Maha Ghosananda Buddha of Battlefield ()

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nUvTukçeTasTaMgLayTaMgBYg nigeGayBYkeKTTYl)anmkvijnUvesckþIsux PaBcRmugceRmInkñúgqñaMfµIenH. BiFIbuNüRsg;RBHenHbegáItnUvsemøgesIcy:agk¥akk¥ay RBHsgÇ nigcas;RBwTæacarüKg; b¤enAtamvtþGara:mEk,PUmi Rsuk eFVIkarrkSasilEdlenHCaesckþIéføfñÚr.

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19

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]btßmÖrbs;RBHmhakSRt. BiFIenHeFVItamTenø ERBk sÞwg kñúgRBHraCaNa-cRk. RbCaraRsþExµrniyayfa karRbNaMgTUkenHeFVIeLIgedIm,IGbGrsaTr nigpþl;CakitþiylrMlwkKuNdUnta nigkgT½BeCIgTwkrbs;Exµrnasm½yburaN. mYyEpñkeToténBiFIbuNüenHR)arBæeLIgedIm,IrMlwkKuNdl;RBHFrNI nigRBHKgÁaEdl)anCYymnusSelak BiFIenHKWCakarkMNt;nUvGBÖÚtehtuekIteLIgerogral;qñaM enARbeTskm<úCaenAeBlTwkTenøsab cab;epþImhUrRbRcaseTAelIvij.

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Edlpþl;CIviteGaymnusSstV. manBiFIbuNüRbcaMqñaMepSg²eTotEdlR)arBæeLIgedIm,IrMlwkKuNdl;RBHFrNI RBHBay nigRBHGKÁi.

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23

eTAvtþ naMKñaeFVIBiFIepSg² dUcCasURtmnþ smaFi daMsør Tl;PøW bnþrhUtdl;éf¶bnÞab;. GñkRsuknaMKñamkvtþedaymansemøókbMBak;fµI cMruHBN’RBHsgÇsURtFm’ nigeFVIBiFIrMlwkKuNdl;dUnta b¤m©as;Twkm©as;dIEdl)anpþl;plRsUvy:agRkas;ERklkñúgrdUvRcUtkat;enH. eBlbB©ab;BiFI RBHsgÇnimnþcUlkñúgkudi tRnþIcab;epþImRbKMuy:agKRKwkKeRKg yuvCnCakemøaH RkmMunaMKñaraMelgrhUtTl;PøW mnusScas;²)ancUlraMCamYypgEdr GñkxøHeTotGgÁúyemIlekµg²raMelgy:agsb,ayrIkray.

Es¥keLIg GñkRsuknaMKñaykRsUvfµIeTARbeKnRBHsgÇ edIm,IrMB£kdl;RBHBuTæbrmRKU. RbCaCatiExµrmanCMenOfa RKab;GgármYyRKab;²mantémøskþisiTæiNas; elakCaRBHem b¤CaTwkedaHrbs;RBHFrNI.buNülaynkmµminRtwmEtR)arBæeLIgsMrab;kMNt;TIbBa©b;rdUvRsUtkat;b:ueNaÑHeT buNüenHeFIVeLIgedIm,IdwgKuNcMeBaHFmµCati manRBHFrNIRBHPiruN RBHBay RBHGaTitü rYmTaMgdUnta Cam©as;Twk m©as;pgEdr.

RbPB³ÉksarenHRsg;ecjBIGtßbTkñúgesovePARbvtþisaRsþGasIuGeKñy_niBnæeday elak Milton

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RbvtþiénBiFIbuNürbs;ExµrRsg;ecjBIkUnesovePAEnnaMGMBIeTscrN_ nigBIGtßbTtameKhTMB½r lesiurecambodia.com

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cMeNHviC¢aén

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAbMeBjviC¢aenA K>s 1930nigenA K>s 1940 kñúgsm½yEdlRbeTskm<úCakMBugCYbkarlM)ak nigRsbeBlvibtþiénsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. enAsm½yenaH PaKIExµrepSg²)anbegáIteLIgdUcCaExµrCatiniym ExµrGPirkSniym )aneFVIkarRbqaMgKñaenAkñúgsgÁmmYyEdlkMBugCYbkarlM)akRsab; ehIynigkarb:HTgÁicKñarvagGñkneya)ayniym CamYyGñksarB½t’manniym begáItCaclaclsgÁmeBareBjedaykub,kmµ nigGMeBIePvrkmµ.

kalBIkumar semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;eTAeronGkSrExµr nigelxnBVnþenAsalavtþdUcekµgÉeTotEdr. kumar eXasnnÞ eronsrsreronGanGkSrExµr nigeronTenÞjemsURtkMNaBüerOgeRBgEdldkRsg;ecjBIerOgramekr×þrbs;ExµrERbecjBIvb,Fm’\NaÐ. semþceronGMBIerOgra:vEdlTak;TgCamYydMeNIrCIvitkñúgGtItCatirbs;RBHBuTæ ¬Catk¦.RBHGgÁeronGMBIFmµcriyaKW karbNþúHcitþsb,úrs PaBGt;Fµt; nigkarebþCJacitþx<s; rYmTaMgKuNsm,tþiepSg²rbs;RBHBuTækalBIkumarPaB.

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25

Gnuvtþn_karsURtTenÞjrt;mat; dUecñHenAtamTICnbT eKEtgEtB£semøgsURtemeronemelxrbs;BYkekµg²lan;RThwgecjBIpÞHnimYy².

nasm½yenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbYsCasameNrkñúgRBHBuTæsasna . sameNr eXasnnÞ )ancUleTAbMeBjviC¢aenAFmµsalakñúgvtþEpñkPasa)alI. sameNrGgÁenHmanbBaØavagév )anecHcaMFm’vin½ysikçaKµancenøaH ehIyRtUv)anGñkPUmiRsuknimnþeGayeTAsURtFm’ )alIenAesÞIEtRKb;kmµviFIbuNüenAkñúgPUmi.

tamRBHraCbnÞÚlrbs;semþcRBHsgÇnayk nun Eg:t RBHGgÁ)anrMlwkGMBIsameNrsm½yedImRbkan;x¢ab;nUvvin½yy:agx<g;x<s;. RBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa enAsm½yenaH RbsinebIbuKÁlNamñak;cUlvtþkñúgCIvitCasameNr KWRtUveronry³eBl3Ex eTIbeKGnuBaØateGayesøókcIBr.eKbeRgonGMBIrebobrbbCasgÇ GMBIvin½ysikça beRgonrebobesøók cIBrbeRgonrebobniyay rebobsMBH>>>eKnigvayeyIg RbsinebIeyIgeFVImindUcGVIEdleK)anR)ab; RbsinebIeyIgeFVImin)anRtwmRtUv eKnigvayeyIgeyIgRtUvedIredayPaBs¶b;>>snSwm² mineGayB£sUrsemøgeCIg eKmineGayedIreyaléd eKeGayeyIgeFVIclnaedays¶b;es¶óm eyIgRtUveronPasa)alIvin½ysikçabTrbs;RBHBuTæsasna ehIyRtUvsURteGaycaMsÞat;RbsinmankarePøcPøaMgRtg;cMNucNamYyeKnigvayeyIg.

RBHRKUbeRgoneyIgeGaylHbg;tNðaelakiy mineGayeyIgCab;CMBak;CamYysMPar³ RbsinebIeyIgCamnusSsmBaØ eyIgGacRbRBwtþCaFmµta eyIgGacbriePaKGaharl¥² eyIgGacerobkar b:uEnþkalNaeyIgkøayCaRBHsgÇ eyIgRtUvEtbMePøcGVI²TaMgGs;enaH.

26

kñúgqñaM 1930 sameNr eXasnnÞ nimnþmkPñMeBjedIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkarRbLgedjRbeyaKpÞal;mat; EdlelIkeLIgGMBI)alI nigcMeNHviC¢aEpñkBuTæsasnaenAviTüasßanBuTæsasnbNÐitü.

enHKWCakarBiesaFn_mYyrbs;sameNr EdlnimnþmkBICnbTmanRBHT½yrnæt; ehIymankartUccitþcMeBaHPaBclaclkñúgsgÁmEdlekIteLIgrvagGñkneya)ay nigGñksarB½t’manbnþrhUtdl;qñaM 1940.

kñúgqñaM 1941 kgT½BCb:un)ancUlRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa RbeTsesom)anqk;yk»kasenH edIm,ITajykcMeNjBIkarrgeRKaHrbs;RbeTskm<úCa edayRbeTsesom)ancUllukluyextþmYycMnYnEdlsßitenACab;CamYyRbeTsrbs;xøÜn dUcCaextþ)at;dMbg mYyEpñkeToténextþesomrabdak;enAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;xøÜn.

RBHkruNaRBHmhakSRtExµr RBH)aTsemþc RBHmunIvgS RTg;esayRBHTIvgÁtkñúgqñaM 1941 RbEhlmkGMBIRBHGgÁxUcRBHT½ycMeBaHkar)at;bg;extþ)at;dMbg nigPaBTuy’srbs;mhaGMNacbreTs EdlmkRtYtRtaRbeTsrbs;RBHGgÁ KWdMbUgeLIyRbeTs)araMg bnÞab;mkRbeTsCb:unehIyeRkaymkeTotRbeTsesom.

RbeTskm<úCa RtUveKTajeGayFøak;cUleTAkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 EdlRbCaraRsþExµrBMuEdlemIleXIjfa RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)anRbeyaCn_GVITal;EtesaHGMBIsRgÁamenH. RBHGgÁm©as; neratþm sIhn uu uu uRTg;eLIgRKgraCüCaRBHmhakSRtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa KWsñgraCübnþGMBIRBHkruNa RBH)aT munIvgS .

27

enAqñaM 1942 RbeTskm<úCaCYbRbTHRBwtþkarN_RcbUkRcblEpñkneya)aymYyry³KWkarpÞúHeLIgnUvclnamha)atukmµd¾FMmYy cUlrYmedayRBHsgÇcMnYn 500 GgÁ nigCnsIuvilrab;Ban;nak;)aneFVIdMeNIreTAdl;GKÁesnaFikar)araMg edIm,ITamTar)araMgeGaydkkmøaMgRtYtRtamkelIExµr ehIyRtUvTTYlsÁal;GFibetyüPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeLIgvij. enACMnan;enaH eKehA)atukmµenHfa {sRgÁamq½Rt} edaysarRBHsgÇ)aMgq½RtenAkñúg)atukmµenaH.

RbCaraRsþExµrenAeBlenaH mankarPJak;ep¥Ily:agxøaMgeday)aneXIjkgT½BCb:unRtYtRtaBYk)araMg. GMNacCaGNaBüa)almkelIExµrrbs;)araMghak;dUcCarlay)at; edayBMu)anTTYlnUvPaBrgeRKaH b¤karQWcab;GVIeLIy etIesckþIrMBwgrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeTAelIGFiraCenHmanTMhMb:uNÑakñúgkarTamTarykextþ)at;dMbgBIkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsesommkvij? RbCaraRsþExµrmankartUccitþy:agxøaMgcMeBaHsßankarN_enH ehIy)annaMKñaeRkakeLIgeFVIkarts‘U. CMnan;enaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;enACayuvsgÇ RBHGgÁRTg;)anRCab niigyl;GMBIbBaðasgÁmCMnan;enaHy:agc,as;.

kñúgqñaM 1943 sameNr eXasnnÞ bribUN_edayviC¢a nigmansTæacitþbrisuTæBitkñúgRBHBuTæsasna )ancUleTATTYlCa]bsm,TaCaPikçú eRkamRBHraCaFibtIPaBd¾x<g;x<s;rbs;semþcRBHsgÇraC RBHnamCYn Nat eCatBaØaeNa EdlRTg;)ansBVRBHraChb¤T½yTTYleFVICaRBH]bCÄay_rbs; semþcmhaeXasnnÞ. enAsm½yenaH semþcRBH

28

sgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anTTYlkarEttaMg CacaghVagénsala)alICan;x<s;RkugPñMeBj KWBuTæikviTüal½RBHsuraRmwt nig)anCaRBHRKUsgÇviC¢arbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ pgEdr.

kñúgqñaM 1944 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgCaecAGFikarvtþ ]NÑaelam CaTIGasn³sMrab;RBHmhasgÇraCExµrKg;enA. enAqñaM 1948 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneLIgsmNs½kþiCan;x<s;bMputrbs;RbeTskm<úCaCa RBHmhasuemFaFibtIsgÇ naykKN³mhanikaydwknaMRbeTskm<úCaEpñkRBHsgÇGs;ry³eBl 20 qñaM.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ancUlsikSabriytþiFm’ ehIy)anRbLgCab;enABuTæikviTüal½y RBHsuraRmwt RkugPñMeBj rYcehIybnþfñak;]tþmBuTæiksikSaenAextþ)at;dMbg. semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn NatEdlCaRBHRKUrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;mankareBjRBHT½yRBmTaMg)anekatsresIry:agxøaMgcMeBaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞEdlRTg;manbBaØavagévnig]sSah_Büayam sikSakñúgPaBCabBVCiténRBHBuTæsasna.

semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;RbsURtenAéf¶TI 11 ExmInaqñaM 1883 enAkñúgRKYsarksikrRkIRkmYyenAPUmikMerog sgáat;rkaekaHRsukKgBisI extþkMBg;s<W. semþcCaemdwknaMclnaEkTRmg;karsikSaRBHBuTæsasna Edlmanb¤sKlCaPasa)alIecjBIKm<IrRBHéRtbitknigCaGñkksagKm<IrdIkaCaeRcIn )anTaMgERbPasa)alI nigerobeFVIesovePA

29

EdlCaRbeyaCn_sMrab;karsikSaCaeRcIn. clnaenHmaneQµaHfaFmµkay )anCH\TæiBly:agxøaMgdl;yuvsgÇExµrenAedImstvtSTI 20.clnaFmµkay)aneFVIkarbNþúHGtþsBaØaNénPasaCatiExµr vb,Fm’CatiRBmTaMgkarelIkkMBs;nUvRblwgCatiExµr.

kñúgqñaM 1922-1923 kalRBHGgÁenACaRBHRKUsgÇstßa semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneTAbMeBjviC¢axagPasasMRsáit nigGkSrsilacarikenAsala)araMgcugbUBa’RbeTsnaRkughaNUy evotNamxageCIg kñúgsMNak;elak lVI hVI NUt_ nig elak viktW kULÚbUv. semþcRTg;)anTTYl\TæiBlGMBIdMeNIrkarEkTRmg;enHBIRBHGgÁm©as; vC¢ra:y:anRTg;CaRBHsgÇraCrbs;RbeTséfLgd_ Edl)anEkERbdMeNIrRbtibtþiBuTæsasnaenAtamtMbn;eGayeTACa rebobénkarRbtibtþirYmrbs;CatiGMBIBuTæsasna rYmTaMgkarGb;rMnigeKalkarN_sMxan;²énkarRbtibtþiRBHFm’.

kñúgRBHraCzan³CacaghVagénsala)alICan;x<s; semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anCMrujeGaymankarvivDÆn_fµIénRBHsgÇExµr dUcCarebobbdibtþiRBHFm’tamsaRsþasøwkriTæiERbkøayeTACakarBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;RBHsgÇkñúgkarbMeBjviC¢aEpñkPasasMRsáwt nig)alI. karRbkan;tamvin½ycas;RtUvpSaP¢ab;CamYykaryl;dwgCamUldæanGMBIFmµvin½yCac,ab; RbedA»üRbRBwtþRtwmRtUvsMrab;bBVCitTaMgPikçúsgÇ TaMgRKhsßkñúgkm<úCrdæ. semþcRTg;)aneFVIeGayTMenIbeLIgnUvviFIsaRsþénkarbeRgonénBuTæiksikSaExµrpgEdr.

30

eRkamkarENnaMrbs; semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarbMeBjcMeNHviC¢arbs;RBHGgÁedaybribUN_.

enAeBl semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneLIgsmNs½kþiCaRBHmhasuemFaFibtI sgÇnaykKN³mhanikay RBHGgÁRTg;hamR)amRBHsgÇTaMgGs;eGaydkRBHkayecjBIkarBak;B½næCamYykarGnuvtþn_tamrebobmnþGaKm dUcCa eharasaRsþ/ karBüa)alCm¶W b¤eFVIskmµPaBCamnþviC¢akarepSg² BIeRBaHRBHGgÁRTg;yl;eXIjfaskmµPaBTaMgenH eFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;RBHsgÇCaBiess minRsbTal;EtesaHCamYyPaBbrisuTæénRBHBuTæsasnapgEdr.

kñúgRBHraCzan³Ca semþcRBHmhasuemFaFibtI sgÇnaykKN³mhanikay RBHGgÁRTg;)andwknaMkargarERbPasa)alITaMgRsugBIkm<IrRBHéRtbitkCaPasaExµr nig)aneroberogvcnanuRkmExµr Edl)ankøayCamUldæanénvb,Fm’Exµr. semþcRBHsgÇraCRTg;manskmµPaBy:agskmµkñúgdMeNIrksagKm<IdikaCaeRcIn ehIyRBHGgÁRTg;)andak;RBHT½yCaGciéRnþy_kñúgkic©karGPivDÆn_vb,Fm’ nig RBHBuTæsasnaExµr.

enAéf¶TI 25 ExkBaØa qñaM 1969 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn NatRBHGgÁRTg;esayTivgÁtenAkñúgRBHtMNak;RBHGgÁ navtþ]NaÑelammYyqñaMeRkayRBHGgÁesayTivgÁt RbeTsCati)anFøak;cuH. GdæiFaturbs;semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat )anbBa©úHenAvtþ]NÑaelamnaRkugPñMeBjsBVéf¶enH.

31

KYreGayrMePIbcitþéRkElg nigCakitþ iysd¾]tþ úg]tþmsMrab;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anbMeBjcMeNHviC¢aeRkamkarENnaMrbs; semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat. nasm½yenaH karsikSaCYbkarlM)akxøaMg RsbeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCaFøak;cUlkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. RBwtþkarN_EdlnaMeGaymankarbBa©b;sRgÁamenAeBlenaHKWkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik mkelITIRkughIurU:sIuma: nigTIRkugNaKðasaKIrbs;RbeTsCb:un enAExsIha qñaM 1945. karTmøak;RKab;EbkenH)aneFVIeGayBiPBelakTaMgmUlmanesckþIrnæt;y:agxøaMgBIeRBaHvaCakarTmøak;RKab;EbbbrmaNU. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;manRBHT½yxVl;xVayy:agxøaMgGMBIsßankarN_BiPBelak semþc)an]TÞiscMeeBaHsnþiPaB eRkayGMBIRBwtþkarN_énkarTmøak;RKab;EbbenH.

enAkñúgqñaM 1946 ]b,tþiehtumYy)anekIteLIg eK)andak;karTTYlxusRtUvénkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;kgeyaFaGaemrikaMgmkelIvtþ]NÑa-elam EdlRKaenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ kMBugKg;enATIenaHCamYysemþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat CaRBHRKU. ]b,tþiehtuenH )ansmøab;mnusScMnYn 11 nak; nigeFVIKutRBHsgÇCaeRcInGgÁ. enHCaGMeBIhigSamYyEdl)anekIteLIgenAeKok semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.

eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 rvagqñaM 1945-1953 manRBwtþkarN_mYylan;B£kgrMBgenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa enaHKWCaRBHraCbUCniykic©TamTarÉkraCüBIGaNaniKmniym)araMg rbs;RBHmhakSRtExµrRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. RBHraCükic©enHTamTar)araMgeGaydkkmøaMgT½B nigRbKlmkkm<úCavijnUvesrIPaBeBjbribUN_.

32

nasm½yenaH manclnaT½BéRBExµrmYyRkum)anbegáIteLIg KWclnaExµr\sSr³ Edl)anRbmUlpþMúenATisBayBüénRbeTskm<úCa. clnaExµresrImYyRkumeTot )anbegáIteLIgpgEdredIm,IRbqaMgrbbRKb;RKgénRBHmhakSRt. sßankarN_enHnaMeGayekItmanGMeBIlYcbøn;PaBRcbUkRcblnigkarPitP½yenAtamTICnbTénRbeTskm<úCa.

RBPB³ÉksarenHdkRsg;ecjBI esovePAmYyeQµaH b:ul Bt niBnæedayelak Philip Short

nigRBHraCbnÞÚlrbs;emþcRBHsgÇnayk nun Eg:t

33

15qñaMKg;enARbeTs\NÞa

kñúgqñaM 1953 RsbeBlRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;nimnþcakecjBIRbeTskm<úCaeTAbMeBjviC¢afñak;bNÐit enAsaklviTüal½y NaLanda rdæ b‘Íha RbeTs\NÞa.RBHGgÁKg;enATIenaHGs;ry³eBl 15 qñaM. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞbMeBjcMeNHviC¢aEpñkGhigSaCamYyRBHsgÇCb:unmYyGgÁEdlmankitþinaml,Il,ajRBHnam nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI CaGñk]btßmÖmhatµ³KnæI.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anp¥akkarsikSarbs;RBHGgÁmþgedIm,IyageTAcUlrYmenAkñúgmhasnñi)aTénRkumRbwkSaRBHsgÇénRBHBuTæsasna elIkTI 6 Edl)anR)arBæeFVIeLIgenATIRkugrugÁÚn RbeTsPUmar. semþcyageTATIenaHedIm,IdEgðrsemþcRBHRKUrbs;RBHGgÁKWsemþcRBHmhasgÇraC CYn Nat énRbeTskm<úCa. mhasnñi)aTenH]btßmÖedayrdæaPi)alPUmarkñúgGaNtþiénnaykrdæmRnþI yU nU Edl)anR)arBæeLIgenAvtþ kab Gaey: RkugrugÁÚn. mhasnñi)aTenHRbRBwtþeLIgRsbeBlBiFIbuNüBak;kNþalsasnarbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæKMrb; 2500RBHvsSa enAkñúgéf¶visaxbUCa RtUvnigéf¶TI 24 Ex]sPa qñaM 1956.RBHetCKuN m:aha sIusay:adUv manRBHraCtYnaTICaGñksMrbsMrYlRBHsgÇ cMnYn 2500 GgÁ EdlnimnþmkCYbCMuKñakñúg»kasenaH.

