MaharashtraState

From top, left to right: Pratapgad Fort (nearMahabaleshwar) located in the Western Ghats,

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus railway station,Painting of Padmapani at Ajanta Caves, Kailasa Temple atEllora Caves, The Gateway of India, Trimurti sculpture ofElephanta Caves, Shaniwar Wada Fort and Hazur Sahib

Nanded

Seal

MaharashtraMaharashtra (/mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/; Marathi: [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen),

abbr. MH) is a state in the western region of India. It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area in India. Spreadover 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi), it is bordered by the ArabianSea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to thesouth, Telangana and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Dadraand Nagar Haveli to the north west, and Madhya Pradesh to thenorth.[10] It is also the world's second-most populous subnationalentity. It was formed by merging the western and south-westernparts of the Bombay State, Berar and Vidarbha, and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra (inpresent-day Gujarat) by the States Reorganisation Act. It has over112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a populationaround 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India.Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature.[11] Pune isknown as 'Oxford of the East' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions.[12][13]

The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state.The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border betweenMaharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Maharashtra is thethird-most urbanized state of India.[14][15] Prior to Indianindependence, Maharashtra was chronologically ruled by theSatavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas,Deccan sultanates, Mughals and Marathas, and the British. Ruins,monuments, tombs, forts, and places of worship left by these rulersare dotted around the state. They include the UNESCO WorldHeritage Sites of the Ajanta and Ellora caves. The numerous fortsare associated with the life of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Maharashtra is the wealthiest state by all major economicparameters and also the most industrialized state in India.[16][17]

The state continues to be the single largest contributor to thenational economy with a share of 15% in the country's grossdomestic product (GDP).[18] Maharashtra accounts for 17% of theindustrial output of the country and 16% of the country's servicesector output.[19] The economy of Maharashtra is the largest stateeconomy in India with ₹27.96 lakh crore (US$390 billion) in GDPand a per capita GDP of ₹180,000 (US$2,500).[3][4]

Etymology

History

Coordinates: 18.97°N 72.820°E

Contents

Location of Maharashtra in IndiaCoordinates (Mumbai): 18.97°N 72.820°E

Country India

Formation 1 May 1960̂(Maharashtra Day)

Capitals 1. Mumbai 2. Nagpur (Winter)[1]

Districts 36 total

Government • Body Government of Maharashtra • Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao • Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis (BJP) • Legislature Bicameral

Legislative Council 78 Legislative Assembly 288

Area • Total 307,713 km2

(118,809 sq mi)Area rank 3rd

Population (2011)[2]

• Total 112,372,972 • Rank 2nd • Density 370/km2 (950/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Maharashtrian

GDP[3][4]

• Total (2018–19) ₹27.96 lakh crore(US$390 billion)

• Per capita(2017–18)

₹180,596 (US$2,500)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

ISO 3166 code IN-MHVehicleregistration

MH

Official languages Marathi[5][6]

HDI (2017) 0.695[7] (medium) · 15th

82.34%[8]

Geography and climateClimate

Biodiversity

Regions, divisions and districts

DemographicsLanguage

Governance and AdministrationState governmentPoliticsState representation in Indian ParliamentLocal governmentJudiciary

Economy

Transport

Education and social developmentHistoryPrimary and secondary levelTertiary levelVocational training

InfrastructureHealthcareEnergyPlastics

CultureCuisineAttirePerforming artsLiteratureFilmsTheatreMediaSports

Indigenous sports

Tourism

See also

References

External links

The modern Marathi language developed from the MaharashtriPrakrit,[20] and the word Marhatta (later used for the Marathas) isfound in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra,Maharashtri, Marathi, and Maratha may have derived from thesame root. However, their exact etymology is uncertain.[21]

The most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars isthat the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from acombination of Maha (Marathi: महा) and rashtrika (Marathi:राि��का),[21] the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in

Etymology

Literacy (2011) 82.34%[8]

Sex ratio (2011) 929 ♀/1000 ♂[8]

Website www.maharashtra.gov.in†The State of Bombay was split into two States i.e.Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay ReorganisationAct 1960[9] †† Common high court

the Deccan region.[22] Another theory is that the term is derivedfrom Maha ("great") and ratha / rathi (chariot / charioteer), whichrefers to a skilful northern fighting force that migrated southward

into the area.[22][23]

An alternative theory states that the term derives from the wordMaha ("great") and Rashtra ("nation/dominion").[24] However,this theory is somewhat controversial among modern scholars whobelieve it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers.[21]

Chalcolithic sites belonging to the Jorwe culture (circa 1300–700 BCE) have been discovered throughout the state.[25][26]

Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the fourth and third centuries BCE. Around 230 BCE, Maharashtra came under therule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years.[27] The greatest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni. In 90 CE,Vedishri,[28] son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty",made Junnar, 30 miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was also ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire,Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally, the Yadavarule. The Buddhist Ajanta Caves in present-day Aurangabad display influences from the Satavahana and Vakataka style. The caveswere possibly excavated during this period.[29]

The Chalukya dynasty ruled from the sixth to the eighth centuries CE, and the twoprominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian EmperorHarsha, and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the eighth century.The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the eighth to the tenth century.[31]

The Arab traveller Sulaiman described the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty(Amoghavarsha) as "one of the four great kings of the world".[32] Shilaharadynasty began as vassals of the Rashtrakuta dynasty which ruled the Deccanplateau between the eighth and tenth centuries. From the early 11th century to the12th century, the Deccan Plateau, which includes a significant part of Maharashtra,was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty.[33]

Several battles were fought between the Western Chalukya empire and the Choladynasty in the Deccan Plateau during the reigns of Raja Raja Chola I, RajendraChola I, Jayasimha II, Someshvara I, and Vikramaditya VI.[34]

In the early 14th century, the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-dayMaharashtra, was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Ala-ud-din Khalji. Later,Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered parts of the Deccan, and temporarily shiftedhis capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Maharashtra. After the collapse of theTughluqs in 1347, the local Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga took over, governingthe region for the next 150 years.[35] After the break-up of the Bahamani sultanatein 1518, Maharashtra split into five Deccan Sultanates: Nizamshah of Ahmednagar,Adilshah of Bijapur, Qutubshah of Golkonda, Bidarshah of Bidar and Imadshah ofElichpur. These kingdoms often fought with each other. United, they decisivelydefeated the Vijayanagara Empire of the south in 1565.[36] The present area of

Mumbai was ruled by the Sultanate of Gujarat before its capture by Portugal in 1535 and the Faruqi dynasty ruled the Khandeshregion between 1382 and 1601 before finally getting annexed by the Mughal Empire. Malik Ambar, the regent of the Nizamshahidynasty of Ahmednagar from 1607 to 1626.[37] increased the strength and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah and raised a large army.Malik Ambar is said to have been a proponent of guerilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted Mughal emperor ShahJahan in Delhi against his stepmother, Nur Jahan, who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne.[38]

History

Kailasanatha temple, remarkablycarved out of one single rock was builtby Rashtrakuta king Krishna I (r. 756-

773 CE)[30]

The Ramayana panel at Ellora Caves,a UNESCO World Heritage Site

By the early 17th century, Shahaji Bhosale, an ambitious local general who had served Ahmadnagar Nizamshahi, the Mughals andAdil Shah of Bijapur at different periods during his career, attempted to establish his independent rule.[39] His son Shivaji Maharajsucceeded in establishing the Maratha Empire which was further expanded during the 18th century by the Bhat family Peshwas basedin Pune, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Gaekwad of Baroda, Holkar of Indore, Scindia of Gwalior.[40] At its peak, the empire covered much ofthe subcontinent, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km². The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughalrule in India.[41][42][43] The Marathas defeated the Mughals, and conquered large territories in northern and central parts of the Indiansubcontinent. After their defeat at the hand of Ahmad Shah Abdali's Afghan forces in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, theMaratha suffered a setback. However, the Marathas soon regained lost influence and ruled central and north India including NewDelhi until the end of the eighteenth century. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire andEast India Company ruled the country in 1819.[44][45] The Marathas also developed a potent Navy circa 1660s, which at its peak,dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Savantwadi.[46] It would engage in attacking theBritish, Portuguese, Dutch, and Siddi Naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The Maratha Navy dominated tillaround the 1730s, was in a state of decline by 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818.[47]

India contains no more than two great powers, British and Mahratta, and every other state acknowledges the influenceof one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.

— Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later actingGovernor-General, wrote in 1806

The British governed western Maharashtra as part of the Bombay Presidency, which spanned an area from Karachi in Pakistan tonorthern Deccan. A number of the Maratha states persisted as princely states, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging Britishsuzerainty. The largest princely states in the territory were Nagpur, Satara and Kolhapur; Satara was annexed to the BombayPresidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become Nagpur Province, later part of the Central Provinces. Berar, whichhad been part of the Nizam of Hyderabad's kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in1903.[48] However, a large part called Marathwada remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period.

The period of British rule was marked by social reforms and an improvement in infrastructure as well as revolts due to theirdiscriminatory policies. At the turn of the 20th century, the struggle for independence took shape, led by radical nationalist BalGangadhar Tilak and the moderates like Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta andChhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Jyotirao Phule – social reformers who were all born in thisregion. After the partial autonomy given to the states by the Government of India Act of 1935, B. G. Kher became the first ChiefMinister of the Congress party led Government of tri-lingual Bombay Presidency.[49] The ultimatum to the British during the QuitIndia Movement was given in Mumbai, and culminated in the transfer of power and independence in 1947.

