Notes

Driving Ideas:1. What were the causes of the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression?2. What impact did the Stock Market Crash and Great Depression have on the country,

world and lives of people?3. What did the US Government do to help alleviate the problems the Great Depression

brought to our country?

January 13 Consumerism: the belief that people should spend as much money as they can to help the economy Buying on credit: buy now, pay later

Allowed people to buy big items that were expensiveRepublican Philosophy of Harding, Coolidge, Hoover – the three Republican presidents of the 1920s

Laissez-faire: the government should stay out of businessRugged individualism: one that believes that it is up to you, don’t depend on things from othersTrickle-down theory: the government was going to give tax breaks to the wealthy and large

businesses and this would eventually help lower class people, they would make more money and be able to hire more peopleStock: share part of a companyStock market: where you buy and sell stockDow Jones Industrial Average: the 30 largest companies in the US – 3M, ATT, Cisco, Walt Disney, IBM, McDonalds, Nike, Microsoft, Verizon, Walmart, Visa, CokeBuying on margin: buying stocks on credit, allowed middle and lower class people to get in the stock marketWatered stock: overpriced stockStock pooling: a group of rich men get together and buy a lot of stock for really cheap then sell it to the average people for high pricesSpeculation-with stocks: someone that researches stock then buys and sells quickly for a profitIncome inequality: the major gap between the rich and the poorFederal Reserve Board: created in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, its major goal was to stop banking panics (runs), broke the country into 12 districts each with a Federal Reserve Bank, made to be a bank for banks

Powers: Banker’s bank-stop bank runs Controls the amount of money in circulation - control inflation and deflation

Iowa Federal Reserve in Chicago

January 16

Causes of the Stock Market Crash-1929

Only 5% of the population were in the stock market.

Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value-watered stock prices Over speculation during the 1920s

o Led to watered stock “Buying on margin”

o Led to people being in debt and watered stock prices Overproduction of goods- companies buying more goods than were selling Uneven distribution of wealth- most people weren’t buying anymore because they were in debt,

companies weren’t making money Too much borrowing from banks- people borrowing to buy stock, caused watered stock Federal Reserve increased interest rates- people stopped borrowing money to buy things Lack of government regulation- allowed stock pooling to happen, insider trading, rich people

made money while the middle class suffered

Effects of the Stock Market Crash

Investors and businesses lose millions $$$ Thousands of banks fail- savings are wiped out: banks invested money in the stock market, lost it

when the stock market crashed and many people lost their savings Businesses cut production – lay off workers Unemployment rises – people quit spending money Great Depression sets in Depression spreads throughout the world

Causes of the Great Depression

Overproduction of goods- caused deflation Under consumption of goods by consumers- people were not buying enough Agricultural slump due to overproduction- prices went down because of overproduction High protective tariff policies of the 1920’s- designed to get Americans to buy American

products, denied trading between countries, nobody was buying in the US Taxes benefiting the rich – rich got richer, poor got poorer- trickle-down theory Stock market crash

Effects of the Great Depression

New Deal programs start - makes the US gov’t much larger, got more involved- Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to get the US out of the depression

Deficit spending starts- gov’t spending more money than is being made, causing national debt The New Deal creates many organizations that are still around today – social security, welfare Fascist, military and communist dictators come to power throughout the world- caused WWII

The Vicious Cycle of the Great Depression

Companies lose $$ so they lay people off Unemployment rate goes up and less people buy goods as income has dropped Companies profits fall so they have to lay more people off or close Cycle repeats itself

January 26

Herbert Hoover Background

Born in Westbranch, Iowa Both mother and father died Was not a good student in high school Attended Stanford University the first year it opened Became a miner/engineer after college During WWI, helped Belgians get food Was head of food administration in the US, provide food for troops Secretary of Commerce, got him more famous Won 1928 presidential election Hoover’s Platform In Election:

o Efficiency in gov’to Republican record of prosperityo Pro-businesso Promised to improve conditions for farmerso Reform immigration lawso Maintain America’s isolationist foreign policyo Supported Prohibition- an “experiment noble in purpose”

