Madhyamaka Studies Among the Early Sa-skya-pas

8/9/2019 Madhyamaka Studies Among the Early Sa-skya-pas

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Madhyamaka Studies Among the Early Sa‐skya‐pasby David P. Jackson

The Tibet Journal 10:2 (1985)


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My Su Ag Ey -yp

Davd P. Jk

ALTHOUGH Mayaaa phiosopy occpe inputably

entral postion trougho the deeopmen of bean Budhsm,v pec of is stoy n bet have reained oe oe tai� Tian hsoas gve bref acconts of the Stanka a Psalneages tat were establised by e rasato Rng BoIda-shs a(5909) and Pashb Ny-agags (b. 55) esevey. Bu he sysuprsgy ttle about the trasssion o tese adt down o he meof te aes who gae the Madyaaa docrnes dentive ipro for the ajor schools, such as song-kha-p Blozagaga(357149) for the DeIugspa ad Goamsa Bsodnams·segge1429-1489

for e askyaaJus

o ael te es of he scswho ag Madyaaa urng te 1t trog ceies s oWo always easy And t s oen vey dct to tace recey how tdocines were ndesood n ose ties.

he ealy Saskyapas ae o exept fom ese dtes f one as,for ce whch Mahyaaa eage the foues of a-sya ow,ere s o easy and iversay accepted aswer The lat ietan htnsad sos o not ge aeqae awes for thr uts are genrlonsided and do not agee. Moe satiacto sol ons is roblem n,in fac ony be reached by gong ecy to te biogap o te aspafoudes ad seng wa eachgs tey ecev.

e biorahes ree tha he sdy o he Maaaka shsreaises a par of the Sasyapa adio snc me of te rea oer Sa-che Kda'-syi-o 09U He n h i wons or he ms pat sded �he Madhyaaka teaties i he lof Rog sba ldanes-rab .e accodig to acy Srika appoc. hePsagka rdio ofPatshab oa o deeecore o ae reahed te Saskyapas ul the e o ache gaSkya Qia hog S-ches s oams-rto hd at e

basc acqaace w he sgika

Sa-c Kdg'yg-pSac

e stded te Madhyamaka with at least f our teach ers. As a yut

he studIed unde dgebshes M -Ihan,1 who is scribe s beg a dicipl of Rnog 10-tsba 2 o o ngo 0's scip le K h y R-ch en rags.3 The


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MADHYK MONG SA-SKPS 1

rks h S-c su -lng cldd t sl "hn SVrk trses (rg gyud s gum), ess o

gra Svnr asrs of 8cry Id :

Jgb, Stad vavbhng kik vtt Bde pa g1 pa 'bed p g! Dg os. 3881 3882)

Sk� Maklk kk vt Db . Drg os. 3884 3885

Kl Mdkok Db g b Dr g 3887

Ah o Sn' rs w Mgyo lsab Blgrsgrgs

F hi S-h rss by Ngjn ht fre ey shos pus b p I/O ):

MUkkk Db b b)Ykt�kC Rg p d p)tp (Sog p d b b pVgv Rod p bzg p)Vd Zb o g)

In iio, sU gs hymn cs bod p og ) ad Scc Md k bu p)4T d h w u g My o h ws g

gyhb Wh h a gn s s Vkss g w qcc d otvtof Sdv Irsgly ig o Sgycb is s o v fo s eh Mn g' ris .5 Te w bly Mg'rsGslbsyg l dsil f Bog l-b ghy s wh Rgg b.6

A h c o y xs ch ws bm hor h K bos: sk-mh ) h he dd the o-v ad kcca o Sandv he Succ7

y shd h ch y so hv sUie th Mdy- k cy Rgg sb's scl hyg hgrgsI h bhy by hs Ggs yl-msh s s h s d a wh y and th ths de luded s sbjs aP\ h tie h sss (zu cs p ws one DlD Tw l hsshkyhgd bk

y th hs uds u Khyg Rhggs ncded Myk

Slob-p BrmoBsomsso (1428) so o S-ce and he second

gr fod er o Ssy so si ac he evoed y much o s fe o choati tud


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2 THE TIE JUNAL

a eer h aher ahe or h s yo ger brotr Gapa-rgytshn. For hs ain Mayaka se he e akya a joey t