After India's independence, the Deccan States, including Kolhapur were integrated into Bombay State, which was created from theformer Bombay Presidency in 1950.[50] In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines,and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of Marathwada(Aurangabad Division) from erstwhile Hyderabad state and Vidarbha region from the Central Provinces and Berar. The southernmostpart of Bombay State was ceded to Mysore. From 1954 to 1955 the people of Maharashtra strongly protested against bilingualBombay state and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, was formed.[51][52] The Mahagujarat Movement was started, seeking a separateGujarat state. Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, Pralhad Keshav Atre and Gopalrao Khedkar fought for a separatestate of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital under the banner of Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. On 1 May 1960, followingmass protests and 105 deaths, the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing earlier Bombay State into the new states ofMaharashtra and Gujarat.[53] The state continues to have a dispute with Karnataka regarding the region of Belgaum andKarwar.[54][55][56]

Geography and climate

Maharashtra occupies the western and central part of the country and has a longcoastline stretching 720 kilometres[57] along the Arabian Sea.[58] One of the moreprominent physical features of Maharashtra is the Deccan plateau, which isseparated from the Konkan coastline by 'Ghats'.[59] The Ghats are a succession ofsteep hills, periodically bisected by narrow roads. Most of the famous hill stations ofthe state are at the Ghats. The Western Ghats (or the Sahyadri Mountain range)provide a physical backbone to the state on the west, while the Satpura Hills alongthe north and Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the east serve as its naturalborders.[60] The state is surrounded by Gujarat to the north west, Madhya Pradesh tothe north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south east, Karnataka to thesouth and Goa to the south west.[61]

Maharashtra is the third largest state by area in India.[62] The Western Ghats betterknown as Sahyadri, are a hilly range running parallel to the coast, at an averageelevation of 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[59] Kalsubai, a peak in the Sahyadris, nearNashik city is the highest elevated point in Maharashtra.[63] To the west of thesehills lie the Konkan coastal plains, 50–80 kilometres in width. To the east of theGhats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. Forests comprise 17% of the total area of thestate.[58] A majority of the forests are in the eastern and Sahyadri regions of thestate. The main rivers of the state are Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna andWardha-Wainganga.[58][64] Since the central parts of the state receives low rainfall,most of the rivers in the region have multiple dams. Maharashtra has around 1821notable large dams.[65]

Maharashtra is divided into five geographic regions. Konkan is the western coastalregion, between the Western Ghats and the sea.[66] Kandesh is the north-westernregion lying in the valley of the Tapti River.[64] Jalgaon, Dhule and Bhusawal arethe major cities of this region.[67] Desh is in the centre of the state.[68] Marathwada,which was a part of the princely state of Hyderabad until 1956, is located in thesoutheastern part of the state.[58][69] Aurangabad and Nanded are the main cities ofthe region.[70] Vidarbha is the easternmost region of the state, formerly part ofCentral Provinces and Berar. Nagpur, where the winter session of the state assemblyis held, Akola, Amravati and Chandrapur are the main cities in the region.[58]

Sahyadri range, with an elevation of 1000 meters, is known for its crowningplateaus.[71] Lying between the Arabian Sea and the Sahyadri Range, Konkan is narrow coastal lowland, just 50 km wide and with anelevation below 200 meters.[72] The third important region is the Satpura hills along the northern border, and the Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri ranges on the eastern border, which form physical barriers preventing easy movement.[58] These ranges also serve as naturallimits to the state.[58][73]

Maharashtra has a typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather seasons. However, dew, frost and hail also occursometimes, depending upon the seasonal weather. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March andMay and the monsoon season between June and September.[74] Summers are extreme with March, April and May as the hottestmonths. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22 °C and 39 °C during thisseason. Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August also gets substantialrain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September to the state. Winter season is a cool, dry spell, with clear skies gentlebreeze; pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall.Temperature varies between 12 °C and 34 °C during this season. Rainfall in Maharashtra differs from region to region. Thane,Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, receive heavy rains of an average of 200 centimetres annually. But the districts of Nashik,

Bramhagiri hills in Sahyadri mountainrange (Western Ghats)

Dried up Godavari at Puntamba,Ahmadnagar district after a poor

Monsoon

Wainganga River near Bhandaradistrict.

Climate

State symbols ofMaharashtra[76]

Animal Indian giantsquirrel

Bird Yellow-footedgreen pigeon

Tree Mango

Flower Lagerstroemiaspeciosa

Butterfly Blue mormon

Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur and parts of Kolhapur get rainfall less than 50 centimetres. Rainfall isparticularly high in areas adjacent to the Sahyadri mountains such as coastal Konkan on the west and foothills of the mountain rangeon the eastern side. Central Maharashtra receives less rainfall. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbhareceives good rainfall in July, August and September.[75]

Flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. In 2012 the recorded thickforest area in the state was 61,939 km2 (23,915 sq mi) which was about 20.13% ofthe state's geographical area.These[77] There are three main Public ForestryInstitutions (PFIs) in the Maharashtra state: the Maharashtra Forest Department(MFD), the Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra (FDCM) and theDirectorate of Social Forestry (SFD).[78]

According to the Champion and Seth classification, Maharashtra has five types offorests:[79]

1. Southern Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests:These are found in thewestern ghats at height of 400–1000 meters.Some of the species oftrees found in this type of forests are Anjani, Hirda, Kinjal, and Mango.

2. Southern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:Two main sub-types occurunder this group. i) Moist Teak bearing Forests:These forests arefound in Melghat,[80] other districts in Vidarbha and Thane district.Commercially important Teak, Shishum andbamboo are found here. ii) Moist Mixed deciduous Forests:In addition to ever green Teak, some of the other treespecies found in this type of forests include Jambul, Ain, and Shisam.

3. Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.Forests of this type occupy a major part of the state.Two types of occurunder this group. i) Dry Teak Bearing Forests and ii) Moist Mixed deciduous Forests

4. Southern Tropical Thorn Forests:These are found in the low rainfall regions of Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh andWestern Maharashtra.At present, these forests are heavily degraded. Babul, Bor, and Palas are some of the treespecies found here.

5. Littoral and Swamp Forests: These are mainly found in the Creeks of Sindhudurg and Thane districts of the coastalKonkan region.These forests are important for the protection of coastal environment

Some of the forest areas have been converted into wildlife reserves, thus preserving their biodiversity.[81] Western ghats ofMaharashtra are included in the 34 global Biodiversity hotspots owing to its extraordinarily rich biodiversity. The biodiversityincludes more than five hundred species of bird.[82] Similarly a study in the Amravati region found 171 species of birds. Both regionsinclude resident as well as migrant species.[83] The state has three game reserves, as well as several national parks and birdsanctuaries.[84] The six tiger reserves located in the state cover a total area of 9133 km2. Wildlife sanctuaries in the state includeBhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, ChandoliNational Park, Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary.[85] The most common animal species present in thestate are tiger, leopard, gaur, sloth bear, sambar, four-horned antelope, blue bull, chital, barking deer, mouse deer, small Indian civet,golden jackal, jungle cat, striped hyena, and hare.[86] Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras and kraits.[84]

The national parks of Maharashtra possess a variety of plant species that include jamun, palas, shisam, neem, teak, dhawada, kalam,ain, bija, shirish, mango, acacia, awala, kadamba, moha, terminalia, hedu and ficus.[80]

Maharashtra consists of six administrative divisions:[87]

1. Amravati2. Aurangabad3. Konkan4. Nagpur5. Nashik6. Pune

Biodiversity

Regions, divisions and districts

Population growth Census Pop. %±

1961 39,554,000 —

1971 50,412,000 27.5%

1981 62,784,000 24.5%

1991 78,937,000 25.7%

2001 96,752,000 22.6%

2011 112,373,000 16.1%

Source:Census of India[95]

The state's six divisions are further divided into 36 districts, 109 sub-divisions and357 talukas.[88] Maharashtra's top five districts by population, as ranked by the 2011Census, are listed in the following table.[89]

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointedeither by the Indian Administrative Service or the Maharashtra Civil Service.[90]

Districts are subdivided into sub-divisions (Taluka) governed by sub-divisionalmagistrates, and again into blocks.[91] A block consists of panchayats (villagecouncils) and town municipalities.[92][93] Talukas are intermediate level panchayatbetween the Zilla Parishad (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat(village councils) at the lower level.[91][94]

According to the provisional resultsof the 2011 national census,Maharashtra is the richest state inIndia and second most populousstate in India with a population of112,374,333 (9.28% of India'spopulation) of which male andfemale are 58,243,056 and54,131,277 respectively.[97] Thetotal population growth in 2011 was15.99 percent while in the previousdecade it was 22.57 percent.[98][99]

Since independence, the decadalgrowth rate of population has remainedhigher (except in the year 1971) thanthe national average. For the first time,in the year 2011, it was found to belower than the national average.[99] The2011 census for the state found 55% of

the population to be rural with 45% being urban based.[100][101]

Marathis comprise the majority of the population. Maratha, Mahar, Buddhist, Kunbi,Muslim, Dhangar, Brahmin, Mali, Mang, Lingayat, Gond, Teli, Bhil, Koli, Dhimar,Rajput, Banjara, Lambadi, Gowari, Agri, Christian, Chambar, Koshti, Vani, Komati,Warli, Mannerwarlu, Jain, Vanjari, Sunar, Kumbhar, Dewang, Kalar are the majorcommunities of Maharashtra .