Hoover’s Fight against the Great Depression

Generally believed to have done nothing – not true Encouraged people to be patient Federal Farm Board

o Stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products Norris-La Guardia Act

o Strengthened labor unions Hoover Moratorium

o One year halt on German war payments to Franceo One year halt on war payments from Great Britain and France to the US

Mexican Repatriationo Mexican immigrants were encouraged/forced to go back to Mexico

Revenue Act of 1932o Increased taxes so US gov’t had $$

Hawley-Smoot Tariffo Raised tariffs to record levels

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) – 1932

Give loans to banks, state and local govt’s, and business’ to create projects/jobs for people Gave states loans for emergency relief needs Started under Hoover Not as successful as Hoover had hoped

Dissolved in 1946 under WWII Built the Hayden Planetarium

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Made of WWI Veterans, petitioning to give them their pension early. When denied, people protested. Hoover sent the US military to get them out, made him seem uncaring.

Impact of the Stock Market Crash and Great DepressionHoovervilles- shantytowns for the poor named after Hoover, blaming him for their troublesBreadlines- lines of people waiting for food from the governmentHoboes Hopping Freight Trains- people, mostly teenagers, that went from town to town looking

for jobsApple vendors- people often sold apples for a couple cents to pay for food

FDR Background

Born into a very wealthy family Married 5th cousin Went to Harvard 1910 was elected in the New York State Senate Was Assistant Secretary of the Navy during WWI Ran for VP in 1920 but lost, before getting polio Got polio in 1920 Became the governor of New York in 1928 Went up against Hoover in 1932 Promised the New Deal Served almost 4 terms, died a month in the 4th term Died of a stroke

FDR’s New Deal Programs

Got elected in 1932 Promised change Started his New Deal Programs

o Relief, Reform and Recovery – the three R’s for the New Deal Relief for the needy – social security, welfare checks Financial reform – bank holiday, fixing the banks Economic recovery – everything together would fix the economy

Opponents of FDR Some say FDR went too far, spent too much money $$

o Republicans What were some of the reasons the New Deal was challenged? Created a very powerful president that led Congress, this was a violation of

checks and balances It was a radical departure from Laissez Faire ideals. Created “big government”

Some acts appeared interfering and unconstitutional Heavy debt burden – the United States was engaged in deficit spending and this

was unhealthy for the economy in the long run Others say he didn’t do enough, he needed to do more

o Democrats, socialists Father Charles Coughlin: Called for a guaranteed income ($200 a month) Wanted government to take over the banks Blamed Jews for Great Depression Francis Townsend Argued that FDR wasn’t doing enough to help the elderly His ideas eventually led to Social Security Senator Huey Long “Share our Wealth” --> “Every man a king” Tax a lot of the rich’s money and give it to the poor Shot and killed by Carl Weiss in 1935, could have been an opponent against FDR

in an election

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS:Young People

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Passed in 1933 during the “One Hundred Day” CCC members worked 40 hours a week and were paid $30 a month, with the requirement that

$25 of that be sent home to family Members lived in camps, wore uniforms, lived under military discipline The U.S. Army operated the camps The CCC was limited to young men age 18 to 25 whose father were on relief They planted trees, fought forest fires, stopped soil erosion Helped construct military bases during WWII Funding stopped in 1942 The slogan of the CCC was “We can take it!”

