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Management of an Extremely Severe
Cyclonic Storm –FANI –
A case study from India
Er. ASHOK BASAMember, Disaster Risk Management Committee ,WFEO
Member, Executive Council , WFEO
Past President (2014), The Institution of Engineers (India)
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPICALITY OF ODISHA (Eastern India) COAST
• METEOROLOGICAL HISTORY
• PREPAREDNESS
• DISASTER EFFECT & IMPACT
• RELIEF & RESCUE OPERATION
• CAUSES OF SUCESSFUL MANAGEMENT
• WAY FORWARD FOR RESILIENCE
• CONCLUSION
India is one of the most disaster prone
countries of the World. The disaster scenario
of Indian Sub continent is characterized by
its high Vulnerability of physical & socio
economic profile. Traditionally the Indian Sub
continent has been facing various types of
natural calamities, which often turn into
disasters, causing huge loss of life &
property.
BASIC WIND SPEED ZONES
THERE ARE SIX BASIC WIND SPEEDS 'VB' CONSIDERED FORZONING, NAMELY 55, 50, 47, 44, 39 AND 33 M/S. FROM WINDDAMAGE VIEW POINT, THESE COULD BE DESCRIBED ASFOLLOWS:
55 M/S (198 KM/H) - VERY HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE - A
50 M/S (180 KM/H) - VERY HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE - B
47 M/S (169.2 KM/H)- HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE
44 M/S (158.4 KM/H)- MODERATE DAMAGE RISK ZONE - A
39 M/S (140.4 KM/H)- MODERATE DAMAGE RISK ZONE - B
33 M/S (118.8 KM/H)- LOW DAMAGE RISK ZONE
THE BAY OF BENGAL WHICH IS ADJACENT TO THEEASTERN PART OF ODISHA, POSSESS WARM SEA ANDSTILL AIR, REQUIRED FOR CYCLONE FORMATION.HAVING THE WORLD’S SHALLOWEST COASTAL WATER,THIS IS ONE OF THE SIXTH MOST CYCLONE PRONEAREAS ON EARTH. ODISHA COAST IS NOT ONLYVULNERABLE TO CYCLONE, BUT ALSO TO STORMSURGE. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST STORM SURGEVULNERABLE REGION OF THE WORLD. SIMILARLY WINDAND CYCLONE HAZARD MAP OF ODISHA REVEALS THATALMOST ONE-FOURTH OF THE STATE IS SUBJECT TOVERY HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE WITH VELOCITY 50M/SEC.
Landfall of cyclones developed over the Bay of Bengal between 1891 and 2016. (Source: IMD)
ONE OF THE REASONS WHY TROPICAL CYCLONESARE MORE PRONE TO THE BAY OF BENGAL IS THATITS SURFACE TEMPERATURE IS MORE THAN THAT OFTHE ARABIAN SEA. TROPICAL CYCLONES GENERALLYNEED A TEMPERATURE OF AROUND 28 DEGREESCELSIUS. IN THE LAST CENTURY, OUT OF THE 1019CYCLONIC DISTURBANCES IN THE INDIANSUBCONTINENT, 890 WERE ALONG THE EASTERNCOAST, AND OF THESE, 260 CYCLONICDISTURBANCES HAD THEIR LANDFALL ALONG THEODISHA COAST. THE CYCLONES WHICH HIT THE STATEIN THE LAST TWO DECADES ARE THE 1999 SUPERCYCLONE, PHAILIN 2013 AND TITLI 2018.
Another peculiarity with the Bay of Bengal is that it
is known for its potential in generating dangerous
high storm tides. When these tides and cyclonic
storms coincide, it becomes a major killer.
According to the India Meteorological Department,
"Out of 10 recorded cases of very heavy loss of
life (ranging from about 40,000 to well over
2,00,000) in the world due to tropical cyclones,
nine cases were in the Bay of Bengal and the
Arabian Sea."