Par³kic©sMxan;rbs;RkumRbwkSaenHKWeFVIkarepÞógpÞat;eGay)anRtwmRtUv

34

énkarERbKm<IRBHéRtbitk)alItamPasaCatirbs;RbeTsnimYy² ehIynigeFVIkaryl;RBmCapøÚvkarnUvKm<IRBHéRtbitk EdlERbrYcedIm,IerobcMe)aHBumÖtamlkçN³GkSrCatiTMenIb.

mhasnñi)aTenHKWCaRBwtþkarN_FMénBiPBelakEpñkBuTæsasnaefvaTEdl)anbegáIneLIgnUvkarsikSaEpñkBuTæik³ nigdMeNIrRbtibtþiRBHFm’tamBuTæ»vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæ. BiFIbuNüenHkMNt;pgEdrGMBIKuNnUbkar³KuNcMeBaHesckþIemtþaFm’rbs;RBHBuTæGgÁ. rdæaPi)alPUmar)anbBa¢areGaymankarbnßÚrbnßyeTassMrab;TNÐiTry³eBl 6 Ex RBmTaMglubecaleTasRbharCIvit eGaymkenARtwmeTaskMrit 20 qñaM. mankaredaHElgstVVBahn³ nigbkSabkSIEdlrg;caMkarBiXat TIstVXat pSarRtInighaglk;sac;enATUTaMgRbeTsPUmarRtUv)anbiTTaMgGs;.

elaknaykrdæmRnþI yU nU )anbgÁab;eGayeKksagKuhamYymanerobpÞaMgfµµFM² nigmanbBa©úHvtßúEdlmantémøCaeRcIndUcCamasCaedIm- mankarksagnUvsvndæanmYylabBN’RkhmRcal EdlGacdak;mnusS)ancMnYnmYymWunR)aMBan;nak;. RBHsgÇcMnYn 500 GgÁ)annimnþmkCMuKñaenAkñúgKuhaenHedIm,I sURtKm<IRBHFm’énRBHéRtbitkEdlmanry³eBl 1600 em:ag.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCIkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarKg;rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ enARbeTs

\NÐa RBHGgÁ)anbMeBjviC¢aCamYyRBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCI CaRBHsgÇCb:un enAGaRsmrbs;RBHGgÁCitedImeBaFiRBwkSCa TIkEnøgEdlRBHsmµa

35

sm<úTæRTg;)aneFVIFmµeTsnaedIm,IBiPBelakmansnþiPaBenARKIdaKUta .RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCI KWCaGñk]tßmÖ CashkarIrbs; mhatµ³

KnæI nigCasßabnikénRBHBuTæsasnaCb:unnikay nIb:unsSan mIyUCI.RBHGgÁsBVRBHraChb¤T½yCamYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CaxøaMg.RBHsgÇCb:unGgÁenH )annimnþeTARbeTs\NÐacab;taMgBIqñaM 1930bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁ)anebþCJafVayCIvitsgçarrbs;RBHGgÁedIm,IRBHBuTæsasnars;eLIgvijenARbeTs\NÐa. kalenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ 46 qñaM.nasm½yenaH KWenAExmina mhatµ³Kn§I )aneFVIyuTænakarplitGMbild¾lI,l,aj CaclnaGhigSay:agFMedIm,IrMedaHRbeTs\NÐaeGayrYcputGMBIGaNaniKmGg;eKøs. mhatµ³Kn§I RtUveKcab;dak;mnÞIXMuXaMgsaCafµImþgeTot eRkayeBlEdlelak)aneFVIyuT§nakarGhigSaRbQmmuxCamYyGCJaFrGg;eKøs.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCI )anCYbCamYy mhatµ³Kn§I CaelIkdMbUgenAqñaM 1933 ehIy)ansñak;enACamYyKñary³eBl 2 eTA 3 Ex enAGaRsm va:da enAeBlenaHehIyEdlRBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCI mancMNab;GarmµN_eTAelIkarbeRgonrbs;mhatµ³Kn§ IGMBIkmøaMgGhigSaedaypÞal; EdleKsÁal;faCaGMNacénRBlwgviBaØaNrbs;mnusS.

clnaGhigSaTamTarÉkraCürbs;RbeTs\NÐamankareCOnelOnkñúgrvagqañM1933 nig qñaM1940. RBHetCKuN nICIdasU‘ hVÚCI man»kasRKb;RKan;kñúgkarsegát b¤tamdanemIlkmøaMgénclnaGhigSakñúgkareFVIeGayRbeTsCati b¤GaNacRkmankarpøas;bþÚr. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)aneRbIyuT§saRsþenHedIm,Its‘UCamYysBaVvuFbrmaNU nigCamYysRgÁam

36

kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁ. epþImecjBIesckþIrn§t;ekIténkarTmøak;RKab;EbkbrmaNUmkelITIRkughIurU:sIuma: nigTIRkugNaKðasaKI

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anlHbg;CIvitcugeRkayrbs;RBHGgÁts‘UedIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelakCamYy nigkarTamTareGaymankarlubbM)at;eRKOgsBaVvuF CaBiess GavuFnuuuyEkøEGr.

kñúgqñaM 1954 RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )ansemÖaFn_vtþmYykEnøgeQµaH vtþsnþiPaB CaelIkdMbUgenARbeTsCb:un bnÞab;mk RBHGgÁ)aneFVIclnaRbqaMgGavuFnuyekøEGr eRkaymkeTot RBHGgÁ)anpþÜcepþImksagvtþsnþiPaBenABaseBjBiPBelak sMrab;bgðajnUvTwkcitþrbs;RBHGgÁ EdlR)afñacg;)ansniþPaBBiPBelak eRkayBIPaBexÞcxÞIEdlekItGMBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. vtþsnþiPaB)anpþl;CakEnøgsMrab;begáItclnaepþImecjBIkmøaMgrbs;mnusSCatieFVIskmµPaB edIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelak.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)ancUlrYmCamYyskmµPaBenHCajwkjab;. RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anbBa¢ak;dac;xat;GMBIkareRbIkmøaMgGhigSaeFVIkarts‘U edIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelak.

kñúgsnÞrkfarbs;RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI ehIyRBHGgÁ)anbeRgon semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ pgEdrenaH RBHetCKuNmansgÇdIkafa {buKÁlEdlCab;s¥itCamYyerOgneya)ay buKÁlenaHXaøtq¶ayGMBIerOgsasna sasnaxusKñaRsLHBIneya)ay esdækic©nig kmøaMgT½B. RBHsmµasm<úTæKWCaRBHGgÁm©as;siTætßEdlyagecal

37

RBHraCblø½g edIm,IEsVgrkFm’sc©³mkRbedAmnusSeGaymansnþiPaB. neya)aypSaP¢ab;CamYyerOgRbeyaCn_rbs;Cati sasnaminmanniyayGMBIerOgRbeyaCn_ b¤GMBIerOgsiTæieT sasnaKWCaPav³edImrbs;CIvit}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI mansgÇdIkabnþeTotfa {GarüFm’minEmnCaBnøWePøIgGKÁIsnI minEmnynþehaH min)anplitRKab;EbknuyEkøEGreT GarüFm’min)ansmøab;mnusS min)anbMpøajsBVstVmanCIvitenAelIEpndI min)aneFVIsRgÁam GarüFm’KWniyayEtGMBIesckþIeKarB nigkarRsLaj;rab;GanKñaeTAvijeTAmk}.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;mancMeNHviC¢ay:ageRCARCHEpñkRBHBuTæsasnakñúgkarksagsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaGMLúgeBlEdlRBHGgÁKg;enARbeTs\NÐaCamYyRBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI. RBHetC-KuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anbeRgonfa {dl;eBlevlaehIy¡ dl;eBlevlaEdleyIgminRtUvenAsg¶Mes¶ómeToteT eyIgRtUvRbjab;Rbjal;ecjBIpÞHrbs;eyIg. dl;eBlevlaEdleyIgRtUvsmøwgemIleTAzansYK’ ehIyRtUvykCmñHelIxøÜnrbs;eyIgenAelIEpndIenHdl;eBlevlaEdleyIgRtUvniyayGMBIesckþITukçesakrbs;eyIgR)ab;mnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI mansgÇdIkaeTotfa {mnusSEdleKTukdUcCaRBHKWCamnusSEdl)anRbtibtþieKalsIlFm’CaRbcaMbuKÁlb¤sgÁmmansnþiPaB KWmankarGPivDÆn_mYyEdledIrRsbCamYy

38

eKalsIlFm’ buKÁlb¤sgÁmEdlminxVl;xVayGMBIeKalsIlFm’b¤esIccMGk b¤bMpøajecalnUveKalsIlFm’ buKÁlenaHCamnusSBukrlYy ehIysgÁmenaHCasgÁmRcbUkRcbl CalTæplGMeBIhigSa nigGMeBIrXatkmµkøayCavb,Fm’rbs;sgÁmenaH}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI mansgÇdIkarbnþfa {kardak;CMenOfakareRbIGMeBIhigSaekItGMNacy:agFMeFg eBlenaHGMeBIXatkmµnighaynPaBnwgkøayCaCMnajrbs;mnusSrs;enAkñúgsgÁmenaH}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anRbkasfa {sßansYK’ EpndInwgERbRbYl enAeBlNakmøaMgénkarRbtibtþiRBHFm’Føak;cuH} rdæmYynigERbRtLb;BIPaBedImeBlEdlBlrdæenAkñúgrdæenaH )at;bg;ckçúvis½yénRBHBuTæEdlCakmµvtßúd¾BisidæénCMenO {sTæa} CalTæplR)ak;nigkøayeTACaRBHGaTieTBfµIenAelIEpndIenH.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anRbkasbdiesFcMeBaHkarlUtlas;én {sRgÁamRtCak;} rvagBYkkumµúynisþ nigBYkmUlFnniym lTæplenH)anbgáat;ePøIgsRgÁamEdl)anbMpøajRbeTskm<úCaTaMgRsug. {minfaCaviTüasaRsþ b¤Cabec©kviTüaeCOnelOn b¤Canreya)ay b¤Caesdækic©b¤CaesrIniym b¤CakumµúnisþniymeT eKBMu)aneXIjmaKa’enAkñúglTæiTaMgenH)anraraMgmnusSeGayrYcputBIkarbMpøajxøÜnÉgTal;EtesaH eRkAEtGMBIkarplitGavuFfµI²}. b:uEnþeK)anrkeXIjmaKa’EdlkarBarmnusSBIkarbMpøajxøÜnÉgenAkñúgeKalénsilFm’ nigenAkñúgeKalénsasnaEdl)ankMNt;y:agelIslb;. sasna

39

CaGMNacénCMenOEdleFVIeGaybrisuTæPaB nigEkERbmnusSRKb;rUbedayeKalénsilFm’EdlminerIsmux}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anRbkasbdiesFecalTaMgRsugBIPaBrIkcMerInEdlekItGMBIbec©kviTüa. {viTüasaRsþ nigbec©kviTüa)anrkeXIjnUvkarplitRKaMEbbbrmaNU nighIuRtUEhSn ehIyRbeTsRbCaFibetyümYy)aneRbIsBaVvuFTaMgenHedIm,Ismøab;mnusSkñúgeBlsRgÁam/// karplit kareRbIR)as;RKaMEbkbrmaNU nighIuRtU-EhSn KYreGayxµas;eGonbMputcMeBaHGarüFm’rbs;mnusSCati.eKalénsilFm’eFVIkarriHKn;y:agxøaMgeTAelIGMeBIEdlKYreGayxµas;eGonTaMgenHmkelITegVIrénkarTmøak;RKab;rbs;shrdæGaemrikEdlBMumanéf¶Gacrlub)at;eLIy}.

RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI KaMRTfakarGPivDÆn_pøÚvcitþKMnitKWCa ]sfsMrab;eRbICamYyCnsmÖar³niymkñúgBiPBelakTMenIbenH. sasnapþl;BnøWy:agFMeFgsMrab;BiPBelakexµAggwtEdlekItBIGarüFm’TMenIb mansµartIpøÚvcitþKMnitBitR)akdekItCaGMNackarBarCIvit niglHbg;ral;karkab;smøab;EdlbegáItnUvesaknadkmµy:agF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusSCatikñúgelak.

RBHGgÁmansgÇdIkaeTotfa {karhamXat;ral;karkab;smøab;KWCamUldæanRKwHénGarüFm’mnusSCati RbkarenHeKBMuEdleXIjmankarKitKUr b¤ykcitþTukdak;BIsMNak;EpñkviTüasaRsþ Epñkesdækic©nigEpñknreya)ayTal;EtesaH }.

{karTb;sáat;kMueGaymankarkab;smøab;eTIbCabBaðaFMeFgelIs

40

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41

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nigtambNþajpSBVpSayepSg².

42

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43

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44

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45

CaeRcIns)aþh_ b¤CaeRcInEx RBHRKU)andwknaMkare)aHCMrMuenAeRkameQIminfayb; b¤éf¶ EdlenHCakarerobcMdMeNIrRbtibtþitamCIvitEdlBMumanTIkMNt;rbs;RBHBuTæbrmRKU.

RBHRKUFmµTaera )andwknaMkargarenHenAvtþcayNacab;taMgBIqñaM1954 edayRBHGgÁ)anepþatCasMxan;eTAelIkarsikSaGMBI { Gna)anusSti}KW {sti nig degðIm}. erogral;l¶acRBHRKUbeRgonGMBIsmaFiCaPasaéfRBHRKU)anbegáItrebobeFVIvib,snatamry³kareRbIclnaédeFVICa]b,krN_smaFi RBHRKUmankarBiesaFn_enHeRkayeBlRBHGgÁ)anGnuvtþn_viFIsmaFienHGs;ry³eBl 9 qñaM EdleFVIeGayRBHGgÁmanPaBeCOCak;kñúgkarbgðan;beRgon.

smNsisSEdlmkTTYlcMeNaHviCa¢enH RtUvhat;eFVIsmaFibNþúHemtþa KWkartaMgcitþ>>>> karbNþúHcitþemtþaKitdl;GñkdéT>>> KwCaesckþIemtþaCasakl.

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46

resol GgÁúyeFVIPavnaceRmInFm’énsmaFi em:ag 4 eTAem:ag 5 l¶acnimnþecjeTAeFVIsmaFi em:ag 5 sMrakqan;Et em:ag 6³30 naTI l¶acGgÁúysmaFi em:ag 8 yb; sþab;FmµeTsnarbs;RBHetCKuNRBHRKUFmµTaera ema:g 9-10 yb; nimnþeFVIsmaFitam\riyabTedIr.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa RBHRKUFmµTaeratRmUveGaysmNsisSTaMgGs;eFVIsmaFienAranhalmuxkudi edIm,IRBHGgÁ)ansegÁtemIlsmNsisSeBlkMBugeFVIsmaFi.

eRcInqñaMknøgputeTA¡semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbgðajGMBIkarseRmcrbs;

RBHGgÁkñúgkarceRmInsmaFi R)ab;dl;smNsisSrbs;RBHGgÁEdlGackMerIkédsþaMeLIgcuHyWt²CaclnaRtUvKña. semþcmanRBHbnÞÚlfaeyIgKYreGaymankarhat;eFIVsmaFitamviFIenHenAtamvtþ. eyIgeFVIsmaFitamviFIenHry³eBlmYyéf¶ eyIgGackMerIkédeLIgcuHmanstirB£ktamcgVak;degðImnimYy² ral;éf¶eyIgeFVIsmaFitamviFIenH-BMumanGVIelIsBIenHeT.

kñúgqñaM 1969 RsbeBlEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ kMBugeFVIsmaFikñúgéRB RBHGgÁ)anTTYldMNwgBIRbeTskm<úCaGMBIGMeBIhigSaEdl)anbgávinaskmµedaykarTmøak;RKab;Ebkedaysm¶at;rbs;GaemrikmkelITwkdIrbs;RBHGgÁ. enHKWCayuTænakarénkarvayRbharEdlmin)anR)ab;dMNwgCamunrbs;GaemrikmkelITwkdIkm<úCa Edlmanry³eBl 14 Ex. karvayRbharedaykarTmøak;RKab;EbkenHman

47

eQµaHfa {RbtibtþikarsikGahareBlRBwk} rbs;GaemrikedIm,IbiTpøÚvlMhUCImiuj nigkarbBa©b;sRgÁamenAevotNam. RbtibtþikarsikenHehIyEdl)anbgáItGesßrPaBmkelIRbeTskm<úCa. CnePossikrab;ryrab;Ban;nak;)anhUrcUlTIRkugPñMeBj cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkRbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;cUly:ageRCAeTAkñúgePøIgsRgÁam.

qñaM 1970 KWCaRBwtþkarN_énrdæRbharrMlMrbbraCaniym ehiIydak;CMnYsmkvijnUvrdæaPi)alniymGaemrik. ePøIgsRgÁamqab;eqHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cab;BIqñaM 1970 rhUtdl;qñaM 1975 bnþrhUt RbeTskm<úCaFøak;cUleRCAkñúgvibtþi nigGMeBIhigSay:ageXarXACaTIbMput.

eRkayeBlbBa©b;sRgÁamrbs;Gaemrik GaemrikaMg)anTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIRbeTskm<úCa manTm¶n;srub 2/750/000 etan Tm¶n;enHelIsBITm¶n;srubénRKab;EbkEdl)anTmøak;edayRbeTssm<½næmitþkalenAkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 eTAeTot. RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTstUcEdlmanTMhMb:unrdæva:sIunetan BMuKYrNaTTYlrgBIkarTmøak;Ebkd¾F¶n;F¶rEbbenHesaH. tamkar)a:n;RbmaNfa RbCaCnExµrcMnYn 500/000nak;)ansøab;edaykarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikenH.

erogral;éf¶ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ansþab;B½t’mantamviTüúpSayGMBIRBwtþkarN_enARbeTskm<úCa. B½t’manenH)anb:HTgÁicpøÚvcitþrbs;RBHGgÁy:agxøaMg RBHRKUFmµTaerasißtenAEk,rRBHGgÁ edIm,IelIkTwkcitþeGaybnþkarhat;citþ-karbNþúHsnþiPaBpøÚvcitþrbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyRtUvrgcaMeBlevlasmRsbedIm,IRBHGgÁGacvileTArkRbCaraRsþrbs;RBHGgÁvij.

48

elak RKwsþúhVW FItm:as; )anmkCYb semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞcMeBlEdlRBHGgÁkMBugKg;smaFikñ úgRBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBHGgÁRKaenaHkñúgqñaM 1973 eBlEdlGaemrikkMBugbegáInkarTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIRbeTskm<úCa. elak FItm:as; )ancgcaM;faenAeBlenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHT½yTukçesaky:agxøaMg ehIyRBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚledayeRkómRkMfa {sÞwgenAkm<úCaeBareBjedayQamehIy¡ }.

eBlmYy semþc)anTTYldMNwgd¾EsneRkómRkMmkfa mata bitarbs;RBHGgÁ rYmTaMgbgb¥Ún nigRBHsgÇCamitþrYmCMnan;rbs;RBHGgÁ)ansuKt; nig)at;bg;CIvitGs;ehIykñúgRBwtþkarN_enH. semþcRTg;Rsk;TwkEPñk. RBHGgÁRTg;kEnSgral;éf¶edayBMumanGVIGacTb;TwkRBHenRtrbs;RBHGgÁ)an eTcMeBaHdMNwgd¾EsnexøacpSaenH cMENkRBHRKUrbs;RBHGgÁ)anxitxMelIkTwkcitþ nig)ancUlrYmCamYyRBHGgÁnUvesckþITukçexøacpSaenH RBHRKUmansgÇdIkafa {RBHGgÁQb;bgðÚrTwkEPñkeTAsUmRBHemtþamanstirwgmaMeLIgvij stienHeRbobdUcCabg¥Üc b¤TæarEdlRtUvbiT b¤ebIk stiR)ab;eyIgGMBIeBlevlasmRsbsMrab;eFVIkargarGVImYyeGay)anRtwmRtUv}. RBHRKUFmµTaeramansgÇdIkabnþeTotfa ³ {RBHGgÁminGacbBa©b;sRgÁamenHeT b:uEnþRBHGgÁRtUvts‘UCamYyesckþITukç nigesckþIeRkaF>>> sUmRBHGgÁekItstieLIg¡RBHGgÁRtUverobcMxøÜn edIm,IGacnimnþRtLb;eTARbeTsCatirbs;RBHGgÁvij sUmRBHemtþamanstieLIg¡}.

49

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anKg;smaFiceRmInstiGs;ry³eBly:agyUr RBHGgÁ)aneFVIkarqøúgbBa©aMgGMBIesckþIsøab;P¢ab;CamYy»vaTrbs;RBHRKUFmµTaera semþc)anRbemIleXIjfa esckþIsøab;KWCaesckþIsøab; enHKWCaRBwtþkarN_EdlknøgputeTAehIy RkumRKYsarrbs;RBHGgÁrYmTaMgsmNmitþTaMgenaH)anrMlt;x½næBIelakenHputeTAehIy\LÚvenHRBHGgÁkMBugKiteTArkGnaKtKWCa eBlevlaenAxagmuxEdlminmanPaBc,as;las; b¤R)akd. semþcRTg;)ansMerccitþeFVIkic©karGVImYyEdlRBHGgÁGaceFVI)anKWCakic©karEdlsßitenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñKWCaeBlevlaEdlGacRKb;RKg)an. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞÚlfa ³ {bc©úb,nñKWCamataénGnKt sUmEfrkSamþay²nigEfrkSakUn}.bnÞab;mksemþcRtLb;eTArkdMeNIrbdibtþiFm’ edaykartaMgsmaFiP¢ab;CamYycgVak;degðImsaCafµI. RBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÜlfa kardkdegðImminEmnCakalknøgputeTAeT kardkdegðIm BMuEmnCaeBlevlaenAGnaKtEdlminTan;eTAdl;enaHeT b:uEnþdegðImKWCadMeNIrenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;bBaÄb;sRmk;TwkEPñk ehIyRBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {BMumanesckþITukçesakEdlsßitenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHeT etIesckþITukçenHsßitenAÉNa?} esckþITukç nigesckþIeRkaFTaMgenHknøgputhYseTAehIy GnaKteBareBjedayesckþIP½yrnæt; b:uEnþTaMgGs;enH min)ansßitenAkñúgxN³bc©úb,nñeT vaminEmnCaxN³bc©úb,nñeT semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbdibtþiFm’Kg;smaFikñúgéRBenARbeTséfLg;d_Gs;ry³eBlevlaCag 9 qñaM RBHGgÁ)anseRmc

50

nUv\dæmnuBaØpl manstiPøWføa RTg;manR)aCJax<g;x<s;RbkbedayemtþakruNaFm’ EdllUtlas;ecjGMBIsmaFiy:agRCaleRCArbs;RBHGgÁ.

elak FItm:as; )anrMlwkfa RKamYyRBHRKUFmµaTaera)annimnþ semþcRBHmhaeXannÞ eFVIFmµeTsnadl;RBHsgÇ nigdUnCIenAvtþcayNasemþcmansgÇdIkaEtGMBIemtþakruNaFm’ nigesckþIeRtkGr nigkarekItR)aCJax<g;x<s;BIkarbdibtþiFm’smaFivib,snaEtb:ueNÑaH.

éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)ancUlkan;kab;TIRkugPñMeBjBYkemdwknaMExµrRkhm)anGHGagfa BYkeKCaGñkseRgÁaHRbeTskm<úCaeGayrYcputBIkarbMpøajrbs;breTs ehIyrkSa)annUvGtþsBaØaNCatiExµrRkhm)anRbkas;faBYkeKebþCJacitþkarBarCati RbqaMgkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs edaykgT½Bbdivtþn_ekItecjBIvNÑ³ kmµkr ksikr nigmaKa’rbs;bdivtþn_elIeKalkarN_bgábegáInpl nigkarBarCatielIslb;BIsm½yGgÁr.

eK)anB£sgÇdIkarbs; semþcRBHmhasuemFaFibtIRBHnamhYt tat RBHsgÇnayk nigCaGtItsemþcRBHRKUrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ pgEdr manRBHraCbnÞÚltamviTüúGMBavnavdl;kgkmøaMgeyaFaTaMgGs;eGayTmøak;GavuF eRkayeBlénkarmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBjPøamrbs;BYkExµrRkhm semþcRBHsgÇraC hYt tat manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {sRgÁamenARsukeyIg)anbBa©b; RbeTsCatirbs;eyIgmansnþiPaBehIy} eRkayeBlsgÇdIkaGMBavnavtamviTüúrbs;RBHGgÁrYcmksemþc)anyagRtLb;mkvtþ]NÑaelamvij enATIenaH BYkExµrRkhm)ancab;RBHGgÁykeTAXMuXaMg edayecaTRBHGgÁfa manRbBnæ nigkUn

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kMBugrs;enATIRkug)a:rIs RbeTs)araMMg enAéf¶bnÞab;mk semþcRBHsgÇraC hYt tat RtUv)anBYkExµrRkhmcab;bBa¢ÚnmkPñM]tþúg EdlCaGtItraCFanIExµrsßitenAPaKeCIgTIRkugPñMeBj enATIenaHehIyEdlBYkExµrRkhm)aneFVIKutsemþcRBHsgÇraCedayebIkma:sIunQUsdI b¤b‘uldUhS½rkinRBHGgÁTaMgrs;. semþcRBHsgÇraC hYt tat RTg;esayTivgÁtputeTACakarbBa©b;RBHBuTæsasnaenARbeTskm<úCacab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk.

RBHBuTæsasnaenARbeTskm<úCa)anrs;eLIgvijeRkaykardYlrlMrbs;BYkExµrRkhmenAqñaM 1979 . rUbsMNakrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraCGgÁenH mantaMgenAkñúgvtþ]NÑaelamsBVéf¶enH. rUbsMNakenHRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgTenøemKgÁEdlBYkExµrRkhm)anykeTAe)aHecaleTAkñúgTwk.

RbPB³kMNt;sMKal;rbs;elak Chirstopher Titmuss )anmkGMBI On-line newsletter

rbs;Kat;.karEsteQµaH Insight Journal Fall qñaM 2004 kñúgGtßbTmancMNgeCIgfa }kñúgelakenHesckþIs¥b;minGaclubbM)at;edayesckþIs¥b;eT}GtßbTesreesredayelak Kate Freison pSaytam on-line kñúgqñaM1988 sþIGMBIneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.mYyCMhanmþg² pSayedayelak Jane Mahoney nig Philip Edmonds.

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yagyaRtacUlsmrPUmi

CMurMCnePosxøÜnenAsaEkvsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anCYbCamYyCnePosxøÜnExµrCaelIk

dMbUgenACMrMu;saEkvEdlsßitenACab;RBMEdnRbeTséfLgd_ Pøam²eRkaykardYlrlMrbs;BYkExµrRkhmenAqñaM 1978. CnePosxøÜnTaMgenaHmansPaBesøksøaMg sÁmsÁaMgedaykarGt;Gahar maneBaHFM² sk;eLIgBN’elOg. semþc)anEckxitb½NÑRsg;ecjBIKm<IemtþasURtrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæ EdlRTg;manBuTæ»vaTGMBIesckþIGaNitGasUr nigesckþIGt;eGaneTACnePosxøÜnEdlmanesckþIfa {eTas³ minEdls¶b;eTAedayeTas³eLIy. eTas³Gacs¶b;eTA)anedaysarEtemtþaRBhµviharb:ueNÑaH }.

CMurMCnePosxøÜnsaEkv KWCaCMurMEdlbegáIteLIgmundMbUgbg¥s; edIm,ITTYlCnePosxøÜnExµr manTItaMgenACitPUmisaEkv sßitenAcenøaHBIRsukGarBaØya:R)aeft nigPUmisaEkv Ek,rRBMEdnrvagRbeTséfLgd_ nigRbeTskm<úCa.

tamkarerobrab;rbs;skmµCnsiTæimnusSBIrrUbeQµaH eCn ma:han;nInig hVIlIb EGtm:ns_ Edl)ancUleTAkñúgCMurMenHmuneKbg¥s; )aneXIjTidæPaBénCnePosxøÜnExµreBareBjedaykareRskXøan nigRtUvkarCMnYyCabnÞan;.

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RBwtþkarN_enaH enAqñaM1978 GñkEdlrs;ranmanCIvitBIrbbvalBiXatmanGarmµN_cgrMuB½T§edayesckþIP½yrn§t;BIsRgÁam/ karbgçMeGayeFVIkar/ karkab;smøab; nigkarlubbM)at;sasna enARbeTskm<úCaenAxageRkayPUmiRsuk vtþGara:m nigERscMkarrbs;BYkeK)ankøayeTACaepH enAxagmuxrbs;BYkeKKWCaCMurMCnePosxøÜn nigesckþIsgÇwmsMrab;karrs;ranmanCIvit. cMnYnCnePosxøÜnEdl)anrt;mkRCkekanenAkñúgCMurMsaEkvmancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg² BYkeKrs;enAeRkamkMedAéf¶ekþAxøaMgmandMeNIreRTteRTat semøgERskf¶Úrénburs RsþI ekµg cas;EdlmansPaBsÁmsÁaMg esøksøaMg nwigeBareBjedayesckþIeRskXøan.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþtamrfynþcas;sm½yburaNmYyeRKOg Edlmansemøglan;eRktRkt² enAtampøÚvbt;Ebn/ecat nigeLIgPñMcuHPñMkñúgcm¶aypøÚvCag 50 KILÚr_Em:Rt semþcRTg;Kg;eBnEPñnelIekAGIEdlminGacbt; ehIyRBHeksrbs;RBHGgÁ»n EPñkTaMgKUrbiT Cays,g;cIBrrbs;RBHGgÁFøak;elILanbk;rvic² enHKWCaesckþIs¶b;énRBHsgÇv½ykNþalGgÁenH EdlBMumanmic©acriyaTal;EtesaH eTaHCaRBHGgÁkMBugsßitkñúgGakasFatuekþAhYtEhg/ kg;Lanlan;sUrgWt² nigclnakBaäk;²enACMuvijRBHGgÁy:agNak¾eday semþceBjhUrehoredayemtþaFm’ RBHGgÁ)annimnþeFVIdMeNIrEtmYyGgÁKt;RBHGgÁ)anmkdl;TVarrbgénCMurMCnePosxøÜnsaEkv3éf¶eRkaykarbegáIteLIgénCMurMenH.

ma:han;nI nig EGtm:ns_ )antMNaleTotfa {CMurMenHmansPaBesaHkeRkaH tampøÚvmanmnusSENnNan;tan;tab; Twks¥úyhUrtam

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RbLaytUc xVHmðÚbGahar nigTwk CnePosxøÜnPaK eRcInenApþúMKñakñúgtg;RkNat;Edlmandac;rey:réy: }.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nimnþqøgkat;bu:sþi×RtYtBinitü RBHGgÁnimnþedIrmYy²cUleTAkñúgCMurM )anERbkøayPaBRsegHRsegaceTACaesckþIrMePIbeBjkñúgCMurMTaMgmUl CnePosxøÜn)ansÞúHmkrkRBHGgÁ EdlbgðajnUvnimitþrUbénRBHBuTæsasnaCaelIkdMbUgbg¥s;)anrs;eLIgvij eRkaykar)at;bg;Gs;eBld¾yUrknøgmk.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anTajsm<ayecjBIsµa RBHGgÁcab;yklixittUc²Edlmandac;rEhkmYykþab; kñúglixitenHCaBuTæ»vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæGMBIemtþaFm’ RBHGgÁ)anEcklixiteTACnePosxøÜnRKb;rUb RBmTaMg)ansURtFm’bYgsYgtamRbéBNI RbkbedaycriyaFm’Tn;Pøn; nigkareKarBd¾x<g;x<s; PaBesakseRgg nigGarmµN_rMeCIbrMCYlrbs;RbCaCn)anFUrRsal. BYkeK)anlt;CegÁg;RkabfVaybgÁM semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ Pøam²enaHsERmkRTeharyM)anpÞúHeLIglan;kgrMBgeBjCMurMTaMgmUl .

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbeRgonCnePosxøÜnfa {kMhwgnigkarsgswk EtgekIt mansarcuHsareLIgCabnþbnÞab;minQb;QreLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniymniglkç½NÐeLIy b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg. bBaØa nig kruNaRtUvedIrTmÞwgKña manEtmYyehIyxVHmYyeRbobdUckaredIrEteCIgmçag edIrmin)anq¶ayeT ehIymin)anyUreT GñknwgdYlCaminxaneLIy edIm,IføwgeGayesµIbBaØa nig kruNa

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GñkKYredIrsnSwm²eGay)anesµI² mþgmYyCMhan² mþgmYyCMhan¡Step by Step!

enAqñaMbnÞab; RbeTsevotNam)anvaylukcUlRbeTskm<úCaBYkTahanExµrRkhm)anrt;qøgEdncUlmkkñúgRbeTséfLgd_ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþeTACYbTahanExµrRkhm RBHGgÁ)ansMeNHsMNalCamYyTahanTaMgenaHGMBIBuTæ»vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæGMBIemtþaFm’ nigkruNaFm’ edayRBHGgÁBMu)anefáaleTaseTAelIGMeBITaMgLayEdlBYkenH)aneFVIeLIy semþcmanRBHraCbnÞÚlR)ab;elak GaLan eqnnWplitkrExSrPaBynþ Edl)anplitExSrvIedGUGMBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ GMBIsßanPaBCnePosxøÜnfa {BYkeKQWcab;xøaMgNas;rhUtdutsmøab;xøÜn BYkeKcg;)ansnþiPaB BYkeKcg;)anesckþIsux ehIyBYkeKEbrbn;sMuesckþIsuxsnþiPaBBIRBHBuTæCaGm©as ; }.

enAeBlsYrfa {etIRBHGgÁmanGarmµN_dUcemþccMeBaHBYkExµrRkhm?} semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ eGanRBHeksbnþiceTIbRBHGgÁeqøIytbfa³ {eyIgmanemtþaFm’ya:gFMeFgcMeBaHBYkeK BIeRBaHBYkeKminsÁal;GMBIsc©Fm’ BYkeKbMpøajRBHBuTæsasna BYkeKbMpøajxøÜnÉg}.

qñaM 1979 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anksagvtþenAkñúgCMurMCnePosxøÜn EdlsßitenAtambeNþayRBMEdnRbeTsExµr nigéfLg;d_.RBHGgÁ)anbMbYsRBHsgÇfµI² eTaHbIRBHGgÁRbQmmuxCamYybTbBa¢arrbs;eyaFaéfy:agNak¾eday. tamsmþIrbs; kaRtIn pUFik GñkCMnajEpñkRbvtþisaRsþRbeTskm<úCa )aneGaydwgfa enAeBlclnats‘Urbs;BYkExµrRkhmcab;bgçM edaykarekNÐCnePosxøÜneGayeFVITahan

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semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ rYmCamYyRBHRKUnikayRbUetsþg;RBHnam PItFWpn )aneFVIkarpSBVpSaytamry³lixitedIm,IFanafaCnTaMgLayNaEdlmincg;eFVImatuPUminivtþ RBHGgÁnigpþ;l;»kasdl;CnTaMgenaH edIm,IRCkekanenAkñúgvtþrbs;RBHGgÁ. eRkayBIkarGMBavnavenH manyuTæCnrab;Ban;nak;)anTmøak;GavuFenAmat;TVarvtþ ehIyrt;mkRCkekankñúgvtþ.BYkTahanéfEdlKaMRTs¶at;²dl;dMeNIrkarekNÐT½BedaybgçMrbs;BYkExµrRkhm )anxwgsm,arCamYysemþcy:agxøaMg. RBHRKU PItFW pnrYmTaMgkUnRbusrbs;Kat;)anRtUvcab;xøÜn b:uEnþeRkaymkRBHmhakSRtiyanIRBHGgÁCaFmµnidæénRBHBuTæsasna kñúgnamRBHsgÇ)aneFVIGnþraKmn_kñúgerOgenH. RBHRKU PItFW pn manefrdIkafa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ)ancUleTAsYrsuxTukçRBHetCKuNenAkñúgKuk kñúglkçN³kMEbøg RBHGgÁ)anxSwmdak;RBHkayRBHeys‘URKisþ kñúgeBlEdlRBHGgÁ)anhucnMb½ugsac; nigePsC¢³tamcMrwgTaVrénbnÞb;XMuXaMg. 1 qñaMeRkaymksemþcRBHmhaeXannÞ RtUv)aneKhamXat;mineGayRBHGgÁnimnþecjcUlkñúgCMurMeToteLIy. RBHGgÁ)aneFVIkarenAkñúgCMurM)anRtwmEtmYyqñaM bnÞab;mkRtUveKbgçMeGayRBHGgÁdkRBHkayecjBITIenaH.

enAqñaM 1980 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgBiessedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgtYnaTIrbs;RBHGgÁTTYlbnÞúkEpñkRkumRbwkSasgÁm nigesdækic©tMNagnireTskCnkm<úCa.

RBHsgÇExµrmancMnYnsrubTaMgGs; 65000 nak; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAmanrs;ranCIvitEt 3000 GgÁb:ueNaÑH eRkamrbbRKb;RKgd¾eXareXArbs;BYkExµrRkhmGs;ry³eBlCit 4 qñaM. semþcRBHmha

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eXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {ExµrRkhmmanCMenOfa BYkeKGace)assMGatRBHBuTæsasna BYkeKBüayamlubbM)at;RBHBuTæsasnab:uEnþRBHBuTæsasnaminGacrlMrlayCadac;xat RBHBuTæsasnaenACamYyCIvitrbs;RbCaCatiExµr RBHBuTæsasnaCaPasaCaemtþaFm’rbs;ExµrtaMgBIdUnta CaBiessRBHBuTæsasnaKWCaCIvitEdlbgáb;y:ageRCAkñúgebHdUgrbs;RbCaraRsþExµr¡}.

bNÐit PItFW xarI CaskmµCnsnþiPaBmYyrUbeTotEdl)aneFVIkarenAkñúgCMurMCnePosxøÜnpgEdr enaH)andMNalGMBIrebobEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anTb;sáat;karbHe)arhigSamYyrbs;RkumExµrRkhmKñaÉgEdlbMrugpÞúHGavuFdak;Kña. RBHGgÁ)ancMNacyeBleBjmYyéf¶edIm,IBnül;RkumTaMgenHGMBIsikçabTGhigSaTaMg8cMNuc.

tamsmþIrbs;elak PItFW xarI )aneGaydwgfa vtþmanrbs;RBHsgÇenAeBlenaH mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTb;sáat;karpÞúHhigSanigesckþITukçevTna. elak PItFW xarI )anrMlwkGMBIrebobEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anTb;sáat;karpÞúHGavuFenAkñúgCMurMEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;BYkExµrRkhmenAedImqñaM1980. eBlenaHRBHGgÁ)anRbmUlmnusSeBjv½yTaMgGs;eGaymksþab;karBnül;rbs;RBHGgÁeBjmYyéf¶GMBIsikçabTTaMg 8 rbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæ. mandMeNIrerOgmYyeTotdUcKñaenHekIteLIgenAkñ úgFmµaRtaelIkTI2BIextþesomrab mkkan;TIRkugPñMeBjenAkñúgqñaM1993 Ca]TahrN_GMBIesckþIkøahanrbs;RBHsgÇeFVIkarbNþúHKMnitmnusSTaMgLayeGaylHbg;ecalmaKa’eq<aHeTArkGMeBIhigSa }.

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RBHraCskmµPaBenAeRkACMurMCnePosxøÜnenaTsvtSr_80kñúgry³eBl 15 qñaM dMbUg semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbMeBj

kargaredIm,RbCaraRsþkm<úCa edayBMumankarenOyht;Gs;kmøaMgkaycitþbnþicesaHeLIy. enAkñúgqñaM1980 semþceFVICaGñktMNagRbCaCnExµrEdlnireTsxøÜnenAeRkARbeTs. kñúgRBHraCzan³CaTIRbwkSaénRkumRbwkSasgÁm nigesdækic©rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati semþcKWCashGñksßabnikénebsskmµGnþr³sasnaedIm,IsnþiPaBEdl)anpþÜcepþImeFVIyuTænakarEpñksasnasMxan;²CaeRcIndUcCa {TivaBiPBelakénkarsURtFm’bYgsYg edIm,IsnþiPaBenARbeTskm<úCa nigenATUTaMgBiPBlelakTaMgmUl}.

enAcugqñaM 1980 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anyageTAKg;enATIRkugRbUvIdg; kñúgrdæ rU:dGayELn enATIenaHehIyEdlRBHGgÁ)anbegáItvtþExµrmuneKbg¥s;enAshrdæGaemrik. enATsvtSr_TI 80semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )aneRbIeBlevlaedayBMuKitGMBIkarenOyht;RBHkay )anyagecjeTAbMeBjebskkmµenAbNþaRbeTsenAelIBiPBelak dUcCaRBHGgÁnimnþeTACYbshKmn_ExµrenARbeTs)araMg/GaemrikxageCIg/ nimnþeTAbBa©úHsImavtþExµrenARbeTsGURsþalI karsem<aFn_shKmn_Exµr rYmTaMgkardwknaMBuTæbris½TR)arBVeFVIBiFIbuNü rYmTaMgkaryageFVICaRBHraCGFibtIkñúgkmµviFIvb,Fm’epSg² kñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSa CaBiessRBHGgÁ)anCMrujdl;kic©crcasnþiPaBenAkm<úCa nigkarsßaRbeTskm<úCaeLIgivj.

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enAqñaM 1983 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAkan;TIRkugr:Um edIm,IcUlKal;semþc b:b cn b:Ul TI 2 CaelIkdMbUgedIm,IBiPakSaGMBITYnaTIsasnakñúgkarksagsnþiPaBBiPBelak. kñúgeBlcUlKal;semþcb:b semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ mansgÇdIkaEbbkMEbøgfa {´)aneGabsemþc ehIy)anelIkRBHGgÁputBIdI¡ ´)anelIkRBHviharrUm:g;katUlikputBIdI¡}. semþc b:b cn b:Ul )antaMgRBHqayal½kçEdlRBHGgÁ)an eGabsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ enAkñúgmhaRBHviharva:TIkg; CaerogrhUtmk . cab;taMgBIqñaM 1986 TivasURtFm’bYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelakRtUvR)arBVeLIgCaerogral;qñaM edaymanemdwknaMsasnaBiPBelak)anmkCYbCMuKñaenATIRkug GasIusIu edIm,IeFVIkarsURtFm’bYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaB. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþyagcUlrYmTivaenHerogral;qñaMrhUtRtwmeBlEdlRBHGgÁesayRBHTivgÁt.TivaenH)anbdisnæieLIgBIEpøpáaénkarcUlKal;rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYysemþc b:b cn b:Ul TI 2.

RBHetCKuN CUsIu XVg rU:sIu mansgÇdIkaGMBIkarCYbKñaCaelIkdMbUgenARBHviharva:TIkg;fa {´manP½BVsMNag Edl)andEgðrsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RBHGgÁmanrUbragtUc-søÚtbUtNas; Tn;Pøn; RBHGgÁmaneRsameCIgBN’elOg BN’Rkhm BN’TwkRkUc>>> eRkayeBlsemþc)ancUlKal;semþc b:b )ansYrsemþcGMBIkarCYbCamYysemþcb:b rbs;RBHGgÁ)anRbRBwtþeTAy:agNaEdr? semþcRTg;eqøIyfa{semþc b:b F¶n;Nas;¡ eyIg)anCYbKñaenAelICeNþIrénmhaRBHvihar EdlmanmnusSrab;Ban;nak;)anemIlsemþc b:b eGabsemþc

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RBHmhaeXasnnÞ -esÞIRCuHEvntarbs;RBHGgÁ}. bnÞab;mksemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbnþkaryageTATTYlsemþc b:b mnusSRKb;KñamankarPJak;ep¥IlcMeBaHRBwtþkarN_enH b:uEnþenARbeTskm<úCa eKEtgEteTATTYlGVIEdlCaTIskáar³ enHKWCaehtuplEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa semþc b:b cn b:Ul F¶n;Nas;. semþc b:b cnb:Ul )anyag semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edIm,IminmþcUlrYmenATivasURtFm’bYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaBCamYyemdwknaMsasnaBiPBelakenARkugGasIusIu . \LÚvTivaenHkøayeTACaTivaEdl)anR)arBVeFVIeLIgCaerogral;qñaMehIy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anyageTAcUlrYmrhUtRtwmeBlRBHGgÁesayRBHTivgÁt.

enAéf¶TI 14 Exemsa qñaM 1983 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anR)arBVBiFImYyenATIRkugj:Úvyk enAmCÄmNÐ hSin xagekItpøÚvelx 31BiFIenHmanePJóvcUlrYmTaMgGs;cMnYn 200 nak; EdlGeBa¢IjmkBIRbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa RbeTslav/RbeTsPUmarnigRbeTséfLgd_ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ KWCaRBHsgÇmYyGgÁKt;Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgBiFIenaH semþc)aneGayEpøTMBaM)ayCUrBN_sVayeTAePJóv niwgeFVIBiFIbYgsYg.

cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk RbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_manesckþIsgÇwmGMBIkarbegáItvtþrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlenaH.

enAkñúgqñaM 1985 eRkayGMBIkar]TÞisvtþsnþiPaBenATIRkug lIvEr:trdæ ma:saCUsSit rYcmk semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anpøas;eTATIRkug lIvEr:t tamkarnimnþrbs;RBHetCKuN nIb:unsSan mIyU:hUCI.

