M. A. II Marathi P. 10.1 & 14.1 VS Title - Shivaji University 2019/M...M. A. II Marathi P. 10.1 & 14.1 VS Title - Shivaji University ... dmL²_`

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dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr

E_. E. ^mJ 2 : _amR>rgÌ 3 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H««$. 10.1gÌ 4 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$. 13

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

H I

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1

1.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg

1. g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo H$m`? Ë`mMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ oB©b.

2. g§ñH¥$Vr g§koMo ñdê$n g_OyZ oB©b.

3. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Mr y{_H$m g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

4. g§ñH¥$Vr Aä`mgmMo _hÎd g_OyZ oB©b.

5. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

2.2 àñVmdZm :

OJmVrb gd©M _mZdg_mO JQ>m§Mr ñdV§Ì, d¡{dÜ`nyU© d d¡{eï>`nyU© g§ñH¥$Vr AmT>iV AgVo. `m àË oH$

_mZd g_yhmMr ñd §nyU© Aer g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. `m g§ñH¥$Vr g§ñH$mamZo _mZdr dV©Z KS>V AgVo. _mZdr g_mOmMr

OS>U-KS>U hmoV AgVo. _mZdmÀ`m CËnÎmr níMmV H$mhr hOma dfm©Z§Va OJâ _ogmonmoQ>o{_`m, B{Oá,MrZ,

~°{~bmo{Z`m, J«rH$, qgYy, àmMrZ {_ó Aem Ag§»` g_¥Õ g§ñH¥$Vr§Mr {Z{_©Vr _mZdmZo OJâ Ho$br.

H$mbm§VamZo `m g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg Pmbm d nwT>o hOmamo dfm©Z§Va Ë`mV ~arM nardV©Zo hmodyZ AmO H$mhr Zm_eof

Pmboë`m AmhoV. AmO OJâ ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m g§ñH¥$Vr XoIrb _yi `mM ñdê$nmV {Z_m©U Pmë`m hmoË`m

H$m? H$s Ë`mMo nyduMo ñdê$n doJio hmoVo Am{U AmVmMo ñdê$n doJio Amho? g§ñH¥$VtMm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo

H$m Amho? Ë`mMo \$brV H$m`? OJâ ApñVËdmV Agboë`m _mZdr g§ñH¥$VtMr {Z{_©Vr H$moUr H$o$br? _mZdr

g§ñH¥$Vr {Z{_©Vr_mJrb _mZdmMr Zo_H$s y{_H$m H$m` hmoVr? _mZdr g_yhJQ>mbmM g§ñH¥$Vr {Z{_©VrMr Amdí`H$Vm

H$m dmQ>br Agmdr? EImÚm g_yhJQ>mMo {d{eï> àH$maMo dV©Z H$m AgVo? EImXm _mZdr g_yhJQ> EH$m {d{eï>

_mZdr g_yhJQ>mnojm {^Þ H$m AgVmo? `m Am{U AZoH$ àíZm§Mm CbJS>m g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va hmoV

AgVmo.AmO _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg OJâ _mZdd§e emók, _mZgemó, nwamVÎdemó, g_mOemó,

B{VhmgVk H$aVm§Zm {XgyZ oVmV. Ë`m§Zm OJâ {dIwaboë`m _mZdr g_yhJQ>m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdmgm dmQ>bm

`mMmhr CbJS>m g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va hmoB©b.

"g§ñH¥$Vr' hm eãX AmO g_mOmbm Z[dZ Zmhr. X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV hm eãX {ZË` dmnabm OmVmo. H$ëMa'

`m B§J«Or eãXmMm à{VeãX åhUyZ _amR>rV ê$T> Pmboë`m `m eãXmV "g§ñH$ma' hm _hÎdnyU© eãX àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ AmnUmH$S>o dmnamV Amho. "g§ñH$ma' Am{U "g§ñH¥$Vr 'ho XmoÝhr eãX "g_' Am{U "H¥$' `m EH$mM

E_.E.^mJ 2 : dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr (43) /1

E_ .E. ^mJ XmoZ : _amR>r

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 1

"g§ñH¥$Vr' g§H$ënZm ñdê$n

SOFT COPY

2

YmVynmgyZ ~Zbobo AmhoV. Ë`mMm AW©gwÕm ì`mH$aUÑîQ>çm g_mZ Amho. nU "g§ñH$ma'hm eãX Ym{_©H$

joÌmnwaVmM _`m©{XV am[hë`m_wio Vmo g§Hw${MV Pmbm, Va g§ñH¥$Vr hm eãX Y_m©gh OrdZmÀ`m CÝZV AdñWogmR>r

`moObobm Agë`m_wio `m eãXmMr ì`mnH$Vm A{YH$ Pmbr.

AmO gm_mÝ` ì`dhmamV g§ñH¥$Vr hm eãX AZoH$ AWm©§Zr dmnabobm Amnë`mbm {XgyZ oVmo. EImXr

ì`ŠVr {dZèrb, Z_«, {eï>mMmar, Ooð>m§~Ôb AmXa ~miJUmar Agob Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr JUZm "gwg§ñH¥$V'

åhUyZ Ho$br OmVo. `mCbQ> EImÚm ì`º$sMo dmJUo ~o{eñVrMo, CJ«, ì`{^Mmar ñdê$nmMo Agob Va g_mOmV

Ë`m ì`º$sbm "Ag§ñH¥$V' åhUyZ Ë`mMr JUZm Ho$br OmVo. ~è`mMXm g_mOmVrb CÀM y« bmoH$m§Mo ImZnmZ

ar[VardmO, C§Mr nmoemI,`m§À`mdê$Zhr Ë`m ì`º$sÀ`m g_yhmda "gwg§ñH¥$V' H§$Jmb, Mmoar, _mam_mar H$aUmè`m

ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_yhmda "gwg§ñH¥$V' åhUyZ {eŠH$m_moV©~ Ho$bm OmVmo Va PmonS>nQ²>QrV dmg H$aUmè`m, X[aÐr Am wî`

H§$R>Umè`m, H§$Jmb, Mmoar, _mam_mar H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m g_yhmda "Ag§ñH¥$VMm' {e¸$m _mê$Z Ë`m g_mOmbm

CÀM g_mOmnmgyZ bm§~ R>odbo OmVo. àJV g_mOmbm gwg§ñH¥$V Va AàJV g_mOmbm Ag§ñH¥$V R>a{dbo OmVo.

{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm gwg§ñH¥$V A{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm Ag§ñH¥$V R>a{dbo OmVo. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§X^m©V Aemhr ñdê$nmÀ`m

YmaUm g_mOmV Amnë`mbm nhm`bm {_iV AgVmV. g_mOmVrb EImXr ì`º$s kmZr Agob,

g§JrV,Z¥Ë`,ZmQ>ç,bmoH$ZmQ>ç Aem {d{dY H$bm§_Ü o {ZnyU Agob Va Vmo gwg§ñH¥$V R>aVmo. EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo

H$bm,H«$sS>m, g§JrV dJ¡ao joÌm§_Ü o X¡{Xß`_mZ è g§nmXrV Ho$bo Agob Va Ë`mbm gwg§ñH¥$V R>a{dbo OmVo, Va

~è`mMXm EImÚm g_mOmbm g§ñH¥$VrM Zmhr Agohr åhUÊ`mMr àWm nhm`bm {_iVo. `m gmo~VM ^maVr`-

wamo{n`Z, nmpíM_mË`-nm¡amË`, qhXy-_wpñb_, _hmamï´>r`Z-JwOamVr, mgma»`m eãXm§_YyZ g§ñH¥$VrMr àmXo{eH$Vm

AmIbobr AgVo dm Y_m©Mm gma à{Vq~{~V Ho$bobm AgVmo. àmMrZ-_Ü``wJrZ, H$mbMr-AmOMr `m

eãXm_YyZ g§ñH¥$Vrbm H$mimÀ`m _`m©Xm KmVboë`m AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU, ZmJar `m eãXm§Zm bmJboë`m

{deofUm§_YyZ g§ñH¥$Vrbm n¥WH$Îd àmá Pmbobo AgVo. {H$ËòH$Xm, ^m¡{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$, d¡km{ZH$ `m

g§km_YyZ g§ñH¥$VrVrb {^ÞÎdM AYmoao{IV Ho$bobo AgVo. AbrH$S>o Va emgZñVamda "gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d^mJ'

ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Á`mV Jm`Z, dmXZ, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm A§V© md Ho$bobm Amho, Va

_mZdmMr OrdZnÕVr, dmJÊ`mMr gd©gm_mÝ` arV, ehmUnU, ê$T>r, arVrardmO `m§Zmhr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV

~m§YÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmZm {XgVmo. EH§$XarV g§ñH¥$VrMm AW© {ZpíMV d {ZQ>gm hmoV Zgë`mZo g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo

H$m`? `mMm Zo_H$m CbJS>m hmoV Zmhr, åhUyZM g_mOemók, _mZgemók, _mZdd§eemók, B{VhmgVk,

g§ñH¥$Vr Aä`mgH$ `m§Zr Ho$boë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo _hËËdmMo dmQ>Vo.

1.3 g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m … g§ñH¥$VrMr gwQ>gwQ>rV ì`m»`m H$aVm oV Zmhr,nU g§ñH¥$Vr `m eãXmV "H¥$'

åhUOo H$aUo. åhUOo "H¥$' `m YmVynmgyZ "H¥$Vr' hr eãXà{V_m ~Zbobr Amho. "à' åhUOo "n«H¥$V' Aer

eãXà{V_m gmH$mabobr Amho, Va "gÄm' nmgyZ "g§ñH¥$Vr' `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr gm§[JVbr OmVo. `mà_mUo

àH¥$Vr, {dH¥$Vr, Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr Ago AZwH«$_o eãX {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV. àH¥$Vr åhUOo {ZgJ©, {dH¥$Vr åhUOo

Ë`mVrb {~KmS> Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo àH¥$VrV {~KmS> g§ dy Z o `mgmR>r Ë`mda H$amd`mMo g§ñH$ma. `mbmM

g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Aer gd©gmYmaU àmW{_H$ ñVamda g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m AmnU H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3

nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$ …

1. ES>dS>© Q>oba … "g_mOmMm EH$ gXñ` åhUyZ _mZd Oo kmZ, H$bm, lÕm,ZrVrVÎdo, H$m`Xo, na§nam Am{U

BVa j_Vm, gd`r VgoM BVa VËg_ Jmoï>r g§nm{XV H$aVmo, Ë`m gdmªÀ`m g§{_l EH$sH$aUmg g§ñH¥$Vr Ago

åhUVmV.''

2. amë\$ qbQ>Z … "" g§ñH¥$Vr hr {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma d {e{jV dV©Z àH$mamÀ`m \$bm§Mr g§KQ>rV qH$dm

gmMo~ÜX g_J«Vm hmo ._Zwî` EH$m {d{eï> g_mOmMm gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo Oo,Oo dV©ZàH$ma {eH$VmV, Vo gd© dV©Z

àH$mamMr \$bo g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o g_m{dï> hmoVmV.''