National Youth Administration (NYA) Established in 1935 and was a part of the WPA Pushed heavily by Eleanor Roosevelt (ER) Served 327,000 high school and college youth, who were paid $6 to $40 a month for “work

study” project at their schools It allowed thousands of young people to stay in school Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $10 to $25 a month for part-time

work that included job training Unlike the CCC, it included young women The youth normally lived at home, and worked on construction or repair projects

Unemployed

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Enacted in 1933 Main function was to create the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) FERA distributed more than 20 million dollars in direct aid to the unemployed This in turn would help the unemployed to find new jobs FERA had three primary objectives:

o Direct relief measureso Provide work for employable peopleo Provide many different types of relief programs

Public Works Administration (PWA) Established in 1933 Created as many jobs as possible in many different varieties Great example of FDR’s “priming the pump” – to jumpstart (prime) the economy you have to

spend a lot of money Between July 1933 and March 1939 the PWA funded the construction of more than 34,000

projects including airports, dams, aircraft carriers, bridges Was responsible for 70% of the new schools and 33% of the hospitals built between 1933-1939 Made Triborough bridges, Grand Coulee Dam

Civil Works Administration (CWA) Established in 1933 to create jobs for millions of the unemployed The CWA created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges In just one year, the CWA cost the government over $800,000 and was cancelled So much was spent on this administration because it hired 4 million people and was mostly

concerned with paying high wages

Works Progress Administration (WPA) Established in 1935 Largest and most comprehensive New Deal Agency The WPA was a “make work” program that provided jobs and income to the unemployed during

the Great Depression WPA projects primarily employed unskilled workers in construction projects across the nation Federal Project No. 1 was developed to give artistic and professional work to the unemployed

who qualified Gave work to artists and musicians Built the Golden Gate Bridge

Camp David: Vacation spot for the President

Labor Unions/Factory WorkersNational Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Established “codes of fair competition” aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic recovery from the Great Depression

The law created the NRA to enforce codes The administration tried to make voluntary agreements dealing with hours of work, rates of pay,

and the fixing of prices Firms which voluntary complied could display the Blue Eagle The NIRA also helped create jobs for unemployed workers (building schools) Section 7A guaranteed workers the right to unionize Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court (1935) Seen as a failure

National Labor Relation Act/Board (NLRA(B) Established in 1935 through passage of the National Labor Relation Act (Wagner Act) Conducts election for unions Stresses collective bargaining Investigates and fixes unfair labor practices Governed by a five-person board whose members are appointed by the President

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Established a national minimum wage – 40 cents/hour Established the 40 hour work week Guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs Prohibited most child labor Still exists today

FarmersAgricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Established in 1933 Restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmer to reduce the amount of crops

planted Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so prices would go up The farmers were paid by the federal government for leaving some of their land untilled The Act created a new agency, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration to carry out law The AAA oversaw a large-scale destruction of existing crops and livestock in an attempt to

reduce surpluses For example, six million pigs and 220,000 sows were slaughtered in the AAA’s effort to raise

prices Cotton farmers plowed under a quarter of their crop Due to the nature of the Great Depression, many United States citizens saw the AAA as cruel While people in the cities were starving, the federal government was destroying crops and

livestock in the country Farm prices more than doubled (1933-35) The AAA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936 because it taxed on group

(food processors) to pay another

The second AAA was passed in1938 The second AAA was funded from general taxation, and therefore acceptable to the Supreme

Court

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to “conserve soil” and

prevent erosion It was a piece of legislation passed in response to the Supreme Court’s declaration that the AAA

was unconstitutional Educated farmers on how to use their lands without damaging them Took immediate action to contain the dust bowl’s effects by planting trees and native grass Three years after the act was adopted, soil erosion had dropped 65%

Rural Electrification Administration (REA) Brought electricity to farms

Farm Security Administration (FSA) Granted small farmers and tenant farmers money to purchase farms The dust Bowl forced a lot of farmers off their farms Many farmers bought tractors with money from the AAA thus forcing tenant farmers off the

land The FSA provided relief to those people

HomeownersHome Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)

The typical home loan in 1930 required a 50% down payment and had to be paid off within 5-7 years at an interest rate of 6 to 8 percent

Buyers paid the entire interest charge at the end of the payback period in a single balloon payment

Often they had to take out a second mortgage, at rates of up to 18%, just to cover this final payment