13
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani was
the strongest Tropical Cyclone to stike Odisha,
an eastern state of India since 1999 Odisha
Super Cyclone. It commenced from west of
Sumatra on 26th April from a Tropical
depression. Since its conditions were
favorable, it rapidly intensified into an
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm and
reached its peak on 3rd May 2019.
14
The Fani, a rare summer cyclone, hit the
Odisha coast close to Puri on 3rd May 2019
between 0800 and 1000 hours. As reported by
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), the
maximum sustained surface wind speed of
175–180 kilometres per hour (kmph) gusting to
205 kmph was observed during landfall at
Satpada.
Generally, extremely severe cyclones hit India's
east coast in the post-monsoon season (October-
December). IMD data on cyclones that hit India
between 1965 and 2017 show that the country had
come across 39 extremely severe cyclones in these
52 years. Of these, nearly 60 per cent (23) were
between October and December.
Arrival of Fani in the month of May is an
unusual time .
What makes Cyclone Fani special is its
trajectory. Fani started developing around the
Equator and moved upwards. The long journey
allowed it to gather a lot of moisture and
momentum, resulting in strong winds.
18
Preparedness :
Naval Ships & Aircrafts kept ready by Indian
Navy at two air bases to face the aftermath of the
storm & help the rescue & relief operation.
300 power boats , 02 Helicopters & many chain
saws to cut down trees were arranged by the
Odisha Government.
19
Preparedness….
1.55 million people evacuated towards 9,177 shelters in 24
hrs.
25,000 tourists were evacuated by 23 special trains and 18
buses.
All fishing activities were suspended two days prior to the
landfall.
Twenty Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) units,
335 Fire Service units and 25 units of the National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF) were deployed
20
Preparedness …..
District and Block Emergency Operation Centres
were activated 24×7.
Nearly 4.5 lakh polythene sheets (temporary
shelter materials) were pre-positioned at district/
sub-district levels and 1.5 lakh kept ready for air-
dropping after the cyclone.
Nearly 600 pregnant women were shifted to Maa
Gruhas/ delivery points before the landfall.
21
Preparedness…..
To ensure food security in the aftermath of the
cyclone, food grains were pre-positioned at the fair
price shops for distribution among beneficiaries
under targeted public distribution system (TPDS).
22
Preparedness :
Disaster response forces of the Govt were
prepositioned in vulnerable locations .
Food packets for air droping were made ready for
Airforce helicopters to drop to people.
Senior Govt. officers were sent to Vulnerable
locations for co-ordination.
The approach of Govt of Odisha is to have Zero
Casualty.
23
Preparedness …..
More than 45,000 volunteers , 2000 emergency
workers , 100,000 officials , youth clubs & other civil
society organisations such as National Disaster
Response Force(NDRF) , Odisha Disaster Rapid
Action Force (ODRAF), Panchayat Raj Institute
(PRI) agencies worked together round the clock to
evacuate 1.55 million people in 24 hrs.
It is the largest evacuation program ever done in
the World.
24
Disaster Effects and Impact.
Fani left 64 dead, affecting about
16.5 million people in over 18,388
villages in 14 of the 30 districts in
the state
25
Disaster Effects and Impact….
Approx Population affected 16.5 million. (About
36% of total population of Odisha)
Houses damaged 3,61,743 Nos
Animals Affected: 3.45 million
Poultry birds killed : 0.54 million
Agricultural Area affected : 19,734 Ha
26
Road Sector
Energy Sector
Disaster Effects and Impact….
27
Disaster Effects and Impact….
Housing, power, telecommunication, agriculture,
livestock, fisheries, and livelihoods were the
most affected sectors
The assessment estimates the total damage to
be worth INR 16,465 crore (USD 2,352 million)
and total loss to be worth INR 7,712 crore (USD
1,102 million). The estimated recovery needs
are INR 29,315 crore (USD 4,188 million)
28
Relief and Rescue Operations.
•Immediately after the landfall, a massive rescue
and response operation was launched.
•Sixty teams from NDRF, 18 units of ODRAF
and 585 fire teams came into action.
•Nearly 45,000 volunteers were mobilised to
carry out relief operations.
•Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Navy
also supported the state government in rescue
and relief operations.