Bihari, Gujarati, Sindhis, Punjabis, Parsis, Marwari, Kannada, Telugu and Tamilminorities are scattered throughout the state. The 2011 census found scheduled castesand scheduled tribes to account for 11.8 and 8.9% of the population respectively.[102]

The scheduled tribes include adivasis such as Thakar, Warli, Konkana and Halba.[103]

According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 79.8%of the total population, while Muslims constituted 11.5% of the total population.Buddhism accounted for 5.8% in Maharashtra's total population, with 6,531,200followers, which is 77.36% of all Buddhists in India. Sikhs, Christians and Jainsconstituted 0.2%, 1.0%, 1.2% of the population respectively.[96]

Divisions of Maharashtra, along withtheir respective districts (exceptPalghar district formed in 2014)

Demographics

Siddhivinayak Temple in Mumbai,Hinduism is the dominant religion inMaharashtra

Religion in Maharashtra

(2011)[96]

Hinduism (79.8%)

Islam (11.5%)

Buddhism (5.8%)

Jainism (1.2%)

Christianity (1.0%)

Sikhism (0.2%)

Other (0.5%)

The state contributed 9.28% to India's population.[104] The sex ratio in Maharashtra was 929 females per 1000 males, which wasbelow the national average of 943.[8] The density of Maharashtra was 365 inhabitants per km2 which was lower than national average382 per km2. Since 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg shrank by −4.96% and −2.30% respectively, while thepopulation of Thane grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%.[105] The literacy rate rose to 83.2%.[106] Of this, male literacystood at 89.82% and female literacy 75.48%.[97][107]

The official language is Marathi[109][5] although different regions have their owndialects.[110] English is applicable in urban areas. Spoken Marathi language varies bydistrict, area or locality in its tone and a few words. Konkani, Kannada and Gujarati arealso spoken in some areas. Other major dialects include Varhadii spoken in the Vidarbharegion and Dangii spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border. The sound /l/ isabundantly used in many verbs and nouns in Marathi. It is replaced by the sound /j/ inthe Varhadii dialect, which makes it quite distinct.[111] According to the economicsurvey of Maharashtra (2008–09), the percentage of the state's population that namesMarathi as its mother tongue has declined to 68.8% from 76.5% over the past threedecades, while there has been a sharp rise in the Hindi-speaking population (11% from5%) in the same period.[112]

Maharashtra has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically electedhouses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The MaharashtraLegislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) consists of 288 members who are elected for five-year terms.[113] The Maharashtra Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanentbody of 78 members with a third of members replaced every two years. The governmentof Maharashtra is headed by the Chief Minister, who is chosen by the party or coalition holding the majority in the LegislativeAssembly. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executivepowers.[114] However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor, who is appointed for a five-year term by thePresident of India on the advice of the Union government.[115] presently Devendra Fadnavis is the Chief Minister and C. VidyasagarRao is the Governor.

The politics of the state since its formation in 1960 have been dominated by theIndian National Congress party. Maharashtra became a bastion of the Congress partyproducing stalwarts such as Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Vasantrao Naikand Shankarrao Chavan. Sharad Pawar has been a towering personality in the stateand National politics for over thirty years. During his career, he has split theCongress twice with significant consequences for the state politics.[116][117] TheCongress party enjoyed a near unchallenged dominance of the political landscapeuntil 1995 when the Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) secured anoverwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition government.[118] After hissecond parting from the Congress party in 1999, Sharad Pawar formed the NCP butformed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-Shivsena combine out ofthe government for the last fifteen years. Prithviraj Chavan of the Congress party

Language

Languages in Maharashtra

(2011)[108]

Marathi (68.93%)

Hindi (12.89%)

Urdu (6.71%)

Gujarati (2.11%)

Telugu (1.18%)

Others (8.18%)

Governance and Administration

State government

Politics

First session of the Indian NationalCongress in Bombay (28–31December 1885).

was the last Chief Minister of Maharashtra under the Congress / NCP alliance until September 2014.[119][120][121] For the 2014assembly polls, the two alliances between NCP and Congress and that between BJP and Shivsena respectively broke down over seatallocations. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP initially formed aminority government under Devendra Fadnavis but the Shivsena has, as of December 2014, entered the Government and thereforethe Government now enjoys a comfortable majority in the Maharashtra Vidhansabha.[122]

The people of Maharashtra also elect 48 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the 2014 generalelections, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Shiv Sena, and Swabhimani Paksha,won 23, 18, and 1 seats, respectively.[123] The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 19 members to the Rajya Sabha, theupper house of the Indian Parliament.[124]

The state has a long tradition of highly powerful planning bodies at district and local levels. Local self governance institutions in ruralareas include 34 zilla parishads, 355 Taluka Panchayat samitis and 27,993 Gram panchayats. Urban areas in the state are governed by27 Municipal Corporations, 222 Municipal Councils, four Nagar Panchayats and seven Cantonment Boards.[99][125] Theadministration in each district is headed by a District Collector, who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by anumber of officers belonging to Maharashtra state services.[126] The Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the IndianPolice Service and assisted by the officers of the Maharashtra Police Service, maintains law and order in addition to other relatedissues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, manages the forests,environment and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Maharashtra Forest Service and Maharashtra Forest SubordinateService.[127] Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department, such as PublicWorks, Health, Education, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.[128][129]

The judiciary in the state consists of the Maharashtra High Court (The High Court ofBombay), district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges atthe taluka level.[130] The High Court has regional branches at Nagpur andAurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji which is the capital of Goa.[131] The statecabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution favouring the setting up of one morebench of the Bombay high court in Kolhapur, covering the region.[132] ThePresident of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Maharashtrajudiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well asthe Governor of Maharashtra.[133] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice ofthe high court of the judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice.[134] SubordinateJudicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Maharashtra.[135] Thesubordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorised into two divisions: theMaharashtra civil judicial services and higher judicial service.[136] While theMaharashtra civil judicial services comprises the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (SeniorDivision)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[137] The Subordinate judicialservice of the judiciary is controlled by the District Judge.[134][138]

The economy of Maharashtra is driven by manufacturing, international trade, Mass Media (television, motion pictures, video games,recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[140] Maharashtra is the most industrialised stateand has maintained the leading position in the industrial sector in India.[141] The State is pioneer in small scale industries.[142]

State representation in Indian Parliament

Local government

Judiciary

The Bombay High Court, one of themost distinguished high courts inIndia

Economy

Net State Domestic Product atFactor Cost at Current Prices

(2004–05 Base)[139]

figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net State DomesticProduct

2004–2005

₹3.683 trillion(US$51 billion)

2005–2006

₹4.335 trillion(US$60 billion)

2006–2007

₹5.241 trillion(US$73 billion)

2007–2008

₹6.140 trillion(US$85 billion)

2008–2009

₹6.996 trillion(US$97 billion)

2009–2010

₹8.178 trillion(US$110 billion)

2013–2014

₹15.101 trillion(US$210 billion)

2014–2015

₹16.866 trillion(US$230 billion)

Mumbai, the capital of state and the financial capital of India, houses theheadquarters of most of the major corporate and financial institutions. India'smain stock exchanges and capital market and commodity exchanges are locatedin Mumbai. The State continues to attract industrial investments from domesticas well as foreign institutions. Maharashtra has the largest proportion oftaxpayers in India and its share markets transact almost 70 per cent of thecountry's stocks.[143]

The Service sector dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for61.4% of the value addition and 69.3% of the value of output in the country.[144]

The state's per-capita income is 40% higher than the all-India average.[145] Thegross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices for 2011–12 is estimatedat 11,995.48 billion and contributes about 14.4% of the GDP.[146] Theagriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state'sincome.[147][148] Net State Domestic Product (State Income), as per the firstrevised estimates was 10,827.51 billion and Per Capita State Income was 95,339during 2011–12. The percentage of fiscal deficit to GSDP was 1.7 per cent anddebt stock to GSDP was 18.4 per cent during 2012–13, well within ConsolidatedFiscal Reform Path stipulated by the Thirteenth Finance Commission. In 2012,Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of ₹1524.9 million (US$24 million),with a total revenue of ₹1,367,117 million (US$22 billion) and a spending of₹1,365,592.1 million (US$22 billion).[144] Maharashtra ranks first in FDI equityand percentage share of total FDI inflows is 32.28%.[147] Total FDI inflows intoMaharashtra are US$53.48 billion.[144] Top countries that invested FDI equity inMaharashtra (from January 2000 to December 2011) were Mauritius (39%),Singapore (10%), United Kingdom (10%), United States (7%) and Netherlands(5%).[144]

Maharashtra contributes 25% of the country's industrial output[149] and is the mostindebted state in the country.[150][151] Industrial activity in state is concentrated infour districts: Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district, Thane and Pune districts.[152]

Mumbai has the largest share in GSDP (21.5 per cent), both Thane and Pune districtscontribute about same in the Industry sector, Pune district contributes more in theagriculture and allied activities sector, whereas Thane district contributes more in theServices sector.[152] Nashik district shares highest in the agricultural and alliedactivities sector, but is far behind in the Industry and Services sectors as compared toThane and Pune districts.[152] Industries in Maharashtra include chemical andchemical products (17.6%), food and food products (16.1%), refined petroleumproducts (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), basic metals(5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%).[153] Maharashtra is themanufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, includingHindustan Petroleum Corporation, Tata Petrodyne and Oil India Ltd.[154]

Maharashtra has an above average knowledge industry in India with the PuneMetropolitan area being the leading IT hub in the state. Approximately 25% of thetop 500 companies in the IT sector are situated in Maharashtra.[155] The stateaccounts for 28% of the software exports of India.[155] The state houses importantfinancial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, theSEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India'spremier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy.[152]

Mumbai is major contributor to theeconomy of Maharashtra

Freshly grown sugarcane, agricultureis the second leading occupation inMaharashtra

The banking sector comprises scheduled and non-scheduled banks.[155] Scheduled banks are of two types, commercial and co-operative. Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are classified into five types: State Bank of India and its associates,nationalised banks, private sector banks, Regional Rural Banks and others (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 banking officesin the state, of which about 26 per cent were in rural and 54 per cent were in urban areas. Maharashtra has a microfinance system,which refers to small scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It covers a variety of financialinstruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance.[156] Three largest urban cooperative banks in India are allbased in Maharashtra.[157]

With more than half the population being rural, agriculture and allied industries play an important role in the states's economy. Theagriculture and allied activities sector contributes 12.9% to the state's income. Staples such as rice and millet are the main monsooncrops. Important cash crops include sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, tobacco, fruit, vegetables and spices such as turmeric.[60] Animalhusbandry is an important agriculture related activity. The State's share in the livestock and poultry population in India is about 7%and 10% respectively. Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of Agricultural Cooperative Societies after independence. Infact, it was an integral part of the then Governing Congress party's vision of ‘rural development with local initiative’. A ‘special’status was accorded to the sugar cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantorand regulator,[158][159][160] Apart from sugar, Cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,[161] cotton, and fertiliser industries.

