Makalah Skenario a Blok 3

7/23/2019 Makalah Skenario a Blok 3

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Proses Homeostasis terhadap Perubahan Suhu

Lingkungan

DISUSUN OLEH :

Elnissi 102013427

Harristi Adiati 102013029

Indra Mendila 102013351

Jefryanto 102013472

Jesryn Dhillon 102013121

UNIE!"I#A" $!I"#EN $!IDA %A&ANA

Jl' #er(san Ar)(na no' *+ $e,(n )er(-

Ja-arta .arat

#el /0215*9**5934 a'/0215*31731

1

M(haad $(rnia 102013195

Nio #heodor(s 102013037

6e,riyanti "aliadan8 102013241

#ay $a,inani 102013325



Abstract

The human body is very good at maintaining internal stability, though in fact the external environment is always

changing, and even less likely to harm the human body. Stable conditions of the human body are called

homeostasis. Internal environment inside the human body must be in a normal condition, both in terms of

chemical and physiological so the activity and metabolic processes of cells in the body could run well. Moisture

content, nutrients, electrolytes and oxygen, temperature and pressure are the aspects that must be maintained at

normal range. hen our body is in an unfavorable external conditions, the body will take a response to

maintain the situation, by providing feedback, both negative feedback and positive feedback. !eedback would be

happen through a rate called reflex arc, starting from stimulus till the final response. In another words, feedback

is a sign that our body is compensating for the external environment. If the compensation is done successfully,

then the body will stay healthy. "owever, if the body is unable to compensate, then as a result our body will be

sick.

#ey word$ homeostasis, feedback

A,stra-

#(,(h an(sia san8at lihai dala eertahan-an sta,ilitas internalnya+ es-i(n ses(n88(hnya t(,(h sedan8

,erada di lin8-(n8an e-sternal yan8 selal( ,er(,ah(,ah+ ,ah-an ender(n8 e,ahaya-an t(,(h an(sia

a-i,at er(,ahan terse,(t' $ondisi yan8 sta,il dari t(,(h an(sia ini dise,(t hoeostasis' in8-(n8an internal

di dala t(,(h an(sia har(s ,erada dala -ondisi noral+ ,ai- dala hal -iia:i a((n )(8a fisiolo8is+

a8ar roses eta,olise dan setia a-ti;itas selsel di dala t(,(h daat ,er)alan den8an ,ai-' "eara -h(s(s

ase- ase- yan8 har(s diertahan-an dala rentan8 noral adalah seerti -adar (a air+ n(trisi+ ele-trolit dan

o-si8en+ s(h( dan )(8a te-anan' "aat t(,(h ,erada dala -ondisi e-sternal yan8 tida- end(-(n8+ t(,(h

ela-(-an reson (nt(- eertahan-an -eadaannya+ yait( den8an e,eri-an (an ,ali-+ ,ai- (an

,ali- ne8atif a((n (an ,ali- ositif' Uan ,ali- yan8 dila-(-an ini ter)adi elal(i se,(ah r(te yan8

dise,(t len8-(n8 refle-s+ di(lai dari sti(l(s a:al hin88a ter)adinya reson a-hir' Den8an -ata lain+ (an

,ali- er(a-an s(at( ,(-ti ,ah:a t(,(h ela-(-an -oensasi terhada lin8-(n8an e-sternal' Aa,ila

-oensasi yan8 dila-(-an it( ,erhasil+ a-a t(,(h a-an teta ,erada dala -eadaan sehat' Na(n+ )i-a t(,(h

tida- a( ,er-oensasi+ a-a se,a8ai a-i,atnya t(,(h a-an en)adi sa-it'

$ata -(ni < hoeostasis+ (an ,ali-

6endah(l(an

#(,(h an(sia di(aya-an a8ar selal( ,erada dala -ondisi yan8 noral dan -onstan+ es-i(n

lin8-(n8an l(ar t(,(h selal( en(n)(-an er(,ahan yan8 ,e8it( si8nifi-an+ t(,(h den8an

e-anisenya sendiri a-an en)a8a -esta,ilannya' "e(a or8an dan siste yan8 ,erada di dala

t(,(h teror8anisir (nt(- enita-an s(at( -eadaan yan8 dise,(t hoeostasis' $eadaan hoeostasis

yan8 dia-s(d-an ,(-an ,erarti s(at( -ondisi yan8 seara (tla- selal( -onstan ata( teta+ elain-an