29
Relief and Rescue Operations….
• About 10,000 food packets were airdropped.
• More than 6,000 free kitchens were opened to
serve hot cooked meals with the help of the
local panchayats and self help groups (SHGs).
• Within 48 hours major roads were cleared
and power supply restored within two weeks in
the major towns of Puri and Bhubaneswar.
30
Causes of Successful Management of FANI.
A. Early Warning System (EWS) :
India Meteorological Dept has built an effective
service to predict accurate timing of cyclone
formation in Bay of Bengal & when it will have
a land fall in the Indian Coast line. This EWS
enables the state to get prepared, For the
disaster & steps to be taken to minimise the
loss of lives. People also follow the Govt
Instructions once warning is issued.
31
Causes of Successful Management of FANI…
B. Clear Communication System:
Roughly 2.6 million text messages were
transmitted to the probable effected area.
Regular Press briefings were made.
People were advised not to get Panicked.
Dos & Don’ts are clearly communicated.
32
Causes of Successful Management of FANI..
C. Effective coordination of groups :
Govt agencies including volunteers & local
Communication groups worked together.
Disaster response forces of the govt were
pre-positioned in vulnerable locations, food
packets for air dropping were made ready
for air force helicopters to drop to people.
Senior govt offices were sent to effected
areas for Co-ordination.
33
The successful management of Fani by Govt of
Odisha, in India brought in International Praise
& Global Appreciation .
34
“India's zero casualty approach to managing
extreme weather events is a major contribution
to the implementation of the #SendaiFramework
and the reduction of loss of life from such
events,"
-Mami Mizutori,
-the Special Representative of the United
Nations Secretary-General (SRSG) for Disaster
Risk Reduction, and head of the Geneva-based
UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR),
35
Way Forward for Resilience.While the goal of zero mortality is close to realisation,
the economic losses in livelihoods and infrastructure
have been increasing. The combined economic
losses of USD 5.7 billion from recent cyclones,
Phailin, Titli, and Fani demonstrates the need to
establish a strong framework of disaster risk
governance and integrate the principle of resilience in
every area of development planning and recovery
process to achieve a substantial reduction in the
economic losses.
36
Way Forward for Resilience...
It is important to recognise that reducing
economic losses due to these disasters is
critical to reducing poverty and vulnerability. It
requires a continuous support for recovery as
well as improving the quality of housing and
infrastructure through better building standards
and regulations.
37
Way Forward for Resilience….
A recovery programme is the right context for
bringing these long-term changes and improving
resilience at the household, community, and
state levels. As per the latest data available, the
Cyclone Fani Damage ,Loss and Needs
Assessment (DLNA) estimates the costs of
recovery to be USD 4.1 billion.
38
Way Forward for Resilience….
As part of the recovery process, the
Government of Odisha has emphasised the
need for building resilience across all sectors
with a priority in the following sectors:
• Housing
• Livelihoods
• Infrastructure
39
Conclusion.
Successful management of any natural disaster involves
two important parameters.
•Minimizing the loss of life.
•Minimizing the loss of Infrastructure & Livelihood .
While in India, we have been successful in minimizing the
loss of life , we are far away from achieving the goal to
minimize the financial loss of infrastructure and livelihood
due to repeated occurrence of Natural Disasters.
After FANI emphasis is being given for adopting Resilient
Housing, Resilient Livelihood & Resilient Infrastructure
which will certainly lead to achieve the second parameter.
40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………
MUCH OF THE MATERIALS FOR THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN COLLECTED
FROM DIFFERENT TEXTS PUBLISHED BY OSDMA, NDMA , IMD &
DIFFERENT PRINT AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA. WHO ARE BEING
ACKNOWLEDGED BY THE AUTHOR. THE AUTHOR , FURTHER WISHES
TO ACKNOWLEDGE EVERY OTHER SOURCE WHOSE NAMES ARE NOT
MENTIONED (WHICH IS PURELY UNINTENTIONAL), THAT HAS
CONTRIBUTED IN PREPARATION OF THIS ARTICLE.