Gangp Ne'uog Cenal Tb e ol oasc set (gdaf s) seiy o e gea Rgog los-ba Tee Bo- s�ce eache w e famous Pywaa Cokyegge (10916) Heded er is asr o a o or some eeven y, begJ in158 whe Bsodasremo wa xee e year Sces eathan eding e yer o Pywapa' pasg Uoy,no di accon o sod-nrseos u has surved Neh soe o e ieg e cee o Pywpa t e, cs e exoson o the Bodhisavacryt, e bee mae

i e Skya rio dow t e e. On te a,cerin iegs of Pra nd eae ubecs o �ive, bcuywpa ntepea of tee opc wee argey reeced by }as:eos ehew ya Pa;ta.

Lk h ate e Bodameo ro rceve h maMyk taig e coo of Rgog osba e Mayo1aknge o Rgog o Pywa s decbed by Shkyachogd asfoow:IO

Rgog obaI1

lua RadmarbBogobyuggs Bygcubg p

, _

1

ywa oy e

Hoev Sgsgys utog h tion of te Ngor 'yzdecbed te neage eey 1

Rg lobaI

Gngs-pa she 'u K h yu g Rin-cenra s1

Stong-g Rgydabayngbgag

Phywapa

Php i o ave stogy opposed he Pgia a pQc. 12Bt we kow a Bonam-rseo wa able o bee qat w


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MADHYK AONG SA-SY-PS 23

h ees of the Psa ka becae e ontra e tw Mdhykub-schol s coary o te B osattacaryv ta.13

je-su Gags-paya-saTe adhyaka stes he d gt odr Gpyl

��a 1476, also a exee ut y are o ds1n ta hs ow ogahy. ee o s sply old y h bogphr ya P9a at e ared h Pray sa d ts [o teachs O an dee ay of he dhyak s ragyamn st y e lst Sa-sy PQ'sas mo h wrks hat Gagprgy-shn lr :

5

Nju

ryaaCdkf,

dva,

Sasky Plgit

Ranali (R p che' phg ba)Pataamupda a (R b bCI gf k gzU)Suhh (Bh pa prg g)e "yn rp" (Bo pa [hgSraua (M w l b pK l pg pa, tc.

a/aak Bh bga paMa{atra (Du a la 'jg pa)

BatacaYGa (py g)�ccaa ab bu)

Wth he sds Saskya P Kudggyl-sh (11822a ew e o Madhyamaka suds aved fo h Sasky-p egSya Pa ( Sapa or so) o dobt ged hs basc fly

he Mahyamka ough hs eary ss w s ce gs-prgm


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TET

Ml a ma d h ya mka k r i k D bu a t s a ba e s a b )

Y uk a k (R g d ug u p

Sn y�t s a t ( og Ir i d bd beu pa ) V a i d a l y sur (2 M b ma 'tha g )

Liese a ug t Sa-pa e S at yac va ya ibha ng of J agabha a �

M ad h yamakil a/ra of Snt arak$it a. One ay sume ha Zhu-o I

gral bogd to Svt at rka neag of R a Phywa-pa.

Aot h of Sa-pa ' mai achs of he M hy� aa was a

'd ba Mtsh Gz o-nuseg ge. T o study under him, Sa-pa trav l

t o N yangod R kyang-du 120. W le here, he tdd t h Pra m i -

vize ya o Dharmak lt i, Pr m p (T s h !) of Canakirti,

ad t he kud ga o J aynada.19 T sudy of the a s a l p wou

appea o mak t e rs toducto o h Psagia lina e of Pa-tshb

o a Sa-kya oudg aer

Altoug Gzon-nu-sng-ge ad sude w Phya_pa,20 i main

eacrs sm t o h ave bn Gang ag-pa Bo' rusengge21 d

mabya Byang cubbt o'grs.2 Bot h Gaag-pa ad Rab r id among Pywa-pa's dciple, bu they di o foo hs tradion

xluiv o ty ae alo ad o hve suie ith Paab Nya

gag.23 n a o o te ai rgika a o te a Sa-skaped o a-ab to Rmabya Byag-cb-ogr a fo o Mu Gzonu-sgge toug oe rco o eage r Ra-bya Byagye btwe Pa-tsab an agch-btsog4T'ubkan on Rabya Bya1gbto se a a eace fPamQa to Sa-paJ, b h e early ous do not ecor any stdi bySpa him.2J