The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest roadnetwork in India.[162] In 2011, the total length of surface road in Maharashtra was267,452 km;[163] national highways comprised 4,176 km[164] and state highways3,700 km.[163] The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC)provides economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the publicsector.[165] These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferredmode of transport for much of the populace. Hired forms of transport includemetered taxis and auto rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. Otherdistrict roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their socialneeds as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearbymarkets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between mainroads and rural roads. Almost 98% of villages are connected via the highways andmodern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50–60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns,speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h).[166]

The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853.[167]

Rail transportation consists of the Central Railway and the Western Railway zonesof the Indian Railways that are headquartered in Mumbai, at Chhatrapati ShivajiTerminus (CST) and Churchgate respectively.[168][169] The Mumbai RajdhaniExpress, the fastest rajdhani train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi toMumbai.[170] Thane and CST are the busiest railway stations in India,[171] the latterserving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of theMumbai Suburban Railway. Nanded division of South central railway comprisesMarathwada region.

The two principal sea ports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which is alsoin the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government ofIndia.[172] There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.[173] Most of thesehandle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable and so river transportdoes not exist in the state.

Transport

Mumbai international airport

Railway near Pune

A container ship at Jawaharlal NehruPort (or Nhava Seva)

Almost all the major cities of Maharashtra have airports. CSIA (formerly Bombay International Airport) and Juhu Airport are the twoairports in Mumbai. The two other international airports are Pune International Airport and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar InternationalAirport (Nagpur). While Aurangabad Airport is domestic airport operated by Airports Authority of India. Flights are operated by bothprivate and government airline companies.Nashik Airport is also major airport. Most of the State's airfields are operated by theAirports Authority of India (AAI) while Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL), currently operate five non-metro airports at Latur,Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal on a 95-year lease.[174] The Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) wasset up in 2002 to take up development of airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the Maharashtra Industrial DevelopmentCorporation (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the Multi-modal International Cargo Huband Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) project.[175] Additional smaller airports include Akola, Amravati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia,Jalgaon, Karad, Kolhapur, Nashik Road, Ratnagiri, and Solapur.[176]

Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 78% and 67% respectively.[177]

Scottish missionary John Wilson, Indian Nationalists such as Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Social reformerssuch as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools andcolleges during the British colonial era .[178][179][180][181] The forerunner of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institutewas established in 1821. The Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University, the oldest women's liberal arts college inSouth Asia, started its journey in 1916. College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.[182]

Government Polytechnic Nagpur, established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnic in India.[183]

Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations,including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi,though Urdu is also used. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council forthe Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board forSecondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or theMaharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Under the10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for twoyears in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a highersecondary facility affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary andHigher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of threestreams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the requiredcoursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.[184][185] Maharashtra has played a pioneering role inthe development of the modern education system in India. The University of Mumbai, is the largest university in the world in termsof the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.[186] According to prominent national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtracolleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India.[187][188][189] Maharashtra is also home to such notable autonomousinstitutes as Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Institute of ChemicalTechnology, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Walchand College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of TechnologyNagpur (VNIT) and Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Sardar Patel College Of Engineering (SPCE).[190] Most of theseautonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements. The University of Pune (nowSavitribai Phule Pune University), the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, Armed Forces Medical

Education and social development

History

Primary and secondary level

Students at a state run primaryschool in Raigad district.

Tertiary level

College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Punesoon after the Indian independence in 1947. Mumbai has an IIT andNagpur has IIM and AIIMS

Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities,including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most ofthe private colleges were set up in the last thirty years after the StateGovernment of Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in1982.[191] Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperativemovement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the privateinstitutes[192][193] There are also local community colleges withgenerally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs,and lower tuition.

The state also has four agricultural universities namely Vasantrao Naik MarathwadaAgricultural University, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr. PanjabraoDeshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth and Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth,[194] besides these, there are other regional universities like Sant GadgeBaba Amravati University, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, NorthMaharashtra University, Shivaji University, Solapur University, Swami RamanandTeerth Marathwada University and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj NagpurUniversity, all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educationalneeds at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of deemeduniversities in Maharashtra, including Symbiosis International University, TataInstitute of Social Sciences, and Tilak Maharashtra University.[195]

The state has many post-secondary school industrial training institutes (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that offervocational training in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidatesreceive the National Trade Certificate.[196]

In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consisted of 363 rural government hospitals,[197] 23 district hospitals (with 7,561beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mostly under the Maharashtra Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and 380 privatemedical establishments; these establishments provide the state with more than 30,000 hospital beds.[198] It is the first state in India tohave nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds.[198] The state also has significant number of medical practitioners who hold theBachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery qualifications. These practitioners primarily use the traditional Indian therapy ofAyurveda but can use modern western medicine as well.[199]

Maharashtra has a life expectancy at birth of 67.2 years in 2011, ranking it third among 29 Indian states.[200] The total fertility rate ofthe state is 1.9.[201] The Infant mortality rate is 28 and the maternal mortality ratio is 104 (2012–2013), which are lower than thenational averages.[202][203] Public health services are governed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), throughvarious departments. The Ministry is divided into two departments: the Public Health Department, which includes family welfare andmedical relief, and the Department of Medical Education and Drugs.[204][205]

Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, was one ofthe institutions established after the Indianindependence movement

Panjabrao Deshmukh KrishiVidyapeeth (Agricultural university) atAkola

Vocational training

Infrastructure

Healthcare

In Maharashtra, health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchasedinsurance, social insurance or a social welfare program funded by the government.[206] In a more technical sense, the term is used todescribe any form of insurance that provides protection against the costs of medical services.[207] This usage includes privateinsurance and social insurance programs such as National Health Mission, which pools resources and spreads the financial riskassociated with major medical expenses across the entire population to protect everyone, as well as social welfare programs such asNational Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Health Insurance Program, which provide assistance to people who cannot affordhealth coverage.[206][207][208]

Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energyusers,[209][210] conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest populationcentres and strong environmental movements have kept its per capita energy use toone of the smallest of any Indian state.[211] The high electricity demand of the stateconstitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, whichis mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas.[212] Mahavitaran isresponsible for distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power fromMahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards and private sectorpower generation companies.[211]

As of 2012, Maharashtra was the largest power generating state in India, withinstalled electricity generation capacity of 26,838 MW.[210] The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, whichnow comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.[209] Maharashtra Power Generation Company(MAHAGENCO) operates thermal power plants.[213] In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there areprivately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company,which is responsible for transmission of electricity in the state.[214]

The Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban became effective as Law on 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines andpotential imprisonment for repeat offenders.[215][216]

Maharashtra cuisine covers a range from mild to very spicy dishes. Wheat, rice,jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form staple food of the Maharashtrian diet.Some of the popular traditional dishes include puran poli, ukdiche modak, andbatata wada. Misal Pav, Pav Bhaji and Vada pav are dishes that became verypopular in the last fifty years.[217] Meals (mainly lunch and dinner) are served on aplate called thali. Each food item served on the thali has a specific place. In somehouseholds, meals begin with a thanksgiving offering of food (Naivedya) to thehousehold Gods. Maharashtrian cuisine has many regional varieties includingMalvani (Konkani),Kolhapuri and Varhadhi.[218] Though quite different, both use alot of seafood and coconut.[219] The staple foods of the Konkani people are rice andfish

Energy

Chandrapur Super Thermal PowerStation, the state's power productionsource

Plastics

Culture

Cuisine

A typical simple Maharashtrian mealwith bhaaji, bhakari, raw onion andpickle

The bhaajis are vegetable dishes made with a particular vegetable or a combination.They require the use of goda (sweet) masala, essentially consisting of somecombination of coconut,onion, garlic, ginger, red chilli powder, green chillies andmustard.[217] Depending on the caste or specific religious tradition of a family,onion and garlic may not be used in cooking.[218] A particular variant of bhaaji isthe rassa or curry.[220] Vegetarians prepare rassa or curry of potatoes and orcauliflower with tomatoes or fresh coconut kernel and plenty of water to produce asoup-like preparation rather than bhaaji. Varan is nothing but plain dal, a commonIndian lentil stew. Aamti is variant of the curry, typically consisting of a lentil (tur)stock, flavoured with goda masala, tamarind or amshul, and jaggery (gul).[217]

Among seafood, the most popular fish is bombil or the Bombay duck.[219] All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten withboiled rice, chapatis or with bhakris, made of jowar, bajra or rice flours. Special rice puris called vada and amboli, which is a pancakemade of fermented rice, urad dal, and semolina, are also eaten as a part of the main meal.[218]

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the sari, often distinctly designedaccording to local cultural customs.[221] Most middle aged and young women inurban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or shalwarkameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine-yard lugade,[222] disappearing fromthe markets due to a lack of demand.[223] Older women wear the five-yard sari. Inurban areas, the five-yard sari, especially the Paithani, is worn by younger womenfor special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies.[224] Among men,western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such asthe dhoti, and pheta[225] on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap is the popularheadgear among older men in rural Maharashtra.[221][226][227] The Kurta (a longshirt) is worn by men on special occasions. Women wear traditional jewelriesderived from Maratha and Peshwa dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type ofnecklace, is also worn by Marathi women.[221] In urban areas, many women andmen wear western attire.[227]

Maharashtrian artists have made major contributions to Indian Classical music. Itsvibrant folk form includes Powada, Bharuds and Gondhals.[228] Cities like Kolhapurand Pune have been playing a major role in preservation of music like Bhavageetand Natya Sangeet, which are inherited from Indian classical music. The songs fromHindi films and Marathi films are popular in urban areas.

Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. Lavani is popular form of dance inthe state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Varkari sect (Vaishanav Devotees)have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.[229][230] Koli dance (as called'Koligeete') is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the namesuggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called Kolis. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, theirdances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided intogroups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli danceperformances.,[231][232]

Pav Bhaji, a popular dish fromMaharashtra

Attire

Members of Rotary club in Nagpurwearing the traditional Maharashtrianlugade or (nauwari), nine yard sari

Performing arts

Lavani performance

Literature

Maharashtra's regional literature is about lives and circumstances of Marathi peoplein specific parts of the state. The Marathi language, which boasts a rich literaryheritage, is written in the Devanagari script.[233] The earliest instances of Marathiliterature is by Sant Dnyaneshwar with his Bhawarthadeepika (popularly known asDnyaneshwari). The compositions, written in the 13th century, are spirituallyinclined. Other compositions are by Bhakti saints such as Tukaram, Eknath,Namdev, Ramdas, and Gora Kumbhar.[234] Their compositions are mostly in poeticform, which are called Abhang. Maharashtra has a long tradition in spiritualliterature, evidenced by the Amrutanubhav, Bhavarth Deepika, Bhagavata Purana,Eknathi Bhagwat and Bhavarth Ramayan.[235]

19th century Marathi literature includes the works of authors such as BalshastriJambhekar, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Hari Deshmukh,Mahadev Govind Ranade, Jyotirao Phule, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Vinayak DamodarSawarkar, Ram Ganesh Gadkari, Tryambak Bapuji Thombre, Hari Narayan Apte, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Keshavsuta. 20thcentury notable writers include Mahadevshastri Joshi, Kusumagraj, Pu La Deshpande, Va Pu Kale, Vyankatesh Digambar Madgulkar,Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, Prahlad Keshav Atre, B. S. Mardhekar, Sane Guruji, Vinoba Bhave, Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar,Bahinabai Chaudhari and Laxmanshastri Joshi. Vishwas Patil, Ranjit Desai, Shivaji Sawant, Narayan Surve, Vinda Karandikar,Shanta Shelke, Durga Bhagwat, Suresh Bhat, Ratnakar Matkari, Varjesh Solanki, Manya Joshi, Hemant Divate, Mangesh NarayanraoKale, Avinash Dharmadhikari, Bhalchandra Nemade, Narendra Jadhav and Saleel Wagh are some of the more recent authors. As wellin Regional Languages are spoken in Maharashtra as Kokani, Koli, Malvani, Varhadi, Konkani etc.

Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other mediabeing set there.[236] Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Maharashtra, especially in urban areas. Mumbai is the largest centre forfilm and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar Bollywood productions,with the most expensive costing up to ₹1.5 billion (US$21 million), are filmed there.[237] The Marathi film industry, previouslylocated in Kolhapur, has spread throughout Mumbai. Well known for its art films, the early Marathi film industry included acclaimeddirectors such as Dadasaheb Phalke, and V. Shantaram. Dada Kondke is the most prominent name in Marathi film. The DadasahebPhalke Award is India's highest award in cinema, given annually by the Government of India for lifetime contribution to Indiancinema.[238]

Modern Theatre in Maharashtra can trace its origins to the British colonial era in themiddle of the 19th century. It is modelled mainly after the western tradition but alsoincludes forms like Sangeet Natak (Musical drama). In recent decades, MarathiTamasha has been also been incorporated in some experimental plays.[239] Today,theatre continues to have a marked presence in Mumbai and Pune with an educatedloyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had a tough timefacing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from humoroussocial plays, farces, historical plays, musical, to experimental plays and seriousdrama. Marathi Playwrights such as Vijay Tendulkar, P. L. Deshpande, MaheshElkunchwar and Satish Alekar have influenced theatre throughout India.[240]

Besides Marathi theatre, Maharashtra and particularly, Mumbai, has had a longtradition of theatre in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi and English.[241]

P L Deshpande (in centre), one ofthe most popular authors in Marathilanguage

Films

Theatre

Playwright Vijay Tendulkar

Media

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in this stateand the book-publishing industry employs about 250,000 people. Sakal publishedfrom Pune and other major Maharashtrian cities, has the largest circulation forMarathi Newspaper in Maharashtra as on December 2016.[242] Other major Marathinewspapers are Maharashtra Times, Loksatta, Nava Kaal, Pudhari, and Lokmat.Tarun Bharat and Kesari, two newspapers that once were quite influential during thecolonial and the post-independence era have stopped the print edition and are nowpublished only digitally. Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal,Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha and Chitralekha.[243] Major English languagenewspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are Daily News & Analysis, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, TheIndian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Asian Age, MiD-DAY and The Free Press Journal. Some prominent financial dailies like TheEconomic Times, Mint, Business Standard and The Financial Express are widely circulated.[244] Vernacular newspapers such as thosein Hindi, Kannada, Gujarati and Urdu are also read by a select readership.

The television industry developed in Maharashtra and is a significant employer in the state's economy.[245] Numerous Indian andinternational television channels can be watched in Maharashtra through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable televisionprovider. The four major India broadcast networks are all headquartered in Maharashtra: The Times, STAR India, CNN-IBN andZEEL. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster and provides two free terrestrial channels. Multi system operatorsprovide a mix of Marathi, Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. The wide range of cable channelsavailable includes sports channels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors, Sony, Zee TV and Star Plus,business news channels like CNBC Awaaz, Zee Business, ET Now and Bloomberg UTV. Marathi 24-hour television news channelsinclude ABP Majha, IBN-Lokmat, Zee 24 Taas, TV9 Maharashtra, ETV Marathi, TV9 Maharashtra and Jai Maharashtra.

All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available in all major cities. Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, RelianceCommunications, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators.Maharashtra has the highest share of the internet market at 18.8% of total households internet users in India.[246] Broadband internetis available in all towns, villages and cities, provided by the state-run MTNL and BSNL and by other private companies.[247] Dial-upaccess is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

The most popular sports in Maharashtra are Kabaddi and Cricket.

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Maharashtra and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the state. Maharashtra hasvarious domestic level franchise-based leagues for hockey, chess, tennis and badminton. The state is home to top national footballclubs such as Mumbai Tigers F.C., Kenkre F.C., Bengal Mumbai FC and Air India FC.[248] Adventure sports such as paragliding,water sports, rock climbing, backpacking, mountaineering and scuba diving are also popular in the state.[249] Other notable sportsplayed in the state include Kho kho, fencing, archery and shooting.

Maharashtra has an Indian Premier League franchise known as the Mumbai Indians and also had the now defunct Rising PuneSupergiants and Pune Warriors India; the Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA) regulates cricket in state. Maharashtra has threedomestic cricket teams: the Mumbai Cricket Team, Maharashtra Cricket Team and Vidarbha Cricket Team. Wankhede Stadium whichhas a capacity of around 33,000 hosted the final match of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup.[250][251] It is home to the MumbaiIndians and Mumbai cricket team[251] while the MCA Stadium in Pune is home to the Maharashtra Cricket Team.

Maharashtra football team represents the state in competition for the Santosh Trophy. Pune FC and Mumbai FC were the footballclubs from the state that played in I-League. Maharashtra has two teams in the Indian Super League (ISL), FC Pune City and MumbaiCity FC representing the two cities respectively.

The state has two club franchises playing in American Football's Elite Football League of India.[252] Mumbai Gladiators and PuneMarathas[253] are teams based in Mumbai and Pune respectively.[254]

Times of India building in Mumbai

Sports

Mumbai and Pune hold derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse and Pune RaceCourse respectively.[255][256] The wrestling championship Hind Kesari is widelypopular in the rural regions and is affiliated with the All India Amateur WrestlingFederation (AIAWF).[257] Maharashtra Chess Association is the apex body for thegame of chess in Maharashtra.[258] Maharashtra Tennis League is India's first leagueformat in tennis.[259][260]

Notable athletes from Maharashtra include retired Cricket legends Sachin Tendulkarand Sunil Gavaskar who were part of the Indian national cricket team;,[261][262]

Indian national cricket team player Rohit Sharma, Asian Games silver medalistHiranna M. Nimal, India's first individual Olympic Medalist- wrestler KhashabaJadhav, chess player Rohini Khadilkar, tennis player Gaurav Natekar, former hockeyplayers Dhanraj Pillay, Viren Rasquinha and badminton players Nikhil Kanetkar andAparna Popat.[263]

A number of Indian sports either originated in Maharashtra or were formalizedhere.These include Kabaddi, Kho kho, and Mallakhamba. In rural areas ofMaharashtra, wrestling, and bullock cart competitions take place during the annualJatra (Carnival) of a locality.

According to a survey, most tourists visiting places in Maharashtra are from thestate. Two other states, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh send the largest number ofdomestic visitors to Maharashtra. Foreign visitors to Maharashtra account for just2% of the tourist. Visitors from USA, UK, Germany and UAE each form asignificant percentage of foreign tourists.[264]

Mumbai, the biggest and the most cosmopolitan city in India attracts tourists fromall over the world for its many attractions including colonial architecture, beaches,movie industry, shopping and active nightlife. Pune, called the cultural capital ofMaharashtra, also attracts many visitors during the annual Ganeshotsav festival.

