INSIDE COMPUTER

BSI – Computer Engineering

English II Task

Class : 13.2C.11

2015-2016

1ST WORKGROUP MEMBER :WAHYU RAMDANI – 13140301EKA SEFTHA RANA – 13140269SUMANTO – 13140264IVAN GUSTIANDA – 13140286

PREFACE

First of all we’d like to thanks to Allah SWT The Most Beneficent & The Most

Mercifull Who grand us health and time to finish this paper.

And also to our lecturer Mrs. Hadita who gave us this oportunity to complete the

assignment.

Now days computer has spread all around the world, helping people do their task

more faster and more efficient with its ability to calculate aritmathic faster and precisely.

But, did you ever knows what was in it, what is inside computer?

So, in this paper we would like to provide us all about “Inside of Computer” as Mrs.

Hadita assigned this topic to our workgroup. And may this paper usefull to everyone who

read.

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INSIDE COMPUTER

A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set

of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be

readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a

central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries

out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order

of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be

retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more

capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are

small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small

batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and

are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in

many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the

most numerous.

If you curious about what are inside the computer, we didn’t recommend you to

open the computer case by your self. Because if you don’t know the knowledge of it you

may break it or it can’t be run at all as it was.

But if you insist to see whats inside it, lets we learn about it little bit. There are three

catagories of what inside computer or what is computer consist of:

1. Prosessing Units – this typicaly known as CPU (Central Prosessing Units), the box that

contend most of computer peripheral such as Motherboard, Microprocessor, Power

Supply, RAM (Random Acces Memory), HDD (Hard Disk Drive), VGA (Video Graphic

Array), Front Panel, Heat Sink Fan, Floppy Disk Drive, Optical Drive etc.

2. Input Units –The componens that use to input instructions, or input controls of the

computer such as Mouse, Keyboard, Floppy Disk Drive, CD/DVD ROM, etc.

3. Output Units – The component where the result of prossesing can be display, for

example Monitors, Printer, PC Speaker etc.

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THE CASE

The computer case is a very important part of the computer. It protects all of the

electronic components inside and provides adequate ventilation to prevent overheating.

The case also should be capable of allowing you to expand your hardware if the need arises.

Some cases only have 5 or 6 expansion bays. This may not be enough if you plan to add

several drives. There also should be plenty of expansion slots on the back for adding AGP,

ISA, PCI, PCIe, or other expansion cards. Cases are designed for different types of

motherboards. All motherboards won't work inside

of all cases. There are several different sizes of cases.

The larger cases have more expansion bays than the

smaller cases have. The smallest case is the "desktop"

type that lies flat. The next size up is the "mini

tower," then the "mid tower," then the "full tower,"

and finally the "server," which is the largest. The

server case is primarily used for server computers in

businesses.

MOTHERBOARD

The motherboard is like a big

city with many streets and highways

that connect all of the buildings

together. Instead of streets and

highways, the motherboard uses tiny

electrical paths to connect each

component of the computer together.

These paths are called "buses." The

more buses that connect to a

component, the faster it can operate.

Larger buses are able to operate faster

than smaller buses. Buses work just like

highways. Wider highways and

highways with more lanes are able to

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carry more traffic than smaller highways and highways with less lanes. Many cities have a

freeway. A freeway is designed so that large amounts of traffic can move quickly from one

place to another. The "front side bus," (or FSB), is the freeway of the motherboard. It is the

most important bus on the motherboard, because it connects the processor to the main

memory and the Northbridge chipset. Below is a diagram showing the front side bus in red.

Like a traffic cop, the chipset, (2 chips on this

motherboard), manages and directs the flow of data

between each of the components. The BIOS is where

the computer's settings are stored and changed. In the

first picture of the slot 1 AOpen AX6B motherboard

above, you can see most of the connecting slots, ports,

and connectors. Some are labeled to show what they

are. Motherboards are judged primarily by their

chipsets and their front side bus speed. The type of

BIOS and the type and amount of expansion slots are

also other important things to consider. Below is a picture of the socket 939 Asus A8N-E,

another example of motherboard.

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MICROPROCESSOR

A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a

computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few

integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that

accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and

provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal

memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary

numeral system.

The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced

the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor was produced in large

numbers by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors

increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor

designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a

semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same.

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Before microprocessors, small computers had been implemented using racks of

circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors

integrated this into one or a few large-scale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor

capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see

history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from

the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and

supercomputers.

Below is the example pictures of several microprocessor from Intel and AMD:

POWER SUPPLY

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The power supply supplies the electrical power for a computer. It supplies power to

the motherboard, drives, and certain expansion cards. It normally has at least one fan that

helps cool the power supply and will assist in the task of cooling the computer. Some power

supplies have an additional outlet on the back that can be used to provide power to the

monitor. Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. They range anywhere from around

160 watts to about 700 watts. 350 to 400 watt power supplies are probably the most

common. A higher wattage power supply doesn't hurt anything, but a lower wattage power

supply can cause problems for people with lots of devices connected to their computer.

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive

or fixed disk[b] is a data storage device used for

storing and retrieving digital information using

rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic

material. An HDD retains its data even when

powered off. Data is read in a random-access

manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be

stored or retrieved in any order rather than

sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters)

with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the

surfaces.

Hard drives are sealed and contain disks that are not removable. For this reason,

they can be hidden inside of the computer, never to be seen. This is why most hard drives

are internal bay drives. The hard drive is where your files and programs are stored for

everyday use. They are always there unless someone or something erases them. Normally,

computers will have one or two external, and two or three internal 3.5-inch drive bays.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

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Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access

memory device allows data items to be read and written in roughly the same amount of

time regardless of the order in which data items are accessed. In contrast, with other direct-

access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum

memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on

their physical locations on the recording medium,

due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation

speeds and arm movement delays.