The HOLC was established in 1933 to refinance homes to prevent foreclosure It was usually used to extend loans from shorter, expensive payments of the 15 years to the

lower payments of the 30 year loans Was racist, helped white people and pushed black and Hispanics away

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) The FHA was created in 1934 Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions and to provide

an adequate home financing system In 1965, the FHA became part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and

is still around today

United States Housing Authority (USHA) Created in 1937 It was designed to lend money to the states or communities for low-cost home construction Homes were designed for low-income and homeless people The USHA was absorbed by the National Housing Agency in 1942

ElderlySocial Security Administration (SSA)

Established in 1935 Provides retirement, disability, and survivors’ benefits To qualify for these benefits, most American workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings Futures benefits are based on employees’ contributions Each person is given a Social Security number

Music/ArtWPA

The WPA helped artists and musicians It presented 225,000 concerts and produced almost 475,000 works of art Federal Project No. 1 (Federal One) of the WPA was developed to give artistic and professional

work to the unemployed who qualified It consisted of the Federal Art Project (FAP), Federal Music Project (FMP), Federal Theater

Project (FTP), and the FWP

BanksEmergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA)

FDR passed the act five days after taking office - March, 1933 Passed in response to the thousands of banks that closed down Passed four days after FDR announced the Bank Holiday, which closed banks down temporarily The EBRA would close down the bank, reorganize it and then reopen the bank when it was

stable Provided insurance to people’s money in the banks When banks reopened on March 13, 1933, many people put their money back into the banks Within a couple of weeks, more than half of the money that people withdrew from banks was

put back into banks Generally ended the bank runs that was common place form 1929-1933

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Created by the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 Insured people’s money in banks up to $1000 (today up to $100,000) Passed in response to the banks failures after the stock market crash Insures money in savings and checking accounts, money market accounts and CD’s Does not insure stocks, bonds, mutual funds, items in safety deposit boxes, loss due to theft or

fraud and insurance accounts

Banking Act of 1935 Made the FDIC a permanent agency within the US government Strengthened the power of the Federal Reserve making banking safer overall

Stock MarketFederal Securities Act

Passed in 1933 Made the stock market a safer place for people to invest their money Two goals:

o “Required that investors receive significant information regarding securities being offered for public sale”

o “Prohibited deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities to the public”

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Established in 1934 and is still around today This organization regulates the stock market therefore making the market more secure and

safer for people’s money

EnergyRural Electrification Administration (REA)

The REA was created in 1935 The REA provided farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power and eventually telephone

services This brought all the electrical appliances that the cities had since the 1920’s The REA made long-term loans to state and local governments, to farmers’ cooperatives, and to

nonprofit organization to do the work By 1939, rural households with electricity had risen to 25% (up from 10% 7 years earlier) The administration was abolished in 1994 and its functions assumed by the Rural Utilities Service

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven state region around the

Tennessee River Valley FDR signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act creating the TCA on May 18, 1933 The agency still exists and has grown to become America’s largest public power company Some criticized the TVA for only helping a specific region not the whole country

Native AmericansIndian Reorganization Act (IRA)

Passed in 1934 Abolished the Dawes Act and allowed Native American to govern themselves on a tribal basis Allowed Native Americans to manage and keep their own land Included provisions to help create job opportunities on Indian Reservations. This has led to

many casinos on Indian Reservations

The Act is still around today

New Deal Organizations

Driving Ideas:

1. Understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII2. Understand how/why the Allies won WWII

February 24

Italy

Major Events Mussolini’s Rise to power

Basic Facts Part of the axis powers Spent $94 billion

War goals – wanted world power – “recreate the Roman Empire” - allied with Germany – needed Germany to bail them out of certain situations

LeadersBenito Mussolini

Background Formed a group in ItalyHow they came to power Marched to Rome and threatened government Became Prime MinisterHow they lost power Was voted out by his own Grand Council