Yet noer tac of Buddi phloophy to Sa-pa w as Brtseg Dbang-ph yugsgg.26 T e dtaled bogrphy Sa pa's dicipe L

u-mkh y Rinc1dal pesrvd i the Lam' ba s sl ob bad oe rcod a Sa-paQ. studied Madhyamaka- P aJa ( bu shad ) and the "D ma o Mai ry ( b yam s c lo ) w h hs t ec her, refen g o h Pyw a Dbg p ug-ng-ge. H ow vr, n t hi p sage ad ele i i biogapyt e ams of t e speci w oks suded w ith Bsegs s ae or uat ey no cied. One es hat L o- a ee a le o re e d etails bu BrgDang-phyug-sg-ge ws, accdig t o Shk c ogIda ad T'bkw an, a eacr of Mahyamaa and io�o al e o Sa-paQ.27 e ony bogae o e mo specif 01 tIlS pom w a

Y a-kungpa Gagpargyal t shan (f. late 13t c ?), o saed at Bt sgpa aug Sapa J he ayaaa "shoa corp " ( r i g [h ag s ) a t i me.28

Btsg s a ma jor displ of Phyw a- pa Cs-kyis


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MADHYMAKA MONG S-SYAPS 5

yamogIdan, Bsegs was resposie fo tastg e oog

atr ag t Sapa a ce o late geeraon Sakya-pa

a:31Rgog lotsba

Gro-Iun g-pa

I

gy-

Pwapa

Brgs

Sa-pa

'D-ygpa

Zag Msdedpl

Bad -pa BsodsglaG.yag-stn

Ardg t Gapa wver Btsegs-son aso pld PaJa ha h ha eve Msu Gzhoneg2 n ase e a al av e a t e Psag an en h ahng gave o th g Sapa F ogBs·s a-pa are f an core Pagka i eage

so a aohe o his spe a-bya Skagg weren n n ow a poa lage

Pahab Ny-agrags

(Rabya Byagy?)

Rma-bya Byagbo

hU Gzhnsng-g

Rmabya Syag�g

hang Co-yba-a

M a-hagrag


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26 B

Bgson

IMgonpo·'bum

IDpal-n· '

S hrh rg y

Ngorc

Bcom-Idn Rig-rl

o-s-ba Mhog ldan

L egs . pa 'i -b log ros

I

Dg lo Bo-gos

rga-mtsn

DpalIdage

\Byngchusgge Buo

Rmd'b Sra tshd pa

.a gso

R ongso

SaT o erd Ma dhya ka to fo vea i srpyio·l Byng, T wrig h Bkgmtio u nr h l h Madyamakopa§a (Dbu a'ia nga) of AiS.34 The Myk tdio pd by A wcnse to v e sg ka acodg o Gobo mn Bnalug A' appoa a Mdya mka h ee w e tog Saa35 Fo Spy-oapa, S al cng "Ge M b che o of cbIa Zb-yth l ul cl a Bkagdp 1�, e wa pay poa p pag

ri vvr pc b6Finlly S:J so o major Madyaaka ta wt N lJgh: t Calsaaa of yadva37 r n hi ws y k ea ta SapaJ sd rom mng v exv studie e e f ou Soth Aa pd.

From the f egi n e c tht Sa-paJ a cquired through is tudesawid famili rty wth h e mnMa dhyaaka traises of India ogeter with th rTiben xgeic traditions. H cholac tudies wee f ar moe dvrs h toe of e r earli f Ol ncrs of Sa -skya . No ony dd he dy texpctd SVl rka tdions in h e lineage of Rgog and Pyw a-p,bu t he ws a lso h fst of h f ounders o h v recid h Pasgik do f rom the linag of Pa-tshb. In ddtio, he l rn d a ew hmn radion', wel s studying oe of the undamenta l Mdhykaets u ndr a Nw pud it. For he easos Sa -pa occu pes a scl positon wihn e d velo pm et f M dhyama ka t udies a ong h Sa-sky-p. Th rcd of Sa-pT's stldies a d his biog phes, howe v r g ve no


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MADHYAMAKA MONG SA-AP 27

lr ndcatio of w c f the se tra tions o appr oa c es he may h a e f e le�paIIy w, if a . Ind e e , to fo a e tal pc tre of

Sa-sya P9i a a Mdhy amk a, i w l be n c s a y o olect an examin al ih e re le ttem nt t ar p er vd hs t wngs.But ev e w out a tmp su c a or ough u, a prliyoserva t ion s ca be mad e .