3. hañH$mopìhQ>g … "" g§ñH¥$Vr dmVmdaUmMm _mZd {Z{_©V ^mJ Amho.

4. H$sqgJ … g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo {e{jV g§nyU©Vm d dV©Z qH$dm ê$T>rg gm_m{OH$ arVrZo hñVm§VarV H$aUo hmo .''

5. ~moJ«mS>g … "" g_yhmÀ`m H$m © H$aUo Am{U {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m gd© Jmoï>r åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .''

6. _°{bZmoìhñH$s … "" Á`m§À`mÛmao _mZd Amnbr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aVmo Vr _mZd {Z{_©V gmYZo d _mÜ`_

åhUOoM g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`.''

7. àm. H«o$M … EImÚm g_mOmZo Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ{df`H$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Or EH$ {d{eï> dñVwê$n

d dV©Zê$n na§nam {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVo {Vbm "g§ñH¥$Vr' Ago åhUVmV. àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm Amnbm Agm EH$

KmQ> AgVmo. EImÚm g_mOmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m {d{dY g§ñWm d Ë`mV Üd{ZV Pmboë`m Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m g_OyVr,

_yë o, _mZX§S> d OrdZ{df`H$ J¥hrVHo$ `m§Mm g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o A§V© md hmoVmo.''

8. S´>ogba Am{U {d{bg … AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm g_mZ Agboë`m Am{U Á`m§Mo bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Amnë`m _wbm§H$S>o

g§H«$_U hmoVo, Vr H$m¡eë`, lÕm, kmZ Am{U CËnm{XV dñVy Aem gd© Jmoï>tMm g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo.

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m H$ê$Z AW©{ZpíMVr H$aUmè`m nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$m§À`m ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm

g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZd g_mOKQ>H$mMr bd{MH$ {Z{_©Vr AgVo. Á`m {Z{_©VrV kmZ,H$bm,lÕm, _yë o, ZrVrVÎdo,

H$m`Xo, na§nam _mZd{Z{_©V gmYZo d BVa j_Vm `m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoV AgVmo.

^maVr` Aä`mgH$ …

1. BamdVr H$d} … ""_Zwî` g_mOmÀ`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmar ^m¡{VH$ dñVwê$n {Z{_©Vr d S>moù`m§Zm Z {XgUmar

nU {dMmam§§Zm AmH$bZ hmoUmar _Zmo_` g¥ï>r åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .''

2. VH©$VrW© bú_Uemór Omoer … "" _Zwî` ì`{º$e … d g_wXmè …Or OrdZnÕVr {Z_m©U H$aVmo Am{U

OrdZgm\$ë`mW© ñdV…da d ~mø{dídmda g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Oo A{dîH$ma H$aVmo Vr nÕV dm Vmo A{dîH$ma åhUOo

g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`.''

3. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrH$moe … ""H¥$ H$aUo `m YmVynmgyZ ~Zboë`m "H¥$Vr' `m eãXmbm "à',{d' Am{U "g§'

Ago CngJ© bmJwZ àH¥$Vr, {dH¥$Vr, g§ñH¥$Vr Ago eãX AZwH«$_o ~ZVmV. àH¥$Vr åhUOo {ZgJ©, {dH¥$Vr åhUOo

4

Ë`mV hmoUmao {~KmS> Am{U "g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo àH¥$VrV {dH$ma dm {~KmS> hmoD$ Z o, `m CÔoemZo {VÀ`mda H$amd`mMo

gå`H$ g§ñH$ma hmoV.''

4. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr H$moe … _Zwî` d Ë`mÀ`m ^modVrMo {díd {_iyZ {ZgJ© ~ZVmo. {ZgJm©_Üò

OrdZmoËH$fm©bm AZwHy$b Ago ~Xb H$ê$Z åhUOo {ZgJm©da H$mhr g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z _Zwî` Amnbr OrdZ`mÌm H$aV

AgVmo. _Zwî` hm XoIrb ^modVmbÀ`m {ZgJm©MmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. Vmo H$odi ~mø {dídmVrb nXmWm©da g§ñH$ma

H$aVmo Ago Zìho Va ñdV…À`m Xoh Am{U _Z ~wÕr `m§À`mdahr g§ñH$ma H$aV ñdV…Vm_Ü o ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVmo.

g§ñH¥$Vr `m eãXm_Ü o `m XmoÝhr àH$maMo ~Xb qH$dm g§ñH$ma A{^àoV AmhoV. ~mø {díd Am{U Am§Va {díd

`m Xmohm|daVr `mdÀN>Š` {dO` {_idVm oVmo. VoìhmM Ë`mMo OJUo-OrdZ `m CXmÎm AWm©bm àmá hmoVo. OrdZ

gwIr g_¥Õ Am{U AmH$f©H$ ìhmdo `mgmR>r _mUyg ñdV…hr PJS>Vmo Am{U g_wXm`merhr PJS>V AgVmo. `m XmoÝhr

{H«$`m _mZdr OrdZm_Ü o WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUm_Ü o EH$mMdoir gwê$ AgVmV.Amo~S>Ymo~S> XJS>mda {N>ÞrZo g§ñH$ma

H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ gw§Xa _yVu AmH$mambm AmUUo hm _mUgmZo {ZgJ©{Z{_©V dñVwda Ho$bobm g§ñH$ma hmo . hm g§ñH$ma

H$Yr gwQ>m amhV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _mUgmÀ`m _Zmdahr H$mhr g§ñH$ma KS>V AgVmV Am{U Ë`m _yVuÀ`m

