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Male and Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive System Terms
Ovaries
Two almond shaped organs that produce the female egg cell.
Size of a peach pit
Functions:
Produce hormones estrogen and progesterone
Produce egg cells before the female is born and stores them until release
Fallopian Tube
A passageway to transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus
About the size of spaghetti noodles.
Not actually connected to the ovaries
Outer end has finger like projections that are in motion to pick up ovulated eggs
Uterus/Womb
The organ that provides protection and nutrients and houses the unborn child.
About the size and shape of a pear
Muscular, thick-walled, hollow structure
Size increases to the size of a watermelon during pregnancy
Lined with endometrium to prepare for the possible fertilized egg
Endometrium is sloughed off if an egg is not fertilized
Material sloughed off is menstruation
Female Reproductive System Terms
Conception
Fertilization of the ovum.
Cervix
The opening in the uterus that leads to the vagina. It holds the baby in the uterus.
Plugs with mucous during pregnancy
Vagina (Birth Canal)
The passageway leading from the female’s external genital organs to the uterus.
Three functions are as an outlet for menstruation, passageway for sperm, and birth canal
Female Reproductive Terms
Pregnant
The state of carrying a developing fetus within the body.
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus. Provides nourishment for the fertilized egg. If it is not used, it is sloughed off at menstruation.
Fertilization
When the sperm penetrates the ovum.
Ovum/Egg
The female reproductive cell.
Size of a pinhole, largest cell in female body
200,000 eggs are present in the ovaries when the female is born
400-500 eggs mature and are released over the lifetime
Ovulation
Releasing the ovum from the ovary.
Egg moves to the surface of the ovary in a bubble, bubble bursts which pushes the egg into the opening of the fallopian tube
Occurs approximately every 28 days
Ovulation, Conception & Fertilization
The egg and the sperm each contain 23 chromosomes. During conception, these chromosomes combine to provide the 46 chromosomes needed to produce a human being. This newly formed cell begins to divide and is referred to as a zygote. As the cells continue to divide, the zygote makes its way through the fallopian tube and enters the uterus.
Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ovary. After being
released, the egg travels through the fallopian tube and enters the
uterus.
Conception occurs when an egg is fertilized by one sperm. This normally occurs in the fallopian tube.
+ =2323 zygote
(46)
This process is very complex, and if any step of
this process is disrupted, the progression will
cease and everything will be expelled. This is
called menstruation.
Ovulation, Conception & Fertilization
The zygote divides itself multiple times so it is now a group of
cells.
The zygote bounces around on the uterine wall until it finds an
appropriate place to implant itself.
It then begins forming what will soon become the placenta, umbilical
cord, amniotic sac, and fetus.
The menstrual cycle is a continuous process of passing blood and tissue lining of the uterus from the body that begins at puberty. It continues through the childbearing years and ends with menopause. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days but may vary from 17-25 days and still be normal. There are four phases in this cycle.
Ovulation, Conception & Fertilization
Some women ovulate from both ovaries or two eggs from one ovary during a cycle.
If both eggs are fertilized by a sperm, the result is fraternal twins.
If the ovum is fertilized by one sperm, then completely divides into two separate cell masses, the result is identical twins. An incomplete separation would result in Siamese twins.
Menstrual Cycle
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Fourth Stage (Premenstrual Phase, Days 15-28)
The endometrial lining is at its thickest. PMS may occur during this stage.
First Stage (Menstrual phase, Days 1-5)
The endometrial lining is shed, bleeding takes place.
Second Stage (Post Menstrual phase, Days 5-10)
Endometrial lining is very thin but is starting to thicken and an egg
is ripening ready for release.
Third Stage (Ovulation, Days10-14)
Endometrial lining thickens some more. The egg is released at the
end of this stage.
Menstrual Cycle
Although the menstrual flow always begins 14 days after
ovulation, the amount of time between the discharge
period and the next ovulation can vary.
28 days is just an average.
Many girls have shorter or longer cycles.
Only 4% have regular 28 day cycles.
Fertilization Math:
Cycle begins 14 days after ovulation
The egg is in the fallopian tube for 2 days
Sperm can live in the fallopian tube 5 days
Menstrual Cramps
Pain caused by the uterus contracting to push out the
endometrium.
Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Midol, etc. can help relieve cramps.
PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
Emotions get out of control
Headaches
Irritability
What can help?
Exercise
Increasing protein in the diet
Taking vitamin B6
Menopause
Occurs generally around the age of 45-55.
Menstrual cycle stops
A woman is no longer capable of getting pregnant
Male Reproductive Organs
Male Reproductive System Terms
Prostate Gland A gland located beneath the bladder. It produces fluid to mix with the
semen. The fluid helps neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
Testes (Testicle) The organ that produces sperm
Size of a plum
Very sensitive, slightest bump can cause extreme pain
Sensitive to temperature
Epididymus The place where sperm are stored until they ripen or mature
Vas Deferens The passageway carrying the sperm from the epididymus to the seminal
vesicles
Seminal Vesicle Where a sticky, sugar fluid to nourish the sperm is produced. This fluid
provides 60% of the semen
Male Reproductive System Terms
Semen
Mixture of sperm cells and gland secretions.
Cowper’s Gland
Two small glands that secrete a clear sticky fluid to help neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
Urethra
The passageway to transfer urine or semen outside of the body. It passes through the middle of the penis.
Penis
The male external reproductive organ. It transfers sperm and semen.
Very sensitive to the touch
Circumcision is a process that surgically removes the foreskin that covers the end of the penis, usually done a few hours after birth
Sometimes done for religious reasons but is a very good health practice because it keeps the area cleaner and free from infection
Scrotum
The sac around the testicles. A muscular tissue that holds the testes to suspend them away from the body.
Sperm
The male reproductive cell.
Tiny, living cells that are 100 times smaller than a pencil dot.
Destroyed by warm body temperature, acid environment, and will self-destruct in the female body within 5 days