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edIm,ICakarrMlwkeLIgvijGMBIGtItRBHRKUrbs;semþcCamYyRBHetCKuNnICIdas‘Y hVÚCI semþc)anksagRBHviharRBHBuTæsasnaExµrmYykénøgEdlmantItaMgenAEk,rvtþsnþiPaBrbs;RBHRKU nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI.

kgT½BsnþiPaBrbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞenAqñaM 1987 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇ

mYyRkumnimnþeTATIRkug hSakata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©crcasnþiPaBEdl]btßmÖedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgRBHnaménRbeTskm<úCa. enAkñúgeBlkMBugcrcar RBHsgÇ)anR)arBVBiFIsURtFm’bYgsYg kareFVIsmaFi karerobcMBiFIbuNüCapøÚvkar edIm,IsnþiPaB niwgkarÉkPaBCati karpSBVpSayesckþIEføgkarN_GMBIsnþiPaB karsMueGayPaKImanCemøaHeFVIkarsRmussRmYlKña-karGMBavnaveGayemdwknaMénPaKIExµrRkhm nigemdwknaMénPaKIRbqaMgCamYyExµrRkhmRbkan;ykmaKa’ {snþiPaBKWCabMNgR)afñarbs;eyIgRKb;Kña}.

RBHraCvtþmanCaGBüaRkitüPaBrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞrYmCamYyKN³RbtiPUsgÇ )anbgðajKMrUGMBIkarrYbrYmKñasMrab;PaKIEdlmanCemøaH. mundMbUg PaKIkumµúynisþCMTas;CamYyBiFIkartamsasnaenHb:uEnþedaymankaresñIeLIgrbs; semþcRBH)aT neratþm sIhnusemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RtUv)anfVayRBHraCkitþiysnimnþKg;Cab;CamYyRBHmhakSRtenAeBlEdlKN³RbtiPUén PaKInimYy²)anbgðajvtþmanrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgkic©RbCMuenH. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anCYybnÞn;CMhrrbs;PaKIEdlRbqaMgCamYyPaKIkumµúynisþ EdleRkaymk

62

)anekItCaEpøpáaénsþareLIgvijénRBHBuTæsasna Edl)ankMNt;Casasnarbs;rdæmanEcgkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;RbeTskm<úCa eRkamkardwknaMd¾x<g;x<s;rbs; semþc h‘un Esn CanaykrdæmRnþI.

{snþiPaBGacseRmc)an} enHCaRBHraCsBÞrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anTTUccMeBaHPaKIenAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH eRkaymk)ankøayeTACa)avcnarbs;RBHGgÁsMrab;karsßabnakgB½TsnþiPaBEdlmanGavuFeRbIRKab;emtþkruNaFm’. enHCakgB½TEdlBMumanGavuFb¤BMumankarRbkan;bkSneya)ay enHKWCakgB½TEdlnaMmknUvkarpSHpSaCatimanesckþIkøahanx<s;Tmøak;ecalhigSa CakgT½BEdlmanebskkmµedIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarbBa©b;esckþITukçesak.

elak kaRtIn pUFik )ankt;sMKal;fatamry³snñisiTénkic©crcasnþiPaBrbs;PaKIExµr enH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anCYbCamYybBVCitkatUlikr:UmauMgmYyGgÁRBHnam bb ma:t semþc)anEføgGMNrRBHKuNcMeBaHbBVCitGgÁenH Edl)aneFVIkarbMerICnePosxøÜnenACMurMsayFUsßitenARBMEdnRbeTsLg;d_ nigkm<úCa cab;taMgBIqñaM 1980. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ansYrsMnYreTAbBVCitfa ehtuGVIRBHetCKuNeFVIkarCYyEtPaKImçag ehIyBMu)anKaMRT]btßmÖdl;yuTæCnExµrRkhmEdl)ankøayCaCnePosxøÜnpgEdr? sMnYrenH)anbegáItnUvkarKitKUrbEnßbeTot.elak pUFik )andMNalfa bBVCitkatUlikr:UmauMgrUbenaH rYmCaRBHetCKuNys h‘ut exmcaera CaRBHsgÇExµrmYyGgÁeTot EdlmanRBHkitþinaml,Il,ajpgEdrenaH)anbegáItmCÄmNÐlmYymaneQµaHfa {mCÄmNÐledIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSa} RBHetCKuN ys h‘ut exmcaera Kg;enA

63

eRkARbeTskñúgGMLúgeBlrbbExµrRkhm eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)annimnþeTAKg;enARbeTs)araMg nigRbeTsGURsþalI bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)annimnþRtLb;mkKg;enACMurMsayFU edIm,IbeRgonGMBIsiTæimnusSEdl]btßmÖedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

kñúgqñaM 1988 enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenATIRkug)a:rIs semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RtUv)anfVaysmNskþiCan;x<s;bMputCa semþcRBHmhasgÇraC CasgÇnaykExµrBiPBelak. RBHGgÁ)anTTYlykRBHraCzan³enHCabeNþaHGasnñ rhUtmankareRCIserIsRBHsgÇraCfµIEdlRtUvKg;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj.

bnÞab;mkenAqñaM 1989 mhaviTüal½y RbUvIdg; TIRkug RbUvIdg; rdærU:dGayELn )anRbeKnRBHraCzan³fVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞCabNÐitkitþiyssMrab;RBHraCebskkmµrbs;RBHGgÁ kñúgkic©karbMerImnusSFm’.

RbPB³esovePAmYyCMhanmþg e)aHBumÖpSayeday Jane Mahoney nwg Philip Edmonds

Kathryn Poethig } dMeNIrqøgkat;dMeNIrFmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa } RbvtþisaRsþBuTæsasnanigclnasasnaenAkm<úCa e)aHBumÖpSayeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.RBHFm’rs;eLIgvijenAkm<úCa kñúgTsSnavdI RBHsgÇéRB rbs;bNÐit Peter Carey.

RBHetCKuN Jakusho Kwong Roshi, Sonoma Mountain mCÄmNÐl Zen snþrkfatam on-line enAmCÄmNÐl Zen TIRkug Providence,

RBwtþib½RtB½t’man Rkug Providence cuHéf¶TI30 Exkkáda qñaM1988 GtßbTsþIGMBIBuTæsasnikCnExµreRCIserIsRBHsgÇraC .

64

RBHBuTækñúgsmrPUmi

kñ úgTsvtSr_1990 PaBGs;sgÇwmenAEtbnþmanenAkm< úCaRbCaraRsþExµrrab;ryBan;nak;)ankøayCaCnePossikenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn ekItGMBIkarvayRbyuTæKñarvagkgT½BExµrRkhm CamYykgT½BExµrPñMeBj. PaBrMeCIbCMrYlEpñkesdækic© nigesckþIPitP½y)anekIteLIgenATUTaMgRbeTs. kñúgkarRbwgERbgedIm,IykC½yCMnHelIrdæaPi)aleRkamkarRKg;RKgrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbeTscin RbeTséfLg;d_nigkgT½BGaemrik)anbnþkarKaMRTBYkExµrRkhmenAkñúgkarRbyuTæKñaenAtamtMbn;PaKxaglicénRbeTskm<úCa.

enAcugqñaM 1990 sPaGaemrik)andak;sm<aFeGaydkkarKaMRTBYkExµrRkhm ehIybgVilCMnYyenHeTACaCMnYymnusSFm’sMrab;RbCaCnExµrvij. kic©RBmeRBogenATIRkug)a:rIsEdl)ancuHhtßelxaenAqñaM1991 )anesñIeGaybiTCMurMenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf nigkareFVImatuPUminivtþénCnePosxøÜncMnYnbIEsnnak;cUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCavij.

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RBHmhakSRtExµr RTg;sBVRBHT½yya:gxøaMgcMeBaHRBHraCskmµPaBd¾éføføarbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.RBHkruNa)anesñIeyablBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edayRBHGgÁmankarxVl;xVayy:agxøaMgcMeBaHTukçevTnaénRbCaraRsþrbs;RBHGgÁ.eBlsYrfaetIsemþc)anfVayeyablGVIeTARBHmhakSRt semþcRTg;)aneqøIytbfa {eyIg)anfVayeyableTARBHkruNa sUmeGayRBHGgÁ

65

kMuXøatecjputBIxN³bc©úb,nñ esckþITukçnigFøak;mkelIRBHGgÁkalNaRBHGgÁKiteTArkerOgGtItkal b¤GnaKtkal RbsinebIRBHGgÁsßitenAkñúgxN³bc©úb,nñ RBHGgÁnwgmanesckþIsux CIvitKWCaxN³bc©úb,nñ kardkdegðImcUlKWsßitenAkñúgxN³bc©úb,nñ kardkdegðImecjKWsßitenAkñúgxN³bc©úb,nñ degðImminekItenAkñúgRKaEdlknøghYsputeTAeT kardkdegðImk¾minsßitenAkñúgeBlGnaKtEdrdegðImrbs;eyIgmandMeNIrenAkñúgeBl\LÚvenH>>>>>>>}

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa {sRgÁamkñúgcitþRtUvkareBlevlaedIm,IrMlt;yUrCagsRgÁamkaNugkaMePøIg>>>>eyIgRtUvkarBüa)aledayemtþaFm’ eyIgRtUveFVIdMeNIrsnSwm²mYyCMhanmþg²>>>} kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;nUvkarlM)akenH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa {´minq¶l;eTcMeBaHkarRslaj;GñkCiHCan;eFVI)abeK RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput edIm,IsMerc b:uEnþbBaðaenHCac,ab;sMrab;TMnak;TMngCasakl. kMhwg nigkarsgswk EtgekItmansarcuHsareLIgCabnþbnÞab;minQb;QreLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfacuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkç½NÐeLIy b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg.vamann½yfaeyIgemIlxøÜn eyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUv.sRtUvCaGVI? sRtUvKWsBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgemahPaB. ehIyxøÜneyIgpÞal;k¾Caemah³énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr. ehtuenH manEtemtþaFm’ RBhµviharnigstiEdl)anp©itp©g;RtwmRtUvehIyeTeTIbGacerIxøÜnecj)an } .

66

semþcRBH neratþm sIhn u u u u u RBHmhakSRtkm<úCa RTg;)aneR)asRBHraCTanRbeKnRBHbrmgarfVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CasemþcRBH bEnßmelI mhaeXasnnÞ. enHCasmNskþix<s;bMputEdlRBHGgÁ)anTTYlBIRBHmhakStüCa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞEdlmanGtßn½y CasemþcEdlmanRBHetC³x<g;x<s; ]tþúg]tþmxøaMgkøa.bEnßmBIenH RBHkruNaCam©as;CIvitRTg;eR)asRBHraCTanRBHraCzan³CasemþcRBHsgÇsnþiPaB sMrab;RbeTskm<úCapgEdr.

enAéf¶TI 12 Exemsa qñaM 1992 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;)andwknaMFmµyaRtaelIk TI 1 edIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCatiEdlmanry³eBlmYyExenAPaKxageCIgénRbeTskm<úCa KWenAmuneBlénkarmkdl;rbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiehAkat;fa G‘untak;. FmµyaRtaedIm,Isc©PaB b¤CaFmµyaRtaedIm,IsnþiPaB )anRbRBwtþeTAmanry³eBlCaeRcInéf¶ nigCaeRcIns)aþh_.RBHetCKuN Ej:m Kwmetg PikçúsgÇmYyGgÁEdl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgFmµyaRtaenaHEdrmansgÇdIkafa {tamry³FmµyaRtaenH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ xitxMKas;kkayGVIEdleyIg)an)at;bg;eTA edIm,IeGayRtLb;mkvij. ExµrCaCatisasn_mYymancriyaFm’éføfñÚrsuPaBrabsar mancitþesµaHRtg; nigmankruNaFm’. enAkñúgRKalM)ak ExµrecHCYyKña eyIgecHniyayrkKñaedayesckþIeKarB>>>\LÚvenHeyIg)at;bg;Gs;ehIyenAkñúgsRgÁam GMeBIhigSa nigkarbMpøicbMpøaj }.

67

FmµyaRtaelIkTI 1 rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞTTYl)annUvkarGbGrsaTry:agFMeFg nigTUlMTUlayBIsMNak;mhaCn. FmµyaRtaTI 1 enHKWCakarcab;epþIménkarvilRtLb;mkvijénCnePosxøÜnExµrmkkan;matuPUmivijBICMrMuenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf.

skmµCnsiTæimnusSmñak;eQµaH GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn Edl)ancUlrYmdMeNIrFmµyaRtaelIkTI 1 )anerobrab;GMBIRBwtþkarN_enAExkkádaqñaM 1992 kñúgRBwtþb½RtB½t’manmYyeQµaHRBHsgÇéRBy:agdUecñHfa{FmµayaRtaenHmankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;CnePosxøÜnrab;rynak;rYmTaMgRBHsgÇ nimnþmkBIRbeTsRsIlgáar RbeTséfLg;d_ nigRbeTsCb:un )anedIrqøgcUleTAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. GñkcUlrYmedIrk,ÜnFmµyaRtaTaMgenaHmankarrYbrYmKñal¥Nas; fVIebIBYkeKXøatq¶ayBIRkumRKYsar . k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBjenAéf¶TI 13 Ex]sPa cMéf¶buNüvisaxbUCa Caéf¶EdlRBHsmµasm<úTæRTg;RbsURt.hVÚgmnusSkuHkr)anQremIlenAsgxagpøÚv GñkxøH)ancUlrYmdMeNIrkñúgFmµyaRtaenHpgEdr. eBlEdlk,ÚnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;xagmuxRBHbrmraCvaMgmanmnusScUlrYm)anekIneLIgrhUtdl;cMnYnCagmYyBan;nak; }.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa¢ak;fa FmµyaRtaenHBMuEmnCa)atukmµneya)ayeT FmµyaRtaenHk¾BMuEmnCaerOgcEmøkkñúgRBHBuTæsasnaEdr. FmµyaRta KWkareFVIdMeNIrtamRBHBuTæ brmRKUpÞal; RBHGgÁFøab;)andwknaMsav½krbs;RBHGgÁeFVIdMeNIrrebobenHCag 2500 qñaM knøgmkehIy. RBHGgÁdwknaMRBHsgÇsav½kmanExSrbnÞat;d¾évg nimnþeTA

68

kan;TICnbT edIm,IeTsnaBnül;BIerOgsnþiPaB nigpøÚvsMrab;erIxøÜnecjBITukç RBHsmµasm<úTæFaøb;eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;smrPUmiEdlkMBugmankarRbyuTæKñapgEdr.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anrMlwkerOgmYyenAkñúgsm½yBuTækalEdlTak;TgCamYysÞwgerahiNI EdlehobnigpÞúHsRgÁamrvagRbeTsCitxagKñaBIrKW ekaliy³ nigskü³. sßankarN_enHekIteLIgrvagraCüvgSénRbeTsTaMgBIr EdlenAsgxagsÞwgKña. nKrTaMgBIrenHsuTæEtCasac;jatiénRBHeKatmskümunIKWRBHBuTæGgÁ )aneRtomkmøaMgT½BeFVIsRgÁaCamYyKña edIm,IdeNþImTwkedaysarTwkePøógFøak;ticeBkTwksÞwgerahiNIrak;ehIyRsUvminTan;dak;RKab; GñkRsukRBYy)armÖGMBIkarRbmUlpl. RbCaraRsþTaMgsgxagcg;)anTwkEterog²xøÜn ehIymankarCECkKñaRbkbedaykMhwg edayeRbIBaküRbmafeCrRbeTcdak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. erOgenH)anB£eTAdl;RBHmhakSRténnKrTaMgBIrehIy)anerobcMedIm,IeFVIsRgÁamCamYyKña.

RBHBuTæGgÁ)anTTYlB½t’manGMBIsaßnkarN_énkarRbQmmuxdak;KñarvagkgT½BénnKrTaMgBIr. RBHGgÁ)ansMercRBHT½yyagcUleFVIGnþra-Kmn_ ebImindUecñHBYkeKniwgsmøab;KñaCaminxan. RBHBuTæyageTAkan;smrPUmiedayRTg;yageTAcenøaHkgT½BTaMgBIr. enAeBlEdleXIjRBHBuTæGgÁ RkumjativgSrbs;RBHGgÁmankarRsgakcitþ nigxµas;eGonehIyPaKITaMgsgxagnaMKñaTMlak;GavuF RkabfaVybgÁM RBHBuTæGgÁedayesckþIeKarB. bnÞab;mkRBHBuTæGgÁ)ansYreTAPaKITaMgBIrfa {rvagTwksÞwgnigQammnusS etImYyNamantémøCag?}. nKrTaMgBIryl;Rsb

69

fa QammnusSR)akdCamantémøCagTwksÞwg. RBHBuTæGgÁ)anBnül;eTotfa {RbsinebIkarRbQmmuxdak;KñaekIteLIgedaybuBVehtuBITwk BiRtmharaCTaMgBIrnwgeFVIeGayTwksÞwgenHeGaykøayeTACaQamehIy} nKrTaMgBIrenAes¶oms¶at;. RBHBuTæGgÁRTg;manBuTæikarbnþeTotfa ³ {RbsinebIkarRbQmmuxdak;KñaekIteLIg edaybuBVehtuBITwk etImYyNamantémøticCag>> BiRtmharaCTaMgBIr>> minKYrbMpøajCIvitmnusSeT etImYyNamantémøFMeFgCag b¤mYyNamantémøtictYcCag}.

FmµayaRtaenHekItecjGMBITwkcitþRCHføarbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRBHGgÁ)annimnþedayefµIreCIgqøgkat;tMbn;nanaenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExµrEfLgd_ nigqøgkat;smrPUmiEdleBaeBjedayRKab;mIn.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa {eyIgCaBuTæsasnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahanecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg ehIycUleTAkan;vtþBiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBjeTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuTæ-RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæI eyIgminGaceFVIGIVeToteT. CMrMuePossik BnænaKar tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enAGBa©wgsmrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg}.

sRgÁamcb;ehIy GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn )anrMlwkGMBIFmµyaRtaelIkTI 1 manmnusS

rab;Ban;RKYsar)anQrCaCYrtambeNþaypøÚvsmøwgmkrkmnusSsnþiPaB

70

EdlkMBugedIrCak,Ünqøgkat;PUmi Rsukrbs;BYkeK EdlBYkeKminFøab;)aneXIjBImunmk elIkElgEtRBwtþkarN_énkarCemøósRbCaCnedaybgçMecjBIRkugPñMeBjrbs;BYkExµrRkhmEtb:ueNaÑH. enAeBlk,ÜnFmµyaRtaqøgkat;PUmi b¤TIRbCMuCn GñkeFVIdMeNIrenAkñúgk,Ün)aneR)aHTwkdak;GñkQrtamdgpøÚv ehIy)anERskeLIgfa {sRgÁamcb;ehIy¡}

ebItamsmþIrbs; bWnesÞn FmµyaRtaenH)anbgðajGMBIIdMeNIrpSHpSaCati nigkareFVIeGayFUes,Iydl;RbCaraRsþExµr Edl)anCYbRbTHnUvesckþIQWcab;exøacpSakñúgeBlknøgmk. esckþIeRtkGrlayLMCamYyTwkEPñk)anekIteLIgCamYyGñkeFVIdMeNIrkñúgk,ÜnCaCnePossikeRkayeBlEdlBYkeK)anCYbCMuRkumRKYsarEdl)anEbkKñaGs;ry³eBl 13 qñaM 15 qñaM nig 20 qñaM.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anR)arBVBiFIeR)aHTwkmnþtamRbéBNI edaykarsURtFm’ bYgsYg edIm,ICRmH]bRTBcéRg nigRBwtþkarN_eFVI»yexøacpSaEdlekItBIsRgÁam. semþcRTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa{Gatµa>>CabuKÁlFmµta kareRsacTwkenHERbmkfakarlagsMGat}.

bWnesÞn )anbnþeTotfa FmµyaRtaenHCYbkarlM)akenArdUvR)aMgCaFmµtaeyIg)ankMNt;eBlecjdMeNIrcab;BIema:g 2 b¤ema:g 3 eTobPøWCaeBlEdlRtCak;. caMfaenARBwkmYy )aneXIjRsþImñak;dwkédbursCabþI EdlGñkTaMgBIrmanGayuRbEhl 60 qñaM enAeBlCitdl;s<anmanBnøWBilcaMgeXIjs<an)ak;edaykEnøg ´)anB£RsþIenaHniyayfa{Rby½tñRtg;enH mans<an)ak;edIrxagsþaM QanCMhanxøI² } tamBitbþIrbs;RsþIenaHBikarEPñk )ansYreTAKat;fars;enAÉNa? Kat;)anR)ab;

71

mk´fa {enAq¶ay¡ cm¶ayBITIenHeTApÞHKat; 20 KILÚEm:Rt }. Kat;)anniyayR)ab; eTotfa BYkeyIg)anB£B½t’mankalBIRBwkmSilmijmkfak,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;TIenHenAeBll¶ac kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;minEdl)aneXIjFmµyaRtaeT BYkeyIgRtUvEtmkcUlrYm enHCa»kassMrab;eyIg .

FmµyaRta)aneFVIeLIgRsbCamYybBaðaCaeRcInEdl)anekIteLIg.muneBlecjdMeNIr manmnusSCaeRcInnak;)anbg¥ak;eyIgfa FmµyaRtaenHminGaceFVIeTA)aneT BIeRBaHman]bsKÁRKab;mInkb;enAkñúgdIeRcInNas;. bWnesÞn enAcaMfa ]bsKÁepSgeTotEdlFmµyaRta)anCYbRbTHpgEdrKI ekItGMBImRnþIrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anraraMgBYkeyIg]bsKÁekItGMBIBYkExµrRkhm nigPaKIExµrc,aMgKñaekItGMBIrdæaPi)alRbeTséfLg;d_ rYmTaMgkaryayIrbs;BYkecarenAtammUldæan. bWnesÞn)anniyayeTotfa enAeBlenaH eyIg)anseRmcfa dMeNIrFmµyaRtaRtUvEtbnþeTAmux eTaHbICYb]bsKÁGVIk¾edayrYmTaMgbBaðaGakasFatuekþAnardUvR)aMgEdlmankemþAeLIgdl; 45 GgSar nigbBaðaxVHTwk.

FmµyaRta)anmkdl;extþ)at;dMbgedayBMumanCYbbBaðaGVITal;EtesaH. mnusSmYycMnYn)ancUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyeyIgmYyry³xøIGñkxøHeTotbnþdMeNIrCamYyeyIgkñúgcm¶aypøÚvEvg. enAtampøÚv GñkRsukykcgðan; cMNIGahar nwgTwkmkRbeKRBHsgÇ rYmTaMgkarerobcMkEnøgsRmak;eBlyb;sMrab;GñkeFVIFmµyaRtapgEdr. CaTUeTAk,ÜnFmµyaRtaeRcInEtsMctenAkñúgvtþ .