Victor Emmanuel IIIHow they came to power

Became King because it was in his familyHow they lost power

Public opinion forced a vote- Monarchy or Republic V.E. III voted Monarchy but lost Went into exile

Home Front Less people were there to work because they were fighting in the war Everyone not fighting had to work Daily bombings

Propaganda Anti-British and Western Pro Germany Nationalism

Major Battle Strategies Fascism – strong nationalism in a country – gov’t has complete control of the country Didn’t want to fight a two front war Too ambitious – weak, not ready for war Aided Germany in most affairs

Major Battles African Campaign Battle of Britain Invasion of France The Mediterranean Eastern Front

People/GeneralsBenito Mussolini

Wanted to be like Hitler Allied with Germany Wanted to be a world power Dictator of Italy Forced Italy into war Replaced by Pietro Badoglio Shot and hung by his people

Pietro Badoglio Chief of Staff of Italian Army (1940) Replaced Mussolini First Prime Minister of Non Fascist Gov’t Signed armistice with allies

Why they lost the War Not ready for war Forced into it Weak gov’t

The Impact that WWII had on Italy Economy - poor Gov’t – became Republic People

Mr. Bruns’s NotesItaly after WWI

Italy was very displeased with the Treaty of Versailleso Wanted to get more land than they got

Italy joined the League of Nation and was a member from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937

5 Power Pact Signed by Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy Designed to prevent an arm’s race It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers and aircraft carriers Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers or submarines

9 Power Pact Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy Signed by the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and

Portugal

King Victor Emmanuel:Asked Mussolini to take over power in Italy to keep the communists out of Italy.

Benito Mussolini Comes to Power in 1922 Found his calling in WWI Didn’t really believe in war – ironic Marches on Rome and becomes dictator Eventually thought to have ruined the country

Established Fascism in Italy A government led by a strong dictator Stresses strong nationalism, militarism, and imperialism Uses intimidation to get what they want

Kellogg-Briand PactCountries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes.

Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini 1936 Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the 1896 battle of Adua One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history Feb. 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into Ethiopia Nov. 18, 1935, League of Nations sanctions begin

o Arms embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian goods Feb. 29, 1936, FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality Act

o Mandatory arms embargo with warring nationso Mandatory ban on loans to warring nations

May 5 – Italy occupied Addis Ababa – annexed all Ethiopia on May 9

Generalissimo Francisco France and the Spanish Civil War – 1936 Hitler and Mussolini send troops and weapons to help Franco win the civil war against the

communists This war serves as an important training ground for Hitler’s and Mussolini’s troops Also brought Hitler and Mussolini closer

Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) – Alliance between Italy and GermanyTripartite Pact is signed forming the Axis Powers – 1940: Germany, Italy and JapanAxis PowersMain Powers: Germany, Italy, JapanOther Powers: Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Hungary

Italy’s Goals in WWII Make a new Roman Empire Make the Mediterranean an “Italian Lake” Take over northern African colonies of Britain and France – especially Egypt Take over southeastern Europe – Greece and Albania Take over parts of the Middle East

Italy invaded Albania- 1940: Easy victory

Italy invaded Greece- 1940: Germany had to bail Italy outEventually took over Greece

Italy was defeated- 1943 We had to work out way up the “underbelly to take over We succeeded

Italy switches sides Germany took over Italy’s land, however

Why did Italy Lose? Italy was not prepared militarily to fight a prolonged war

o Germany had to constantly bail Italy out Italian troops were spread too thin – Africa, Mediterranean, Albania, Greece, Soviet Union,

France. Battle of Britain The people of Italy were not prepared to fight or motivated to fight. They were forced to fight Overall, Italy was just a weak country

Impact WWII had on Italy 410,000 dead – 330,00 Military deaths Spent $94 billion Italy had joined the Allies by 1943 so the big concern for the US was making sure Italy became a

democracy after the war and not fall to communism US gave millions of dollars to Italy (Marshall Plan) to help rebuild after the war Became a member of NATO in 1949 Became a member of the United Nations in 1955

