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Urban Road Safety in India : Current scenario, Opportunities
and Challenges
Dr.G.GururajProfessor and Head
WHO CC for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion
Centre for Public HealthNational Institute of Mental Health and Neuro
SciencesBangalore 560 029
Everyday, roads / vehicles are used by millions of people for number of activities. These people are in different states of mind, who are in a hurry, who are preoccupied, whose behaviour is uncertain, who are sick / accompany sick, who are disabled, who are unfamiliar with road environment, who are elderly, who come from rural areas, who use different vehicles, who travel varying distances, who are inexperienced, who are adventurous, who are in sorrow ……
9th September 2013 13th September 2013 8th September 2013
9th September 2013
8th September 2013
11th September 2013
Changing patterns of population, infrastructure, motor vehicles and income levels in India
2007 2008 2009 2010 201136.00
38.00
40.00
42.00
44.00
46.00
48.00
Road Length
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20111000.00
1050.00
1100.00
1150.00
1200.00
1250.00
Population in million
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Income levels (Rs)20
01
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Motor vehicles (In Thousands)
Number of registered vehicles in metro cities of India until 2012
Bengaluru Chennai Delhi Gr Mumbai Hyderabad Kolkota0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
4,15
6,13
2
3,76
7,29
4
7,35
0,12
0
2,02
8,50
0
3,38
6,57
5
496,
306
2,867,646 (69%)2,630,752 (70%)
4,661,714 (63%)
1,139,363 (56%)
2,370,955 (70%)
202,602 (41%)
total registered vehicles till 2012total two wheelers registered till 2012
Source: MORTH. Road Transport year book 2011-12. Available from: http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1131
Agra
Ahm
edab
adAl
laha
bad
Amrit
sar
Aura
ngab
adBe
ngal
uru
Bhop
alCh
andi
garh
Chen
nai
Coim
bato
reDe
lhi
Dhan
bad
Durg
Bhi
lai
Gha
ziab
adG
r Mum
bai
Gwa
lior
Hyde
raba
dIn
dore
Jaba
lpur
Jaip
urJa
msh
edpu
rJo
dhpu
rKa
npur
Koch
iKo
lkot
aKo
taLu
ckno
wLu
dhia
naM
adhu
rai
Mee
rut
Nagp
urNa
sik
Patn
aPu
neRa
ipur
Rajk
otRa
nchi
Srin
agar
Sura
tTr
ichi
Vado
dhar
aVa
rana
siVi
jayw
ada
Vish
akap
attn
am
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
7037
6116
8211
173
7740
8030
0728
0615
4156
132
8285
6910
5840
837
6729
413
8612
973
5012
046
1923
4446
8552
4971
2028
500
4895
1633
8657
513
3795
660
5488
1871
049
6820
7786
8451
1067
440
4803
3849
6306 9525
3113
1470
513
3686
667
9510
4199
4112
3709
944
4389
7428
8922
6712
357
8519
7595
7372
9146
2010
0611
4549
252
1378
8387
5058
7533
5534
1368
3355
total registered transport vehicles total registered non transport vehicles total registered vehicles (both transport and non-transport)
Number of registered vehicles in million plus cities of India until 2012
Source: MORTH. Road Transport year book 2011-12. Available from: http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=1131
RTI deaths in India, 1980-2012 (in 000’s)
In 2012, 1,39,091 road deaths and 469900 persons injured as per official reports.
Estimated deaths 175,000 deaths in 2011
More than 2,00,000 deaths as per GSRRS and GBD 2010.