2



s(at( -eadaan yan8 =relatif -onstan> ata( tida- ,er(,ah(,ah ,e8it( sa)a seirin8 den8an ter)adinya

er(,ahan ada lin8-(n8an l(ar t(,(h' Hoeostasis aat entin8 dala ran8-a en)a8a t(,(h a8ar

selal( ,erada dala -ondisi sehat+ diana sel(r(h roses -iia:i a((n fisiolo8is yan8 ter)adi di

dala sel ,er)alan den8an seestinya' Misalnya dala en8hadai er(,ahan teerat(r e-sternal

hin88a diatas ata( di,a:ah ,atas noral+ t(,(h har(s teta eertahan-an teerat(r noralnya+den8an ara ela-(-an reson tertent( hin88a -e,ali ,erada dala -eadaan sta,il'

6e,ahasan

isiolo8i "el

isiolo8i adalah il( en8enai f(n8si dari t(,(h yan8 hid(' Il( fisiolo8i didasar-an ada f(n8si

sel(lar dan ole(lar dan (nt(- eeela)arinya dierl(-an en8etah(an tentan8 rinsi dasar -iia

dan fisi-a' Il( fisiolo8i )(8a ena-( ,idan8,idan8 -h(s(s en8enai f(n8si siste or8an ata(

,a8ian tertent(+ salah sat(nya adalah fisiolo8i sel' isiolo8i sel eela)ari le,ih rini en8enai f(n8si

sel seara indi;id(al+ se,a8ai (nit alin8 -eil yan8 a( ela-sana-an f(n8si -ehi(an'1

Hoeostasis

Hoeostasis er(a-an eeliharaan ane-a -ondisi yan8 hair selal( -onstan di lin8-(n8an dala

es-i(n lin8-(n8an l(ar selal( ,er(,ah(,ah' 6ada dasarnya se(a or8an dala )arin8an t(,(h

ela-sana-an ane-a f(n8si (nt(- e,ant( eertahan-an -ondisi yan8 -onstan ini'2

Hoeostasis ter)adi seara ter(sener(s (nt(- eelihara sta,ilitas+ ,ai- sta,ilitas -iia a((n

fisiolo8is' 6ersyaratan -iia (nt(- eertahan-an -ondisi -onstan seerti ;ol(e air yan8

en(-(i dan ele-trolit+ n(trisi /?at 8i?i+ -onsentrasi @2 dan &@2 dan o-si8en yan8 en(-(i'

"edan8-an ersyaratan fisiolo8is eli(ti s(h( dan te-anan'1

Dala t(,(h an(sia+ hoeostasis di-endali-an oleh syste endo-rin dan syste saraf otono+ dan

ter)adi elal(i ,e,eraa ara se,a8ai ,eri-(t'2

3



Pengaturan diri (self regulation)' "eara otoatis+ ara ini ter)adi ada oran8 yan8 sehat+ ontohnya

seerti dala en8at(ran f(n8si or8an t(,(h an(sia'2

Kompensasi' #(,(h ender(n8 ,erea-si terhada -etida-noralan yan8 ter)adi di dala t(,(h'

"e,a8ai ontoh+ ele,aran (il (nt(- enin8-at-an ersesi ;is(al ada saat t(,(h en8alai

anaan+ enin8-atan -erin8at (nt(- en8ontrol -enai-an s(h( t(,(h+ serta enyeitan e,(l(h

darah dan teran8san8nya e,(l(h darah ,a8ian dala (nt(- enin8-at-an -e8iatan yan8 daat

en8hasil-an anas /en88i8il sehin88a s(h( t(,(h teta sta,il aa,ila lin8-(n8an en)adi din8in

seara ti,ati,a' $oensasi yan8 dila-(-an t(,(h a-an dii-(ti oleh (an ,ali- /feed,a-' 2