Today, random-access memory takes the

form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally

associated with volatile types of memory (such as

DRAM memory modules), where stored information

is lost if power is removed, although many efforts have been made to develop non-volatile

RAM chips.[2] Other types of non-volatile memory exist that allow random access for read

operations, but either do not allow write operations or have limitations on them. These

include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.

VGA (Video Graphic Array)

Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first

introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread

adoption has also come to mean either an Amplitude Modulated computer display

standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640x480 resolution itself.

VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of PC clone

manufacturers conformed, making it the lowest common denominator that virtually all

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post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement. It was officially followed by

IBM's Extended Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but was effectively superseded by numerous

slightly different extensions to VGA made by clone manufacturers, collectively known as

Super VGA.

Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high definition video, including

resolutions of 1080p and higher. While the transmission bandwidth of VGA is high enough

to support even higher resolution playback, there can be picture quality degradation

depending on cable quality and length. How discernible this degradation is depends on the

individual's eyesight and the display, though it is more noticeable when switching to and

from digital inputs like HDMI or DVI.

Fron Panel

Alternatively referred to as the fpanel or front panel connector, the system panel

connector or system panel header is what controls the computer's power button, reset

button, and LED's found on the front bezel of a computer using the system panel cables. The

System panel cables, as shown in the picture are two wire cables that are color coded to

help identify where they connect to the motherboard system panel connector. The black or

white wire is the ground (GND) wire and the colored wire is the powered wire. The cables,

colors, and connections vary depending on the computer case and motherboard you have,

however, generally include the cables mentioned below.

Types of system panel cables :

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- HDD LED (IDE LED) - The LED activity light for the

hard drive. This is the LED that flashes as

information is being written and read from the

hard drive.

- Power LED (PLED) - The LED power light, which

indicates when the computer is on, off, or in

Standby.

- Power SW (PWRSW) - Controls the power button

that allows you to turn on and off the computer.

- Reset SW - Handles the reset button to restart the computer.

- Speaker - The internal speaker used to sound the beep noises you hear from your

computer when it is booting.

Motherboard Battery

The motherboard battery is used to preserve the computer's time

and BIOS settings while the computer is turned off. Some motherboards

only need the battery in case of a power outage. They draw the needed

electricity from the electrical outlet to power the clock. These

motherboards save their BIOS information to EEPROM. EEPROM stands

for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

BIOS

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. The photo above shows an example of

what a built in BIOS program looks like. BIOS programs vary from computer to computer,

but every computer has one. Without any disks or even a hard drive, the BIOS program is

always available, written permanently on the BIOS chip. It is used to set up the computer's

hardware. Every time you boot your computer, you have the option of entering "Setup."

Setup is how you access the BIOS program. Only experienced users should alter the BIOS

settings. Improper BIOS settings can cause major problems on a computer. The BIOS chip

contains enough information to operate the computer all by itself. When the computer is

first turned on (or booted), the BIOS program is in charge. After booting and performing a

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few system checks, the BIOS program turns the computer over to your operating system.

Below is a picture of a BIOS chip. This chip is where the BIOS program is stored.

Case Fan

Case fans are relatively inexpensive and are

extremely important. Computer components

generate quite a bit of heat and must be kept as cool

as possible. The case fan is the primary source of

cooling for most computers. Although the importance

of the fan is often overlooked, it is the key to a long

life for a computer. Most computer cases are

designed to allow a person to add one or more

additional case fans.

Chipset PCI/AGP/ISA/IDE Controlers

Why is it called a chipset? Because in the past there were always two or more of

these on a motherboard. Some motherboards now have only one chip that performs all of

the duties of the chipset, but others still use two or more chips. Chipsets are like the

motherboard's traffic cops. They direct the flow of data from one point to another. Each

chip in the chipset has its own particular job.

The Northbridge chip controls the data traffic between the microprocessor and the

rest of the motherboard. It also controls the traffic to and from the AGP card. Both chips

share in the task of controlling the PCI and main memory data flow. In the diagram below

you can see the data flow paths mapped out for the chipset. The paths managed by chip 1,

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(or the Northbridge chip), are shown in red. The paths managed by chip 2, (or the

Southbridge chip), are shown in blue. The duties of the chips may vary slightly depending on

the chipset. For some chipsets, the Northbridge may control the CPU, video, and main

memory traffic, while the "Southbridge" chip may control the other traffic.

The paths between each component are referred to as "buses." Buses are simply the

paths, or wires, that connect one component to another. The chips in the chipset are

referred to as bridges, because they bridge the components together and ensure that the

data flow is directed to the proper place. The better chipsets are those that can handle data

the fastest and most efficiently. Below is a picture of both of the chipsets on the

motherboard.

Expansion Slot

Expansion slot openings are located on the back of the computer. They look like the

ones shown in the picture above. They provide access to the AGP, PCIe, PCI, and ISA

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expansion slots on the motherboard. Expansion cards, like the one shown below, plug into

these slots to add more devices to a computer.

Mouse

In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion

relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a

display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.

Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more

buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels",

which enable additional control and dimensional input. Below is picture of a wireless mouse.

Keyboard

In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of

buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of

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punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main

input device for computers.

A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press

of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some

symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While

most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or

simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.

Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,

touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard

remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into

computers.

In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text

entry interface to type text and numbers into a word

processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern

computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally

left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes

each physical key from every other and reports all key

presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either

with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can

expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give

commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete

combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. A command-line

interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device

doing the job of one.

Monitor

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor

comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern

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monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while

older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television

receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their

monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions

have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions,

and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9.

SOURCE

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- http://en.wikipedia.org

- http://www.kids-online.net

- https://www.google.com

And other various website....

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