FmµyaRta)anCYbCamYyRbCaCny:ageRcInkuHkrenAtamPUmi Rsuk

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EdleyIg)anqøgkat;. burscMNas;mñak;)anR)ab; fa {kUnrbs; )ansøab;Gs;ehIy ´rs;enAmñak;Ég \LÚvRBHBuTæsasna)anmkCYyeyIg eyIgCYbmnusSCaeRcInnak;)anedIrdEgðrk,ÜnedIm,IsnþiPaBnigedIm,Ikarrs;eLIgvijénRBHBuTæsasna RbeTsCatirbs;eyIgnigTTYl)anesckþIsuxekSmkSanþ. edaysarEteyIgePøcRBHBuT§sasna eyIg)anedIrvegVgpøÚvkab;smøab;Kña eFVIsRgÁambgðÚrQamKña\LÚvenHeyIg)anmkCYbCMuKñavijeRkammøb;énRBHBuT§sasna}.RsþImñak;)anEnßmfa {ExµreyIgminEdl)anTTYlsnþiPaBGs;ry³eBlyUrmkehIy eyIgminEdlsÁal;snþiPaBeT \LÚveyIg)aneXIjRBHsgÇ rYmTaMgGñkeFVIFmµyaRta naMeGayeyIgKitfa RBHsgÇmkbeRgoneyIgeGayecHRsLaj;rab;GanKña nigkarrYbrYmKñaeLIgvij. enAeBlĆYbTidæPaBenH rMePIbcitþxøaMgNas; niyayminrYceT eyIgR)akdCaTTYl)ansnþiPaB¡ }.

enAéf¶TI 13 Ex]sPa qñaM 1992 mnusScUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrFmµyaRtamancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg² cMnYnekInCagmYyBan;nak;)anmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBjenAcMéf¶buNüBisaxbUCa. RBHsgÇrab;ryGgÁrYmTaMgdUnCIrab;rynak;nimnþedIredayPaBs¶b;es¶óm RbkbedayesckþIéføfñÚrenAtamdgvifI Edlmancm¶aypøÚvCagmYyKILÚEm:Rt.

karyagRtLb;mkvijrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbegáItnUvBaküccamGaramepþImecjBIBuT§TMnayburaNmYyEdleBalfa{eRkayBIkardYlrlMénBYkTmiLGt;sasnaputeTA CYbGñkbuNümñak;CaRBHGgÁm©as;ragtUcsesþIgyagmkseRgÁaHRbCaraRsþ}.

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enAqñaM 1992 manRBwtþkarN_BIr)anekIteLIg TI 1³ kare)aHBumÖesovePAkarcMerInbBaØa nig kruNaFm’ mYyCMhanmþgrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ eday Parallax Press esovePAenH)anbkERbCaPasa Exµr/éf/eGHs,aj nigB½rTuyeKð. TI 2³ mUlnIFi ra:hVtU énTIRkugbWKðin RbeTsN½rev: )anRbeKnrgVan;GMBIsiTæimnusSfVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.

RbPB³karrMlwkGMBIFmµyaRtaelIkTI1rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak Scott

Hunt sþIGMBIGnaKténsnþiPaB Harper Co qñaM2002.Kathryn Poethig {dMeNIrqøgkat;FmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa} RbvtþisaRsþRBHBuTæsasnanigclnasasnaenAkm<úCae)aHBumÖeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.GtßbTrbs; Elizabeth Bernstein kñúgRBwtþb½RtB½t’manRBHsgÇéRB Exkkáda qñaM1992mancMNgeCIgfa {lagsMGatsñabRbLak;Qam}.

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FmµyaRtaelIkTI2

FmµyaRta)ankøayCaclnabnþeTAFmµyaRtaelIkTI2Edl)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1993 munkare)aHeqñatCatielIkdMbUgrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )andwknaMFmµyaRtaenHqøgkat;tMbn;EdlkMBugmansRgÁamenAeLIy edayRBHGgÁmaneKalbMNgyageTAenAEk,rRbCaCnedIm,IelIkTwkBYkeKBuHBareGay)aneRmcelIkarP½yxøacGMeBIhigSaEpñkneya)ay b¤karbMPitbMP½yEpñkneya)ayniwgkareRbIR)as;siTæikñúgkare)aHeqñat.

RBHsgÇ dUnCI ])ask ])asika RbmaNCag 400 nak; )ansµ½RKcitþeFVIFmµyaRtaEdl)anQaneCIgnUvCMhanTImYyrbs;eKkñúgcMgaypøÚv350 KILÚEm:Rt qøgkat;extþEdlkMBugEhkhYrKñaedaysRgÁam dUcCaextþesomram extþkMBg;FM extþkMBg;cameq<aHmkkan;TIRkugPñMeBj.

muneBlecjdMeNIrBIextþesomrab KN³kmµkardwknaMk,ÜnFmµyaRta)aneFVIkarbNþúHbNþalGñkedIrk,Ün rYmTaMgkarGnuvtþn_kargarepSg²enAvtþdMNak;kñúgextþesomrab. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andMNal fa {RKaenaH eyIg)anB£sñÚrkaMePøIgrbs;PaKIkMBugRbyuTæKñaenAEk,rRkumFmµyaRta RKab;kaMePøIgmYycMnYn)anehaHTmøúHCBa¢aMgRBHvihar. GñkeFVIFmµayaRta 3 nak; )anRtUvrbYs edaymñak;RtUvcMsµñaFøayeTAmçag} semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andas;etOnGñkeFVIFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;eGayrkSaPaBs¶b;es¶ómBIkarPitP½yTaMgenH

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edayRBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eBlxøHeyIgmanP½y b:uEnþbnþiceRkaymk karPitP½yenHrlt;putBIeyIg. eyIgRtUvEtbnþdMeNIrrbs;eyIgedIm,IpSBVpSayemtþaFm’ kruNaFm’ nigkareKarBsiTæirbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbEdlrgeRKaHBIsRgÁam}.

bBVCit bb m:at nwg GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn Edl)ancUlrYmkñúgFmµyaRtaenaH )andMNalGMBIdMeNIrFmµyaRtakalRKaenaHmanerOgcEmøk²)anekIteLIg. TIvtþEdlRkumFmµyaRta)anRbmUlpþú MKñaeFVIsmaFi KWenARBlwméf¶TI 3 Ex]sPa )ankøayCaTItaMgsmrPUmiRbyuTæKñarvagkgT½BExµrRkhm nigkgT½BrdæaPi)al. karRbyuTæKñaenH)anRbRBwtþeTAGs;ry³eBlCit 4 em:ag eFVIeGaysmaCik FmµyaRta 3 nak; RtUvrgrbYs. kñúgeBlkMBugRbyuTæKñaenH PaKIbdibkç)anKb;RKab;EbkmYyRKab;cUlmkkñúgbnÞb; Føak;cMkNþalRkumFmµyaRta EdlmanKñaRbEhl200 nak; rYmTaMg semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlCaGñkdwknaMFmµyaRtapgEdr EtCakuslRKab;EbkenaHBMu)anpÞúHeLIy. eBlEdlkarRbyuTæKña)ans¶b;;eTA GñkcUlrYmFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;)anRbmUlpþMúKñaenACMuvij semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlmanRBHPRkþjjwm RTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {RBHBuTæCYyeyIg¡ }.

GñkeFVIFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;Kña Etgcab;epþImecjeFVIdMeNIrCaerogral;RBwkenAem:ag 4 eTA 5 PøW BIeRBaHCaeBlRtCak; dMeNIrFmµyaRtaGaRs½yeTAelIsßanPaBsnþisuxénPUmiRsukpgEdr. sgxagdgpøÚvsuTæEtCacMkarmIn sItuNðPaBekþA 40 GgSar FmµyaRtaedIrqøgkat;TItaMgrbs;kgkmøaMgrkSasnþiPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCati Edle)aHbg;ecaleday

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sarBMumansuvtþiPaB CYnkalmanePøóg EdleFVIeGayGñkdMeNIrTTwkeCaKCaMTaMgGs; GñkEdlQrrg;caMTTYltamdgpøÚvk¾TTwkeCaKdUcKñaEdr.

bBVCit m:at nig bWnesÞn )anerobrab;GMBIRBwtþkarN_enaHfa eBleyIgecjdMeNIrem:ag 4 PøW enATIRkugk¾dUcCnbTEdr RbCaCnesÞIrEtRKb;RKYsar)anQrrgcaMenAxageRkApÞHrbs;eK edaymane)a:tmanTwkeBjmYy² maneTonFUbGuCehIyeRsc. RBHsgÇnigdUnCIedIrBIrCYrtamdgpøÚv RBHsgÇ nigdUnCI)an)acTwk nigRbsiTæiBrCUnGñkRsukTaMgenaHfa³{sUmeGayGñkmansnþiPaBkñúgcitþ>>> kñúgRKYsar>>> kñúgPUmi>>> nigkñúgRbeTseyIg>>>} cMENkGñkRsukEdlkMBugQrtamdgpøÚv)an)acTwkcak;elIeCIgRBHsgÇ dUnCI edayCUnBrs½BÞsaFukarfa {sUmeGayRBHetCKuNRKb;GgÁ dUnCIRKb;rUb eFVIdMeNIreTA)ansuxsb,ay¡sUmRtCak;dUcTwk}. GñkRsukmñak;)anbn;Rsn;fa {sUmeGayeyIgGacedkenAelIpÞHeLIgvij¡ eBlyb;Qb; eGayeyIgRbmUlkUnecAcUlkñúgRtg;eseTot¡ sUmeGayQb;)aj;epøag¡}.

eBlEdlFmµyaRtaqøgkat;ExSeRtomRbyuTærvagkgT½BExµrRkhmnigkgT½BrdæaPi)al BYkTahan)andak;GavuFcuHenAmat;pøÚv ehIy)anfVaybgÁMsemþcsMuRbsiTæiBrBIRBHGgÁ TahanTaMgenaH)ansEmþgnUvkarmineBjcitþGMBIsRgÁambgðÚrQamKña. bMNgR)afñarbs;BYkeKesµaHGs;BIcitþ KWCaesckþIsuxsnþiPaB.

bBVCit m:at nig bWnesÞn )anerobrab;GMBIRBwtþkarN_enaHbnþeTotfa k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anQb;sMrakenAkñúgvtþmYy eBlenaHBYkTahanCaeRcInnak;)ansMrukcUleTAkñúgRBHvihar BYkeKsMuCYbCamYyRBHsgÇ

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EdldwknaMFmµyaRta. TahanTaMgenaH)andak;kaMePøIgenAelIkRmalRBHvihar BYkeKlutCgÁg;fVaybgÁMRBHetCKuN Ej:m Kwmetg edaysUmeGayRBHGgÁeGayBrs½BÞsaFukardl;eK edIm,IkarBareKeGay)ansuxsb,ay.

Tahanmñak;niyayfa {eyIgmincg;smøab;nrNamñak;eT b¤sUm,IEtRtwmeFVIeKmanrbYseLIy ehIyk¾sUmkMueGaynrNamñak;)aj;eyIgEdr}.

Tahanmñak;eTotcUlmkfVaybgÁMRBHsgÇ edIm,IsMuBredaykarR)afñafa {kMueGayRKab;kaMePøIgeyIgeTAb:HBal;nrNamñak;eGayesaHehIysUmkMueGayRKab;ePøIgeKmkb:HBal;eyIgeLIy}.

enATIRbCMuCnEdlmanmnusSeRcInmYy mRnþIrdæ)almUldæanBüayamhamR)amGñkRsuk kMueGaymkeGIeBICamYyFmµyaRta b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijBYkGñkRsuk)anmksVaKmn_eyIghYsBIkarsµan. GñkRsukTaMgenaH)ant¥ÚjEt¥rR)ab;eyIgBI karhamR)amrbs;rdæ)alkñúgRsukfa {eK)anhamXat;eyIg kMueGaymkTIenH b:uEnþeKminGacbBaÄb;eyIg)aneTenHCaCMenOrbs;eyIg eyIgeRskXøansnþiPaBNas;} eK)anRbeKncgðan;RBHsgÇdUnCIedaysTæa.

FmµyaRta)anqøgkat;PUmimYyEdlmandMNwgfµI²GMBIkarsMlab;rgÁal;mnusS 30 nak; GñkRsukecjmksVaKmn_FmµayaRta eyIg)anCYbbursmñak;)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa {enHCaelIkTImYyEdlBYkeyIg)anCYbCMuKña éf¶enHmkTTYlFmµyaRta. GñkRsukmkTIenHRKb;²KñaGñklk;dUrp¥ak pSarbiT GñkxøHTmøak;kargarecal edIm,ImkemIl

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FmµyaRtarbs;RBHsgÇ BYkeyIgmanesckþIeRtkGrNas; eday)aneXIjFmµyaRtaedIm,IrksnþiPaBsMrab;BYkeyIg. GgÁkarsh-RbCaCati {G‘untak;} )anbBa¢ÚnmnusSrab;sibnak;mkBIRKb;RbeTskñúgBiPBelakedIm,IrksnþiPaB b:uEnþsßankarN_enHkMueXIjmanGVIERbRbYleLIy manEtelaksgÇGaceFVIeGayeyIgmansnþiPaBRBHsgÇdwknaMeyIgeGayQb;kab;sMlab;Kña ebIeyIgKitEtBIsmøab;Kña KµansnþiPaBeT>>>eyIgsgÇwmTaMgRsugeTAelIRBHsgÇ}.

enAeBlk,ÜnFmµyaRtamkdl;RkugPñMeBj EdlCaTIRkugmanPaBtwgEtgnigRcbUkRcbl EtsmaCikénFmµuyaRta)anekIteLIgrhUtdl;3000 nak; )ancUlrYmkñúgkaredIredaysµRK½citþ. GñkeFVIkarmYycMnYn)anp¥akkargar edIm,ImkcUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyFmµyaRta. buKÁlikExµrmñak;EdleFVIkarCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCati)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa {´)aneXIjk,ÜnFmµyaRtaeFVIdMeNIrkat;muxkariyal½y´ Kitfa RtUvEtcUlrYmedIr BMuGacenAes¶óm)aneLIy )anedIrecalkargarrbs;´}. GñkeFVIkarmñak;eTot)anniyaybEnßmfa {FmµyaRta)anCYybnßyesckþIP½yxøac nig)anpþl;esckþIsgÇwmfµImYysMrab;eyIg}.

FmµyaRta)anbBa©b;enAxagmuxRBHbrmraCvag EdlmanmnusSy:ageRcInkuHkr)anRbmUlpþMúKñaeFVIsmaFi nwgsURtFm’bYgsYg. RBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhn u u u u u RBHmhakSRt RTg;yagmkbdisNæarkic©k,ÜnFmµyaRta. RBHGgÁ)anGMBavnavdl;RbCaraRsþkm<úCaCakUnecArbs;RBHGgÁ {sUmbBaÄb;GMeBIhigSanigkars¥b;ex<ImKña sUmbM)at;ecalnUvKMnitsgswkKñacab;BIéf¶enHteTA}

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bBVCitkatUlikr:Um:g; bb ma:t mankarrMePIbcitþy:agéRkElgcMeBaHGgÁén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anpþl;nUvRBHraC»vaTsMrab;BYknikayRBHey:sU‘RKisþ. bBVCitGgÁenH)ansEmþgnUvesckþIdwgKuNd¾x<g;x<s;dl;semþcEdlRTg;)anbNþúHpøÚvcitþrbs;RBHGgÁy:agRCaleRCA.{´)aneronsURteRcInNas;GMBIGtßn½yCaRKwsþsasnik CakatUliknigCakatUlikrU:m:gBIBuTæbris½TCamitþrbs;´}. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞÚlfa {RbsinebIelakcg;eFVIkaredIm,IsnþiPaBenARbeTsrbs; sUmGeBa¢Ijmktam´}. semþcmin)anR)ab; faRtUveFVIGVI eFVIrebobNa eFVICamnusSGVI b¤CarebobkatUlikenaHeT b:uEnþsemþcRTg;RKan;EtmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {elakGeBa¢IjmkedIrCamYy´ }

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cMENk sáút EGbEpl)ay )anniyayfa FmµyaRta)anpþl;esckþIkaøhancMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkarBuHBar»y)anseRmcelIesckþIP½yxøacrbs;BYkeK bnÞab;BIsRgÁam Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMknøgmk. b:unµanéf¶munkare)aHeqñaH BYk]TÞamExµrRkhm)ansmøab;RbCaCn

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sIuvilmYycMnYn rYmTaMgkgrkSasnþiPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati {G‘untak;}cMnYn 20 nak; pgEdr. semþcRBH mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anKit nigTayTukfa kare)aHeqñatenHnigminCYb]bsKÁGVIeT. Gñke)aHeqñat)anQrtRmg;CYreRkamdMNk;TwkePøógGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInem:ag edIm,Ie)aHeqñat.

tamsmþIrbs; EGbEpl)ay )anbBa¢ak;fa FmµyaRta)anbNþúHesckþIsgÇwm nigPaBeCOCak; rbs;RbCaCnkñúgkarcUlrYmkare)aHeqñatehIy)anBuHBareGay)anseRmcelIPaBP½yxøac EdlekItGMBIkarKMramkMEhg kaeRbIGMeBIhigSa niwgkarrMxanrbs;BYkExµrRkhm. RKaenaHsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ rYmTaMgGñkdEgðrRBHGgÁ)anmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBj. manRbCaCnrab;ryBan;nak;)anQrtamdgpøÚvedIm,Ipþl;kmøaMgcitþdl;GñkeFVIFmµyaRta. RbCaCnRbmaNCagmYymWunnak;)ancUlrYmCamYyskmµPaBenH. kare)aHeqñatCati)ankMNt;CaRbvtþisaRsþelIkTI1sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa EdlFana)annUvkare)aHeqñatmYyesrInigyutþiFm’EdlmanRbCaCncMnYn90PaKry)aneTAe)aHeqñat.

kñúgRKaEdlGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa{G‘untak;} )anbegáItlkç½nCacaM)ac;mYycMnYnsMrab;FananUvkare)aHeqñat.RbCaCnkm<úCaCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkeFVIkarenAkñúgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al)ansEmþgkareBjcitþcMeBaHPaBeCaKC½yénFmµyaRtaEdlmankarcUlrYmBImhaCny:ageRcInsnæwksnæab;. GñkcUlrYmdMeNIrFmµyaRtamanesckþIkøahan mankmøaMgcitþx<s; nwgTTYl)ankareKarB nigekatsresIrBIsMNas;PaKICemøaHTaMgGs;.

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kaRFIn pUFIk )ansresrfa eRkaykare)aHeqñatbnþicmk semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMskmµPaBmYycMnYnedIm,IKaMRTdl;snñi)atrdæFmµnuBaØ edayRBHGgÁmankarxVl;xVayGMBIkarGnuvtþn_lTæiRbCaFibetyü semþc)andwknaMRBHsgÇnigdUnCIeFIVsmaFiedIm,I]TÞiscMeBaHrdæFmµnuBaØfµIenHRtUvtak;EtgeLIgeGay)anRtwmRtUvRbkbedayyutþiFm’ enAkñúgsm½yRbCMurbs;sPaCati EdlRbsURtecjBIkare)aHeqñat.

mCÄdæanCati nigGnþrCati )anTTYlsÁal;kardwknaMrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RbkbedaykareKarBd¾x<g;x<s;bMput. RkumGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyRkum)anbegáItbNþajrYmKñamYy Caq½RtbNþMGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al)anRbeKnRBHraCzanHfVaysemþcCaRBHRbFankitþiys.semþc Kg;enAvtþsMeBAmasCaTItaMgénmCÄmNÐlFmµyaRta rYmCamYykariyal½yénRkumkargaredIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSa.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CaGgÁEdl)anpSay\TæiBly:agx<s;éRkElgeTAelIesckþIRBagénrdµFmµnuBaØrbs;RbeTskm<úCa Cac,ab;kMBUlrbs;CatimYykñúgBiPBelak EdlFana)annUvkareKarBsiTæimnusSy:ageBjelj.

RbPB³r)aykarN_rbs;bBVCit Maat nig Liz Bernstein mancMNgeCIgfa {mYyxN³énsnþiPaB-esckþIsgÇwmlicGENþt}{eyablpÞúyKñaelIBisidæmnþ } rbs; R. Scott Appleby

Kathryn Poethig {dMeNIrqøgkat;FmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa} RbvtþisaRsþBuTæsasnanigclnasasnaenAkm<úCae)aHBumÖpSayeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.

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FmµyaRtaelIkTI3GMBIRBwtþkarN_énkare)aHeqñat

kñúgqñaM 1994 FmµyaRtaelIkTI3)anR)arBVeFVIenAtMbn;PaKxaglicénRbeTskm<úCaCaTwkdIEdlkMBugEhkhYrKñaedaysRgÁam GñkedIrk,ÜnFmµyaRta)anCab;enAkñúgkarvayRbyuTæKñarvagkgT½BExµrRkhmnigkgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al Edl)aneFVIKt;RBHsgÇnigdUnCImYycMnYn.eTaHCay:agNak¾eday semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;enAEtbnþdMeNIrFmµyaRtaeTAmuxCanic©. RBHGgÁmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {dMeNIrrbs;eyIgenAEtbnþdMeNIreTAmux enHCamUlehtuEdlnaMeGayeFVIFmµyaRta }.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eyIg)anQanmYyCMhan sUmeGayGñkedIrFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;bNþúHesckþIs¶b;mkRKb;dNþb;elIesckþIesckþIP½yxøac}. CMhannimYy²CadegðImral;skmµPaBeBaeBjedaysti CMhannimYy²CasmaFi eyIgcUleTAekoksnþiPaB enHCadMeNIrEdlBMumanGVImkbBaÄb;)aneT>>>dMeNIrrbs;eyIgCadMeNIrsnþiPaBcab;epþIméf¶enHnigral;²éf¶>>snSwm¡ snSwm¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡>>. dMeNIrrbs;eyIgenAEtbnþedaysamanGMeBIhigSa. eyIgminFøak;TwkcitþeTeyIgedIrsnSWm²mþgmYyCMhan¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ CMhannimYy²Casc©anidæan. eyIgedIrhUtTal;EteyIg)anseRmcsnþiPaB}.

