Ovulation,Fert Preg

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OVULATION, FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY

IMAN SUPRIATNANI WAYAN KURNIANI KARJA

BAGIAN REPRODUKSI DAN KEBIDANAN

DEPARTEMEN KLINIK, REPRODUKSI DAN PATOLOGI

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

2010


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OVULATION


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Mechanisms of Ovulation

1. Endocrine mechanisms

steroids switch from 2.0 0.15 (E:P ratio)

LH

Prostaglandins2. Neurobiochemical mechanisms

Plasmin formation

theca collagenaselysome rupture


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3. Neuromuscular mechanisms-

PGF2 release occurs 30-40h after LH

surge

1. Inhibition of PGF2 production inhibits

ovulation


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Cyclic activity

Spontaneous ovulators Continually polyestrous

Seasonal polyestrous

Induced ovulators Monoestrous


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FERTILISASI

Proses bersatunya/fusi antara sel kelamin betina(oosit) dan sel kelamin jantan (spermatozoa)

Fertilisasi terjadi apabila oosit telah mencapai tingkatkematangannya yaitu stadium metafase II.

Spermatozoa telah mengalami kapasitasi


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Dalam prosesnya, proses fertilisasi dapat

dibagi menjadi tiga proses yaitu :

Proses kapasitasi spermatozoa

Aktivasi oosit oleh spermatozoa untuk dapatberkembang

Fusi genetikmaterial antara inti jantan danbetina


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Akrosom mengandung sejumlah enzim yaitu :

Hyaluronidase

Acrosine

ProacrosineAcid proteinase

Esterase

Neuraminidase

Phosphatase

-N Acetyl hexosaminidase galactosidase

glucoronidase

-L Fucosidase

-Phospholipase

-Cathepsine

-Peptidyl peptidase

-N Acetyl glucosa minidase

-Ornithine decarboxylase

-Arysulfatase

-Arylamidase

-Collagenase


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Reproductive System


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FERTILISASI


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FERTILIZATION- fertilization in the upper third of the oviduct/fallopian tube- fertilization = union of egg and sperm

- sperm must undergo capacitation after ejaculationincrease rate of tail beating

- during capacitationfemale system removes glycoproteins and proteins from the acrosome

- plasma membrane of the egg is surrounded by an extracellular matrix (glycoproteins) =zona pellucidaand a ring of follicular cells = corona radiata (nourishment in the follicle)

- after fertilization = zygote

1. sperm penetrate corona radiata

2. several sperm enter zona pellucida

sperm bind to ZP3 receptor protein in

zonatriggers release of acrosomal

contents and zona digestion

3. ONE sperm penetrates the plasma

membrane of the egg

4. immediate change in the zona

pellucida (depolarizes or fast block to

polyspermy)also the ZP3 protein is

inactivated which makes the zona physically

harden (slow block to polyspermy)

- impervious to more sperm

5. egg releases the zona pellucida

away from the egg surface

6. fusion of the sperms pronucleus with the

pronucleus of the egg = zygote


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OVIDUCT:

-union of sperm and egg nuclei (zygote) -> first cell division (embryo) -> cell

division continues -> formation of the morula (cell division without growth resultsin a mass of tiny, uniformly sized cells with equal amounts of cytoplasm)

UTERUS:

-morula forms a blastocyst (assymetrical ball of cells with a cavity) -> implantation

into the endometrium (6th day)

-cells of morula = blastomeres

embryonic stage:

1st week to week 8

-first cell divisionwithin 24 hrs & takes 6 hrs

to complete

-second dayfour cells

-end of third day16 cells

-fourth daymorula stage

-fourth to fifth dayblastocyst stage

-end of fifth dayhatching of blastocyst from

zona pellucida-6th dayimplantation of blastocyst into

endometrium


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Figure 117: Specific cleavage stages at given times after fertilization in the

cow (281-day gestation) and the sow (114-day gestation). (Source: Bearden and

Fuquay, 1997, p. 91. Used with permission.)


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Placenta

Classification is based on:

1) The gross shape ofthe placenta andthe distribution ofcontact sites

between fetalmembranes andendometrium.

2) The number of layers of tissuebetween maternal

and fetal vascularsystems.


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A cow has a cotyledonary placenta.

Cotyledonary: Multiple, discrete areas of attachment called cotyledons are formed by

interaction of patches of allantochorion with endometrium. The fetal portions of this type of

placenta are called cotyledons, the maternal contact sites (caruncles), and the cotyledon-

caruncle complex a placentome. This type of placentation is observed in ruminants.


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The three potential maternal layers in a placenta are:1.Endothelium lining endometrial blood vessels.2.Connective tissue of the endometrium.

3.Endometrial epithelial cells.


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Type of Placenta

Maternal Layers Retained

ExamplesEndometrial

Epithelium

Connective

Tissue

Uterine

Endothelium

Epitheliochorial + + +

Horses,

swine,

ruminants

Endotheliochorial - - + Dogs, cats

Hemochorial - - -Humans,

rodents
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/equine.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/pigs.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/ruminants.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/dog_cat.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/primates.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/rodents.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/rodents.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/primates.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/dog_cat.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/ruminants.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/pigs.htmlhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/equine.html


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PLACENTA COMMON EXAMPLES

Diffuse,epitheliochorial

Horses and pigs

Cotyledonary,epitheliochorial

Ruminants(cattle, sheep, goats, deer)

Zonary,

endotheliochorial

Carnivores

(dog, cat, ferret)Discoid,

hemochorialHumans, apes, monkeys

and rodents


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The function of the placenta. The placenta combine in one organ many activities of the

Fetus -- hormones, respiration, digestion and excretion -- that are separate in adult


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PLASENTA (exchange organ, Austauschorgan, dg fungsi spesifik)

1) Sintesa enzim

2) Thermoregulator

3) Sebagai sistem respirasi, gastrointestinal, excretion

4) Metabolisme (osmose, difusi, resorpsi, transport aktif metabolit)

5) Sintesa hormon (eCG, hCG, estrogen, progesteron, relaxin,protein B, placental lactogen)

6) Barrier pasase mikroba (infeksi). Dalam keadaan patologis

plasenta dapat dipasase oleh virus, bakteri, shg dpt menimbulkankerusakan irreversible dari fetus abortus

7) Pasase Ig transplasentar dari Ig/Ab tgt dari tipe plasenta.Pada sapi, domba, kambing, babi dan kuda plasenta tidak dapatdipasase oleh Ig. Pada anjing dan kucing dapat dipasase oleh Ig.

Pada manusia dapt dipasase hanya oleh Ig G (mol. kecil).Umumnya neonat memperoleh Ig/Ab melalui kolostrum

8) Plasenta tidak dapat dilalui oleh pharmaka spt antibiotik,sulfonamide.

Aplikasi narkotik intrapartum depresi respirasi neonatlemah


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Parturition Initiated by the fetus stress

Corticosterone from Adrenal

Decreased progesterone

Foals and lambs like cattle

Piglets either way

Oxytocin contractions

Relaxin birth canal expansion

Estrogen, Prostaglandin


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Ovulation,Fert Preg