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1/14/2016
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Magnetic Refrigeration Applied to Electronic Systems
Kevin Miller Joseph TurnerAdvisor: Dr. Lili Dong
Sponsor: Rockwell AutomationFred M. Discenzo, Ph.D.Manager, R&D, Advanced Technology
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Project Purpose
Establish the Feasibility of Using Magnetic Refrigeration (MR) Technology for Cooling Critical Electronic Systems
Demonstration of theMagneto- Caloric Effect (MCE)
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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What is Magnetic Cooling ?
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What is Magnetic Cooling ?
Magneto-Caloric Effect (MCE)
Achieves ΔT in a Material byExposing it to a Magnetic Field
Discovered Over 100 Years Ago
ΔT Limitations Result in Mostly Low Temperature Applications
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Why Magnetic Cooling ?
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Why Magnetic Cooling ?Material Science Advances
-New Gadolinium (Gd) Alloys-Improved Rare Earth Magnets
Engineered Materials AchieveGIANT MCE at Room Temps
Higher Efficiency 75% vs. 60%
Environmentally Friendly-Replace Harmful CFCs / HFCs
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Giant Magneto Caloric Effect
Spin Density ContourPlots of Gd5Si2Ge2Dramatic changes when Ge2 covalent bonds break at the magneto-structural transition.
Source: Argonne National Laboratory
-Adiabatic System Limits a Degree of Freedom -Decreases Entropy-Decreases Heat Capacity -Material Absorbs Heat From Environment
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Material Science AdvancementsAMES Lab Material Data
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Conventional Liquid / Vapor Coolantvs. Magneto-Caloric Solid Materials
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Magnetic Refrigerator Operation
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Market Potential
Replace Existing Cooling Systems
Eliminate Inefficient, Environmentally Harmful Methods
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Market Potential
US Department of Energy RatesThe Technology Readiness Level
(TRL) at 4 (1-9 Scale) 3-5 Years
AMES Lab – BASF – GE
Board-Level Cooling
Use of Existing Magnetic Fields
Chip-Level Demonstrated 2012
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Design Objectives
Determine Heat Capacity [J/K]for Effective Energy Transfer [W]
Determine B-Field [T], Mass [kg], and Time [s] to Change Heat Capacity
Test Several ConfigurationsUnder Controlled Environment
Research Practical Solutions forApplication to Specific Systems
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Research Review
Majority of Active Research GroupsAre Using Gd-Si-Ge Alloys
Permanent Magnet vs.Electromagnet (Superconducting)
Reciprocating vs. RotaryHeat Exchangers
New Material DevelopmentsThin Films, Powders
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Selected Research Results(Near Room Temperature)
ResearchGroup
Mag.Type
Field [T]
MaxΔT [°K]
Cooling Power [W]
Heat Exchanger
Refrigerant Alloy Shape
Ames Labs SC 5 10 600 Reciprocating Spheres
Toshiba SC 4 21 100 Reciprocating Spheres
Toshiba Perm 0.76 10 60 Rotary Layers
Toshiba Perm 0.60 27 40 Reciprocating Layers
George Wash Univ.
Perm 2 5 ? Reciprocating Foil
Univ. of Victoria
SC 2 50 15 Reciprocating Pucks
Univ. of Victoria
SC 2 14 2 Reciprocating Layers
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of Purpose
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Technical Approach
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Technical Approach
100 [grams] 99.9% Pure Gadolinium –$35.50
405 [lb-lifting force] Neodymium Magnet –$35.50
1 [gram] Gd5Si2Ge2 Super Alloy –$172.50
Materials
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Technical ApproachMagnetic Field Strength Tests
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Initial Lab Results
MaterialMass
[g]Field
Strength [T]Temperature Change [°C]
Magnet Configuration
99.9% PureGadolinium
5 0.481 Negligible¼ Segment
Axial
99.9% PureGadolinium
5 0.133 NegligibleWheel Segment
Axial
99.9% PureGadolinium
5 0.853 Negligible(2) ¼ Segments
Longitudinal
Sigma-AldrichGd5Si2Ge2
1 0.481 Negligible¼ Segment
Axial
Sigma-AldrichGd5Si2Ge2
1 0.133 NegligibleWheel Segment
Axial
Sigma-AldrichGd5Si2Ge2
1 0.481 Negligible(2) ¼ Segments
Longitudinal
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Challenges – Solutions
Cost / Availability of MC Alloy
Temperature MeasurementAccuracy / Open Environment
Physical Size Limitations
Magnetic Field Strength Peak Area Too Small / Confined
Logistics of Heat Exchangers
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Challenges – Solutions
Meta Materials in DevelopmentThin Films, Powders, Strain-Mediated Multiferroics,
Construct a Testing Fixture withControlled Environment
Field Tests of Existing Equipment
Application-specific Designs
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Deliverables
Quantitative Analysis of Our Results
Performance Evaluation of OngoingResearch Approaches
Report of New Technologies
Recommendation (Go or No-Go)of the MC Technology for RockwellAutomation Applications
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BudgetItemized Costs
- GD Alloy: $500- Neodymium Magnets: $100- Electromagnets: TBD
(Super Conducting Would be of Impractical Size / Cost)
- Enclosure Fabrication: $700- Test Equipment: $200
Total Cost: Approximately $1500
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Establish ControlledTesting Environment
Demonstrate MC Effect
Determine Cooling Power forApplication-specific Designs
Evaluate Other Technologies
Provide a RecommendationsPursuing MR for Electronics
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TimelineTime Duration Tasks
08/2015-10/2015 Research and Literature Review
11/2015-12/2015 Obtain Test Equipment and Materials, Conduct Initial Experiments to Demonstrate Magnetic-Caloric Refrigeration Phenomenon
1/2016-2/2016 Test the Magnetic Cooling Effect to Find the Relationship Between the Strength of Magnetic Field, Mass, Time, Temperature and Energy
3/2016-4/2016 Perform Comparative Analyses of Magnetic Cooling with Other Existing Cooling Techniques
4/2016-5/2016 Prepare Senior Design Presentation and Report
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