83

semþcmanRBHraCbnÞÚleTotfa {karsagsnþiPaBKWkarrkSadegðIm²ecj-cUl RbsinebIbBa¢b;degðImERbmkfasøab; dUecñHeyIgRtUvEtbnþ }.

k,ÜnFmµyaRtaCYbRBwtþkarN_rnæt;nwgRbkbedayPaBeRKaHfñak;kñúgkic©RbwgERbg bBa¢úHbB¢ÚalPaKIExµrRkhmnigPaKIExµrc,aMgKñacUlmkpSHpSaKña. EGbEpl)ay )ansresrfakal³eTs³ neya)aynigbMNgrbs;FmµyaRta)anpøas;bþÚr¬cab;taMgBIFmµyaRtaqñaM 1993¦ FmµyaRtaqñaM 1994 eFVIeLIgedIm,IKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarpSHpSaCatimYyExeRkayeBlBYkExµrRkhm)ancUlkan;kab;mUldæanT½BCayuTæsaRsþenARkugéb:linEdlsm,ÚrN_edayEr: t,Úgfµmantémø nwgb:unµanéf¶eRkay karp¥akdMeNIrkarcrcasnþiPaBrvagPaKIExµrRkhmCamYyrdæaPi)alcMruH Edl)anbegáIteLIgeRkaykare)aHeqñatqñaM 1993. buKÁlikeFVIkarenAGgÁkarKN³kmµFikarmiunNUéN Mennonite Central Committee )anrMlwkGMBIRBwtþkarN_enARKaenaHfa k,ÜnFmµyaRta)ankMNt;mkdl;TItaMgkñúgGMLúgeBlmYyExenAcMéf¶sil edIm,IeFVIBiFIdaMedImeQITukCanimitþrUbénkarRbsURt nigkarpSHpSaCati ehIy)anEckxitb½NÑsþIGMBIkarkab;bMpøajéRBeQI nigeRKaHfñak;énRKab;mInCaedIm.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÜleRbobeFobRbeTskm<úCaCaTUkEdlRBHGgÁ)anEføgenAmuxGgÁrvtþfa {RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCaliclg;kñúgsRgÁam kñúgGMeBIhigSa kñúgelaP³ kñúgKMnMu b¤kñúgkarsgswk mnusSRKb;Kñanigliclg;eTACamYyEdr. eyIgrs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCamYyKña. eyIgRtUveFVIdMeNIredIm,IsnþiPaBcab;epþIm

84

BIéf¶enH ral;²éf¶ snSwm¡snSwm¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ CMhannimYYy²CasmaFi CMhannimYy²Casc©anidæan CMhannimYy²Cakarksags<an>>>}.

GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn CaGñkeFVIFmµyaRtamñak;)anniyayfaRKaenaHenAéf¶TI 23 Exemsa qñaM 1994 FmµayaRta)anqøgkat;tMbn;EdlmansRgÁamkMBugRbyuTæKña. RBHsgÇRbmaN 450 GgÁ nwg dUnCIcMnYn 250 nak; RBmTaMg])ask])asikacMnYn 100 nak; )anRbmUlpþúMKñaenAvtþbrvilénextþ)at;dMbg

muneBlecjdMeNIr eK)anbeRgonGñkedIrk,ÜnTaMgGs;GMBIGhigSaGMBIstism,CBaØ³ nigviFICYyseRgÁaHCabnÞab;. enAeBlFmµyaRta)anmkdl;q¶aybnþic eyIgB£sñÚrkaMePøIgFM eyIg)aneFVIesckþIGMBaveGaybBaÄb;kar)aj;KñaCabnÞan; k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;PUmiGñkRsuk mnusSrab;Ban;nak;QrtRmg;CYrenAtamdgpøÚvmanFugTwk nwgFUbrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþBIFmµyaRta nigkarkUrTwkedayFUbbYgsYg sMueGaybBa©b;sRgÁam.

FmµyaRta)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³eBl 3 éf¶ eyIgenAEtB£sñÚrRKab;epøagelVIy². bWnesÞn )andMNalfa RKb;TIkEnøgEdlFmµyaRta)aneTAdl; GñkRsuky:ageRcInkuHkrmkTTYleyIgedaykareKarBedaymane)a:t manTwk FUb. BYkeKrgcaMkareR)aHRBMuTwkmnþBIFmµyaRta nigykcgðaneTAvtþEdlFmµyaRtacUlsMct. enAtamPUminimYy² semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anBnül;GñkRsukGMBIFmµyaRta.

k,ÜndMeNIr)anecjBIPUmibwgGMBilcMeBlEdlkarRbyuTæKñarwtEtxøaMgeLIg² eyIg)anmkdl;ekokCitsmrPUmi. GñkPUmiPaKeRcInrt;ecj

85

BIpÞHsEm,grbs;BYkeK Kat;)anR)ab;eyIgfakEnøgEdlkMBugRbyuTæKñaenAcm¶ay 8 KILÚr_ BITIenH. eyIgeXIjBYkTahan)anTmøak;GavuF lutCgÁg;fVaybgÁMRBHsgÇenAtamdgpøÚvrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþ. RKaenaHmanmnusScas;mñak;)anbnÞabxøÜnenAkñúgCYrCamYyTahan enAkñúgédrbs;Kat;mçagkan;kBa©b;)ay édmçageTotkan;bMENkEdksøabk)a:l;ehaH EdlmansresrGkSrfa {ntßi snþi brM suxM} ERbfa {\tmansuxNaesñIkþIs¶b; }.

k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anqøgkat;TIRkugexµacmYykEnøg CaTIRbCMuCnEdleKe)aHbg;ecal. RBwtþkarN_eBlenaHmanRKab;r:uukEktmYyRKab;)anehaHBIelIFmµyaRta bnøWsUrsWur²²eyIg)ansURtFm’nigbYgsYgfa {sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;rYccakputBITukç sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;rYccakputBIP½ysUmsBVstVTaMgGs;)anrs;enAkñúgsnþiPaBterogeTA }. rfeRKaHnigrfynþEdldwkBYkTahan)anbnßyel,Ón TahanEdlCiHenAelIrfeRKaH nigrfynþTaMgenaH)anbnÞn;xøÜnenAeBlBYkeKqøgkat;RBHsgÇnigdUnCI EdlkMBugeFVIsmaFiedayPaBs¶b;es¶óm.

karRbyuTærvagkgT½BénPaKIEdlmanCemøaHrwtEtxøaMgeLIg²)anbgçMGñkedIrk,ÜnFmµyaRtaRtLb;fyeRkayeTAPUmibwgGMBilvij.enAeBlenaHPaBRcbUkRcbl)anekIteLIgGñkxøH)andkfy GñkxøHeToteLIgCiHmU:tUb¤LanRtLb;eTAeRkayvij b:uEnþ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RBHGgÁ)anebþCJacitþedIm,IbBa©b;FmµyaRtaenATItaMgEdl)ankMNt; RKaenaHdUnCIcMNas;;mñak;)anERskeLIgfa {sMrab;rUb´mñak;enH´RtUvEtedIrtamsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ bnþdMeNIrCamYyRBHGgÁeRkamRBHraCkic©dwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁ }.

86

nal¶acenaHdUnCI nigGñkedIrk,ÜnenAsl;cMnYn 200 nak; )andkfyeTAenACamYyRbCaCnEdlrt;ePosxøÜnrab;Ban;RKYsarrt;ecjBIkarvayRbyuTæKña. bWnesÞn )andMNalfa FmµyaRta)anedIrCamYyExSrreTHeKa m:UtU nigkg;EdlmanpÞúkFugTwk )avGgár man;Ta qñaMgcan rYmTaMgekµg².RbCaCn)aneLIgelIpøÚveFVIdMeNIredays¶at;es¶ótedaymin)anB£GVIeRkAEtGMBIsemøgsÁrrbs;RBHsgÇCb:un nigsñÚrkg;reTHrbs;GñkRsukEtb:ueNÑaH RsþImañk;Edlts‘UCamYykUn 4 nak; )anniyayfa {evlaenHyb;ehIy etIeyIgedkenAÉNa?}

GñkdwknaMFmµyaRta)anEsVgrkpøÚvs¶at; edaykaredIrsMedAeTAkan;TIéRB. eyIg)ansYreTABYkTahanrkpøÚvEdlminmanmIn. Tahanmñak;esøókBak;sIuvilminmankan;kaMePøIgedIrtamk,ÜnyFµyaRta. TahanCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlmanGavuF)anedIrcuHeLIgkñúgCYrFmµyaRta edayBYkeK)anR)ab;eyIgfa {eyIgmanPar³kic©edIrl,atenATIenH} .

k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anCYbRbTHCamYyTahanExµrRkhm rMeBcenaHkarpÞúHGavuFrvagkgT½BrdæaPi)alCamYykgB½TExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImFmµyaRtaCab;enAcenøaHkNþalénPaKIEdlkMBugRbyuTæKña. kñúgRBwtþkarN_enaH karRbyuTæKñaenH)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇcMnYn 3 GgÁ nigdUnCImñak;RBmTaMgmanrbYsCaeRcInnak;eTot kñúgenaHrYmTaMg RBHetCKuN kulsardæ pgEdr.

ExµrRkhmcab;XMuGñkeFVIFmµyaRtaCaeRcInnak; edaybBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTAkan;CMurMenAkñúgéRB. TahanExµrRkhmPaKeRcInCayuvCnekµg²)ansEmþgnUvesckþITukçeRkomRkMeRkayBI)anTTYldMNwgfa karRbyuTæ

87

Kña)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇmYycMnYn. bWnesÞn )ankt;sMKal;eRkayeBlTahanExµrRkhm)anbB¢ÚanKat;eTAkEnøgXMuXaMg GVIEdleFVI»yKat;ekItkarrMCYlcitþenaH KWTahanExµrRkhmmñak;manGayu 27 qñaM manesckþIrnæt;y:agxøaMgedayeK)anXøatBImþayrbs;eKGs;ry³eBl 15 qñaM ehIy.

embBa¢akarExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarsMueTasdl;skmµCnsnþiPaB eday)anBnül;GMBImUlehtuEdlBYkeKebIkkarvayRbharenH KWedaysarmanTahanrdæaPi)albgáb;enACamYyFmµyaRta. embBa¢akarrUbenaH)anniyayeTotfaKat;cg;)ansnþiPaBEdr. Kat;)anesñIsMuGñkeFVIFmµyaRtaeGaysßitenACaGBüaRkitü minRtUvsßitenACamYybkSNaeT kñúgdMeNIrkarpSHpSaCatienH. bWnesÞn )anftsemøgembBa¢akarrUbenaHfa {sUmrMlwkeTAdl;BYkbreTsTaMgGs;EdlkMBugeFVIkarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeGay)anRCabfa RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs; rYmTaMgPaKIkm<úCaRbCa-Fibetyü cg;)ansnþiPaB nwgkarGPivDÆn_. sUmGP½yeTascMeBaHmrN³PaBrbs;RBHsgÇ RbsinebIBMumankgTahanbgáb;enAkñúgk,ÜnenaHeT eyIgk¾min)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇEdr }.

embBa¢akarrUbenaH )ansYrGMBIFmµyaRta nig semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRBHGgÁ)anCYyksagvtþenAkñúgCMurMCnePosxøÜnenARbeTséfLgd_ ehIymanCnePosxøÜnCaExµrRkhmxøHFøab;CYbRBHGgÁ.emBa¢akarrUbenaH)anniyayfa {eyIgćg;CYbCamYyGgÁ eyIgcg;rkpøÚvsMrab;edaHRsay eyIgFujRTan;CamYysRgÁamxøaMgNas; sRgÁamEdlmanGayu 20 qñaMenH}. eRkayBI)anCECkKñaGs; ry³eBlCagmYyem:agrYcmk ExµrRkhm)anedaHElgRkumeFVIFmµyaRta.

88

kñúgRbtikmµeqøIytbeTAelImrN³PaBKYreGayrnæt;rbs;RBHsgÇRBHkruNaRBHmhakSRtExµr semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anepJIrraCsarmYyc,ab;RbeKn semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigGñkeFVIFmµyaRta RBHGgÁsMueGaylubecaldMeNIreFVIFmµyaRta edayRBHGgÁ)anelIkeLIgGMBIkarRBYy)armÖenAsuvtþiPaBrbs;GñkeFVIFmµyaRtaekItBIGMeBIhigSa.b:uEnþGñkedIrk,ÜnFmµyaRta)ansc©abnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot eRkayeBlBYk)anbBa¢b;eFVIBiFIbuNüsBénCnrgeRKaHrYcmk. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eyIgRbkan;x¢ab;GhigSaFm’ERbmkfa karksagsnþiPaB karpSHpSaCati nigkarÉkPaBCatiRBHmhakSRt)anesñIeGayeyIgdkxøÜnecj GMBIkruNaFm’enHCakruNaFm’GhMkar minEmnCakruNaFm’sakleT eyIgRtUvEtbnþdMeNIreTAmux} GñkxøHP½yxøac)anp¥ak;dMeNIrCamYyFmµyaRta b:uEnþGñkxøHeTot)ancUlrYmCabnþFmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIreTATisxageCIgehIy)anCYbCamYyRbCaCny:ageRcInkuHkr EdlecjmksVaKmn_BYkeyIg edayTwkcitþRCHføapusecjBIebHdUgBit².

FmµyaRtamanEpnkarQb;sMctenAGgÁvtþmYyyb;muneBlbnþdMeNIrtampøÚvmYyeTot. enAtampøÚv semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)ansþab;B£ niwg)aneXIjpÞal;EPñkrbs;RBHGgÁGMBICIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaraRsþrYmelahitrbs;RBHGgÁ semþcCasakSIénesckþIP½yxøac nigkarfb;)armÖEdlekItGMBIePøIgsRgÁam karlYcbøn; karKMramkMEhg karekobsgát;nigkarrMelaPminecHGs;minecHehIy. semþc)aneXIjmnusSedkkñúgPk;tamvalERsenAeRkamtg;)aøsiÞkBN’exovnardUvePøóg. enARKb;pøÚv

89

EdlFmµyaRta)aneFVIdMeNIrqøgkat; eyIg)anCYbCamYyGñkRsuk EdlkMBugEtmanTukçlM)akesÞIEtRKb;PUmi RKb;vtþecjmkTTYlFmµyaRtaeday)ansEmþgnUvktþBaØÚFm’.

RsþImñak;)anRkabbgÁMTUlfVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ fa{kñúgmYyCIvitrbs; RBHkruNaenH CYbEterOgrt;lUn RbsinebIrab;cMnYnvijmindwgCab:unµandgeT tamKitemIleTAkñúgmYyqñaM²´RBHkurNa rt;y:agticR)aMdg etIExµreyIgekItmksMrab;Etrt;lUtb¤y:agNa?} enAeBlenaH RBHsgÇ)ansYreTARsþIenaHvijfa {etIej:amcg;R)ab;dMNWgGVIeTAGñkdwknaMenAPñMeBj?} RsþIenaH)aneqøIyfa{´RBHkruNa cg;R)ab;emdwknaMTaMgenaHeGayksagsnþiPaB RbCaraRsþminRtUvkarCMnYyGVIeTBIeRBaHeyIgmanERscMkar eyIgGacRbkbmuxrbrenHedayxøÜnÉg)anehIy b:uEnþBYkeyIgsMuEtmüa:geT KWpþl;eGayRbCaraRsþ)anrs;enAkñúgPUmiRsukedaysuxsnþiPaBpg¡} .

eRkayeBlbBa©b;FmµyaRta enAéf¶TI 27-28 Ex]sPa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )annimnþyageTAkan;RbeTskUer:xageCIg edIm,IcUlrYmBiPakSaGMBIsnþiPaB {snþiPaBCacMNucmkdl; nigCacMNucecjdMeNIr} enHCamUlehtuEdleyIgRtUvcab;epþImmþgeTot KWmYyCMhanmþg²ehIyeyIgmingakecjBIdMeNIrenHeT }.

plitkrExSrPaBynþmñak;eQµaH GaLan eqnN W )anmkdl;RbeTskm<úCaenA qñaM 1994 edIm,IerobcMkarplitPaBynþsþIGMBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigkargarsnþiPaBrbs;RBHGgÁ. PaBynþenHbgðajGMBItémøénRBHBuTæsasnakñúgerOgGhigSa sMrab;karsßabnasgÁmkm<úCa

90

eLIgvij. elak eqnNW )andMNalfa {´)anCYbsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CaelIkdMbUgnaeBlresolmYy EdlmanGakasFatuekþAhYtEhgenATIRkugPñMeBj. mkdl;mat;TVarénRBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBHGgÁ )ansMLwgemIlCMuvij rMeBcenaHsemþc)annimnþecjBIbnÞb;TwkBIeRBaH´)aneXIjTwkRsk;tamRBHhtßrbs;RBHGgÁ CamnusScMELkBIeRBaH´min)anCUndMNwgmunGMBIkarcUlKal;RBHGgÁ. semþc)aneXIj´ RBHGgÁbnÞn;RBHkayjjwm ehIy)anGeBa¢IjćUlkñúgkudi}.

{b:unµanéf¶eRkaymk´)anGgÁúypÞal;\dæTl;muxRBHsgÇraCEdlmanRBHPRkþjjwmBRBayGgÁenH>>>´)ansYreTARBHGgÁGMBIGVIEdlnaMeGayRBHGgÁkøayCaGñkbYs BIeRBaHGñkbYsCamnusSminmanesBkammcäaCamnusSRkIRkekItCabMNg;BitR)akdkñúgelakiyenH semþcmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {enHCaTMenomTmøab;Exµr} semþc)anBnül;eTotfa PikçúERbmkfa {GñksUmTan }.

´)ans‘ksMnYreTAsemþcfa {etIRBHGgÁemIlxøÜnÉgCaGñksUmTanEdrb¤eT?}

semþcpÞúHsMeNIr rYcmanRBHbnÞÚltbvijfa {Br>>CaGñksUmTanBiess}>>>>

eqnNW )ansYrbnþeTotfa³ {etIRkumRKYsarrbs;RBHGgÁTTYlrgTukçevTnakñúgrbbExµrRkhm Emnb¤eT?

semþceqøIy³ {Br>>> }eqnNW bnþsMnYr semþceqøIymkvijfa³ {BYkKat;)aneFVImrNkal

Gs;eTAehIy }

91

eqnNW sYr {cuHcMENk matabitarbs;RBHGgÁ? }semþceqøIy ³ {Br>>>>}eqnNW sYr ³ { cuHcMENk bgb¥Únrbs;RBHGgÁ?}semþceqøIy ³ {Br>>>>}lTæplekItGMBIkarCYbR)aRs½yCamYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ

enHehIyEdlelak GaLan eqnNW rYmCamYyelak edvIt )anplitExSrvIedGUmYymancMNgeCIgfa {CIvitbrisuTæ} erOgenHmanlkçN³BiessbgðajGMBIGgÁén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYyFmµyaRta.ExSrvIedGUenH )anbBa¢aMgCaelIkdMbUg EdlmanGñkcUlrYmTsSnacMnYn700 nak; kñúgenaHmanmRnþICan;x<s;nimnþ nigGeBa¢IjmkBIsßab½nBuTæsasna nigBIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÚlR)ab;ePJóvEdlmkTsSn³enaHfa {buKÁlmansnþiPaB mansc©Fm’manemtþaFm’ naMeGayekItmandl;sgÁmCati} semþcmanRBHraCbnÞÚleTotfa³ {sgÁmCatimansnþiPaB ekItGMBIbuKÁlmansnþiPaBmaKa’eq<aHeTAkan;snþiPaBminEmnekIteLIgEtGMBIkarbYgsYg b¤smaFimYymuxenaHeT b:uEnþvaekItGMBIKti nigcriyaFm’pgEdr RbsinebIbuKÁlrs;enAeRkamGMNacKMnMu PaBelaPln; nigesckþIeRkaFbuKÁlenaHBMumansnþiPaBeT b:uEnþRbsinebIbuKÁlkykcitþsb,úrFm’emtþaFm’ RBhµviharFm’ nigyutþiFm’mkdak;CMnYyvij sgÁmCatirbs;eyIgnwg)ansuxsnþiPaB nigmansuPmgÁl }.

eRkayeBl)anTsSn³ semþc eTB vgS RBHGKÁmhasgÇraCExµrRTg;)anekatsresIrExSrvIedGUenH ehIyRBHGgÁ)anTTYlsÁal;fa

92

{vIedGUenHnwgCYyceRmInsnþiPaBenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa} semþcRBHmhasgÇraCRTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚleTotfa {vIedGUenHnwgCYypSBVpSayGMBIsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCati enAkm<úCa nigmanmFüaysMrab;karbBa©aMgvIedGUenHenAtMbn;ExµrRkhm}. RKamYyenA qñaM 1997 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbgðajvIedGU {CIvitbrisuTæ} eTAGtItembBa¢akarkgvresnatUcExµrRkhm Edlpþac;xøÜnmkcuHcUlCamYykgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ. viTüasßanExµredIm,IRbCaFibetyü )aneRbIR)as;vIedGUrbs;semþc kñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalsMrab;TahaTaMgenaHCabnþbnÞab;.

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

rvagkgT½BrdæaPi)al CamYykgT½BExµrRkhm.sarB½t’manera:yT½r)anraykarN_fa {TahanExµrEdlkan;kaMePøIg

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98

{semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;CaGñkelIkTwkcitþ CaGñkbNþúHqnÞHrbs;yuvCny:agsMxan; semþcmin)anKg;enACamYyPaKINamYyEdlkMBugc,aMgKña minfaCaPaKIExµrRkhm b¤CaPaKIrdæaPi)al b:uEnþsemþc)andak;RBHkayrbs;RBHGgÁKg;enACamYyRBHBuTæ }.

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99

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100

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101

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102

GVI²RKb;y:agmkeGayeyIg-dUcCaEpø søwk Emk edIm edImeQIpþl;cMNIeGayeyIg nig)anbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs;eyIg b:uEnþRbsinebIeyIgkab;edImeQI nigeFVIeGay)at;ePøóg edImeQIbegáItTwkePøógFmµyaRta)anpSBVpSayRBHFm’sMrab;karBarxøÜneyIgnigkarBarbrisßanenHCaRBHFm’rbs;RBHBuTæ}.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞÚlbnþeTotfa {eBlEdleyIgsuxcitþRBmTTYlfaeyIgCaEpñkmYyénmhavgSRtkUlmnusSCati-ral;burs RsþIRKb;rUbsuTæEtmanBuTætVH-RKwsþtVH b¤KnæI dUecñHeyIgKYrGgÁúyCECkKñarkmeFüa)ayksagsnþiPaB. sUmbYgsYgeGay)ansMercnUvsnþiPaBekItenAelIBiPBelakEdl)anCYberOglM)aknwgkarnaMmknUvsnþiPaBenH CUnmnusSCatieGayeBareBjedayEpøpáa. ´sUmbYgsYgeGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ansMercnUvsnþiPaBGs;mYyCIvit ehIyCYyeRsacRsg;stVelakTaMgGs;eGayrYccakTukç}.

enAExkkáda qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anerobcMGtßbTmYymancMNgeCIgfa {mnusSCati} bgðajenAkic©RbCM ueKðtesEm:n CaTIkEnøgénkarRbmUlpþúMRBHsgÇénBuTæsasna nigRKwsþsasna. kmµviFIenHR)arBVCamYynikayénesckþIs¶b;niymeKðtesEm:nrdæexnfak;KI CalMenAsßanrbs;GñkniBnæGMBIpøÚvcitþd¾l,Il,ajmñak;KWelakfUm:as; mWrtun. kic©RbCMu eKðtesEm:n erobcMeLIgsMrab;pþl;kitþiysCUnelak fUm:as; mWrtun kñúgkarRbwgERbgrbs;elak edIm,Isßabna cMNgmitþPaB karsnÞa nigkaryl;KñarvagkatUliksasna nigRBHBuTæasasna.snñisiTenH )anTTYlkar]btßmÖBIGgÁkarsnÞnaénbBVCiténGnþrsasna.