Xe©ZmZo d nyOZmZo Ë`mÀ`m _Zmbmhr àgÞVm bm^Vo. XJS>mdaÀ`m g§ñH$mamZo _Zmda KS>Umam hm g§ñH$ma åhUOo

g§ñH¥$VrMm AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ ^mJ hmo . _mUgmÀ`m Aem àH$maÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ ^m¡{VH$ dñVyê$n g¥ï>r Am{U _mZ{gH$

g¥ï>r {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aer hr {Û{dY {Z{_©Vr åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`.

darb gd© ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm Ago à{VV hmoVo H$s,

1. g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§H$ënZm A{Ve` ì`mnH$ d Jw§VmJw§VrMr Amho. {VÀ`mV kmZ, lÕm, H$bm, H$m`Xo,

na§nam, {dídmg, _mZdr gd`r Am{U BVa j_Vm Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm A§V© md hmoV AgVmo.

2. g§ñH¥$VrV _mZd{Z{_©V ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmè`m Kao, H$nS>o, §Ìgm_J«r, XmJXm[JUo dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. Va A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o kmZ, {dídmg,lÕm,H$m`Xo, ZrVrH$ënZm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV

AgVmo. `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§À`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZM g§ñH¥$Vr {gÕ hmoV AgVo.

3. _mZdmZo g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdr OrdZ gwIH$a H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$bobr à{H«$`m

Amho._mZd ñdV:da Am{U {ZgJm©da ñdOrdZ gwImdh H$aÊ`mgmR>rM H$mhr g§ñH$ma H$aV AgVmo.

4. g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ Ë`m Ë`m àXoemV {Zdmg H$aUmè`m Ë`m g§nyU© _mZd g_mOmZo

{Z_m©U Ho$bobr Agë`m_wio Ë`m g_mOmVrb Hw$Um EH$m ì`ŠVrMr Vr _mbH$s ZgVo.`mM H$maUm_wio {VÀ`mV

g_mOmVrb EH$Q>r ì`º$s ~Xb H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Oa ~Xb H$am`Mm Agob Va Vmo g§nyU© g_mOmbm EH$Ì oUo

JaOoMo AgVo. Varhr Vmo ~Xb g§nyU© g_mO ñdrH$maVmoM Ago Zmhr; åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr H$mbm§VamZo hiyhiy

~XbUmar à{H«$`m AgVo. Ago åhUVm oVo.

5. g§ñH¥$Vr hm {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma Amho. OÝ_mbm Amboë`m ì`ŠVrbm Vr Amnë`mnojm Ooð> AgUmè`m

ì`º$sH$Sy>Z AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVo. {eHy$Z ¿`mdr bmJVo. hr à{H«$`m OUy Ë`mÀ`mda bmXbobr AgVo.

5

Amnë`m g_mOmVrb n«Ë oH$ KQ>H$ Ë`mbm AmË_gmV H$amdmM bmJVmo. Ë`mda hþHy$_ Ë`mbm Amnbo dV©Z R>odmdo

bmJVo; åhUOo _mJrb {nT>rH$Sy>Z nwT>À`m {nT>rVrb ì`ŠVrbm g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV H$amdrM bmJVo.

6. g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«${_V hmoV AgVo. Ooð> {nT>r oUmè`m ZdrZ {nT>rVrb ì`ŠVrbm Vr XoV AgVmo.ZdrZ {nT>r

Vr _mJrb {nT>rH$Sy>Z g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV H$aV AgVmo. hr à{H«$`m dfm©Zwdf© Mmby AgVo. _mJrb {nT>rH$Sy>Z

{_imbobr g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVr ñdrH$mê$Z {VÀ`mV H$mhr A§er â KmbV AgVmo. hr à{H«$`m {Za§VanUo EH$m

{nT>rH$Sy>Z nwT>À`m {nT>rn ªV MmbyM AgVo.

7. g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr {ZgJm©Zo Ho$bobr ZgyZ {VMm {Z{_©H$ _mZdM Amho._mZd Amnbo OrdZ gwIH$a

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJm©da/ ~møg¥ï>rda Am{U Am§VarH$ g¥ï>rda H$mhr g§ñH$ma H$aV AgVmo. àË oH$ H$mbI§S>mV

_mZdmbm Amdí`H$ AgUmao ZdrZ KQ>H$ {VÀ`mV gm_mdyZ KoVbo OmVmV Am{U AZmdí`H$ KQ>H$ ~mhoa H$mT>bo

OmVmV. hr à{H«$`m àË oH$ H$mbI§S>mV {Za§VanUo KS>VM AgVo.

8. g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aUmao H$mhr g§ñH¥$Vr Aä`mgH$ ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm _hÎd XoVmZm {XgyZ oV

Zmhr. `mCbQ> A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrbmM _hÎd XoVmZm àË``mg oV AgVo. Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma, ""Oa ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$Vr hr A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_YyZM {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo Va {Vbm doJio _mZÊ`mMo H$maU H$m`?'' EHy$U

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m H$aUmè`m {dMmad§Vm§_Üò d¡MmarH$ gmå`ôX {XgyZ òVo. H$mhr Aä`mgH$ A^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$Vrbm _hÎd XoVmV. Va H$mhr Aä`mgH$ ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ `m XmoÝhr A§JmMm A§V© md g§ñH¥$VrV

H$aV AgVmV.