Umpan a!ik (Feedback )" Uan ,ali- ter,a8i atas (an ,ali- ositif dan (an ,ali- ne8ati;e'

an8 ertaa adalah Uan ,ali- ne8atif / %egative feedback ' Dala -eadaan a,noral diana

,e,eraa fa-tor entin8 dala t(,(h en)adi ,erle,ihan ata( terlal( -(ran8 t(,(h seara otoatis a-an

ela-(-an e-anise (an ,ali- ne8atif dala ran8-a enyei,an8-an -e,ali enyian8an

yan8 ter)adi+ sehin88a fa-torfa-tor terse,(t -e,ali ada rentan8 nilai tertent( yan8 noral' Hasil dari

(an ,ali- ne8atif adalah ontrol yan8 ,ersifat sta,il'2 Me-anise (an ,ali- ne8atif ter)adi diana

inforasi ,alasan (nt(- syste /in(t en8(ran8i er(,ahan /o(t(t sehin88a daat -e,ali -e set

oint yan8 ses(ai' "alah sat( ontohnya adalah -ea(an (nt(- eertahan-an 8l(-osa darah

ada -adar yan8 relatif -onstan yait( saai 110B100 l darah' Me-anisenya adalah ertaataa

enin8-atan -adar 8l(-osa darah eran8san8 -el(arnya ins(lin dari selsel -h(s(s dala an-reas'

#aha ini ter)adi teat setelah a-an' $e(dian+ ins(lin yan8 dileas-an a-an efasilitasi as(-nya

8l(-osa -e dala selsel t(,(h sehin88a en8(ran8i -adar 8l(-osa darah' 6en(r(nan -adar 8l(-osa

darah ini lal( een8ar(hi selsel eleas ins(lin /(an ,ali- ne8atif (nt(- en8(ran8i

a-ti;itasnya sehin88a 8l(-osa darah diertahan-an dala -easaan yan8 noral /ses(ai'1+3

an8 -ed(a adalah (an ,ali- ositif / feedback positive' Uan ,ali- ositif a-an en8hasil-an

-ontrol yan8 tida- sta,il' Me-anise (an ,ali- ositif ter)adi diana inforasi ,alasan -e siste

enin8-at-an ata( eeran)an8 d(rasinya+ ,(-an en8(ran8i seerti dala e-anise (an

,ali- ne8atif' Den8an -ata lain e-anise ini er(a-an enyian8an dari -ondisi fisiolo8is noral'

Uan ,ali- ositif serin8 e,a:a en8ar(h yan8 ,(r(- ,a8i t(,(h' #etai (an ,ali- ositif yan8

rin8an daat diatasi oleh e-anise en8at(ran (an ,ali- ne8atif yan8 diili-i t(,(h' Manfaat

(an ,ali- ositif yan8 ,enar,enar entin8 adalah ada roses elahir-an' "aat -ontra-si (ter(s

4



s(dah (-( -(at sehin88a -eala ,ayi (lai endoron8 ser;i-s+ re8an8an ada ser;i-s a-an

en8iri-an sinyal elal(i otot (ter(s -e -or(s (teri sehin88a -ontra-si en)adi le,ih -(at la8i' .ila

roses ini (-( -(at+ ,ayi a-an lahir' .ila tida-+ -ontras-i ,iasanya hilan8+ dan dierl(-an ,e,eraa

hari la8i (nt(- e(lai -ontra-si ,ar('1+2+4

$eti-a t(,(h ,erada ada -ondisi e-sternal yan8 e-stri diana teerat(r lin8-(n8an l(ar en(r(n

drastis+ a-a t(,(h a-an en88i8il -edin8inan den8an a-s(d a8ar -ontra-si otot yan8 ter)adi a(