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
24.628.4 30.7 32.8 35.1
39.2 4044.4 46.6
50.754.1 56.4 57.2
60.764
70.674.6 77
79.9 8278.9 80.9
84.7 8692.5
98.4105.2
109.3112.6
126.9
133.9136.9 139
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1980
1981
1993
1992
1991
1990
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1994
1995
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2019
2020
1989
3%5%
8%
India RTI pyramid
Deaths (1) 175000
Serious Injuries (40)
7,000,000
Minor Injuries (70)
12,250,000
Leading causes of death among males in Bangalore, 2010
Sl No 0- 4 yrs 5 - 14 yrs 15 - 24 yrs 25 - 34 yrs 35 - 44 yrs 45 - 54 yrs 55 - 64 yrs Above 65 yrs All ages
1 Perinatal deaths Neoplasms Transport crashes Transport crashes Liver Diseases Ischemic heart diseases
Ischemic heart diseases
Ischemic heart diseases
Ischaemic heart diseases
2 Congenital malformations CNS infections Poisoning Liver Diseases Transport crashes Liver Diseases Neoplasms Neoplasms Neoplasms
3 Diarrhoeal diseases Viral diseases Burns Tuberculosis Ischemic heart
diseases Neoplasms Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus Respiratory diseases
4 Neoplasms Congenital malformations Tuberculosis Burns Tuberculosis Diabetes Mellitus Liver Diseases Hypertensive
diseases Liver diseases
5 CNS infections Transport crashes Suicide Ischemic heart diseases Neoplasms Tuberculosis Hypertensive
diseasesCerebrovascular
diseases Diabetes mellitus
6 Viral diseases Other CNS disorders
Rheumatic heart diseases Poisoning Burns Transport crashes Cerebrovascular
diseasesPulmonary heart
diseasesHypertensive
diseases
7 Rheumatic heart diseases
Rheumatic heart diseases Neoplasms Suicide Hypertensive
diseasesCerebrovascular
diseases Tuberculosis Lower respiratory diseases Transport crashes
8 Pneumonia Haemopoeitic disorders Viral diseases Neoplasms Diabetes Mellitus Pulmonary heart
diseasesPulmonary heart
diseasesUrinary system
disordersCerebrovascular
diseases
9 Transport crashes Diarrhoeal diseases CNS infections Urinary system
disordersUrinary system
disordersHypertensive
diseasesLower respiratory
diseases Tuberculosis Tuberculosis
10 Other CNS disorders Pneumonia Other CNS
disorders CNS infections Pulmonary heart diseases
Urinary system disorders
Urinary system disorders Liver Diseases Pulmonary heart
diseases
11 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Other bacterial diseases Diabetes Mellitus Pneumonia Lower respiratory
diseases Transport crashes Pneumonia Perinatal deaths
12 Haemopoeitic disorders
Other bacterial diseases
Haemopoeitic disorders Pneumonia Suicide Pneumonia Pneumonia Other CNS
diseasesUrinary System
disorders
13 Urinary system disorders Liver diseases Diarrhoeal
diseasesRheumatic heart
diseaseDiarrhoeal diseases CNS infections Other CNS
diseases Transport crashes Other CNS disorders
14 Burns Suicide Malaria Pulmonary heart disease Viral diseases Other CNS
diseasesOther bacterial
diseasesOther circulatory
diseases Burns
15 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
Total 959 144 690 1410 2071 2941 3741 7970 21373
Impact of RTIs
Health. Social, psychological Economic Human suffering Rehabilitation needs and
services Speed of interventions
Urban road crashes
• Transport, safety, infrastructure, enforcement independent and fragmented issues
• Greater presence of vehicles and extent of travel• Congested and chaotic traffic• Heterogeneous traffic environments of nearly 25 types of vehicles • Road infrastructure – limited and unsafe• Risk of exposure high • Limited enforcement of road safety laws• Violations galore
TRAFFIC MESS BANGALORE’S BANE
The rising vehicle numbers in the city have not only led to frayed nerves and road rage, but also resulted in a host of problems such as choked roads and increased travelling time
Urban vs. Rural
In 2012, The 53 mega cities accounted for All crashes 17.48% Persons Killed 11.8% Persons Injured 14.7%
In most of the major metros, there has been a slow reduction or plateauing of road crashes due to increase in population and vehicles and decrease in travel speeds. RTIs are only shifting to Grade B and C cities and into districts and highways.
Laks
hadw
eep
Naga
land
Anda
man
& N
icob
ar
Biha
r
Man
ipur
Wes
t Ben
gal
Sikk
im
Chan
diga
rh
Trip
ura
Utta
r Pra
desh
Assa
m
Miz
oram
Jhar
khan
d
Meg
hala
ya
Utth
arak
hand
Oris
sa
Delh
i
Dam
an &
Diu
Arun
acha
l Pra
desh
Indi
a
Mad
hya
Prad
esh
Jam
mu
& Ka
shm
ir
Mah
aras
htra
Kera
la
Chat
tisga
rh
Guj
arat
h
Raja
stha
n
Dadr
a &
Naga
r Ha.
..