1.4 g§ñH¥$Vr g§H$ënZm … g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§H$ënZm A{Ve` ì`mnH$ d Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m Ë`m

g_mOmVrb lÕm, H$bm, ZrVr, H$m`Xo, ê$T>r, na§nam, _yë o, A{^d¥Îmr, gd`r, V§Ìo, H$ënZm, XodXodVm,

nyOm{dYr, Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm A§V© md Ë`mV hmoV AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrV `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mo

d d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU AmT>iyZ oB©b. OJmVrb gd© g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o `m gmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoV AgVmo.

`m gdm©À`m g_wƒ`mVyZM g§ñH¥$Vr gmH$ma hmoV AgVo.H$moUVmhr g_mO hm m g§ñH¥$Vrg_wƒ`m{edm` ApñVËdmV

oD$M eH$V Zmhr, åhUyZ g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ ¿`m`Mr Agob Va g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm KQ>H$m§Mm

{dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. `m KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm AmnUmg ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1. kmZ … g§ñH¥$VrVrb AË`§V _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ åhUOo kmZ hmo`. gd©M g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò

{dídmg§~§YrÀ`m kmZmMm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. OJmVrb àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm kmZ {_idmdo bmJVo. kmZm{edm`

ì`º$sMm g_mOmMm {dH$mg I§wQ>Vmo. ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmbm Amnë`m ApñVÎdmÀ`m ajUmgmR>r ^m¡{VH$ {dídm~Ôb

d gm_m{OH$ OrdZm~Ôb nwaoer _m{hVr R>odmdr bmJVo.

n¥Ïdrda BVa àmÊ`m§À`m {Z{_©Vrgmo~VM {ZgJm©Zo _mZdàmÊ`m§Mrhr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. n¥Ïdrdarb BVa

àmÊ`m§À`m VwbZoZo {ZgJm©Zo _mZdmbm A{YH$ ~wÕrdmZ ~Z{dbo. `mM ~wÕrÀ`m ~imda _mZdn«mUr OJmVrb

àË oH$ dñVy§Mr EH$_oH$m§er VwbZm H$aVmo. Ë`m_Yrb H$m ©H$maU^md g§~§Y bmdV Amnbo OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVmo.

`mM ~wÕrÀ`m ~imda _mZd yVH$mimMo ñ_aU H$aUo, A_yV© VÎdm§Mm emoY KoUo, Ho$boë`m MwH$m§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr

6

Z H$aUo, Am{U CÁÁdb ^{dî`mMm doY KoV Vr ñdßZo gmH$ma H$aVmZm {XgyZ oVmo. `mM ~wÕrÀ`m ~imda _mZd

{ZgJm©Vrb {d{dY dñVy§da C{MV g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z ñdgwImgmR>r d ñd{hVmgmR>r Ë`mV ~Xb H$aV AgVmo. hr

{H«$`m Vmo {Za§VanUo H$aV Amho. ñdOrdZ gwIa ìhmdo `mH$arVm _mZd Amnë`m ^modVmbÀ`m n[agamV {Za§Va

~Xb H$aV A{YH$ àJVrerb d gwIH$maH$ OrdZ OJy nmhV Amho. A{X_ H$mimV _mZdàmUr BVa

àmÊ`mgmaIm Jwhm OrdZ OJV hmoVm. dmK hm àmUr XoIrb A{X_ H$mimV JwhmOrdZM OJV hmoVm. àmÊ`m§Mr

{eH$ma H$ê$Z H$ÀMo _m§g ImdyZ JwhoV amhÿZ Amnbo OrdZ ì`{VV H$aV hmoVm. Ë`mH$mimVrb dmKmMr AmOMr

{nT>r AmOhr VoM OrdZ H§$R>V Amho, nU _mZd n«mÊ`mZo Amnbo OrdZ nyU©V: ~Xbbobo Amho. Am{X_mZdhr `m

àmÊ`mgmaIoM JwhmOrdZ OJV hmoVm. àmÊ`m§Mr {eH$ma H$ê$Z H$ÀMo _m§g ImV hmoVm.nU _mZdmbm A{½ZMm

emoY bmJë`mnmgyZ Vmo {eOdbobo AÞ Imdy bmJbm, eoVrMm emoY bmdyZ pñWa OrdZ OJy bmJbm. JwhoVyZ

~mhoa nS>V Ë`mZo Kam§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. oWyZM _mZdàmUr BVa àmÊ`mnmgyZ {d^ŠV Pmbm.nwT>o _mZdmZo Amnë`m

OrdZm_Ü o A_ybmJ« ~Xb Ho$bm. H$ÀMo _m§g, H§$X_wio ImUmam _mZd àmUr AmO {ZgJm©Vrb BVa àmÊ`mnojm

hOmamonQ>rZo loð> OrdZ OJV Amho. ImÚnXmWmªÀ`m hOmamo n«H$mam§Mr Ë`mZo {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. ñdajUmW© Ë`mZo

JwhmOrdZ gmoSy>Z JJZM§w~r B_maVr§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. H$_r l_mV AÚ`mdV §Ìgm_J«rMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z

dmna H$aV AmYw{ZH$ eoVr H$ê$ bmJbm Amho. H$_r H$mbmdYrV CËnÞ XoUmè`m AmYw{ZH$ ~r-{~`mUm§Mr

{Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. Z½ZmdñWoV OrdZ OJUmam _mZd AmO hOmamo àH$maMo H$nS>o dmnê$ bmJbm Amho.

