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10/7/2013 1 Robin Ryther, MD, PhD Pediatric Epilepsy Clinical Pediatric Update October 11, 2013 Management of Pediatric Epilepsy 2013 Update Overview Definitions Acute Seizure Treatment Seizure Seizure Precautions When to treat with antiseizure medication Treatment options for epilepsy Medication Dietary Therapy Epilepsy Surgery

Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Page 1: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

10/7/2013

1

Robin Ryther, MD, PhD

Pediatric Epilepsy

Clinical Pediatric Update

October 11, 2013

Management of Pediatric Epilepsy 2013 Update

Overview

• Definitions

• Acute Seizure Treatment

– Seizure

– Seizure Precautions

– When to treat with anti‐seizure medication

• Treatment options for epilepsy

– Medication

– Dietary Therapy

– Epilepsy Surgery

Page 2: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Seizure

Single electrographic event characterized by abnormal neuronal discharges resulting in disturbance of sensorium, motor activity, sensation, autonomic fx or combos thereof

Netter

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1. Is consciousness impaired?

– Simple

– Complex

2. Does the SZ involve one part of the brain or the entire brain?

– Focal

– Generalized

– Secondary Generalization

Seizure Terminology

2010 Seizure Terminology

• Simple Without impairment of consciousness

• Complex  with impairment of consciousness (dyscognitive)

• Partial seizures  Focal seizures

• Generalized Seizures (entire cortex) originating in and rapidly spreading to bilateral networks (not necessarily entire cortex)

Page 4: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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2010 Seizure Terminology

• Idiopathic (no known cause presumed genetic)  Genetic 

• Symptomatic  Structural or Metabolic

• Cryptogenic (presumed symptomatic but cause unknown)  Unknown etiology

Epilepsy

Greater than two unprovoked seizures

Electroclinical Syndrome

Specific types of epilepsy which share characteristic clinical features, age of onset, seizure types and EEG patterns

Page 5: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Epilepsy in children

• 5% of children have a seizure by age 20

• 25% with single seizure develop recurrent unprovoked seizures = “epilepsy” 

• Cumulative incidence of epilepsy in childhood is ~ 1%

Overview

• Definitions

• Acute Seizure Treatment

– Seizure

– Seizure Precautions

– When to treat with anti‐seizure medication

• Treatment options for epilepsy

– Medication

– Dietary Therapy

– Epilepsy Surgery

Page 6: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Seizure Recovery Position

Acute Seizure Treatment

• Diastat 

• Klonopin ODT

– 0.1 mg/kg/dose

– Seizure clusters

– Short seizures

• Lorazepam (Ativan®) via IV, IM

• Midazolam via buccal or intranasal route

Page 7: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Seizure Precautions

Water

Wheels

Heights

Epilepsy:  when to treat

Risk of additional seizures vs risk of medication

• Second seizure

• Syndrome

• EEG

• Family History

• Family, Religious, and Cultural Beliefs

Page 8: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Overview

• Definitions

• Acute Seizure Treatment

– Seizure

– Seizure Precautions

– When to treat with anti‐seizure medication

• Treatment options for epilepsy

– Medication

– Dietary Therapy

– Epilepsy Surgery

Therapeutic Approach to Pediatric Epilepsy

Page 9: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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• Type of Seizures

• Epilepsy Syndrome

• Side effects

• Cost

• Efficacy

First Medication Options

Initial AED

Other Medical 

Conditions

Potential Side Effects

Epilepsy Syndrome

Cost??

Courtesy J. Weisenberg

Page 10: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Generalized Medications

Levetiracetam

(Keppra)

• Pills, Liquid, IV

• Renally Cleared

• Behavioral SE

• Vitamin B6

Zonisamide

(Zonegran)

• Capsules

• Weight Loss

• Behavioral SE

• Sedation

• Heat Intolerance

• Kidney Stones

• Acidosis

Lamotrigine

(Lamictal)

• Pills, Chewable

• Slow Start

• Rash

Focal Medications

Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)

• Tablets, Liquid

• Sleepiness

• Hyponatremia

• Behavioral problems

Lacosamide (Vimpat)

• Tablets, Liquid, IV

• Well tolerated at low doses

• Diplopia, Dizziness, Fatigue

• PR prolongation

Page 11: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Absence Epilepsy

• Ethosuximide

– Liquid, Capsules

– Abdominal pain

– Mood changes

• Depakote

• Lamictal

• Zonegran

• Methsuximide (Celontin)

– Capsules only

– Cost

– Abdominal pain

Special Medications

Clobazam

(Onfi)

• Tablets

• Inc Appetite

• Behavioral SE

• Dec Tone

Valproic Acid

(Depakote)

• Liquid, Sprinkles, Tablets, ER, DR

• TID

• Weight Gain

• Behavioral SE

• LFT, CBC

• Mitochondrial

Felbamate

(Felbatol)

• Liquid, Tablets

• Wt loss

• Sleep Disruption

• LFTs

• CBC/diff

Page 12: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Epilepsy Syndromes and Bad Meds

• Dilantin

– Dravet Syndrome

– Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

• Depakote

– Mitochondrial Disease

• Focal Medications in Generalized Epilepsies

• Sodium Channel Blockers

Is stopping seizures enough?