To begin w ith, e w rngs of Sacsky a Pal9ia on the Madymaka arc

nt orhy b eause Sa-pa w as th r:t of e S-sky apa fmly o

clif y h e M adhy am ak a into S vtnrika and P'sangka scho l.38 Tou gaQ's mai tr ea tse o philosopicl ts, the Gm b tha' wm by ed,

is lost, this dsticton s spe lle d out n sevr a of his ma jor surving w orks.39

Wn Saa me nons h s w o s hoos of the Madhy am aka in oaclasfton, aw ays m etions Svatik frst and e Psal'gk

s e cond. By this pogr essio h e nd cates hat e h ld the P rsangika o bthe hig e r cho ol. In s clas ca tion of o er Buddhst schoos e ob erves

h e sam convenio: he Mah ayaa alw a ys comes afte r an tus is suprio

to the Sravakayana, ad e Madhyamaka lwy com afte r d is us

supero o e V i javda.

Wat, ao o Sa-paQ s te dernc beee e Sva"a ae sk? H expas hs Bk' gdms o kr b'i zu I:

I s te Paa tadton to hol tha [somg ca] b faiblo [he ev o ransacona usage ta )!{ld: vyh. ThMadhyaaka as to visions: SvtaEa s i a ccod wh abov. Te Prsangkas o not hold t so ethig ca b ridcevn o he lvl of tansacio ae .40

Fuem, s T i p ge g ng g he ipl h\ dvo of Svitark a and Pa salgika c be m on bas of

e oncep an teology ea aopt fo al i e suf a c leveof th:

And as for he Madh yaik a, [they o t] o h v of he ut-mate u, [ealy s f ee om ssv d opment pobra!: pc, whl on the surfac l (10m /"(ob SC!zt)ey e folow those o pud exie e ette s [.e.he Svaka o Yogra coos, o ey acord wh woy con41

Th Svka hus fol er e Sakas o h Yog5 o eur ac e evel, wheea he Psgkas flw w old ly oss.

S -paD aso hols at th Madhyamaka theory of u ima ali ty a

f re e om any ad all d iscrv e e o pm e nt (li�pra Fca ) must be idca

f or e foIlow ers of bo th th e Pramtyna ad th e M antrayna. T supeio -

rty of Man tr a a ress only i is posse ion of specal m thods h at


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8 E T �NAL

enbl practi one to al a ultim r ay o fem nstadof h aeon ht ec ssay for lows Pm.42

em Sa-pJ ad h vtntk d Pngi en h tig particur ct of ech. I e imoa sag of iT pa'i gong gal o e two rt -lv , Sa-pa poge y xe oo o e Sk ad P sgk and ny vs a a idpoo-e Mdhymak hry fT.43 T,hgh schotihhe SQ h ow a pfece h P sg ka ve Stk, a a prcoe e undmently adh d o dhy af Marya pecep d d No dOU G -okae Bsd·Iug w gttg a h ad a paQ i e Mdaka o two fute ce: ot, coyama d a , subl oe. Sp ad o a fooA 5 Wa e n Mdy? A or dg oG o-bo h-c ST ed wa ady he ditae t t u a s t Paakao the yaj cyce (a ok atd y do Ngarj).46

d n h boeie paag Tpa; dgog gsaf, pa h sef he aakaa a a ahoy i 7

T a a Mam S p x g It ! a S Vantk a SyaogIa and ' vdOC It wod as cect t fow e d dy oe a P sgik.48 As ga a d d dis d r w si h otn e s o ut . O fumta leve e oo ed ppy d td f evio S oder hg hi rgs agya: Mk f Tt

O

1. Gpa-rgyalmts, S-ky Rje bun Dp al s k y che o kli dg ' in po'; ma tha r, Lam 'br s slo b h (Dege cd .), vo 1 (ka ), p. 24; Thu'-bkwan Ilobz,LUgchs-kyinyma (I737-1802), Gmb I k k tg g 'd o tl l pa l e gs b rd sh! g y; me I Og, Col ce d Woks Ne w Delhi: 199 vo ! p 19.

