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Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Irrigated Rice Production

in Tanzania (Short Version)

MDB-Sponsored Regional Workshops to Mainstream Gender Equality

in Infrastructure Policies and Projects,

Africa Regional Workshop, Addis Ababa, 22-24 March 2011

Yumiko TANAKA

Senior Advisor on Gender and Development,

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

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Background for the Study:CARD Initiative

1. TICAD IV in Yokohama in 2008: a Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) Initiative was launched by JICA and AGRA. Now 10 participating partners in total.

2. 23 CARD member countries in Sub-Sahara Africa

3. Aims for doubling the rice production in coming ten years in Africa, from 14 to 28 million tons.

4. UNDP/JICA Joint Study Project was proposed for effective implementation of CARD Initiative through promotion of gender mainstreaming in Tanzania, and eventually in all CARD members.

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Agricultural development with a gender perspective

Production with a gender perspective on the farm level

Value chain with a gender perspective

Fairness

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2930

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4010

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78

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Lower Moshi KILIMANJARO

Model sites

Mbuyuni

Nakahuga

Mwamapuli

Nduguti

Mombo

Mwega

KATC

JICA：Bilateral Loan and Technical Cooperation Project Kilimanjaro and KATC Project

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Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme (LMIS),

Kilimanjaro Region, 1984-1987, About US$80 million by Yen Loan

Mombo Irrigation Scheme,Tanaga Region, KATC Phase II

2001~2006

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Differences on the farm level

Modern Rice Paddy Irrigation(Lower Moshi, Kilimannjaro)

Modern irrigation system with on-farm development

Land leveling Regular farm plots Farm plot equipped with

separation of irrigation and drainage canals

Enabling famers to operate independently

Easy water control, less weeding, time-saving

Traditional Rice Paddy Irrigation (Mombo)

Plot to plot irrigation No land leveling Irregular farm plots No separation of irrigation and

drainage canals

Preventing farmers from individual operation

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Major Accomplishmentwith the same HYV (IR)

Lower Moshi

Unit plot yield:

from 2.0 tons/ha

Mombo

Unit plot yield:

from 2.0 tons/ha

（or 2.8t/ha)

6.5 tons/ha4.3 tons/ha

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Differences in Project Approaches

Lower Moshi Hard infrastructure

construction

Technical training to farmers on HYV (mostly to male farmers)

Machinery (for male)

Construction of large scale rice mill

Mombo Soft technical

cooperation

Famer to farmer

Gender mainstreaming:(Participation of women farmers in capacity development training, access to machinery, canal maintenance and irrigation associations)

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Accomplishment

Lower Moshi

Increase of income

Time and labour saving(Lining, Machinery for men)

Irrigation cooperative Large amount of milled rice Exporting rice as cash crop

Diversification of livelihood Employment opportunities for

agricultural laborers, both men and women

Mombo

Increase of income

Time and labour saving(Machinery, weeding equipment, etc)

Irrigation cooperative Private small rice mills Marketing rice as cash crop

Gender : Partial achievement Fair household management

(income distribution and consumption)

Women’s empowerment and willingness to work

Fair burden sharing at home

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Constraints/Problems

Lower MoshiLimitation of the local

governance:

Un-equal distribution of plots

Income gaps between large and small holders

Water rights disputes in and out of scheme over 20 years

Some plots cannot get water

Post-harvesting and marketing for small farmers.

Fairness ?

MomboLimitation of the hard system: Unit yield limitation due to

traditional system Difficult to control water and

fertilizer by plot Distance from the canal affects

unit yield → Unequal yield. Collective decision and operation

necessary due to the system Dependency on irrigation

cooperative’s arrangement → no innovation, quality improvement for marketing, etc.

Post-harvesting and marketing.

Fairness ?

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Constraints from a gender perspective

Lower Moshi Mechanization: only for male

part Land ownership Intra and inter-household

income distribution Time-consuming workload for

female small farmers, & FHHs Reproductive work Access to credit Membership in coops Capacity development

opportunities Access to post harvesting

processes and marketing for small holders

Constraints as female traders

Mombo Mechanization: mainly for male,

a little for women.

Income distribution Time-consuming workload Reproductive work Access to credit Membership in coops but not

making decisions Diversification: collective

decisions hamper individual initiative to expand and try new varieties and methods

Access to post-harvesting processes and marketing

Constraints as female traders

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MomboAgricultural Extension Model: KATC PhaseＩＩ

Key Farmers〔20〕

Interm.Farmers〔100〕

Ordinary Farmers〔200〕

・Village leaders・Extension Workers

・Provincialengineers

Extension

OJT by KATC

Farmer to Farmer

1. 20 Key Farmers trained in each pilot site

2. 20 Key Farmers teach 5 Intermediate Farmers (100 in total)

3. 100 Intermediate Farmers teach 2 ordinary farmers (200 in total)

(Women were selected as 50% of Key Farmers and Intermediate Farmers, as gender quota.)