• Behavior

• School  Performance

• Side Effects

• EEG Activity

Page 13: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Maximizing Treatment

• Medication Compliance

• Avoid Triggers

• Avoid Sleep Deprivation

• Illness / Immunizations

• Alcohol, Substance Abuse

• Pregnancy

Goal = No seizures, No side effects

Page 14: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Response to anti‐seizure medication*

1st AED

60‐70%Seizure‐Free

2ndAED

20‐30%Seizure‐Free

3rdAED

5‐10%Seizure‐Free

*New‐Onset Seizure Clinic St. Louis Children’s Hospital (n=2000)

• Dietary Therapy 

• Epilepsy Surgery

• Focal Resection

• Neurostimulation (VNS, Neuropace)

• Corpus Callosotomy

Courtesy J. Weisenberg

Ketogenic Diet

Standard American Diet

Ketogenic Diet

Page 15: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Ketogenic Diet

• Ratios = Dose

• 50% with a >50% seizure reduction

• 30% with >90% reduction

• Side Effects

– Constipation

– Acidosis

– Kidney Stones

– Bone Health

– Growth

– Cholesterol

• Zonegran / Topamax

Modified Atkins

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Low Glycemic Index Treatment

Epilepsy Surgery

• Eliminate SZ

– Focal Resection

– Hemispherotomy

• Palliative Options

– Corpus Callosotomy

– Neurostimulation

• VNS

• Neuropace

Page 17: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Focal Resections

• Lesional vs nonlesional

– MRI epilepsy protocol

– PET scan

– MEG

• Eloquent Cortex

• Invasive Monitoring

– Mapping

– Ictal Onset Zone

Hemispherotomy

• SZ from one hemisphere

• Multifocal interictal discharges ok

• Lateralized defects on imaging

• 80% seizure free post‐op

• SE

– Hand weakness

– Visual defect

Page 18: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Corpus Callosotomy

• Complete vs Anterior 2/3

• Palliative

• 1/2 ‐ 2/3 imp in seizure frequency and severity

• Drop Seizures

• Disconnection                         Syndrome

Vagal Nerve Stimulator

• 18 months for benefit

• Seizure Reduction

• Improved Mood

• Hoarseness, Throat Sensation

• Settings

• Battery Replacement

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Phase I Evaluation for Surgery

1. Clinic Visit

– History and Exam

– Seizure history: partial, CP, drop attacks, findings to localize or lateralize

– Skin lesions, atrophy, paresis

– Routine EEG

2. Video‐EEG admission

• Neuropsychological Evaluation 

– language / learning / handedness / memory

– developmental progress

• Neuroimaging

• High‐resolution epilepsy protocol MRI

• PET

• +/‐ fMRI

3. Epilepsy Management Conf

• Surgery Recommended

• Further medical management

• Other Tests

• Ictal SPECT

• MEG

• WADA

• DTI

• Invasive Monitoring

Invasive Monitoring

• Indications:

– “Non‐lesional” epilepsy or poorly defined regions of seizure onset

– Incongruent results from non‐invasive investigations

– Eloquent cortex involved in/near epileptogenic region

• Advantages:– Precise localization of ictal onset

– Cortical stimulation mapping outside of OR

Courtesy D. Limbrick

Page 20: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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A diagnosis of epilepsy is not an excuse to accept recurring seizures

Future

• Immune Modulation

– Steroids

– IV IG

– Rituximab

• Neuropace

• DBS

• Anti‐seizure vs Anti‐epileptogenic

• Identification of ictal onset zone

Page 21: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Neuropace

When do you stop treatment?

• Seizure Control

– Time

– Etiology

• EEG activity

• Activity Limitations

– Driving

– Seizure Precautions

Page 22: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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The Epilepsy Team

Urgent Epilepsy Access

• New Onset Seizure Clinic  314‐454‐4355

– NP, Seen within 1 week, coordinated visits with EEG

– 6 mo – 18 years

– Developmentally Normal

• Neurology Urgent Clinic  314‐454‐6120 ext 1

– Wed AM, opens for scheduling 1 week before

– Target Population

• 0 to 18 years

• New SZ or spells, developmentally abn or other medical complications

• Developmental regression

• Urgent 2nd opinion in epilepsy

• PCP concern

Page 23: Management of Pediatric Epilepsy - St. Louis Children's · PDF file · 2013-10-07Management of Pediatric Epilepsy ... Greater than two unprovoked seizures Electroclinical Syndrome

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Epilepsy Access314‐454‐6120 ext 1

• Ketogenic Diet Clinic

– Liu Lin Thio, MD, PhD

• Epilepsy Center Clinics

– Liu Lin Thio, John Zempel, Mary Bertrand, Judy Weisenberg, Chris Gurnett, Mike Wong, Robin Ryther

– Fellows Clinics:  Adam Ostendorf, Rohini Coorg

• Tuberous Sclerosis Clinics

– Mike Wong, MD, PhD

• Rett Syndrome and Early Epileptic Encephalopathies Clinic (coming soon)

– Robin Ryther (MECP2)

– Judy Weisenberg (CDKL5)

Questions?

Thank You