2. 'G> It-b Gzhon-upa T h Ble AI/al (G.N Roe i r s.), (De : 976),p. 326 H h is ale d McIan g-tshr .

3. SI!kym oldan Gscr-og pDhe (I428 1507), Rog ls s ha ba ce pasO p a j; Itar bsk y al p' I S/ 1 do s b y go m t hr gt g yi ol 1Il0,C lc tc d Woks (Tim u: 9) vol 6, p. 457.

4 Gargylmtshn, p. I365 Gr g-r gya h an, p 12. 2b .3.6. Lh op kUI-my n Rincen-dal, D p al d s a sk a ajq ita' a t har k mk h y e

ri che l dpl g yi s md z arpa, Lam 'br s so hd (Der ge ed ), vo!. 1 (ka ), 47 G s-prgyl mtshan, p 14b .28. G sp glts n 2 3; Skyc og- Rz og 1 0, 4547; Tu'-


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0 E JUNA

2 4 Ng or-cl b ' 65? 6 g _dbanl

o

-

z

g

r

y

m

ts

h

vol. I, p. 50.. lcn, 1 /0 yrg, p. ._ , 25. Thu'-bkwa n, p. 20)4. d26 L h o-

k kl 5] b ' Sh

-kya-m ch

ogI an, Rrl g o g 1 o,

p.453.

. a un-m l y e n, p . , a k O · 27 Shaky m ch g-Idn, Db Ia'i, p. 3; Tl ' w an : . 2. 1 �m-sp.ung sa tga-db ang ,.. I t cr b ' lo grphe s crib ed a

pl) s s tu L s wI h s t e ach(r tn hiS Jrg, a ,. ' ' J am d b y angs lI; i r pa ' z n p a a sk y p a W I

a kl � g r g y a mts z a n d pl zn g po' ; n s a lj e a bOka l a bz n g po i l egS , Lam br

a s s lob bs had (Der g cd.),

vl [ ) 95a : .b od k yi r g al po'i / a g s g S las b�I g a / yo I1ed /lha' la s br b a d bl i I

l:I !/ / rlo g e' i I S br g yad s an p Is had ila I g z

g /

I e d O b y 1 pu' i c h l u f a so s g s a /

TU Riugs too s Be wi he s cool o f Rng og lo- s dPhywa-pa.

28. Yarkp Gglm h, Go yi Ij k a lit k d g IS/W! al bzm o'; 1 r Iha pa 'rn , m 'br s s bsh l 1 ()33.

L op k-yn 5] b3 Lo hi s a o ve be dis fPyw. S -mcogd R g / 451

0. 'G -, p 2 3 kog-I D/i, p 2232 G Ts a ge gy; a i g ma a b a s

b Clct Work , o 3 p 9. Hr Go r s s sei i priul fhe P}{vcaya g o Bsg

. Ngg'-bzg-gso v 1 p 5f; N-n, . 65; Skymog Dbl ma'i, 2f. od o cf e rsen o B L !so i s lng mcns f hs w Th i g (s s Clec Woks o 6 pp. 67-83_ T u Mdhm u h ol y i is b g ee w TdmkB od-nsm go t., p 38) e os tud i d t i s e il e oks of Ngj


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MDYAAK G SSP 1

Te ote Psagka eag shr e by e main lae Sa-kypa schoas decedd iety, fr om anoe f Pashab's sip Zhang Tag-saga Yess-yugas. As ecoded in N gagang-obzagga-ho vol! 5J-2, this ineg

cme down as f olos:

a-

Pa-sabIZag angsgaIBo DnggragsIBa-a PrajahavajraSobpo Son-sua dai-aIJo-sunpaID-a-baaIDamashesrabBagson Shs-abrheRje Pyasga,

Bagso Bsam-bangIBg-so Gho-nba-gaI

Dm-stonong-o

Acodg o te /! yg o Mkasgbe (Coe Woks vo. [], 93[=43] Tongha-as lieag fo he suy of he "yk ( lg) oNuna was as foos:

_

-ts

h

_

a-bya Gtsga Zag Khsyang-y Sasbos hag-agpa Mdo-sdeaI

Rm by ByagbrtonMsh zho-ngImabya ShksgIMch Naha'gags

SkYOon S-uRgyango PaQcen

Ihi Bobzanggrags-aSna-hang khanhen

Kdgagahansogkaa Bobangragsa'pa


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34 H JURNL

m' de ko nd pyi Ig g o e dO rab sal. , Clected Works. Rajpu :