（Source ：Jiro Aikawa, JICA Expert）

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Mombo: Training on Household Management for both men and women（Use candies as income and make an annual expenditure plan together with wife and husband) “Happiness has come to our home”

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Mombo: Average rice yield per hector has increased

2.8t/ha（２００２）

Improved the technology of rice transplanting and weeding which are the main responsibility for women. Men started weeding with machines !!!

4.3t/ha（２００５）

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Gender challenges in value chain, especially in post-harvesting and marketing

Women friendly farming and post harvesting technology

Transportation

Rice mill operation and management

Storage

Marketing

Finance (Warehouse-Receipt System)

Decision Making

Capacity building of women traders

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Rice Value Chain with Gender Challenges

Rice Milling Household Consumption

Production Post-harvesting Final Market and Consumers

Marketing

Input Marketing by Farmers

Storage

・Develop womenfriendly ploughingmachines・Credit for women・Collectivepurchasing of input・Women'sparticipation inIrrigation Coop.

・Development of machines toreduce women's labour・Gender ｔraining for farmers(♀♂）, concerned agencies andlocal government(women'sproductive and reproductiveworks, household management,etc.)・Provision of life supportingservices for the poor and FHHs.・Women's participation indecision making bodies ofIrrigation Associations and ＳＡＣＣＯＳ, Village Committees.50:50 ratio.・Women's equal access toirrigation system, waterrights,etc.・Leadership training for women.・Improvement of payment andworking conditions of rice

・Improve quality of ricemilling machines・Scheduing time for womento collectively mill rice・Women operated rice mills・Train women to be ricemill operators.・Use of bran and husks.

・Promoting men'sparticipation in cookind andhouse works・Utilization of broken rice

・Develop direct marketingchannels by farmers・Improve the capacity of localwomen traders (access to financeand marketing know-how, etc.)・Improve transportation meansfor women local traders.・Improve transportationinfrastrucrue in rural areas・Train women and womenfarmers to be local traders todiversify thier livelihood.

・Village collective storagesystem・Improvement of storage design(air circulation, insect pestcontrol, etc.)・Improve the WarehouseReceipt System・Improve the getting in an outof rice from the storage(shelves, using smaler bags,

・Understand the domestic,regional and internationalmarket and comuser needs.・Provision for inexpensive,stable and tastefull rice・Compete with imported rice・Improve qulalityimprovement of rice forexport・Explore large scaleconsumers ( hotels,restaurants, schools, etc.)

・Women friendly machinedevelopmentand diffusion(harvesting, threshing,winnowing machines, etc.)・Development of inexpensivedrying sheets.・Gender Training (genderroles. time use, householdmanagement, etcl)・Development of smallerstandard rice bags for womento be able to carry.・Development of inexpensivewomen friendly bicycles, cartand trucks.・Improvement of payment andworking conditions of riceharvesting and transportinglabourers (♀、♂）.

・Marketing training for farmers (♀、♂）（marketing information, negotiation withtraders, etc. )・Improvement of transportation meansfor marketing・Improve the rice quality and decreasethe ratio of broken rice so that rice cansell at higher prices.・Develop products with broken rice.

<Gender Challenges> Technical Challenge：　Developing agricultural tools and machineries, transportation means and system, processing technology, storage technology Financial Challenge：　Improving SACCOS, rural finace and credit organizations, FINCA、Women's funding organizations, etc. Managerial Challenge：　Promoting production and marketing rice as cash crop Governance Challenge：　Improving irrigation associations, agricultural cooperatives、SACCOS、local government budgeting 、collective purchase of agricultural inputs, production, storage and marketing. Gender Relations in Household：　Transforming decision-making processes at the household level. Promoting understanding gender roles, inheritance and property rights、household management, etc. Gender Relations in Community：　Transforming the community norms and practice about gender issues Policy Challenge：　Promoting gender equality in law and institutions. Planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluating gender policies, programs and projects(central and local)、Gender Budgeting, Engendering value chaindevelopment.

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Future Challenges for Fair Development

Improvement of local governance and irrigation system with a gender perspective

Improve gender roles and functions in the Value Chain development :(Participatory analysis by all the stakeholders: male and female farmers, traders, consumers, local governments, etc.)

Diversification strategy of livelihood (for food security and poverty reduction)