~møg¥ï>rVrb Aem Ag§»` JmoîQ>tda Ë`mZo ~Xb Ho$bobo Amho, `m{edm` Amnë`m _Z ~wÕrdahr Ë`mZo g§ñH$ma

Ho$bobo AmhoV. åhUOoM _mZdmZo Ho$di ~mø~Xb Ho$boobo Zmhr Va A§V©_ZmVhr ~Xb KS>dbobo Amho. `m

~XbmVyZ Vmo gwIH$maH$ OrdZ OJy bmJbm Amho. _mZdmZo Aem àH$mamZo {ZgJm©Vrb ~møg¥ï>rda Am{U _ZmVrb

Am§VarH$ g¥ï>rda Oo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo Ë`m g§ñH$mambmM g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhQ>bo OmV AgVo. Aem àH$mao {ZgJm©da

C{MV g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z {dO` {_idUo Ë`mMdoir Amnë`m _Zmdahr C{MV g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z {dO` {_idUo `mVyZ

Amnbo OrdZ A{YH$ gwIr, g_¥Õ d gwIH$maH$ d A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:er d {ZgJm©er PJS>Uo

`m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMm A§V© md g§ñH¥$VrV hmoV AgVmo. ho gd© _mZdmH$S>o kmZ Agë`m_wioM eŠ` Pmbobo Amho.

Am{U AmOhr _mZd ZdZdrZ kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aV Amho. `mM H$maUm_wio g§ñH¥$VrV kmZmbm AË §{VH$ _hÎd

{Xbobo {XgyZ oVo.

2. _yë o … {dídmVrb gmè`mM _mZdOmVrÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o _yë o AmT>iV AgVmV. _mZd OmVrZo `m

_yë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr ñd…H$ë`mUmW© {Z{_©bobr AgVmV. Or _yë o g_mO[dKmVH$ AgVmV Aer _yë o g_mOmVyZ

dJiÊ`mV oV AgVmV. Ogo-nydu ^maVr` g_mOmV {df_Vobm _yë o åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`Vm {_imbobr

hmoVr. hr _yëò {Q>H$mdo `mgmR>r g_mOmVrb H$mhr dJ© à`ËZerb hmoVm. H$maU `m _yë`m§À`m AmYmamda

OmVrì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$bobr hmoVr. hr OmVrì`dñWm g_mOmVrb H$mhr dJm©bm `mo½` dmQ>V hmoVr. `m_wio Ë`m

_yë`mda AmYmarV ì`º$sMo gm_m{OH$ dV©Z Agmdo Agm OUy X§S>H$M hmoVm. H$mbm§VamZo hr _yë o g_mO{dKmVH$

Amho. Ë`mMo CÀMmQ>Z hmoUo {ZH$S>rMo Amho. Ago g_mOmbm dmQy> bmJë`mZo, nwT>o Ë`mMo CÀMmQ>Z H$ê$Z Ë`m

{R>H$mUr "g_Vm' `m _yë`mMr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m_wio g_mOmVrb OmVr oX, AmnmoAn H$mb~mø

7

Pmbm. OÝ_V:M _mZdmÀ`m ñd^mdmVM gX²JwU Am{U XwJy©U `m àd¥Îmr ~rOê$nmZo dmg H$aV AgVmV. gX²²JwU

àd¥Îmr _mZdmMr àJVr H$aV AgVo `mCbQ> XwJw©U hr àd¥Îmr _mZdmbm AYmoJVrbm ZoV AgVo. _mZdmZo

gX²JwUm§Mm {dH$mg Amnë`mV {Za§Va H$amdm Ago VH©$VrW© bú_Uemór Omoer `m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`m§À`m

_VmZwgma,"" ì`º$sÀ`m _ZmV ñÌrMr, YZmMr A{^bmfm {Z_m©U Pmbr, dm H$ï>m{edm` gwImon^moJmMr A{YH$

àd¥Îmr ì`º$sÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbr Va g_mOmV Mmoar IyZ, _mam_mar, \$gdUwH$, ñd¡amMma,AmiernUm Ago

Ag§»` XwJw©U dmT>rg bmJyZ gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW {~KS>Vo. `mVyZM Mmoam§Mr àd¥Îmr YmaU H$aUmè`m g§ñH¥$VrMm OÝ_

hmoVmo. nwT>o Amnë`m g_mOmV {h§gmË_H$ KQ>Zm A[YH$ KSy> bmJVrb Am{U g_mO AmnmoAmnM AYmoJVrbm

OmB©b. `mCbQ> naór _mVog_mZ AgVo, naqZXm H$ê$ Z o, na{nS>Z OmUmdo, YZmMr bmbgm ~miJw Z o, l_mMo

_hÎd g_OUo Aem gX²JwUm§Mm {dH$mg à`ËZnyd©H$ _mZdmZo Ho$bm Va g_mOmbm ñW¡ ©Vm àmá hmoB©b. n[aUm_r

pñWa d C{MV g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. Á`mÛmao _mZd Amnbr CÎmamoÎma àJVr H$aV OmB©b.'' OJmVrb Ë`mM

g§ñH¥$Vr§Zr {dH$mg Ho$bobm Amho,Á`m g§ñH¥$VtZm pñWaVm àmá Pmbr hmoVr; åhUyZ _mZdmbm Amnbm {dH$mg

H$am`Mm Agob Va g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`º$sZo gX²JwUm§Mm åhUOo _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

g_mOmVrb _yë o CÀM XOm©Mr AgVrb Va _mZdmMm {dH$mg CÎmamoÎma dmT>VM OmVmo.