(nt(- en8e,ali-an teerat(r t(,(h dala rentan8 noral' Di sisi lain+ saat teerat(r lin8-(n8an

e-stenal ,er(,ah -e,ali /teerat(r enin8-at den8an eanas r(an8an isalnya a-a a-an ter)adi

e-anise (an ,ali- ne8atif sehin88a -ontra-si otot ,erhenti -arena s(h( t(,(h s(dah ,erada dalan

rentan8 noral' Ji-a (an ,ali- ne8atif di8anti den8an (an ,ali- ositif a-a s(h( t(,(h a-an

ter(s enin8-at dan )(str( a-an e,ahaya-an t(,(h an(sia it( sendiri' @leh se,a, it(+ (an ,ali-

ositif le,ih di-enal den8an se,(tan =lin8-(n8an setan>'4

"et 6oint

Noralnya t(,(h an(sia a-an selal( eertahan-an -ondisi t(,(h a8ar teta dala -ondisi yan8

sta,il+ es-i(n ,erada ada lin8-(n8an l(ar yan8 tida- sta,il' Unt(- enaai -eadaan sta,il+ t(,(h

e(nyai s(at( ,atas ata( rentan8 -h(s(s ,er-aitan den8an ;aria,el;aria,el internal yan8 san8at

,eren8ar(h ,a8i t(,(h da oleh se,a, it(lah setia ;aria,el har(s ,erada dala ,atas yan8 noral'

.atas,atas it( dise,(t )(8a set point ' Den8an -ata lain+ set oint er(a-an nilai fisiolo8is dari

asin8asin8 ;aria,el t(,(h+ seerti teerar(r+ -onsentrasi ?at dala airan e-strasel(lar+ ata(

-adar -easaan dan -adar -e,asaan darah' Set point dien8ar(hi oleh 8eneti- seseoran8 dan )(8a

aa-ah seseoran8 telah ela-(-an adatasi terhada lin8-(n8annya ata( ,el('1

"alah sat( ontohnya dala -onse set oint (nt(- en8at(ran s(h( t(,(h+ se(a e-anise

en8at(ran s(h( seara ter(sener(s a-an ,er(aya (nt(- en8e,ali-an s(h( t(,(h -e,ali -e

nilai set point, yait( ada s(h( se-itar 37+10&' 6ada saat s(h( t(,(h ,erada diatas nilai ini+ -eeatan

-ehilan8an anas a-an le,ih ,esar dari -eeatan e,ent(-an anas+ sehin88a s(h( t(,(h a-an

en(r(n ende-ati 37+10&' Unt(- en(r(n-an s(h( t(,(h salah sat( aranya adalah elal(i -erin8at

yan8 -el(ar elal(i -(lit' "e,ali-nya+ ada saat s(h( t(,(h ,erada di ,a:ah nilai ini+ -eeatan

e,ent(-an anas+ le,ih ,esar dariada -eeatan -ehilan8an anas+ sehin88a s(h( t(,(h -ini

5



enin8-at dan ende-ati 37+10' "alah sat( ara e,ent(-an anas oleh t(,(h an(sia adalah

en88i8il'4

in8-(n8an Dala dan in8-(n8an (ar

&airan t(,(h an(sia ter,a8i atas airan intrasel dan airan e-strasel'' "e,a8ian ,esar dari -esel(r(han

airan t(,(h adalah airan intrasel+ dan hanya se-itar seerti8a yan8 ,erada di l(ar sel' "es(n88(hnya+

yan8 di-ata-an lin8-(n8an dala dari a-hl(- hid( dise,(t airan interstisial ata( airan e-strasel'

&airan ini en8isi r(an8an /l(ar antara selsel (nt(- eert(-ar-an n(trisi dan ,(an8an den8an

darah dala e,(l(h -ailer' &airan e-strasel seara ter(sener(s a-an ,er8era- -e sel(r(h t(,(h

dan den8an eat di an8-(t di dala sir-(lasi darah sehin88a tera(r diantara darah elal(i dif(si'4

#(,(h an(sia a-an eertahan-an =-ola internalnya> ini ada s(h( -onstan se-itar 37+10& dan

)(8a en8ontrol H darah dan H airan interstisial' $onse (nt(- eertahan-an lin8-(n8an

internal inilah yan8 )(8a -ita ahai se,a8ai -onse hoeostasis'

"elain airan e-strasel+ ada )(8a airan intrasel' &airan intrasel adalah airan yan8 ,erada di dala sel'