The area around Aurangabad has many ancient and medieval sites including the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Ajanta and Elloracaves, the ancient fort at Devgiri/Daulatabad, and the Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad.

The mountainous districts of Western Maharashtra are dotted with the ruins of hundreds of mountain forts from Deccan Sultanate andthe Maratha empire eras respectively. These forts and the surrounding hills are popular with people interested in trekking, hiking andHeritage tourism related to Shivaji Maharaj.[265]

The British built many hill-stations during the colonial era for government officials to escape from the heat of Indian summer s.Theseplaces have been magnets for tourism for a long time. The important hill stations in Western Maharashtra are Mahabaleshwar, andMatheran. In Vidarbha region, Chikhaldara is the hill station popular with visitors. Places of worship that attract pilgrims from otherparts of India and beyond include the Sikh Gurudwara of Hazur Sahib at Nanded, Khandoba temple at Jejuri in Pune district whereworshipers shower each other with Bhandar[266] and the shrine of Saibaba at Shirdi . The places associated with the Varkari sect suchas Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi attract pilgrims from all over Maharashtra throughout the year but particularly during religiousobservations at these places.[267] The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has numerous nature reserve parks. These include, MelghatTiger Reserve in Amravati district, Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Chandrapur district[268] , Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuaryin Nagpur district, the Nagzira wild life sanctuary and Navegaon National Park (bird sanctuary) of Gondia District.

Children playing cricket in Mumbai

A mallakhamba team of the IndianArmy's Bombay Sappers performs onthe pole.

Indigenous sports

Tourism

The state Government has established Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) for systematic development andpromotion of tourism in the state. MTDC has, since its inception, been involved in the development and maintenance of the varioustourist locations of Maharashtra. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at all key tourist centers and having more resorts is on theplan.[269]

Nighttime skyline of

Downtown Mumbai at

Nariman Point

Ganeshotsav festival in

Pune

Khandoba At Jejuri.

Venna Lake at

Mahabaleshwar

Indian Tigers at Tadoba Tiger

reserve

India – Wikipedia book

Marathi PeopleMake In MaharashtraList of Maratha dynasties and statesList of Marathi peopleReligion in MaharashtraDeccanMaratha EmpireAhmednagar Sultanate

1. Monsoon session to start in Maha’s winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 (https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html)

2. "census of india" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110403034618/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products.html). Census of India, 2011. Government of India. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products.html/) on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

3. "Maharashtra Budget Analysis 2019–19" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003728/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Maharashtra%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf) (PDF). PRSLegislative Research. Archived from the original (http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Maharashtra%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf) (PDF) on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.

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External links

Official Site of the Government of MaharashtraOfficial Tourism Site of Maharashtra, India

General information

Maharashtra Encyclopædia Britannica entryMaharashtra at Curlie

Geographic data related to Maharashtra at OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra&oldid=888982302"

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Marathiमराठी

Marāṭhī

"Marathi" in Devanagari script

Pronunciation [məˈɾaʈʰi]Native to India

Region Maharashtra

Ethnicity Marathis

Nativespeakers

83 million (2011census)[1]

Languagefamily

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan

Southern Indo-Aryan

Maharashtri

Marathi–Konkani

Marathi

Early form Maharashtri Prakrit

Dialects MaharashtrianKonkani, Varhadi,Thanjavur Marathi

Writingsystem

Devanagari(Balbodh)[2] Devanagari Braille Modi(historical/traditional)[3]

Signed forms Indian Signing System

Official status

Officiallanguage in

India –Maharashtra, Goa,Daman and Diu,[4] andDadra and NagarHaveli[5]

Regulated by Maharashtra Sahitya

Marathi languageMarathi (English: /məˈrɑːti/;[8] मराठी Marāṭhī; Marathi: [məˈɾaʈʰi] ( listen)) is

an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83 million Marathipeople of Maharashtra, India. It is the official language and co-official languagein the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively, and is one ofthe 22 scheduled languages of India. There were 83 million speakers in 2011;Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathihas the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi andBengali.[9] Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indianlanguages, dating from about 900 AD.[10] The major dialects of Marathi areStandard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect.[11] Koli, Malvani Konkani has beenheavily influenced by Marathi varieties.

Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses athree-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine andthe feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatalaffricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ([l] and [ɭ] (Marathi letters � and ळrespectively).[12]

Geographic distribution

Status

HistoryYadava periodMedieval and Deccan Sultanate periodMaratha EmpireBritish colonial periodMarathi since Indian independence

DialectsZadi BoliSouthern Indian MarathiVarhadiOthers

Phonology

WritingDevanagariThe Modi alphabetConsonant clusters in Devanagari

Grammar

Sharing of linguistic resources with other languagesMorphology and etymologyCompoundsCounting

Marathi on computers and the Internet

Contents

Parishad & variousother institutions

Language codes

ISO 639-1 mr

ISO 639-2 mar

ISO 639-3 Either: mar – Modern Marathi omr – Old Marathi

Linguist List omr Old Marathi

Glottolog mara1378 Modern Marathi[6] oldm1244 Old Marathi[7]

Linguasphere 59-AAF-o

Marathi Language Day

Marathi organisationsOutside Maharashtra state

See also

ReferencesBibliography

External links

Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra (India) and parts of neighbouringstates of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka (Particularly the borderingdistricts of Belgaum, Bidar, Gulbarga and Uttara Kannada), union-territories ofDaman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The former Maratha ruled cities ofBaroda, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Tanjore have had sizable Marathispeaking populations for centuries. Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrianmigrants to other parts of India and overseas.[13]

There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali.Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers ofMarathi formed 68.93% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa,7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% inKarnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.52% in Gujarat.[14]

Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu[4] and Dadra andNagar Haveli.[5] In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for some official purposes in somecase. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thus granting itthe status of a "scheduled language".[15] The Government of Maharashtra has submitted an application to the Ministry of Culture togrant classical language status to Marathi.[16]

The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad andendorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standardwritten Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give specialstatus to tatsamas, words adapted from Sanskrit. This special status expects the rules fortatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large treasure ofSanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed.

In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda inVadodara,[18] Osmania University in Hyderabad,[19] Karnataka University in Dharwad,[20]

Gulbarga University in Kalaburagi,[21] Devi Ahilya University in Indore[22] and GoaUniversity in Goa[23] have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics.Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a specialdepartment for Marathi.[24]

Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet Kusumagraj (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).[25]

Geographic distribution

Status

Rajya Marathi VikasSanstha[17] is the mainregulator of Marathi

History

Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathiis one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like OldMarathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separatedfrom the Middle Indian dialect.[26]

The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in acave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by theMaharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years agoalongside Sanskrit as a sister language.[27] Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plateinscription found in Satara. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usuallyappended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions.[28] The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during theShilahara rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plateinscription from Dive that records a land grant (agrahara) to a Brahmin.[29] A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription atShravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the12th century. However, there is no record of any actual literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.[30]

After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada andSanskrit in their inscriptions.[29] Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty'srule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and todistinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.[28]

Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – whoadopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a venerable place in court life by thetime of the Seuna kings. During the reign of the last three Seuna kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology,medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers were created. Nalopakhyan, Rukmini swayamvar and Shripati's Jyotishratnamala(1039) are a few examples.

The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (िववेक�संध)ु, was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet ofMarathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances orteachings of Shankaracharya. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain theVedanta in the Marathi language

Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Līḷācarītra" (�ीळाचरी�), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of ChakradharSwami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The Līḷācarītra is thought to be the firstbiography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra orRudhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. TheMahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprisesworks that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, poetical works narrating thestories of the life of Krishna and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect.

The 13th-century varkari saint Dnyaneshwar(1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly calledDnyaneshwari and Amritanubhava. His contemporary, Namdev composed verses or abhang in Marathi as well as Hindi.

Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi.[31] He is known forthe Viveka-Siddhi and Parammrita which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism.

Yadava period

Medieval and Deccan Sultanate period

The 16th century saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on BhagavatPurana and the devotional songs called Bharud.[32] Mukteshwar translated the Mahabharata into Marathi; Tukaram (1608–49)transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 abhangs ordevotional songs.[33]

Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenuecollectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. Political expediency made it important for the sultans to make useof Marathi. Nevertheless, Marathi in official documents from the era is totally persianised in its vocabulary.[34] The Persian influencecontinues to this day with many Persian derived words used in every day speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar(city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār(thousand)[35] Marathi also became language of administration during the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.[36] Adilshahi of Bijapur also usedMarathi for administration and record keeping.[37]

Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (ruled1674–1680). Under Shivaji, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of thevocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677[38] Samarth Ramdas was a contemporary of Shivaji. He advocated the unity ofMarathas to propagate Maharashtra dharma.[33] Unlike varkari saints, his writing has a strong militant expression to it. SubsequentMaratha rulers extended the empire northwards to Attock, eastwards to Odisha, and southwards to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. Theseexcursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi intransactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of commonpeople. There are a lot of Bakharis written in Marathi and Modi script from this period. But by the late 18th century, the MarathaEmpire's influence over a large part of the country was on the decline.