`mgmo~VM àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb _yë o gmaIrM ZgVmV qH$~hÿZm EH$m {d{eï> g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrV Or

_yë o C{MV _mZbr OmV ZmhrV {VM _yë o EH$m {d{eï> g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vr C{MV _mZbr OmV AgVmV; Am{U

Vr `mo½` Zmhr Ago EH$m g§ñH¥$Vrbm dmQ>V AgVo,nU Vo Xwgè`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm

AZw{MV åhUVm oV Zmhr. Ogo-^maV XoemV JmB©bm _mVm g§~moYbo OmVo.n[aUm_r Jmo_m§g ImUo ^maVmV A`mo½`

_mZbo OmVo. Va A_oarHo$gma»`m XoemV Jmo_m§g ImUo C{MV _mZbo OmVo H$maU Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm

XoVo. Vr A`mo½` _mZV Zmhr. Va ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr `m Jmoï>rbm _mÝ`Vm XoV Zmhr. H$maU ^maVmV Jm` "_mVm'

g§~moYbr OmVo. EH§$XarV EImÚm KQ>H$mVrb Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>nUm hr Ë`m Ë`m XoemVrb g§ñH¥$Vr R>adV AgVo.

3. H$m`Xo, {Z`_Zo, à_mUHo$ … Á`m g_mOmV ì`º$sMm OÝ_ hmoV AgVmo Ë`m ì`º$sbm Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m

{Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. g_mOmbm gw`mo½` {Xeobm ZoÊ`mgmR>r `m {Z`_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ë`m

g§ñH¥$VrV Ho$bobr AgVo. g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§À`m dV©Zmg em{gV H$aUmao {Z`_ g_mOmbm OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U

H$amdoM bmJVmV. VaM gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW {Q>Hy$Z amhVo; AÝ`Wm g_mOmV ì`{^MmanUm,IyZ,_mam_mè`m,

~bmËH$magma»`m KQ>Zm gam©gnUo KS>Uma. Xw~©bm§da g~b H$m`_M hþHy$_V JmO{dUma.`m ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`Úm_wio

Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`º$s Amnbo C{MV dV©Z H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mbm Am wî`â gm_m{OH$ {Z`_ AZwgaV Amnbo

OrdZ ì`{VV H$amdoM bmJVo. ho {Z`_ Ogo {b{IV AgVmV Vgo A{b{IVhr AgVmV, Am¡nMmarH$ d

AZm¡nMmarH$hr AgVmV. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr§Mo g§~§Y H$go Agmdo `mMo H$mhr g_mOmV R>moH$Vmio Ë`m

g_mOmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVmV. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrZo H$go dmJmdo `mMr H$mhr {Z`_mdbr V`ma Ho$bobr

AgVo. bmoH$mMma, ê$T>r, H$m`Xo, bmoH$ZrVr, {eï>mMma `m gdm©Mm `mV g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo.

g_mOmVrb XwJy©Um§Mo CÀMmQ>Z hmodyZ gX²JwUm§Mr àñWmnZm H$ê$Z CÎmamoÎma Ë`mV dmT> d {dH$mg ìhmdm

`mgmR>r g_mOmVrb H$mhr g_mOgwYmaH$ {dMmad§V à`ËZerb AgVmV. ho {dMmad§V CÎm_ g_mO{Z{_©VrH$arVm

8

H$mhr {Z`_mdbr V`ma H$aVmV. `m {Z`_mdbrV gm_m{OH$ H¥$àd¥ÎmtZm Amim KVbm OmVmo,Amier àd¥Îmr

VrañH$aUr` R>adbr OmVo, ^moJbmbgr d¥Îmtda H$S>H$ {Z~©Y KmVbo OmVmV. `m_wio g§ñH¥$Vr gwÑT> hmoÊ`mg _XV

{_iVo.

5. {dídmg … Á`m AZmH$bZr` {ZgJm©Vrb JwT> eº$s AmhoV H$s, Á`m§À`m emoY KodyZhr Á`m AZwÎmarV

amhVmV Aem eŠVtda _mUgmMm H$_mbrMm {dídmg {Xgy oVmo. `m eº$s¨Zm H$mhr _mZdm§À`m g_yhmZo XodÎd

~hmb H$ê$Z Amnë`m g_mOmV oUmar g§H$Q>o, XwîH$mi,amoJamB©,_hmnya, Adf©U Aem Ag§»` Z¡g{J©H$ Jmoï>tda

{dO` àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r, `m§À`mnmgyZ g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobo Amho. g_mOmV oUmè`m

AZm{_H$ g§H$Q> {ZdmaUmW© `m XodX¡dVm§Zm AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmVo. `m AmdmhZmVyZM nwT>o ~ir XoÊ`mgma»`m àWmhr

{Z_m©U Pmë`m. `mV H$mhr {dYr {dYmZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr, _§Ì-V§Ì, OmXyQ>moUm `m§Mrhr {Z{_©Vr _mZdmZo Ho$br.

n§M_hm yVmnmgyZ Amnë`m earamMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho Ë`m_wio A½Zr, Ob,dm y, n¥Ïdr `m§Mr nyOm H$aÊ`mMr

àWm, na§nam V`ma Pmbr. `mgmo~VM YZYmÝ`, d¥j, àmUr `m Jmoï>tMmhr _mZdmbm ghmæ` hmody bmJbo, åhUyZ

_mZdmZo Ë`mMrhr nyOm Ama§ br. Ë`m§Zmhr XodËd ~hmb Ho$b§. n¥Ïdrbm Va _mZdmZo OÝ_XmÌr AmB©Mr Cn_m

~hmb Ho$br.{OÀ`mnmgyZ Amnbm OÝ_ Pmbm Amho Vr EH$ AmB© Am{U Or Amnbo nmbZ nmofU H$aVo Vr Amnbr

YarÌr Xwgar AmB©.Ago AmOhr g§~moYbo OmVo. {VMr `Wm {dYr AmOhr {^Þ {^Þ O_mVt_Ü o nyOm Ho$br OmV

AgVo. EH$§XarV _mZd `m JwT> eŠVtda {dídmg R>odVmo; H$maU Ë`mbm H$mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao AÚmnhr gmnS>bobr

Zmhr. åhUyZ "{dídmg' `m KQ>H$mbmhr g§ñH¥$VrV _hÎd àmá Pmbobo {XgyZ oV AgVo.