&airan intrasel seara sesifi- en8and(n8 ,anya- se-ali ion -ali(+ a8nesi(+ dan fosfat dariada

natri( dan -lorida yan8 ,anya- dite(-an di dala airan e-strasel' .er,a8ai e-anise -h(s(s

(nt(- en8an8-(tan ion ela(i e,ran sel a-an eeertahan-an er,edaan -onsentrasi ion

terse,(t diantara airan intrasel dan e-strasel'4

in8-(n8an l(ar adalah se8ala ses(at( yan8 ,er(a ,enda hid( ata( ati+ r(an8 ener8i+ -eadaan

sosial+ e-onoi+ a((n ,(daya yan8 daat e,a:a en8ar(h terhada -ehid(an an(sia di

er(-aan ,(i ini'5

en8-(n8 !efle-s 6en8at(ran "(h( #(,(h

"etia -ontrol Hoeostasis eili-i ti8a -oonen f(n8sional (taa yait( resetor+ (sat -ontrol dan

efe-tor' !esetor ,erf(n8si endete-si er(,ahan ,e,eraa ;aria,el lin8-(n8an internal+ salah sat(nya

6



adalah er(,ahan s(h( t(,(h' 6(sat ontrol a-an eroses inforasi yan8 diteria dari resetor dan

en8arah-an s(at( resons yan8 teat elal(i efe-tor'*

"eara len8-a+ len8-(n8 refle-s daat di)elas-an elal(i ontoh ,eri-(t' M(lanya+ ter)adi en(r(nan

s(h( lin8-(8an e-sternal yan8 (-( drastis di,a:ah 37+10& /s(h( noral' 6er(,ahan s(h( ini

er(a-an s(at( sinyal ata( sti(l(s yan8 a-an diteria oleh resetor+ yair( er(-aan -(lit an(sia'

"elan)(tnya+ resetor a-an en8iri-an inforasi -e (sat -ontrol elal(i s(at( )al(r yan8 dinaa-an

)al(r aferen' 6(sat ontrol+ yan8 ,iasa dise,(t )(8a (sat inte8rasi ini a-an eroses inforasi

terse,(t dala -(r(n :a-t( yan8 san8at sin8-at' $e(dian (sat ontrol a-an en8arah-an s(at(

reson a8ar s(h( t(,(h en8alai enin8-atan elal(i )al(r eferen -eada efe-tor' Efe-tor (n a-an

,erea-si dan en8a-i,at-an reson ,er(a -ontra-si otototot t(,(h /en88i8il hin88a s(h( t(,(h

seara internal -e,ali ada -eadaan noral ende-ati 37+10&' Dei-ian -oensasi t(,(h ter)adi

elal(i )al(r er(taran yan8 dinaa-an len8-(n8 refle-s' "etelah otot ela-(-an -ontra-si ata( s(h(t(,(h s(dah ende-ati ,atas noral+ a-a a-an ter)adi (an ,ali- ne8atif' Uan ,ali- ne8atif

ene8ah er(,ahan -eil en)adi terlal( ,esar' Artinya+ t(,(h an(sia tida- a-an seara ter(s

ener(s en88i8il+ na(n a-an ,erhenti ada saat s(h( t(,(h telah enaai set oint'*

"iste $ontrol dala Hoeostasis

"iste -ontrol dala hoeostasis ter,a8i atas d(a+ yait( -ontrol lo-al dan -ontrol refle-s' -ontrol lo-al

adalah siste -ontrol diana e,eri sti(l(s /in(t dan e,eri reson /o(t(t salin8 ,erde-atan'

"ehin88a -eti-a sti(l(s yan8 en8indi-asi-an adanya er(,ahan ada fa-torfa-tor lin8-(n8an

dala (n(l di s(at( teat ada t(,(h+ selsel dise-itarnya den8an eat e,eri-an reson'

"edan8-an ada -ontrol refle-s+ e,eri sti(l(s /in(t dan e,eri reson /o(t(t ,erada dala