Karn
atak
a
Pudu
cher
ry
Him
acha
l Pra
desh
Goa
Punj
ab
Andh
ra P
rade
sh
Hary
ana
Tam
ilnad
u
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
2.5
4.9 5.16.4 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.8 8 8.2
99.710.210.8
11.511.5 12 12.212.312.813.113.814.1
15.715.816.116.517.117.517.7
23.8
Road traffic deaths (State/UT-Wise) per Lakh Population during 2012
Road deaths in select major cities of India, 2000-2012
Ahmedab
ad
Bengalu
ru
Bhopal
Chennai
Coimbato
reDelh
i
Hydrab
adIndore
Jaipur
Kanpur
Kochi
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Madurai
Mumbai
Nagpur
Patna
PuneSurat
Vadodara
Varanas
i
Vishak
hapatn
a0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2000 2005 2009 2012
Age and sex wise RTI death rate per lakh population (2012)
Upto 14 yrs 15-29 30-44 45-59 Above 600
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0.44
3.06
3.43
2.03
0.81
0.15
0.46 0.520.35
0.21
MALEFEMALE
Age
RTI
dea
th ra
te p
er la
kh p
opul
atio
n
Road user categories (%)
Road user category in Epidemiological studies
0 20 40 60 80 100
Jammu
New Delhi
Bangalore' 98
Bangalore'04
Bangalore '11
Pedestrian Motorcyclist BicyclistsCar Occupants Public TV Others
Collision of vehicles with PedestriansUrban
30.9
19.4
3.7
11.7
17.4
2.3
13.1
4 Wheeler 2 Wheeler 3 Wheeler Truck / LorryBus Tractor Unknown
26.1
0.7
48.3
10.1
3.6
6.1 1.4 3.8
4 Wheeler Cycle 2 Wheeler 3 Wheeler
Truck / Lorry Bus Tractor Unknown
Fatal Non Fatal
62.4
6.6 5.525.4
Standing on the Road UnspecifiedCrossing the Road Walking on the Road
Pedestrian activity at the time of crash
Location of fatal pedestrian crashes,
40.9
7.5
6.1
5.5
3.9
3.3
3
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.7
0.8
0.6
19.3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Middle of the Road
Walking on straight Road
T-Junction
Cross Road
Round about
At Signal light
Bridge / culvert
Sudden narrowing of road
Y-Junction
Road inside campus
Curved road
Bus stop
Road humps / rumble strips
Unspecified
Road crossing behavior among pedestrians : Results of observational study (%)
Crossing at the right time; 43.1
Crossing during red light; 33.9
Did not cross dur-ing green light; 6.2
Crossing at all loca-tions; 16.8
Pedestrian safety
• 63% follow traffic signals (wherever / whenever present)
• 80% prefer to use footpaths (20% do not)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Others
No control by traffic police
Vehic1e parked on foot path
Lack of traffic rules knowledge
Absence of foot path
Careless
They are in hurry
Uneven footpath
Encroachment of foot path
Reasons for not using footpaths
Understanding mechanism of RTIs - Indian Scenario
More than 90 % of crashes are believed to be due to human errors
Consequently, we aim at providing information HOPING that people change their behaviors
57193 33 2 12
Road environment
Road user Vehicle
276 6 63 7
1 18
573 2
Road environment
Road user Vehicle
27 6
3
Evans 2004, (Rumar),Treat
1293
34
57193 33 2 12
Road environment
Road user Vehicle
276 6 63 7
1 18
1933 12
Road environment
Road user Vehicle
6 67
18
Stigson et al 2008
4338
64
How safe are our roads and urban Infrastructure?
One can only see outside
If traffic separation is a solution, is it possible ?Our footpaths, subways, elevated pedestrian crossings, traffic system ….
How strong is our enforcement – eg., Bangalore city
• 4 million adults in city – 30 % regular drinkers
• Nearly 2000 alcohol selling outlets in city• 62,000 cases booked in 2013• 10 – 15 days of enforcement per month• 5200 cases per month• 350 cases per day from 40 police stations• 8-10 cases per station • Probability of getting caught = ?
Issues in Trauma care
• An emerging urban phenomena• Absence of immediate or early first aid• Transportation problems• Absence of triage• Delayed care• Lapse of time between crash and def. care• Medico legal barriers• Lack of facilities in hospitals• Referrals – Referrals – Referrals• Cost of trauma care• Several others….
The Road safety paradigm shift
ROAD INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL- THE NEW UNDERSTANDING
Road crashes are largely predictable and preventable A problem amenable to rational analysis and counter measures
Moving beyond driver’s errors, human mistakes, crisis approaches, knee jerk reactions and adhocism – Needs scientific and systematic approachesMultisectoral issue – all sectors need to work together
Vulnerability of the human body and energy transfer
social equity issue- equal protection to all road users
Needs proactive approaches Local knowledge needs to inform the implementation of local
solutionsBetter understanding over time – Haddon matrix, public health
model , safe systems approach
Denmark
Safe system approach
Source: Towards zero: ambitious road safety targets and the Safe System approach. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008.
We know some solutions for India• Uniform implementation of helmet laws• Implementation of drink drive laws• Implementation of laws- seat belts and child restraints• Speed management programmes• Improving visibility of people, vehicles and roads• Improved highway care programmes• Safe pedestrian programmes• Graduated driver licensing programmes • Effective prehospital care programmes• Better acute in hospital care programmes• Safe public transportation systems
Need to find more based on good research
Some Unclear – controversial issues ( ? ) Speed and extent of motorisation Design of national and state highways Urban development issues Impact of urban – transport – development – infrastructure policies on health and safety of people Operational issues on implementing IMV act Centre vs state issues Primary or tertiary care Responsibility and leadership for road safety Respect, value and safety rights of people
MAJOR Challenges
Road safety not a priority Political barriers – 6 yrs after Sundar Committee
Economic -Alcohol as a revenue earner
Medico legal barriers Human, financial and technical resources
Understaffed and overworked police force
Lack of research, data and evidence
Sustainability issues Leadership -Responsibility – Coordination ?
• Road safety is Science and needs professional approaches
• Solutions need to be evidence based and driven by data and research
• Adhocism and crisis management has not given answers anywhere in the world
People need not die and become disabled in road crashes. We need to make our
roads and environments safe for everyone
