Michael R Appletonmrappleton@gmail.com

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Hunting Areas

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Sacred Natural Sites

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Forest Reserves

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The Wilderness Ideal

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Powerful People

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Powerful People

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Popular Pressure

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‘Natural Laboratories’

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Mountain Landscapes

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The rational approach

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The IUCN Definition of a Protected Area

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Growth of Protected Areas

wdpa.org= around 100,000 sites

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Around 100,000 Protected Areas

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The Network that was createdOver 12% of the land surfaceMost countries in the world have PAsMostly legally recognisedSome sites over 100 years oldMany sites immensely popular and lovedA wealth of knowledge and experienceMost major ecosystems representedMillions of species protected

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The network is not perfectMostly uplands and forestsMostly unproductive landFewer wetlands and fertile lowlandsVirtually no marine sitesEcological ‘Islands’Little consideration of ecological boundariesLittle consideration of traditional use and indigenous territories

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Management Objectives used to be quite simple

Protection

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Management Objectives used to be quite simple

Research

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Management Objectives used to be quite simple

(Limited Recreational visiting)

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We used to think the values of PAs were only to do with nature, and scenery

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Now we recognise a wider range of values

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We used to think of PA’s as islands...

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Now we see them as part of wider ecosystems and landscapes

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We used to manage in terms of jurisdictions

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Now we manage in terms of ecosystems and landscapes

"SKAKAVAC" AREA SERBIA

GRA GRA LAGOON NP Belize

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And across borders

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..and we also consider non formal land and resource rights

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We used to be the only managers

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Now we recognise that many others should be involved

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We used to think of local people as a problem for conservation and exclude them

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Now we see think of local people as potential partners and supporters.....

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and we try to solve problems by negotiation and participation

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We used to use fixed plans in the style of engineering

A + B – (C/D) = E

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Now we try to manage adaptively

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We used to manage reactively...

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Now we try to be proactive

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We used to use recipes and blueprints

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Now we use toolkits and lessons learned

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We used to rely just on the government to provide funding and resources

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...now we build partnerships and find seek funding from many sources

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The IUCN Protected Area Management Categories

Provides a consistent framework for planning and management Reflects different combinations of management objectivesSubstantially revised in 2008

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IUCN Protected CategoriesStrict nature Reserve

Wilderness Area

National Park

Natural Monument/Feature

Habitat/Species Management Area

Protected Landscape/Seascape

Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

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Important things to remember about the IUCN Categories

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Category 1a Strict Nature Reserve

Strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features. Human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values.Indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring.

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Category Ib Wilderness Area

Managed mainly for wilderness protectionUsually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural

character and influence, without permanent or significant human

habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural

condition.

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Large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological

processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of

the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally

compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor

opportunities

Category II National Park

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Category III Natural Monument

Managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features

Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a

landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value.

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Category IV Habitat/Species Protection Area

Managed mainly for conservation through management intervention

Areas where the aim is to protect particular species or habitats and where management

reflects this priority. Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active

interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but

this is not a requirement of the category.

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Category V Protected Landscape/Seascape

Managed mainly for landscape or seascape conservation and recreation

A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has

produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where

safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and

sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values

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Category VI Managed Resource AreaManaged mainly for the sustainable use of

natural ecosystems Protected areas that conserve ecosystems and habitats,

together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural

condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level

non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of

the area

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Other International Designations and Internationally Acknowledged Areas

World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO)

Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention)

----------------EU Natura 2000 Sites (European Union)Emerald Network (Council of Europe)

--------------Important Bird AreasPrime Butterfly AreasImportant Plant Areas

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PROTECTED AREAS IN A CHANGING WORLD

New threats, new pressures, new demands, new needs and the urgent need for conservation of our

natural heritage require new approaches

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Area BasedBenefitting primarily natureSimple objectivesReactiveTop down managementNature focused managementEngineering approach One funding source

Ecosystem basedBenefitting nature, people and societyMultiple objectivesStrategicParticipatory managementMultidisciplinary managementAdaptive approachMultiple funding sources

Michael R Appletonmrappleton@gmail.com