)ara- yan8 relatif )a(h dala t(,(h+ sehin88a ,(-an selsel dise-itar teat ter)adinya er(,ahan yan8

e,eri tan88aan' $ontrol refle-s dila-(-an oleh siste saraf dan siste endo-rin /siste horon'

$ontrol refle-s e(n8-in-an adanya re8(lasi seara terad( ,e,eraa or8an (nt(- enaai sat(

t()(an' Me-anise enyel(r(h dan ter-oordinasi yan8 dila-(-an oleh -ontrol refle-s ini san8at

entin8 (nt(- eertahan-an -eadaan sta,i di lin8-(n8an dala t(,(h seara -esel(r(han' 6ada

-ed(a siste ontrol ini+ yan8 en)adi (sat inte8rasinya adalah ota-' Jadi setelah sinyal in(t (n(l+

ota- se,a8ai (sat inte8rasi a-an en8e;al(asi er(,ahan yan8 ter)adi dan enent(-an reson ,er(a

o(t(t yan8 ses(ai den8an sti(l(s hin88a a-hirnya t(,(h -e,ali ,erada ada -eadaan noral'*

7



.er-aitan den8an er(,ahan teerat(r lin8-(n8an yan8 en(r(n drastis+ t(,(h a-an en88i8il'

M(lanya sti(l(s (n(l ,er(a er(n(nan s(h( lin8-(n8an+ dan dirasa-an oleh resetor ,er(a

er(-aan -(lit an(sia di s(at( titi-' $e(dian+ inforasi a-an diroses oleh (sat inte8rasi'

"e,a8ai resonnya+ ota- en8iri =erintah> ada otot (nt(- ela-(-an -ontra-si yan8 a-an

en8hasil-an ener8i anas dan a( enai-an -e,ali teerat(r internal t(,(h hin88a ende-ati ,atas noral' 6eristi:a terse,(t ter)adi dala t(,(h -ita dan er(a-an salah sat( ontoh dari -ontrol

refle-s+ -arena sti(l(s yan8 (n(l dari s(at( teat ata( ,a8ian+ tida- hanya eni,(l-an reson

ada ,a8ian ata( titi- it( sa)a+ na(n )(8a ada ,a8ian yan8 lain+ es-i(n yan8 ,erada dala )ara-

)a(h se-ali(n' Men88i8il er(a-an s(at( tanda ,ah:a er,edaan teerat(r t(,(h internal den8an

lin8-(n8an e-sternal t(,(h san8atlah ,esar'

6en(t(

$esi(lan

#(,(h an(sia /lin8-(n8an dala a-an ela-(-an -oensasi terhada er(,ahan lin8-(n8an l(ar

yan8 ter)adi elal(i (an ,ali- ata( feedback ' Aa,ila -oensasi yan8 dila-(-an t(,(h ,erhasil+

a-a -ondisi terse,(t a-an en8e,ali-an -ondisi t(,(h dala -eadaan noral+ dan t(,(h teta

sehat' Na(n+ )i-a -oensasi yan8 dila-(-an 8a8al+ a-a t(,(h a-an sa-it ata( aat -arena tida-

a( ,ertahan en8hadai er(,ahan lin8-(n8an l(ar'

Daftar 6(sta-a

1' Ethel "' Anatoi dan fisiolo8i (nt(- e(la' Ja-arta< EC& 2003'h'25'

8



2' Uliyah M+ Hidayat AA' $eterailan dasar ra-ti- (nt(- -e,idanan' Edisi 2' Ja-arta< "ale,a

Medi-a 200'h'2'

3' &aeron J!+ "-ofroni- JC+ Crant !M' isi-a t(,(h an(sia' Edisi 2' Ja-arta< EC& 200*'h'4'4' C(yton A&+ Hall JE' .(-( a)ar fisiolo8i -edo-teran' Edisi 11' Ja-arta< EC& 2007'h'49'

5' &handra .' 6en8antar -esehatan lin8-(n8an' Ja-arta< EC& 200*'h'*'

6. &a,ell NA+ !eee J.+ Mithell C' .iolo8i' "afitri A+ ed' Ja-arta< Erlan88a 2004'h'1*'

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Makalah Skenario a Blok 3