Germany

Basic Facts 7,375,800 casualties

War Goals Raise status Dominate Europe Pureblood – get rid of those who were undesirable (Jews, homosexual, non arians) Lebensraum – living space, they needed more space to live (planned to live in the country of

Ukraine) Undo the Treaty of Versailles

Major BattlesBerlin Battle

The Red Army broke the German front Advanced very quickly every day through East Prussia, Lower Silesia, East Pomerania and Upper

Silesia

D-Day Invasion

Invasion of the Allies Turning point of the war 425,000 died

LeadersHitler

Brother’s death Wanted to go to Art school but wasn’t accepted Austrian Army didn’t accept him so he joined the German Army Became Chancellor in 1933 Supreme commander of armed forces Left the league of nations Alliance with Japan Declared Britain as enemy Wanted to exterminate Jews so he built concentration camps Germany was losing Shot himself Had people burn his and his wives bodies

Admiral Karl Doenitz

Commander of German Navy’s U-boats

Hermann Goering

Chief of Luftwaffe (German Airforce) Sentenced to death – hanged himself before he was executed

Admiral Erich Raeder

Commander in Chief of German Naval Forces Frequently disagreed with Hitler

ImpactBerlin Wall

Germany was split up into 4 zones Wall separated the zones West: U.S. East: Soviet Union Thousands crossed over to be on the west side To keep out “Fascists”

Impact of the War on Germany Less powerful – no more great military US aided them so they would not become Communists Leaders were tried for war crimes Cold War Berlin Wall (1961) Germany was split in 4 zones, 2 different countries U.S. aided in rebuilding to keep communism out of the country

Bruns’s NotesTreaty of Versailles - WWI

Did not treat Germany very well Land was taken by the following: France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia Lost colonies over seas Military was broken down and limited many things Financial Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies Lost a lot of land that was a severe blow to the economy Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria League of Nations was set up to keep world peaceGerman Reaction Anger throughout Germany It was seen that the treaty was forced on them Many did not want it to be signed Blamed the government(The Weimar Republic) – democracy – for accepting the treaty

Hitler as a Baby in Austria Born in Austria in 1889 Both parents and brother died before he was 20 Failed to be accepted into art school Failed to join the Austrian Army Enlisted in the German Army for WWI and found his calling Tried to take over the Weimar Republic Failed and was tried, 1924 Went to prison for 5 years Only served 9 months for good behavior In prison, wrote Mein Kampf – “My Fight”, “My Struggle”

Hitler’s Rise to Power Hitler is appointed Chancellor in 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg dies shortly after and Hitler dissolves the Weimar Republic and

becomes President Early Actions of Hitler:

o Drops out of the League of Nationso Starts rearming Germanyo Rearms the German Rhineland area (Area between France and Germany)

Anschluss with Austria – 1938 Union with Austria Told the Austrian people he wanted to unite German speaking people

Munich Conference Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain Germany - Hitler Italy – Benito Mussolini France To talk over what would happen with the Sudeten land (Hitler wanted it) Hitler was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia Hitler promised that he was done taking over territories Hitler wanted to re-unite all German speaking people Became known as the “Policy of Appeasement” Appeasement – give him what he wants so he would back down, prevent war Winston Churchill opposed the Appeasement

Hitler takes over all of Czechoslovakia – 1939 Took it over even after he promised he was done taking over territories

Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the

eastern half Russia would get Finland, Estonia and Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania How did the world react to this pact? Shock Poland was scared (it was surrounded on all sides) Hitler though it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland

if attacked

German Invaded Poland – Blitzkrieg (Military attack – mostly offensive)

Sitzkrieg – The Phony War Great Britain and France declared war on Germany after it invaded Poland Nothing was happening

The “Phony War Ends” Spring 1940 In the spring of 1940, Germany took over: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Denmark, Norway

France’s Impenetrable Maginot Line Above ground: tanks and guns Below ground: places to sleep, live underground

