Upload
leonard-gallagher
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Macromolecules & Monomers
Monomer Polymer(Building Block) (Macromolecules)
Amino acid Protein
MonosaccharidePolysaccharide
(simple sugar)
Nucleotides Nucleic acids
Lipids
Synthesis & Degradation
Synthesis & DegradationDehydration Reactions
Monomer Monomer MonomerMonomer
Monomer Monomer Monomer MonomerH
PolymerizationHydrolysis Reactions
Monomer Monomer MonomerMonomer
Monomer Monomer Monomer MonomerH
Polymerization & Degradation
Monomer
H
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Protein Functions• Enzymes
– 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate• Transport
– Transmembrane, systemic, intracellular• Structural
– Collagen, keratin, fibroin, cytoskeletal components
• Mechanical– Muscle contraction, dynein & kinesin, cilia &
flagella• Protection
– Antibody, fibrinogen, keratin• Killing
– Complement, toxins• Information processing
– Signal transduction, rhodopsin, RNA & DNA polymerase
Peptide Functions• Glutathione
– 106 – 1012 increase in reaction rate• Oxytocin
– Lactation & Uterine contractions• Neuropeptide Y & Galanin
– Appetite stimulating• Cholecyostokinin & -melanocyte
– Appetite suppression• Vasopressin & Atrial natriuretic factor
– Increases / Decreases blood pressure• Met-enkephalin & Leu-enkephalin
– Opioid peptides• Substance P & Bradykinin
– Pain perception
-Carbon–Hydrogen atom–Amino group–Carboxyl group–One of 20 R-groups (side chains)
Amino Acids
Am
ino
Aci
ds
CODES & SYMBOLS• Each amino acid has a trivial
name, a 3-letter code, and a 1-letter symbol
–The code is usually the first three-letters of the trivial name
– Exceptions: asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), isoleucine (Ile), & tryptophan (Trp)
Peptide Bond
• Short amino acid polymers– 2 residues -- dipeptide
– 3 residues – tripeptide
– 6 residues -- hexapeptide
– 12 - 20 residues -- oligopeptide
– Many residues – polypeptide
– Functional -- protein
Amino Acids & Proteins
Protein
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
Primary structure determine folding
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Proteins
• One or more polypeptide chains– Monomer, dimer, trimer, oligomer,
multimer– Homodimer, heterodimer, homotrimer,
etc.• Subunits often designated as , , , ,
Amino Acids & Proteins
Disulfide Bonds
Amino Acids & Proteins
Quaternary Structure
Fibrous proteins
Quaternary Structure
Globular proteins
Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n
Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n
3 carbons -- triose 4 carbons – tetrose
5 carbons -- pentose
6 carbons -- tetrose
Carbohydrates – Cn(H2O)n
2 monosaccharides - disaccharide
3 monosaccharides trisaccharide
several monosaccharides - oligosaccharide
many monosaccharides - polysaccharide
Starch & GlycogenCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Lipids – Fatty Acids
Lipids – Fatty Acids
LipidsTriglycerides
LipidsPhospholipids
Lipids – Sterols
Lipids – Sterols
Lipids – Fatty Sterols
Lipids – Waxes
Lipids
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides & Nucleic acids
Nucleotides & Nucleic acids