Making human insulin from bacteria:

Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the gene for insulin • a genetic scissors which cuts

DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides. • Sticky ends are left over

with nonpaired bases.

Sticky ends can form hydrogenbonds with complementary stickyend base pairs on any other DNAmolecule cut with the sameenzyme

Making human insulin from bacteria:

Separate insulin from the rest of the DNA by gel electrophoresis.

Use Polymerization Chain Reaction to make many copies of the gene

To insert the copies of the gene into the bacteria we use plasmids – circular DNA found in bacteria (not humans)

How can we use genetic engineering to get this cow to produce more milk?

Increasing milk production with rBGH

Using the same process to make insulin, use bacteria to make copies of the cow’s growth hormone.

This hormone is called rBGH (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone)

By injecting it daily into a cow, you can increase a cow’s milk production by 10-15%.

How can we use genetic engineering to clone a sheep?

Cloning – using a cell (except an egg orsperm cell) from a multicellular organism to makeone or more genetically identicalindividuals

Dolly – the first cloned sheep!