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semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eyIgCaBuT§sasnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahan edayecjBIvtþrbs;eyIgehIycUleTAkan;vtþBiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBjeTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuT§-RBHRKwsþ b¤Kn§IeyIgminGaceFVIGVIeToteT. CMrMuePosxøÜn-CMrMuePossik-BnænaKar-tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enAGBa¢wgsmrPUminigkaøyCavtþrbs;eyIg.eyIgmankargareRcInNas;EdlRtUveFVI.

bnÞab;BIkarbgðajrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RBHsgÇCb:unRBHnam eGsSIn nIsSImU:ra: mansgÇdIkaeTAkan;GñkcUlrYmCaRBHsgÇnigdUnCI eday)anerobrab;GMBIdMeNIrrbs;RBHGgÁeTAkan;CuMrMCnePosxøÜnExµrenAkñúgTwkRbeTséfkalBIb:unµanqñaMknøgeTA. RBHGgÁ)andMNalfa{CnePosxøÜnenAkñúgCuMrMmankargarbnþicbnÞÜc )aneXIjRBHviharmYyFVIGMBIb¤sSI ksagCabeNþaHGasnñenATItaMgmYykñúgCMurM enAxagkñúgRBHviharmanRBHBuTærUbmYyGgÁKg;smaFi}. RBHsgÇCb:unGgÁenH)angakeTArk semþcRBHsmhaeXasnnÞ ehIy)anERskGbGrsarTrfVaysemþcedaymansgÇdIkaxøaMg²fa {semþcCaGm©as;enHehIy¡} RBHkruNasUmsYrfaetIRBHGgÁ)aneFVIGVIenATIenaH?} semþcRTg; manRBHbnÞÚltbvijfa {´ksagsnþiPaBsMrab;xøÜnÉg nigkarEckrMElkCamYyGñkdéT}.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;min)anP¢ab;RBHGgÁCamYykarsnÞnab¤karBiPakSasþIGMBIeKalneya)ay nwgbBaðaxagsasnviTüaeT. enAeBlRkumRKwsþsasnik)anBüayamTak;TajRBHGgÁ edIm,IeGayRBHGgÁ

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gakecjGMBIdMeNIrRbtibtþiCak;Esþgrbs;RBHGgÁP¢ab;CamYybBaðats‘UCamYynigGMeBIGyutþiFm’ semþcRTg;)anbdiesFkarP¢ak;CamYykarBiPakSaGMBIyuTæsaRsþb¤yuTæviFI edayRBHGgÁRKan;EtmanRBHraCbnÞÚlmþgehIymþgeTotGMBIBuTæ»vaTd¾]tþúg]tþmrbs;RBHBuTæ EdlRTg;)anENnaMmnusSeGayksagsnþiPaBedayxøÜnÉg.

enAcugbBa©b;énsnñisiT eKðtesEm:n semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇ dUnCInimnþedIrsmaFienAEk,rpñÚrrbs;elak fUm:as;mWrtun. semþcyagQrEtmYyGgÁÉgenAxageRkayeQIqáag rIÉGñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;)anmkpþúMKñaenACMuvijRBHGgÁ RKaenaHmandUnCImñak;)anrMlwkfa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇeFVIFmµyaRtaedIm,IsnþiPaBenARbeTskm<úCa Edlrg;eRKaHfñak;edaysarsRgÁam.

enAExkBaØa qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ yageTATIRkugrgÁÚn RbeTsPUmar edIm,ICYbCamYyGñkRsI Gg;san s‘UCI nigmRnþIsgÇmYycMnYneTot.

qñaMeRkay²mkeTot semþc)anCYbCamYysemþcsgÇCan;x<s;énsasnakatUlikenATIRkugsSa)a:Tisþar énrdæca)a:s RbeTsmiucsiSckU.

ExkumÖ³ qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAcUlrYmkñúgsnñisiTsþIGMBIbNþajGnþrCatiedIm,IelIkkMBs;RBHBuTæsasna.

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RbPB³GtßbTTaMgRsugsþIGMBI }mnusSCati } manP¢ab;enAkñúgesovePAenH .Bt’man)anmkBIsm<½n§PaBedIm,Isasna nigGPirkS maneKhTMB½rP¢ab;. Bt’manTTYl)anGMBIGtßbTrbs;elak Alan Channer tam on-line qñaM996 kñúgcMNgeCIgGtßbT³edIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚrExSGat;semøgkñúgBiFI Gethsemane Encounter rkSaTukCaÉksaredIm³ tMkl;enAmhaviTüal½y Notre Dame MID 009³ kñúgkic©snÞnaGnþrsasna ÉksarCasemøgnigrUbPaB EdlmanelxerogCaGkSr AMID 22491-22495 x ÉksarCasemøg cMnYn5 karEst qñaM 1996 - 0723 kñúgBiFI GethsemaneEncounter rYmTaMgkic©smÖasn_rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ AMID 25512 CB³ 4-kic©smÖasn_rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ qñaM 1996-0726. enAkic©BiPakSa AMID 22509 CB³ 2 ]tþmKtiRBHGrhnþ nigBuT§sasnaCamYykarTMnk;TMngsgÁm. Éksarrbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYyRBHetCKuN Samu Sunin qñaM 1996-0726. sRmg;ÉksarGMBIkic©snÞarbs;RBHsgÇkñúgRBwtþb½Rt LDL Christian Century cuHéf¶TI 16 Extula qñaM1996.

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FmµyaRtaelIkTI6GMBIkarpSHpSaCati

FmµyaRtaelIkTI6enAqñaM1997 CaRBwtþkarN_mYyy:agsMxan;enAkñúgkarpSHpSarvagExµrRkhmCamYykgT½BrdæaPi)al. FmµyaRtaenH)anedIrelIpøÚvcas;mansñamesaknadkmµmkelIFmµyaRtaelIkTwkTI 3EdlbNþaleGaymnusSmYycMnYn)ansøab;. FmµyaRtaelIkenH)ankMNt;karecjdMeNIrBIextþ)at;dMbg eq<aHeTATIRkugéb:lin nigmkbBa©b;enAextþbnÞaymanC½y. karEstPñMeBjb:usiþ×)anraykarN_fa FmµyaRtaqñaMenHmanGñkcUlrYmcMnYn 230 nak;. kñúgRBHraCbMNgedIm,IkarpSHpSaCati semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anCMrujeGaymanelIkElgeTasdl;TahanExµrRkhmrYmTaMgGñkKaMRTmYycMnYn Edl)anTTYlsÁal;cMeBaHGMeBIGaRkk;EdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ ehIy)anlHbg;GMeBITaMgenaHecalrYmTaMgkarlHbg;ecalnUvGMeBIhigSa kñúgenaHEdrKWpþl;karelIkElgeTasdl;embBa¢akarExµrRkhm ¬minsÁal;eQµaH¦ Edl)anedaHElgGñkeFVIFmµyaRtakalBIqñaM1994 . eRkaymkembBa¢akarrUbenaH)anCYbGñkerobcMFmµyaRtaelIkTI6mþgeTot. eBlenHFmµyaRta)anmkdl;Rkugéb:linedaysuvtþiPaB ehIy)anQb;sMctenATIenaH edIm,IerobcMesckþIGMBavnaveGaymansnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCati. enAeBl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigk,ÜnFmµyaRtamkdl;Rkugéb:lin RKYsarExµrRkhm

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EdlminFøab;eXIj nigmin)ansÁal;GMBIFmµyaRtanaMKñaecjmkemIlk,ÜndMeNIrenHedayPaBcEmøk nigeBareBjedayesckþIrMePIbcitþéRkElg.

elak eGog sarI CaemdwknaMExµrCan;x<s; manlMdab;TI 3 bnÞab;BIb:ul Bt )anecjmksVaKmn_ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigGñkdEgðrRBHGgÁeBlyagmkdl;Rkugéb:lin. enAéf¶TI 26 Exmina elak eGogsarI )anbgðajxøÜnenAcMeBaHRBHPRkþén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edImI,TTYlkarRbsiTæiBrGMBIRBHGgÁehIy)ansnüaTmøak;GavuF. karsnüakñúgbMNgsnþiPaBCakarRKb;RKan; Edl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an»üGP½yelak eGog sarI sMrab;ebIkpøÚvénkarpSHpSaCati. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa {kñúgRBHBuTæsasna enAeBlbuKÁlTTYlsÁal;GMeBI]RkidæEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ buKÁlenaHsMuGP½yBIRBHBuTæ RBHGgÁpþl;GP½yeTAbuKÁlenaH}. {eyIgmin)andwgc,as;faelak eGog sarI niyaykarBitb¤PUtkuhk b:uEnþRBHFm’»üGP½yeTAbuKÁlvileTArkBnøW edaye)aHbg;ecalkarRbyuTæ}.

CMnYbrvag semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYyelak eGog sarImanry³eBlxøI semþc)aneR)aHTwkmnþ ecjBIdbTwksuTæeTAelIelakeGog sarI EdlCakarbgðajfaRBHGgÁBMu)anykcitþTukdak;CaBiesseTAelIelak eGog sarI eT. bnÞab;mk elak eGog sarI tamdEgðrsemþcyageTAvtþekagkagénRkugéb:lin EdlsßitenAelIPñMCayRkugéb:lin edIm,IeFVIkic©bYgsYgmYyry³eBlxøI. RKaenaHeyIgB£sñÚrRKab;mInpÞúHenAcm¶ayBIkEnøgenH bnÞab;mkk,ÜnFmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot mRnþIGñkmuxGñkarenARkugéb:lin )anpSBVpSaydMNwgCabnÞan;GMBIFmµyaRtaeTAkan;

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GCaJFrmUldæan nigRbCaCnenAtampøÚvEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;yagqøgkat;.

GtItyuTæCnrab;rynak; rYmTaMgRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK )antubEtgxøÜnR)aNy:ags¥at)at mansMelokbMBak;;fµI² rgcaMsVaKmn_dMeNIrFmµyaRta edayBYkeKmindwgR)akdfaFmµyaRtaqøgkat;tampøÚvmYyNaBYkeK)aneRtomcgðan; Tan FUb rYmTaMgfvikarsMrab;RbeKn nigCUneTAGñkedIrk,Ün EdlmankarenOyht;. xN³eBlBYkeKkMBugrg;caMTTYlTwkmnþBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nig RBHsgÇkñúgk,ÜnFmµyaRta GñkRsukenAéb:linnaMKñaniyayfa BYkeKeRtomxøÜnrYcCaeRscedIm,IsnþiPaB nigRBHBuTæsasna.

day Lay Cam©as;haglk;TMnijmYykénøgmaneQµaHfa b¤sISenACitkñúgRkugéb:lin )anRbkas;fa {BYkeyIg´sb,ayrIkrayNas;eday)anCYbsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigFmµyaRtaEdl)annimnþmkdl;TIenH. enHCakarbBa¢ak;fasRgÁamCitcb;EmnETnehIyBYkeyIgnwgmanCIvPaBsb,ÚrN_sb,ay kalBImuneyIgrt;cUléRBeKcBIRKab;epøag \LÚvenHmankarGPivDÇn_ dUcCakarsagsg;pÞHkareFVIpøÚv nwgsYnhMEhrkay }.

GñkRsukéb:linRbmaNmYyBan;nak; )anRbmUlpþúMKñaenAtampøÚvedIm,IrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anedIrmYyCMuRkugéb:linry³eBl45naTI muneBlcakecjBITIenaH eday)anbnSl;TuknUvesckþInwkrlwkBIsMNak;GñkeRsukenATIenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞÚlR)ab;GñkkEstfa {\LÚvenHeyIgman

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snþiPaB 90 PaKryehIy enAsl;Et 10 PaKryb:ueNaÑH CamYyBYkExµrRkhmmYycMnYnEdlenArwgrusnigbBaðaRKab;mIn nigkarminTan;cuHsRmugKñarvagRbCaCn}. eRkayeBl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;yagecjBIRkugéb:lin elak eGog sarI )aneFVIsnñisiTkarEstmYy edayelak)anniyayfa {RBHraCvtþmanrbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ BitCamansarsMxan;kñúgkarCYyelIkkMBs;dl;dMeNIrkarksagsnþiPaBenARbeTskm<úCa enAeBleyIgsVaKmn_FmµyaRta)ansrbBa¢ak;faeyIg)ancUlCamYydMeNIrkarsnþiPaB Edl)ancab;epþImGnuvtþn_dUcCakarGb;rMRbCaCnfa RbeTskm<úCaminGacrs;ranmanCIvitCaCatisasn_mYy)aneT RbsinebIBMumansnþiPaB}.elak eGog sarI )anGHGagsaCafµIfa kñúgzan³elakCaemdwknaMMsMxan;mñak;kñúgrbbExµrRkhm elakminmanGMNacGVITaMgGs;kñúgkarserccitþelakmin)anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIeXareXAEdl)anRbRBwtþedayBYkExµrRkhmeT. elak eGog sarI )anR)ab;GñkkarEstfa {enAxageRkA´)anbgðajfa´minEmnCaGñkBuTæsasnaeT b:uEnþenAxagkñúgcitþrbs; vij ´)anrkSaCMenORBHBuTæsasnaedaysm¶at;}. elak)anniyaybEnßmeTotfa elak)ancakecjBIvtþtaMgEtBIelakenACayuvCn ehIyelakmankarRsg:akcitþy:agxøaMgCamYysasna {´minmanPiruTæPaBenAkñúgcitþrbs; eT>>>>>> min)anbBa¢areGayeKlubbM)at;sasna nigkMeTcvtþGara:meT }.

GñkRsukEdlmkBIPUmienAEk,renaH)anecjmkTTYlk,ÜndMeNIredIm,IsnþiPaB ehIy)anniyayfa BYeK)ansEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’Edl

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BuTæsasna)anRtLb;mkvijeRkayry³eBl20qñaM EdlBMumanRBHsgÇnigsasnaenARkugéb:lin. elakyay CYn ehg Gayu 64qñaM)anniyayfa {b:ul Bt mincUlcitþRBHsgÇeT} elakyay)anrMlwkGMBIkareFVIKutRBHsgÇ niwgkarbeNþjRBHsgÇeGayecjBIvtþ {´sb,aycitþNas; BIeRBaHecArbs; )aneXIjFmµyaRta KitfaeTAéf¶muxRbCaCnenATIenH nwg)anbdibtþiRBHBuTæsasna}.

enAeBlFmµyaRta)anecjmkdl;CayRkugéb:lin manmnusSkan;EteRcIneLIg² ecjmkemIlk,ÜndMeNIreBareBjedayesckþIrMePIbcitþmkdl;PUmisalaeRkACakEnøgénsmrPUmi eyIg)anCYbekµg²CasisSsala )anpþúMKñaQrCaCYrenAtamdgpøÚvmanFUlIhuy GñkRsuknaMKñaecjeTATTYlFmµyaRtaedaymanpáa FUb eTon FmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIrry³eBl3s)aþh_ qøgkat;GtItmUldæanT½BsMxan;²TaMgGs;rbs;BYkExµrRkhmEdl)anpþac;xøÜn. kareFVIdMeNIrRtUvqøgkat;tMbn;Edlsm,ÚrN_edayRKab;mIneRcInbMputkñúgBiPBelak. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anBnül;GñkRsukEdl)anRbmUlKñamksþab;RBHGgÁ{eyIgRtUvEtedaHmInEdlkb;enAkñúgcitþrbs;eyIg»üGs; BIeRBaHvararaMugeyIgkñúgdMeNIrksagsnþiPaB. mInTaMgenaHKWelaP³ eTas³nwgemah³ . eyIgGacQñHelaP³edayGavuFsb,úrsFm’ eyIgGacQñHeTas³edayGavuFemtþakruNa eyIgGacQñHemah³edayGavuFbBaØa karksagsnþiPaBcab;epþImBIxøÜneyIgmñak;²}.

RBHraCebskkmµedIm,IsnþiPaBrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ)aneFVIeGayBYkExµrRkhmmankarPJak;rlwkx<s; kñúgkarbBa©b;karts‘U

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rbs;BYkeK ehIygakeTArkkarpSHpSaCatiCabnþbnÞab;enAqñaM1996niwgqñaM1997. RKaenaHExµrRkhm)anEbkCa 2 Rkum mYyRkumcg;pþac;xøÜncuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al mYyRkumeTotcg;bnþsRgÁam. elak Cag EkvCaembBa¢akarrgénkgBlExµrRkhm Edl)ancuHcUlCamYykgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ )anTTYlkarEstvIedGUrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ{CIvitbrisuTæ}. elak Cag Ekv )anniyayR)ab;GMBIlTæplbnÞab;BITsSn³ExSrvIedGUenHrYcmk {eyIg)anpøas;bþÚrcitþeRkayeBl)anTsSnavIedGUenH )anBnül;TahanenAkñúgbnÞayGMBIkarGb;rMtammaKa’RBHBuTæsasna }.

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHT½y»üGP½yeTAemdwknaMExµrRkhm kñúgenaHrYmman b:ul Bl pgEdr bnÞab;BIRBHraCsMeNIrrbs;RBHkruNa RBH)aTRBHneratþm sIhnu enAqñaM 1995 edIm,IkarpSHpSaCatiCamYysmaCikTaMgGs;kñúgRkumExµrRkhm elIkElgEt b:ul Bt nigembBa¢akarmYycMnYnsñitCamYyKat;. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞmanRBHraCsMeNIrCadMeNaHRsaytamRBHBuTæsasnaedaykarGnuBaaØteGay b:ul Bt nig ta m:uk cUlmkrYmrs;enAkñúgsgÁmCativij b:uEnþBYkeKRtUvbYsCasgÇ RBmTaMgkarlHbg;ecalGMeBIhigSa.

GgÁkarsiTæimnusSmYycMnYn)aneFVIkarriHKn; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ cMeBaHsMeNIrrbs;RBHGgÁenH)aneFVIeGayR)ascakkarTamTarrkyutþiFm’. GñkeFVIkarenAkñúgGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati)anrGU‘rTaMenAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_CacMhrrbs;xøÜnfa karelIkElgeTas)aneFVIeGayeKcputGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUv nwgkardak;T½NÐkmµcMeBaHbT

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]Rkidæd¾sahavyg;XñgEdlemdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþ.semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;enAEtmanCMenOfamaKa’EdlkarBarTMnas;bnþEvgq¶ayteTAmuxeTot KWkarBicarNaeTAelIkarGP½y nigesckþIemtaþEdlCaKuNFm’énneya)ay. {karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkç½NÐeLIg b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg}. semþcRTg;)anrMlwkeTAGñkriHKn;RBHGgÁvijfa {Blrdækm<úCaRtUv karrYbrYmkmøaMgedIm,IsßabnaCatiminEmnkarsgswkeT} RBHGgÁ)anCMrujfa {sUmkMuts‘UCamYymnusSCati RtUvts‘UCamYyrcnasm<½næ b¤lkç½NÐEdleFVIeGaymnusSc,aMgKña }.

enAeBlRbeTskm< úCa)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatenAqña M1997RbeTsCati)anCYbPaBRCYlRcblEpñkneya)ayy:agF¶n;F¶r. RKaenaHmanRBwtþkarN_Kb;RKab;EbkcUleTAkñúghVÚg)atukr EdldwknaMedayelak sm rgSI emdwknaMKN³bkSRbqaMgenARbeTskm<úCa Edl)aneFVI)atukmµenAxagmuxmnÞIrdæsPa )ansmøab;mnusS 20 nak; niwgrbYs 100nak;. RBwtþkarN_enAéf¶TI 5-6 Exkkáda)anpÞúHeLIgnUvGMeBIhigSaenAPñMeBj. semþch‘un Esn naykrdæmRnþIénRbeTskm<úCa)anrMlayrdæaPi)alcRmuH nig)anbnþkarRKb;RKgRbeTs. sñÚrsnæwkrfeRKaHenAtamdgvifIkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj BYkTahan)ancUllYcrbs;rbrenAtamhagnanaenAkñúgTIRkug.

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sÁal;sc©³naMeGayrlt;elaP³ ekItemtþanaMeGayrlt;eTas³ekItbBaØanaMeGayrlt;GviC¢a

karrMedaHxøÜnBIcm,aMg ekItGMBIkarrkSasIl }[ Hughes qñaM 1998 ]

***eTas³CaGñksMlab;

BMumansRtUvÉNasMlab;GñkeT KW eTas³enHeTEdlsMlab;Gñk

***{kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁ

RBHBuTæEtgEtBnül;dl;sav½keGayKaMRTsnþiPaBnigsiTæimnusS.eyIgRtUveronykeGay)aneRcInnUvrebobenHtamRBHGgÁ.

siTæicab;epþImekIteLIgenAeBlmnusSmñak;²køayCaPatrPaBniwgKñanigecHEtEfrkSakarBarKña edayesµaHRtg;bMput.

CnCatikm<úCa)anCYyCIVs ehIyCVIs)anCYyGaRhiVkaGaRhVika)anCYyCatisasn_déTeTot.

eyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ankøayeTACaGñkbMerIKñaeTAvijeTAmk>>>

127

snþiPaBBitR)akdminRbkan;xageCIg - xagt,Úg - xaglic -xagekIt eLIy.

km<úCaEdlnwgmansnþiPaBRKb;RKan;RtUvtaMgenAy:agCitsñiTæCamYyRbeTsCitxagTaMgGs;.

snþiPaBCaGhigSa.dUecñH eyIgCaCnCatikm<úCaRtUvEtmanGhigSacMeBaHCnCatiTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak enAeBleyIgksagRbeTseyIgeLIgvij.snþiPaB)anmkBImUldæanBIry:agKW yutþiFm’ nigesrIPaB }.

***{sUmkMuts‘UCamYymnusSCati

RtUvts‘UCamYyrcnasm<½næ b¤lkç½NÐEdleFVIeGaymnusSc,aMgKña }

***{buKÁlEdlminmanesckþIsux eTaHbIkMBugCYbkarlM)ak

CakarRbesIrbuKÁlenaHminRtUv)at;stieT}

***

128

{ etIRBHBuTæsasnaGaceFVIGVIeGayFUres,IynUvmuxrbYsBiPBelak)andUcemþcxøH? etIRBHBuuTæ

RTg;beRgonGVIxøHEdleyIgGacdkykmkeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIeGayFUres,IynigRbesIreLIgeEfmeTot dl;mnusSCati.skmµPaBd¾køahanbMputmYyrbs;RBHBuTæ

KWRTg;nimnþyagcUleTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,IbBa©b;nUvCemøaH.RBHGgÁminKg;enAkñúgvtþ rg;caMsRtUvTaMgLaycUleTArkeLIy.RBHGgÁRTg;nimnþcUleTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaH.

eyIgCaBuTæsasnikRtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahanedayecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg

ehIycUleTAkan;vtþ BiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCatiKWvtþeBareBjeTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuTæ

RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæIeyIgminGaceFVIGVIeToteT. CMrMuePosxøÜn CMrMuePossikBnænaKa tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enA

GBa©wgsmrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg.eyIgmankargareRcInNas;EdlRtUveFVI }.