Miracle of Dunkirk Late May, 1940 in Dunkirk, France

British and French soldiers were surrounded While Germans waited for tanks to arrive, millions of soldiers were able to evacuate to Great

Britain

France Surrenders June, 1940

A Divided France Vichy France : Side that worked with Hitler and rounded up French Jews The Free French : The French Resistance The side the US worked with when they joined the war The Marquis : Fought the Germans

Axis Invasion of the Balkans (Yugoslavia) – 1941 The area was divided up by Axis powers Germany: Yugoslavia, Greece

10 countries that Germany took over: Greece, Yugoslavia, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Luxemburg, Poland, Czechoslovakia Great Britain was the only country left in the war against Germany.

The Battle of Britain: Germany bombed Britain everyday Nazi Goals with the Battle of Britain

Destroy the Royal Air Force (before invasion was possible-hopefully by 9-15) Attack and destroy the British Navy Attack British troops Once air control was gained, the invasion of Great Britain would begin **Germany never succeeded to destroy the Royal Air Force

“Never was so much owed by so many so few” – Churchill giving credit to the Royal Air Force for doing well against the German air force in the Battle of Britain

German Invasion of USSR – June 1941 Final plan for Operation Barbarossa Take over 3 main cities and take over Russia: Moscow, Stalingrad, Leningrad He did not succeed

Scorched Earth Policy Stalin demanded this of the Soviet troops as they retreated What was it? – Burn down everything as they retreated so the Germans couldn’t use it They let the Germans retreat into Russia so they would run out of supplies and the winter would

bring them down

Battle for Moscow The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive December 6, 1941 – April 30, 1942 The Russian winter sets in and make is a huge turning point in the war

Battle of Stalingrad Winter of 1942-1943 Around two million total casualties Huge losses for both sides Russians took back city from Germans

Siege of Leningrad On August 30th 1941, the Germans took over Leningrad’s railroads, cutting them off from the

rest of Russia and the world Many people died from starvation The Germans surrounded the city to starve the city into submission A successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad, drained necessary resources the Germans

needed to continue the blockade, and eventually, it failed The Germans never took Leningrad, but it was one of the most costly conflicts Russia had ever

faced-over one million died People resorted to eating other people

The North Africa Campaign Germany had to bail Italy out

The Italian Campaign Germany had control over most of Italy during WWII George S Patton lead us troops in the battle for Italy

The Atlantic Wall To guard against an invasion, Hitler built a wall meant to slow down soldiers The wall stretched over France

D-Day General Eisenhower gave the orders for D-Day June 6, 1944 Meant to overwhelm the Germans Was a success, they took over the beaches

Assassination Plot Someone tried to assassinate Hitler They knew they were not going win They thought Hitler would bring Germany down with him Not all Germans supported him

The Liberation of Paris August 25, 1944 Took two and a half months to take back Paris after D-Day Was not easy Hitler was not giving up

The Battle of the Bulge Hitler’s last offensive Was his last huge offensive December 16, 1944 – January 28, 1945 Was not successful, the Allies won

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 After the Soviets and US troops met and started going for Berlin to take Hitler down Him and his new wife commit suicide

V-E Day May 8, 1945 Victory in Europe Day Germany is defeated The war on Japan is the main focus

Propaganda- Militarism Anti-Jew

The Holocaust Millions of Jews died Hitler got 6 million Jews out of the 9 million in Europe Genocide – the mass killing of one certain group

Who Hitler though were inferior Jews Gypsies Mentally or physically handicapped people Soviet Slavs Poles Homosexuals Communists and socialists Dark skinned people Mixed races Jehovah’s Witnesses

Aryan Race Blond haired, blue eyed Strong

What Hitler did with the Jews Didn’t start killing Jews at first Made death camps, mostly in Poland His goal was to kill all 9 million Jews Burned bodies to hide the evidence Israel was set up as a home for the Jews after WWII