In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by Vaman Pandit, NaladamayantiSwayamvara by Raghunath Pandit, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by Moropant wereproduced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. New literary forms were successfully experimentedwith during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most importanthagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints was written by Mahipati in the 18th Century.[39][33] Other well known literary scholars of the17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar.[40] Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in theOvi meter. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharatatranslation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his worksare said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung inhonor of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of Powadaand Lavani songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala.[40]

The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christianmissionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Biblewere first books to be printed in Marathi.These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottishmissionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called the "Missionary Marathi in early 1800s[41] The mostcomprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain James Thomas Molesworth and Major Thomas Candy in 1831.The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.[42] The colonial authorities also worked on standardizing Marathiunder the leadership of James Thomas Molesworth and Candy. They used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskritdominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.[43][44][45][46]

The first Marathi translation of the New Testament was published in 1811 by the Serampore press of William Carey.[47] The firstMarathi newspaper called Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832.[48] Newspapers provided a platform for sharingliterary views, and many books on social reforms were written. First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840. The

Maratha Empire

British colonial period

Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as Sangeet Natak also evolved. Keshavasut, thefather of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of essayistVishnushastri Chiplunkar with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticized social reformers like Phule and Gopal HariDeshmukh. Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, Deenbandhu and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hinduculture of the day.[49] The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi Grammar. Notablegrammarians of this period were Tarkhadkar, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi[50]

The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achievemajor milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished through various new literary formslike the essay, the biographies, the novels, prose, drama etc. N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte,Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar andKirloskar are particularly worth noting.

After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled languageon the national level.In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which broughtmost Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state.Further re-organization ofthe Bombay state on May 1, 1960 created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra andGujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively.With state and cultural protection,Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called Akhil BharatiyaMarathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. Inaddition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi TheatreConvention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathispeakers.

Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar'sYayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathihave earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. P.L.Deshpande(PuLa), Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, P.K.Atre & PrabodhankarThackeray, were also known for their writings in Marathi in the field of drama, comedy and social commentary[51]

In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha(Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule andeminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.[52] Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) was a pioneer of Dalit writings in Marathi.[53] His firstcollection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (जे�हा मी जात चोर�ी) (When I Concealed My Caste), published in 1963, created a stir inMarathi literature with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature inMarathi.[54][55] Gradually with other writers like, Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way forthe strengthening of Dalit movement.[56] Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include Arun Kamble, Shantabai Kamble, RajaDhale, Namdev Dhasal, Daya Pawar, Annabhau Sathe, Laxman Mane, Laxman Gaikwad, Sharankumar Limbale, Bhau Panchbhai,Kishor Shantabai Kale, Narendra Jadhav, Keshav Meshram, Urmila Pawar, Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, KumudPawde and Jyoti Lanjewar.[57][58][59][60]

In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending theirchildren to English medium schools. There is some concern, though without foundation, that this may lead to the marginalization ofthe language.[61]

Standard Marathi is based on dialects used by academics and the print media.

Marathi since Indian independence

The popular Marathi languagenewspapers at a newsstand inMumbai, 2006

Dialects

Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties incommon with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within thesedialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects isconsiderable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.[62]

Zadi Boli or Zhadiboli (झाडीबोली) is spoken in Zadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha orwestern-central Gondwana comprising Gondia, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and some parts of Nagpur of Maharashtra.

Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this important and distinct dialect of Marathi.

Thanjavur Marathi, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken bymany descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to the Southern India.

These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages afterthe migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Varhadi (Varhādi) (व�हाडी) or Vaidarbhi (वदैभ�) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. In Marathi, the retroflexlateral approximant ḷ [ɭ] is common, while in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant y (IPA: [j]), making thisdialect quite distinct. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region ofMaharashtra to another.

Thanjavur Marathi, spoken in Tanjore, Tamil NaduJudæo-Marathi, spoken by the Bene Israel Jews

Other Languages and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include Maharashtrian Konkani, Koli, Malvani, Agri, Andh, Warli, Dangi,Khandeshi, Ahirani, Kokna, Vadvali, Samavedi, Marathwadi and Deshi.

The phoneme inventory of Marathi is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds inMarathi is provided below.

Zadi Boli

Southern Indian Marathi

Varhadi

Others

Phonology

Consonants[63]

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-) palatal Velar Glottal

Nasalplain m n ɳ (ɲ) (ŋ)

murmured mʱ nʱ ɳʱ

Stop

voiceless p t ts͡ ʈ t͡ɕ~t͡ʃ k

aspirated pʰ~f tʰ ʈʰ t͡ɕʰ~t͡ʃʰ kʰ

voiced b d dz͡~z ɖ d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ ɡ

murmured bʱ dʱ dz͡ʱ~zʱ ɖʱ d͡ʑʱ~d͡ʒʱ ɡʱ

Fricative s ʂ ɕ~ʃ h~ɦ

Approximantplain ʋ l ɭ j

murmured ʋʱ lʱ (jʱ)[64]

Flap/Trillplain ɾ ɺ[̢65]

murmured ɾʱ

Older aspirated *tsʰ, dzʱ have lost their onset, with *tsʰ merging with /s/ and *dzʱ being typically realised as an aspirated fricative,[zʱ]. This /ts, dz, zɦ / series is not distinguished in writing from /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ/.

Vowels

Front Central Back

High i u

Mid e ə o

Low a

There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of a in act and a in all. These arewritten as अॅ and ऑ. The IPA signs for these are [æ] and [ɒ], respectively. Maharashtri Prakrit, the ancestor of modern Marathi, is aparticularly interesting case. Maharashtri was often used for poetry and as such, diverged from proper Sanskrit grammar mainly to fitthe language to the meter of different styles of poetry. The new grammar stuck, which led to the unique flexibility of vowels lengths –amongst other anomalies – in Marathi. Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of certain letters such as the anusvāra (forinstance, saṃhar, compared to sanhar in Hindi). Moreover, Marathi preserves certain Sanskrit patterns of pronunciation, as in thewords purṇa and rāma compared to purṇ and rām in Hindi.

Kadamba alphabet and its variants has been historically used to write Marathi in theform of inscriptions on stones and copper plates.[66] The Marathi version ofDevanagari, called Balbodh, is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except forits use as words in Marathi traditionally pronounce schwa making its written formdiffer even from other Marathi words. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) ispronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagaridespite same spelling, 'खरं' (true) despite the anuswara is pronounced as 'Khara' asthe Anusara in this case is used to avoid schwa deletion in pronunciation since mostother languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite thepresence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the mid-20thcentury, Marathi was written in the Modi script. Since 1950 it has been written in theBalbodh style of Devanagari.[67] Except for Father Stephen's Krista Purana in the Latin script in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been

Writing

Modi script was used to write Marathi

printed in Devanagari because William Carey, the pioneer of printing in Indianlanguages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi butby that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.[68]

Marathi is usually written in the Balbodh[69][70][71][72] version of Devanagari script,an abugida consisting of 36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters. It iswritten from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightlydifferent from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are acouple of additional letters in the Marathi alphabet, and Western punctuation is used.

As with a large part of India, a traditional duality existed in script usage betweenDevanagari by religiously educated people (most notably Brahmins) and Modi forcommon usage among administrators, businesspeople, and others. As observed in1807,[73]

Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character iscurrent among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, thoughthe number and power of the letters nearly correspond.

Vowels

Devanagari अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः अॅ अॉ

Transliterated a ā i ī/ee u ū/oo e ai o au aṃ aḥ æ ɒ

IPA [ə] [a] short[i] [i] short[u] [u] [e] [əi] [o] [əu] [əm] [əɦa] [æ] [ɒ]

Vowel ligatures with Consonant क/ka

क का िक क� कु कू के कै को कौ कं कः कॅ कॉ

ka kā ki kī/kee ku kū/koo ke kai ko kau kam kah kæ kɒ

consonants

क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह ळ � �

ka kha ga gha ṅa

cha chha ja jha ña

ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa

ta tha da dha na

An effort to conserve the "ModiScript" under India Post's My Stampscheme. Here, the word 'Marathi' isprinted in the "Modi Script".

Devanagari

pa pha ba bha ma

ya ra la va

śha ṣha sa

ha ḷa

kṣa dña/jña

It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. It usesadditional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.

From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the Modi alphabet — a cursive scriptdesigned for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.[74]

In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. To form'tyāche', you will have to write it as त ्+ याचे, giving �याचे.

When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examplesof consonant clusters are shown below:

�याचे – tyāche – "his"

��ताव – prastāva – "proposal"

िव�ा – vidyā – "knowledge"

�यान – myān – "Sheath/scabbard"

�वरा – tvarā – "immediate/Quick"

मह��व – mahatttva – "importance"

फ�त – phakta – "only"

बाहु�या – bāhulyā – "dolls"

In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasalaspirates" (ṇh, nh, and mh) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh, and vh). Some examples are given below.

क�हेर� – kaṇherī – "a shrub known for flowers"/ Oleander

�हाणे – nhāṇe – "bathing"

�हणून – mhaṇūna – "therefore"

त�हा – taṟhā – "different way of behaving"

को�हा – kolhā – "fox"

क� �हा – keṃvhā – "when"

Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. The first modern book exclusively concerningMarathi Grammar was printed in 1805 by William Carey.