***

129

´minq¶l;eTcMeBaHkarRsLaj;GñkCiHCan;eFVI)abeK - CnCatikm<úCaRsLaj;ExµrRkhm -RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput

edIm,IsMerc b:uEnþbBaðaenHCac,ab;sMrab;TMnak;TMngCaskl.kMhwgnigkarsgswk EtgekItmansarcuHsareLIgCabnþbnÞab;minQb;QreLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa

cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkç½NÐeLIyb:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg

vamann½yfaeyIgemIlxøÜneyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUvsRtUvKWGVI sRtUvKWsBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgemahPaB.

ehIyxøÜneyIgpÞal;k¾Caemah³énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr.ehtuenHmanEtemtþaRBhµvihar nigstiEdl)anp©itp©g;

RtwmRtUvehIyeT eTIbGacerIxøÜnecj)an.

***

130

GñkdwknaMsasnaCaeRcIn)aneRbonRbedAdl;sav½krbs;eKnUvmeFüa)ayEtmYyKt;KW {karrYccakTukç}.

´sþab;edayjjwm Et´minÉkPaBCamYyeT.CagBIrBan;qñaMknøgmkehIy

RBHsmµasm<úTæbrmRKURTg;)ansMEdgFmµeTsnadl;sav½krbs;RBHGgÁeQµaHkaLamfa ³ kMuGaleCOGVIgay²eBk edayyl;fa

erOgenaHRKUrbs;Gñk)anbeRgonmky:agenHy:agenaHb¤¤k¾kMusMGagfacarenAkñúgkm<IrenH Km<IrenaHeLIy.

kMuGaleCO edayRKan;EteXIjmnusSPaKeRcIneCO {eCOtamKñµa}.kMuGaleCO edaysMGagfabuBVbursrbs;xøÜnFøab;eCOBImunmk.

cUreCOnigGnuvtþnUvGVIEdlGñkyl;eXIjfaBitenAcMeBaHmuxGñk.

***manmnusSmYycMnYn)ansYrsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞfa

{ etImnusSsmBaØFmµtaGackøayeTACaGñkksagsnþiPaBedayrebobNa?}semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa

{sUmEfrkSaxøÜnGñk sUmceRmInkruNaFm’ecjBIkñúgxøÜnGñksUmceRmInemtþaFm’ecjBIkñúgxøÜnGñk bnÞab;mkGñkkøayCa

GñkksagsnþiPaB. snþiPaBcab;epþImBIbuKÁl}

***

131

mnusSCati

kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁ RBHBuTæEtgEtBnül;dl;sav½keGayKaMRTsnþiPaB nigsiTæimnusS. eyIgRtUveronykeGay)aneRcInnUvrebobenHtamRBHGgÁ.

siTæicab;epþImekIteLIgenAeBlmnusSmñak;²køayCaPatrPaBniwgKñanigecHEfrkSakarBarKña edayesµaHRtg;bMput. CnCatikm<úCa)anCYyCVIs ehIyCIVs)anCYyGaRhVik GaRhVika)anCYyCatisasn_déTeTot.eyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ankøayeTACaGñkbMerIKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

sUm,IenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;e´ ebIRbCaCnkm<úCaenAmankareKarBsiTæiRbeTsevotNam éf cin RbeTsTaMgenHk¾enAeKarBsiiTæikm<úCavijEdr.

enAeBleyIgsuxcitþRBmTTYlfa eyIgCaEpñkmYyénmhavgSRtkUlmnusSCati. ral;burs RsþIRKb;rUbsuTæEtmanBuTæætVH-RKWsþtVH-GaLastVHdUecñH eyIgKYrGgÁúyCECkKña rkmeFüa)ayksagsnþiPaBCUnmnusSCatieGayeBareBjedayEpøpáa.

´sUmbYgsYgeGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ansMercnUvsnþiPaBGs;mYyCIvit ehIyCYyeRsacRsg;stVelakTaMgGs;eGayrYccakTukç.

karksagsnþiPaBKWenAkñúgcitþ. eyIgksagsnþiPaBRtUvEtCYbCMuKñaeGay)anjwkjab;tamlTæPaBEdlGac edIm,IbNþúHsnþiPaBeGayekItkñúgxøÜneyIg RbeTseyIg-BiPBelakTaMgmUl.

132

snþiPaBBitR)akdminRbkan;xageCIg-xagt,Úg-xagelic-xagekIteLIy.

km<úCaEdlnwgmansnþiPaBRKb;RKan; RtUvtaMgenAy:agCitsñiTæCamYyRbeTsCitxagTaMgGs;. snþiPaBCaGhigSa dUecñH eyIgCaCnCatikm<úCaRtUvEtmanGhigSacMeBaHCnCatiTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak enAeBleyIgksagRbeTseyIgeLIgvij. snþiPaB)anmkBImUldæanBIry:ag KWyutþiFm’ nigesrIPaB.

kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;eyIgsMrab;snþiPaB RtUvcab;epþImBIéf¶enHteTA nigral;²éf¶ karksagsnþiPaBTukCaGayuCIvitrbs;eyIg. eyIgsUmGeBa¢IjRbCaCnenACMuvijBiPBelakcUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyeyIg. eyIgksagsnþiPaBcMeBaHxøÜneyIg-RbeTseyIg nigBiPBelakTaMgmUl.

kñúgqñaM 1981 GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anebIksnñisiTmYy edIm,ICECkBIGnaKténRbeTskm<úCa. enAeBlenaH eyIgk¾)anR)arBVeFVIBiFIbuNümYyedIm,IsnþiPaB. enAeBlbBa©b;BiFIbuNü GñkdwknaMExµrRkhmmñak;)anmkCYb´kñúgkþIRby½tñbMput. eKsMueGay´mkkan;RbeTséf edIm,IksagvtþtamRBMEdn. ´)anR)ab;eTAeKvijfa ńwgmk.

mnusSCaeRcIn)anKitfa {GIy:a ¡ semþckMBugmanRBHbnÞÚlCamYysRtUv¡ semþcCYysRtUv¡ etIsemþcyl;y:agdUemþchñ+¡} ´)anBnül;R)ab;BYkeKfa ³ {emtþaRBhµvihar EtgeGabRkesabsBVstVTaMgGs;eTaHbIsBVstVTaMgenaHmancitþéføfñÚrefakTabl¥ b¤GaRkk;.

emtþaRBhµviharenH EtgeGabRkesab b¤pSayedayÉkÉgeTArksBVstVEdlmancitþéføfñÚr nigcitþl¥. citþKMnitEdlxVHesckþIsuxk¾rab;

133

bBa¢ÚlkñúgrebobenHEdr BIeRBaHeKd¾RtUvkarnUvemtþaFm’enAkñúgxøÜneKdUc²Kña. RKab;BUCénGMeBIl¥Gacsøab;b¤xUc)anedayGMeBIGaRkk;. GMeBIl¥minGacrIkduHdaleLIy)an edayRtwmEtEtsMdIRtCak;EtxVHkruNaFm’ enaHeLIy.

KnæImanRbsasn_fa {Canic©kal Kat;)ansMercsMrYlrYceRscehIy}.Kat;)anbEnßmeTotfa {BIeRkayGshRbtibtþikarrbs; EtgEtmansuqnÞHd¾mutmaMbMput edIm,IeFVIshRbtibtþikar/ enAkñúgGnþerakaltictYcNas;sUm,ICamYysRtUvd¾eXaeXA/ cMeBaH´mansikPaBGsuRkitéRkElg EdlFøab;manenAkñúgesckþIRtUvkarnUvPaBsmrmüénkayvikarrbs;RBHCam©as;eTaHbIenAkñúgesckþIRtUvkar RBHFm’k¾KµannrNaecjputBIsMNageLIy}

´minq¶l;eTcMeBaHkarRsLaj;GñkCiHCan;eFVI)abeK. CnCatikm<úCaRsLaj;ExµrRkhm - RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput edIm,IsMerc b:uEnþbBaðaenHCac,ab;sMrab;TMnak;TMngCaskl. kMhwgniwgkarsgswk EtgekItmansarcuHeLIgCabnþbnÞab;minQb;QreLIy.karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkç½NÐeLIyb:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg. vamann½yfaeyIgemIlxøÜneyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUv. sRtUvKWGVI sRtUvKWsBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgemahPaB. ehIyxøÜneyIgpÞal;k¾Caemah³énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr. ehtuenH manEtemtþaRBhµviharnigsti Edl)anp©itp©g;RtwmRtUvehIyeT eTIbGacerIxøÜnecj)an.

mhatµHKnæI manRbsasn_fa {GñkRtUvbegáIGhigSaeGay)aneRcInkñúgCIvitrbs;Gñk kalNaGñkbegáIt)aneRcInehIyRtUvrkSavaTukeGay)anl¥ nigcmøgvaeTAGñkÉeTot EdlenACMuvijGñk minyUeTvaniwgraldal

134

BaseBjBiPBelak)an¡}. eyIgCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarerIxøÜnecjBIesckþITukç ehIyEsVgrkesckþIsuxsMrab;xøÜneyIgpÞal; edaybric©arkic©rbs;eyIg. eyIgRtUvEsVgrkpøÚvedIm,IeFVIkaredaHRsay. bric©arkic©KµanGVIeRkABIeyIgmanemtþacMeBaHsBVstVTaMgGs; ehIyniwgkarelIkTwkcitþedayykemah³mkemIledayBnøWePøIgKIbBaØaeLIy.

GVIEdleyIgFøab;ehAfa Gtþa b¤ xøÜn enaHtamkarBitminEmnTal;EtesaH manEtRtwmehtu nigbc©½yb:ueNaÑH. dUecñHkarts‘UcMeBaHxøÜneyIgnigGñkÉeTotKWCakar\tRbeyaCn_. bNÐitCn GñkmanbBaØa )ansÁal;c,as; b¤sKlénCemøaHTaMgGs;enHecjmkBIcitþ. C½yCMnHbegáIteLIgnUvKMnMu. braC½ybegáIteLIgnUvTukçeTamnsS bNÐitCnrEmgminR)afñaTaMgC½yCMnH TaMgbraC½y. eyIgGacp©aj;GtþTtßPaBedayGavuFKW sb,úrsFm’. p©aj;GviC¢aedayGavuFKWbBaØa. p©aj;sMGb;edayGavuFKWemtþaFm’.RBHBuTæRTg;sEmþgfa {eBlNaeKeFVIGMeBIGaRkk;dl;eyIg RtUvCMnHnUvkarGak;Gn;RsBn;citþenaHecj ehIyeBalfa {citþrbs;GatµaGj minRtUvmankaresAhµgRtwmEtehtukarN_enaH²eLIy}. GatµaGjminGnuBaØateGayprusvacaNamYy sUm,IEtmYyma:t;pusecjBIbbUrmat;GatµaGjeLIy. GatµaGj nwgrkSanUvsb,úrsFm’ vsSasPaB RBmTaMgKMnitRbkbedayemtþaFm’ nigminmanButt,úGaRkk;eLIy. snþiPaBepþImecjmkBIkñúgcitþ BitNas;¡ eyIgnwgsMEdgecjnUvemtþaFm’cMeBaHsBVstVTaMgGs;sUm,IEtGñkCiHCan;sgát;sgáineKk¾eday.

bnÞab;BIemahnækard¾exµAggwtknøgputeTA eyIg)aneXIjnUvBnøIsnþiPaBkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. eyIgTaMgGs;KñasUmsMEdgnUvktþBaØÚtaFm’

135

y:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHRBHmhakruNaTiKuN nwgrsµIénkarRtas;dwgrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæbrmRKUCaGm©as; EdlRBHGgÁRTg;)anbMPøWdl;stVnikreGayeXIjnUvBnøWsnþiPaB samKÁIPaB nigbBaØaedaypÞal;RBHGgÁÉg.eyIgbYgsYgsUmeGaymansamKÁIPaB nigTwkcitþesµaHRtg;ekIteLIgkñúgkarpSHpSaKñatammCÄwmbdibTasßitenARKb;karRbCMuBiPakSarbs;GñkdwknaMkm<úCa.

eyIgEsVgrkemeron nigbeRgonnUvkarsÞat;CMnajbiunRbsb;EdlnaMeGayekItsnþiPaB. ebIeyIgrs;enAkñúgRBHFm’ esckþIs¶b;nwg)anrIklUtlas;duHdaleLIgkñúgcitþrbs;eyIg ehIyeyIgnwgbegáItnUvkarsÞat;CMnajxageRkA edIm,IksagsnþiPaBmYyBitR)akdCamYysnþiPavkrTaMgGs;Edl)anmkBIRKb;sasnakñúgBiPBelak eyIgminsuxcitþTTYlC½yCMnHeT eyIgsuxcitþTTYlykEtsnþiPaBmYyb:ueNaÑH ehIyeyIgk¾minRtUvkarkitþiys-yss½kþi b¤kitþis½BÞpÞal;xøÜneLIy emtþamanenAkñúgcitþeyIgTaMgGs;Kña sUmemtþasþab;edayykcitþTukdak;cuHsnþiPaBkMBuglUtlas;duHdalenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCasnSwm² mþgmYyCMhan¡mþgmYyCMhan¡ Step by Step .

BuTæsasnikCaeRcInkMBugTTYlrgTukçevTnaenATIeb-km<úCa-Lav-PUma-evotNam ehIyenARKb;TIkEnøgeTot. erOgsMxan;bMput eyIgCaBuTæsasnik RtUvxitxMbegáIteLIgeTotnUvkarrMedaHTwkcitþmnusSCatiRKb;Catisasn_. eyIgeRbIekr×þmrtksasnarbs;eyIgeGaydUcCavtßúmantMélRbcaMCIvit.

136

{ etIRBHBuTæsasnaGaceFVIGVIeGayFUres,IynUvmuxrbYsBiPBelak)andUcemþcxøH? etIRBHBuuTæRTg;beRgonGVIxøHEdleyIgGacdkykmkeRbIR)as; edIm,IeFVIeGayFUres,IynigRbesIreLIgeEfmeToteTotdl;mnusSCati. skmµPaBd¾køahanbMputmYyrbs;RBHBuTæ KWRTg;nimnþyagcUleTAkan;smrPUmiedIm,IbBa©b;nUvCemøaH. RBHGgÁminKg;enAkñúgvtþ rg;caMsRtUvTaMgLaycUleTArkeLIy. RBHGgÁRTg;nimnþcUleTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaH enAbc©wmRbeTs)anehAbBaðaenHfa ¬dMeNaHRsayCemøaH¦. etIeyIgedaHRsayCemøaHy:agdUemþc? edayRKab;kaMePøIg b¤k¾ts‘UedaykmøaM)ay? etIkarpSHpSaBitR)akdmann½ydUemþc? mhatµHKnæImanRbsasn_fa ¬skmµPaBGhigSamansarsMxan;bMput¦.

kñúgkarEsVgrk nigdak;cuHnUvkarbBa©b;bdibkçPaB. KµanKUrbdibkçeTbBaðaenHmansarsMxan;Nas; eyIgeKarBbc©amiRt eyIgTukcitþTaMgRsugcMeBaHmnusStVHrbs;Gs;elak-Gñknag nigyl;c,as;nUvCm¶WcitþEdlekItecjBIemahH. RbesIrbMputRtUvmanemtþadl;KñanigKña. eyIgTaMgBIr¬burs-RsþI¦ mansuqnÞ³cMeBaHsnþiPaB. eyIgTaMgBIrRtUvkøayCaGñkksagsnþiPaB. KnæI)anehAbBaðaenHfa ¬C½yCMnH]PetaPaKI¦

eyIgCaBuTæsasnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahanedayecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg ehIycUleTAkan;vtþBiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBjeTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuTæ RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæI eyIgminGaceFVIGVIeToteT. CMrMuePosxøÜn CMrMuePossik BnænaKar tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enAGBa©wgsmrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg. eyIgmankargareRcInNas;EdlRtUveFVI .

137

bBaðaenHnwgpøas;bþÚrsnSwm²cMeBaHmnusSPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAEtkñúgGasIuGs;mYyCIvit Føab;)aneronsURtnigBwgEp¥keTAelIRBHsgÇCaTMenomTmøab;. Cnkm<úCaCaeRcInnak;)anR)ab; fa ¬semþc¡ kmµsiTæirbs;RBHsgÇKWRtUvKg;enAkñúgvtþeTetI¦ vaBi)akNas;sMrab;BYkeK edIm,IéllksMruHsMrYleGayRtUvcMeBaHnaTIfµIenH. b:uEnþeyIgCaRBHsgÇRtUveqøIytbfakarERskyMB£kan;EtxøaMgeLIgeRBaHTukçevTna. eyIgRtUvcgcaMfa vtþrbs;eyIgenACamYyCanic© vtþenAkñúgxøÜneyIg.

138

edImeBaFiRBHraCsnÞrkfakñúg»kasGnusSrNBiFIén

mUlniFisnþiPaBnIva:NU

kargarrbs;eyIgCakargarRBHFm’rbs;RBHBuTæ. karRtas;dwgrbs;RBHBuTæCaGm©as;eRbobeFobCamYyedImeBaFi. RBHBuTæGgÁ)anRtas;dwgGnutþrsmµasem<aFiBaØaNenAeRkamedImeBaFienH. rukçCatienHman b¤s-Emk-søwk-páa nigEpø.

rukçCatienH³ RBHBuTæGgÁ)anRtas;dwgeRkamrukçCatienHEdlmanb¤s-edIm-søwk nigEpø.

Epø KWCacturaGriysc©³Casc©³d¾RbesIrEdlsEmþgGMBITukç-ehtunaM»üekItTukç-esckþIrMlt;Tukç niwgmaKa’rMlt;TukçtammCÄwmbdibTa. enHKWCaEpøpáaénedImeBaFi. RBHBuTæRTg;sEmþgfa {tfaKtbeRgoncturaGriysc©³eTAbuKÁlNaEdlsÁal;GMBIevTnanubsSna KWCaR)aCJaEdlBicarNaeXIjfa bBa©kçnæCaevTna. enaHKWCaTukçEdlmaneQµaHfaevTna.suxevTna KWkarTTYlGarmµN_CasuxCaFm’ Gcic©M. TukçevTnaCakarTTYlGarmµN_CaTukç. ]ebkçaevTna CaTukçEdlekItGMBIGviC¢aCaedImehtu nigbc©½y. kareRbonRbedArbs;RBHBuTæbrmRKU CaEpø páa edImeBaFi karRtas;dwgEdlrYbbBa©ÚlKñaeTACakarTTYlnUvGarmµN_CaevTna. evTnaTaMgGs;CaGnic©M {mineTog }. evTnaRbRBwtþtamkarTTYl GarmµN_CaesamnsS

139

CaeTasmnsS b¤CaGarmµN_GBüakt³. enHehIyKWCaTukçekItGMBIGviC¢a.eyIgTTYlTan)ay eyIgTTYlGarmµN_Casux b:uEnþminyUrb:unµan

eyIgRtUvcUlbgÁn; enHCaGarmµN_eTamnsS enHCaTukç. karTTYlGarmµN_CaeTamnsS enHKWCaTukç. GarmµN_GBüakt³Ca smasFatuCamYyGVIEdlminR)akd b¤mindac;eRscCamYyerOgepSgeTot enHKWCaTukç. RBHBuTæCaGm©as;eRbonRbedAGMBIcturaGriysc©³eTAbuKÁlNaEdlsÁal;GMBIevTnaenH. GVI²TaMgGs;mankarTMnak;TMngKña. evTnamYyCYbCamYyevTnamYyeTotenHKWCaTukç. edIm,IbBa©b;Tukç KWRtUvbBa©b;evTnaedaykarPavnaceRmIinstii CaesckþIrlt;Tukç ¬nieraF¦. enHKWCaEpøpþaénedImeBaFi.

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KuNsm,tþiénelaP³ ¬esamnsSevTna¦-eTas³ ¬eTamnsSevna¦nwgGviC¢a ¬GBüaktevTna¦- sil-smaFi-bBaØa-sb,úrsFm’-emtþaFm’nwgbBaØa manTMnak;TMngCamYyesamnsS eTamnsS nigGBüaktevTna.kalNarlt;elaP³ eTas³ nigGviC¢a naMeGayekItsb,úrsFm’ emtþaFm’nigbBaØa.

tYredImeBaFiKWxnæR)aM manrUb-evTna-sBaØa-sgçar nigviBaØaNEdlGacbMRBYjmkeGayxøI enAEtBIrKW nam nig rUb. x½næR)aMCaTasaTasIrbs;evTna nigTukCacugePAsMrab;erobcMmðÚbGahareGayevTnasIu.evTnamanmat;TaMgGs;6 KWEPñk-Rtecok-RcmuH-GNþat-kay nigmena.evTnasIurUbtamry³EPñk. esamnsSrUb esñIniwgesamnsSevTna.eTamnsSrUb esñInwgeTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNrUbesñInwgGBüaktevTna. esamnsSBaküsMdI b¤semøgesñInwgesamnsSevTna. eTamnsSBaküsmþI b£semøgesñInwgeTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNCamYyBaküsmþIb¤semøg esñInwgGBüaktevTna. esamnsSkiøn esñInwgesamnsS

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evTna. eTamnsSkøinesñInigeTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNCamYykøinesñIniwgGBüaktevTna. ¬dUcKñaCamYyniwgkarb:H b¤karBal; kareRkbrsCatinigKMnit¦

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1-rU)aytn³ 2-sTÞaytn³ 3-Knæaytn³ 4-rsaytn³ 5-epadæBaVytn³ 6-Fmµaytn³. eyIgsuIGVImYy eyIgkøayCaGVImYy-\LÚveyIgsIuRBHFm’ eyIgnwgkøayCaRBHBuTæ.

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The Khmer translation of The Buddha in the Battlefield wasmade possible through the generous donation of Pat Baars,Brett Ballard, Josephine Barbour, Chanthou Boua, MargaretBywater, Catherine Cecil, Denise Coghlan, Beth Goldring, ThidaButt Mam, Bob Maat, Laura McGrew, Ellen Minnotti, EvaMysliwiec, Jenny Pearson, Kathryn Poethig, and the followingorganisations Alliance for Conflict Transformation, AmericanFriends Service Committee, Church World Service, KhmerAhmisa, Jesuit Refugee Service, and VBNK.

The book was translated by Thorng Kakada and design workcompleted by Boonruang Song-ngam.

The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies coordinated thetranslation, fund raising and distribution of the Khmer versionof The Buddha in the Battlefield as a contribution to the nextgeneration of Cambodia’s peace builders. Copies are availableat the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies or can bedownloaded from the website - www.centrepeaceconflictstudies.org

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Documents

Maha Ghosananda Buddha of Battlefield ()