1979. Vol. 5

_ Tshd gs ger gyi dk b' gas m p bha p d bd ab a/,

Coleed Wok, o. 3;Oos lo-ts-ba Ozhn-u-dpal

The Blue A/Iw{s ( ON. Roerich, tra!.) . Delhi : 1 976

Orags-pagal-mhan, Saskya Rjebtun. Dpal sa sa a ce o n dga' sIg po'i

m Ihr, Lam 'bas slob bhad, Derge e. Vo 1 (ka)f. 9b.3-6

Ketsun Sangpo. Bogphcal Dory of Tbe ad Tbetn uddhism. Dharamsal :

9, vos.Lpa kun-mkhyen Ri-chedpal. Dp s sya {I(li'i m ha kUIl khye

r

chel dp{ gyis mdzd pa, Lam 'bras sob bhad, Derge ed. Vol. 1 (ka) f. 38b. -57a l

Mimak . Blo gsa{ grub m"'. yoo : Zinbn Kagaku Kekyusyo, yo Unvert,

1982.

Nggdbangblobzang-rgya-mtsho, Daai V. Zb pa rgya ie b dmn p' clOS ki

hob g gaugg; elU gYn. 4 vols Deh : 1 97 .

Ngg-dbag-chogag Bod ky khs p ga phi dag g gb 1hai s bed dpod ag bs p'i bel b g skes dpyod !d kha ; Iu rgy edz p' phr h od p. himb: 979.

gr-en Kungabzag-po Thob g rg so Sa ka pa bk' 'bum oky: Bko, 68 V. 9 pp. 4086.

Rsung-a gagagjgs-gag J dbags m id pa c a sa pakn d gl shz dp bg po togs pa brod bkal a a po' legs a bas sob bhad, Dege e. Vo (k) IT 6l 5a.6

S-s Paqta Kundga-rgyal-mha Bka gds do o b I Sa kya pibka . Tokyo: Bnk 1968 Vo. p. 03.60-.

Mhs pa jg p' sgo Sa skya a bka' um kyo Ty Bunk968 Vo 5 p. 8 . 6 .

Rje bt r po e' a /Iwr, La bas ob shd Dee e. Vo 1 (k) 18aA29a. See aso Bl m rje bS r o ei a ar S a skya pi ka 'buTk T nko 98 V 5 pp 3 8

c/opa g gy b l dbe b, Sa sya pa' bka bm yo y Bunk,968 V 5, 293205.

- T pi dgogs pa b I gsa! b Sa skya 'i k' bum Tokyo k, G8 Vl p . - 50 6 .

Sy Rug, D. The Litrale of he Mdaka Schoo! of Plosop n IUlia A Hitry of I/dm Leue, vol. 7, fac 1 Webaden : Oto Harassowitz 98 .

Shiky-1gldan, Gsermog pace). Dbt ma; 'bYg Ihl maw pr bsd pigam yd bzh o, Cllected Works. Thimbu : 1 97 5 Vol. 4, pp. 209-248.

. Rlgos 10 ts/la ba che ps bSfn p ji Ir bkags ' /do tam tlb), bl /go J/Itslzar tm yi ro 1/0, Colected Works Thimbu : 975. Vol. 1 6, .5

Thu' -wn Bl-bzngcos-kyi-nma. Grub tha' Iwm cad ky; ki/gs dlg do tml stOl pa legs bshad sei gy Ie O, Colected Works. New Deh i : 1 969. V 2 . 5 9

Tkhp 1lobzng-rags-pa. Rje rl! p o eh bo bZJ g 'i dpa g gsan y.Clctd Works New De : 980. Vo 1 (), pp. 23 -29

Yr-kung Oragpa-gyal mtsha. Clzos kyi je sa sk p!(f kzm d' rgl mtshn dp/ zwl p' a pr th a brng po, Lam bras o bsha. Vo 1 (k) ,. 2b-38.

Zng Rylba-. Dp SC skypIi ce o; am ar a, Sa skya pa'i bka 'bum. Tokyo : T6yo Bunko, 198 Vol 5, pp. 43.2 .1-43846

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Madhyamaka Studies Among the Early Sa-skya-pas