The Modi alphabet

Consonant clusters in Devanagari

Grammar

Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms.[75] Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi preserves allthree grammatical genders from Sanskrit: masculine, feminine and neuter. The primary word order of Marathi is subject–object–verb[76] Marathi follows a split-ergative pattern of verb agreement and case marking: it is ergative in constructions with eitherperfective transitive verbs or with the obligative ("should", "have to") and it is nominative elsewhere.[77] An unusual feature ofMarathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we also found in Rajasthani andGujarati and common to the Austronesian and Dravidian languages. Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use ofparticipial constructions[75] and also to a certain extent the use of the two anaphoric pronouns swətah and apəṇ.[78] Numerousscholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.[79]

Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people came into contactwith many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit,Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. Marathi borrows a lot ofits vocabulary from Sanskrit.[80]

Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such asIndian Dravidian languages,[80] and foreign languages such as Persian,[35] Arabic,English and a little from Portuguese.[80]

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the noted Hindutva Ideologue, writer and poet,contributed to the Marathi language, by coining new Marathi equivalents for wordsfrom other languages, mostly English. Prior to these Marathi equivalents, wordsfrom other languages were used commonly which was unacceptable to Savarkar. Heopined that intrusion of foreign words, polluted the Marathi language, while alsorendering the original Marathi words, of the same meanings, obsolete. The following are some of the words coined and popularizedby him:

School: शाळा

College: महािव�ालयAcademy: �बोिधकाHeadmaster:मु�या�यापकSuperintendent ofhigh school: आचाय�

Principal: �ाचाय�

Professor: �ा�यापकDispensary:औषधालयConsulting room:िचिक�सालयVakil (an Urdu word):िव�ध�Fauj, Lashkar (Urdu):सेना, सै�य

Skirmish: चकमक

Telephone: दूर�वनी

Television: दूरदश�न

Circular: प�रप�क

Chronicle: इितव�ृ

Report: अहवाल,

�ितव�ृ

Zindabad: क� जय, जयहो, अमर हो

Legislature: िवधी मडंळParliamentarian:संसदपटूAhmedabad:कण�वती

Arabian sea: पि�मसमु�, िसंधसुागरHyderabad (south):भा�यनगर

Cinema Hall:िच�पटगृह

Interval: म�यांतरStudio: कलागहृ,कलामंिदर

Shooting: िच�णThree dimensions:ि�िमतीपटGreen groom:नेप�यPhotograph:छायािच�

Camera: छाियक

Portrait: �यि�िच�Tape recorder:�विनमु�क

Scenario: पटकथा,

िच�कथाTrailer: प�रचयपट

Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages

Marathi neon signboard atMaharashtra Police headquarters inMumbai.

Camp: िशबीर, छावणी

Submarine: पाणबुडीCinema: िच�पट

Film: िच�ावली,िच�पि�का

Music director:संगीत िनयोजक

Director: िद�दश�क

Editor: संकलक

Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (tatsama) words. Such words are for example nantar (from nantara orafter), purṇa (purṇa or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (ola or damp), karaṇ (karaṇa or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkalaor much, many), satat (satata or always), vichitra (vichitra or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatna oreffort, attempt), bhīti (from bhīti, or fear) and bhāṇḍa (bhāṇḍa or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("tadbhavas")have undergone phonological changes from their Sanskrit roots, for example dār (dwāra or door), ghar (gṛha or house), vāgh(vyāghra or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification. Examples of wordsborrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include:

Aḍakittā "nutcracker" directly borrowed from KannadaAkka "sister" borrowed from TamilHajērī Attendance from Haziri UrduJāhirāta "advertisement" is derived from Arabic zaahiraatMarjī "wish" is derived from Persian "marzi"Shiphārasa "recommendation" is derived from Persian sefaresh

A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. Theseinclude "pen" (native Marathi lekhaṇii) and "shirt" (sadaraa).

Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, ati + uttam gives the wordatyuttam, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).

Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones forthose greater than 20.

As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions 1⁄4, 1⁄2, and 3⁄4. They are paava, ardhaa, and pauṇa,respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvaa-, saaḍe-, paavaṇe- are used. There are special names for 3⁄2 (diiḍ)and 5⁄2 (aḍich).

Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in below table.

Morphology and etymology

Compounds

Counting

Number power to 10 Marathi Number name[81][82] In Devanagari

100 Ek, Ekak एक/एकक

101 dahaa, dashak दहा/दशक

102 Shambhar, Shatak शंभर/शतक

103 Hazaar (Sahasra, Ayut) सह�/हजार

104 Daha Hazaar (dash-sahasra) दशसह�/दशहजार

105 Laakh (laksha) लाख/ल�

106 DahaaLaakh (Dasha-Laksha) दशल�

107 Koti (Karoda) कोटी

108 dasha-koti दशकोटी

109 Abja (Arbud, Arab) अ�ज

1010 dasha-Abja दशअ�ज

1011 Vrund वृदं

1012 Kharv (Kharab) खव�

1013 Nikharv (Neela) िनखव�

1014 Sashastra सश��

1015 Mahaapadm (padma) महाप�

1016 Kamal कमळ

1017 Shanku (shankha) शंकू

1017 Skand �कंद

1018 Suvachya सुवा�य

1019 jaladhi (samudra) जलधी

1020 Krutya कृ�य

1021 Antya अ�ंय

1022 Aajanm आज�म

1023 Madhy म�य

1024 Laxmi ल�मी

1025 paraardha पराध�

A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exceptionbeing the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh34 Hazara 5 she 67.

Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a twodigit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकुणतीस/एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस)(Thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before Hazara, etc. are written in the same way.

Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, Kiran fonts KF-Kiran[83] and many more (about 48) are clip fonts that were used prior to theintroduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most of the computers in useare working with English Keyboard. Even today a large number of printed publications of books, newspapers and magazines areprepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on internet since those did not have unicodecompatibility.

Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. Butrecently, with the introduction of language localization projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applicationshave been introduced. Various Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows,Linux and macOS. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtriansoutside India. Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 36,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogshave gained immense popularity.[84]

Marathi Language Day (Marathi Dina, Marathi Diwasa : मराठी िदन/मराठी िदवस is celebrated on 27 February every year across theIndian states of Maharashtra and Goa. This day is regulated by the State Government. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminentMarathi Poet Vi. Va. Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj.[85][86]

Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in Schools and Colleges. Government officials are asked to conduct various events.[87]

Many government and semi-government organizations exist which work for the regulation, promotion, and enrichment of the Marathilanguage. These are either initiated or funded by the government of Maharashtra. A few Marathi organizations are given below:[88]

Akhil Bharatiya keertan Sanstha, Dadar, MumbaiAkhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya ParishadAkhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Mahamandal (Central confederation of all Marathi organizations)Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, PuneMarathi KavitaMarathi Vishwakosh - Marathi encyclopaedia projectMarathwada Sahitya Parishad, AurangabadMumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh

Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha[17]

Shodh MarathichaVidarbha Sahitya Sangh, Nagpur

Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Mandal, Jabalpur[89]

Andhra Pradesh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, HyderabadMarathi Granth Sangrahalay, HyderabadVivek Vardhini Shikshan Sanstha, HyderabadMaharashtra Mandal, HyderabadVedic Dharma Prakashika High School, Hyderabad

Gomantak Marathi Academy, Goa[90]

Gomantak Sahitya Sevak mandal, Panaji, Goa[91]

Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, JabalpurMarathi Sahitya Parishad, Karnataka

Marathi on computers and the Internet

Marathi Language Day

Marathi organisations

Outside Maharashtra state

Karnataka Sahitya Parishad, Gulbarga[91]

Chhattisgarh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh[91]

Madhya Pradesh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Bhopal[91]

Vadodara (Badode Sansthan-Gaikwad State), Gujarat Rajya, BharatShri Maharashtra Sahitya Sabha, IndoreSanand Nyas, IndoreMarathi Samaj, IndoreMaharashtra Rangayan, DelhiBrihanna Maharashtra Mandal, an umbrella body of all Marathis who stay outside Maharashtra

Marathi Association Sydney Incorporated, Sydney, Australia[92]

Maharashtra Mandal, London[93]

Marathi Bhashik Mandal, Toronto[94]

Konkani language

1. [1] (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf)

2. Campbell, George L. (1999). Concise compendium of the world's languages (https://books.google.com/?id=hSffBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT367&lpg=PT367&dq=balbodh+devanagari+script+marathi+difference+-modi#v=onepage&q=balbodh%20&f=false) ([Paperback ed., reprinted]. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415160490. Retrieved 8 January2017.

3. "Proposal" (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf) (PDF). www.unicode.org.

4. The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides thatMarathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying inMarathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [2] (http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm), pp. para 11.3 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090919055657/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm) 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine

5. [3] (http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf) 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine

6. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Marathi" (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mara1378). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

7. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Old Marathi" (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldm1244). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

8. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

9. "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf) (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.

10. arts, South Asian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.

11. Dhoṅgaḍe, Rameśa; Wali, Kashi (2009). "Marathi". London Oriental and African language library. John BenjaminsPublishing Company. 13: 101, 139. ISBN 9789027238139.

12. Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 11–15.

13. "Marathi" (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mar). ethnologue.com.

14. "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf) (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.

15. "SCHEDULE" (http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/shed08.htm). constitution.org.

16. "Marathi may become the sixth classical language" (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-may-become-the-sixth-classical-language/1137485/0). Indian Express. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

17. "रा�य मराठी िवकास सं�था" (http://rmvs.maharashtra.gov.in/). Rmvs.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-06-02.

See also

References

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19. "University College of Arts and Social Sciences" (http://www.osmania.ac.in/ArtsCollege/marathi.htm). osmania.ac.in.

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Bloch, J (1970). Formation of the Marathi Language.Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2322-8.

Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009).Marathi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.ISBN 978-90-272-38139.

A Survey of Marathi Dialects. VIII. Gāwḍi, A. M.Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. The State Board forLiterature and Culture, Bombay. 1972.

Marathi: The Language and its Linguistic Traditions -Prabhakar Machwe, Indian and Foreign Review, 15March 1985.

'Atyavashyak Marathi Vyakaran' (Essential MarathiGrammar) - Dr. V. L. Vardhe

'Marathi Vyakaran' (Marathi Grammar) - MoreshvarSakharam More.

'Marathi Vishwakosh, Khand 12 (Marathi WorldEncyclopedia, Volume 12), Maharashtra RajyaVishwakosh Nirmiti Mandal, Mumbai

'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, ShrimangeshPublishers, Nagpur

'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200CE, by C. V. Vaidya

Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature upto I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, MaharashtraInformation Centre, New Delhi

Christian Lee Novetzke (2016). The QuotidianRevolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and thePremodern Public Sphere in India. ColumbiaUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54241-8.

Bibliography

External links

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