbkà soureas bml abshar to raiova hm

tga raeye`hmn proeass.

\gasa iabsuras hm prhmthmn Ibmbnhmn Qrkbm Axpbmshom hm Iomno`hb: Kast Srbetheas hm Uea-mbrho-Kbsal Qrkbm S`bmmhmnsbval tga do`òwhmn:

â sbval:

4 traas ; ih``hom K\Qs od totb` 115 `ks. od mat nraamgousa nbsas ;,444 nb`òms od wbsta wbtar 24; `ks. od so`hl wbsta





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