6. {MÝho … àË oH$ g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrV H$mhr àVrH$mË_H$ {MÝho-g§Ho$V AgVmV. Ë`m {MÝhm§Zm

gm§Ho${VH$ AW© Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmZo {Xbobm AgVmo. Ë`m {MÝhmVrb VmoM gm§Ho${VH$ AW© Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd©M

ì`º$s ñdrH$maV AgVmV. Ogo- AmH$memV H$miogma T>J XmQy>Z oUo, drOm§Mm H$S>H$S>Q> hmoUo,dmam dmdYmZ

CR>Uo `mVyZ OmoaXma d _wgiXma nmdgmMr {MÝho dm g§Ho$V à{VV hmoV AgVmo qH$dm PmS>m§Zm ZdrZ nmbdr \w$Q>Uo

`mVyZ dg§V F$VyÀ`m AmJ_ZmMo g§Ho$V gy{MV Ho$bobo AgVmV, nU ho gd© Z¡g{J©H$ g§Ho$V AmhoV. ho Z¡g{J©H$

g§Ho$V Odinmg gd©M g_mOJQ>m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrV Ë`m§Zm gmaIoM AW© dm g§Ho$V àmá Pmbobo Amho. Va _mZdmZo

Z¡g{J©H$ g§Ho$Vmì`{V[aº$ Amnë`m ^md^mdZm ^mfoVyZ Am{U ^mfoì`{V[aº$ gmYZmVyZ ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ag§»` g§Ho$Vm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. ho g§Ho$V hmd^mdmÛmao, a§Jaofm§Ûmao Am{U BVa _mÜ`_mVyZhr àH$Q> Ho$bo

OmV AgVmV. Ogo-^maV nm{H$ñVmZMm gm_Zm Mmby Amho, Am{U gm_Zm nmhÊ`mMr Amnë`mH$S>o H$moUVrhr

gw{dYm CnbãY Zmhr. H$mhr H$mbmdYrZ§Va nbrH$Sy>Z \$Q>mHo$ dmOÊ`mÀ`m ÜdZr Amnë`m H$mZmda AmXibm

Va Ë`m ÜdZrdê$Z AmnU g_OV AgVmo H$s, ^maVmZo gm_Zm {O§H$bm. Ago Agbo Var gd©M g§Ho$V gd©M

O_mVrV gmaIoM AgVmV Agohr Zmhr. qhXy Y_m©_Ü o b½ZmÀ`m doir \$Q>mHo$ CS>dUo ew _mZbo OmVo Va

^maVmVrb H$mhr Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV Vo Aew^ _mZbo OmVo. H$maU `m O_mVrV ì`ŠVr _aUmoÎma \$Q>mHo$

CS>{dÊ`mMr àWm ApñVÎdmV Amho. `m{edm` añË`mdarb nW{Xdo, {d{^Þ a§Jaofm, dmhVwH$, nmobrg IoimVrb

n§MmMo hmVdmao, XadmOmdarb ~ob, Hw$H$aMr {eÅ>r `m gdm©VyZ g§Ho$V dm {d{eï> AW© gy{MV Ho$bobm AgVmo;

Am{U Odinmg gd©M g§ñH¥$VrV H$_r A{YH$ \$aH$mZo `mVrb g§Ho$V dm AW© gmaIoM AgVmV. Ago {XgyZ

9

Ambobo Amho. CXm- {ei dmOdyZ _wbrbm Amnë`mH$S>o AmH${f©V H$aUmao nwê$f `m§À`m {eioVrb g§Ho$V gd©M

g§ñH¥$VrV Odinmg gmaImM Amho. ho à{VV hmoV AgVo.

`m{edm` Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àVrH$m§Mo H$mhr {MÝho Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrV Amnë`mbm {XgyZ

oVo. qH$~hþZm a§JmVyZhr Ë`m g_mOJQ>mÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrbm EH$ {d{eï> AW© {Xbobm {XgyZ oV AgVmo. Ogo-

^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrV "Amo_' `m {MÝhmbm EH$ {d{eï> g§Ho$V / AW© Amho Va {I«íMZ Y_m©Vrb g_mOmÀ`m

g§ñH¥$VrV "~oaOogma»`m {MÝhmbm EH$ [d{eï> g§Ho$V Amho. `m{edm` ~m¡ÜX Y_m©Mo AZw m`r EH$m {d{eï> a§JmMo

H$nS>o n[aYmZ H$aVmV. `m gdm©dê$Z _mZdr g_mOmZo Amnë`m g_mOmMr AmoiI OJâ {Z_m©U ìhmdr `m

CÔoemZo OmUrdnyd©H$ H$mhr {MÝhm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z `m {MÝhm§Zm / àVrH$m§Zm EH$ {d{eï> g§Ho$V dm AW© {Xbobm

{XgyZ oV AgVmo.

7. ^mfm … g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdmbm d§eXm`mZo AmnmoAmn àmá Pmbobr ZgyZ Ë`mbm dmagmhŠH$mZo ^mfoÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ {_imbobr Amho.nyd©Om§H$Sy>Z _mo\$V {_imboë`m `m g§ñH¥$Vrda _mZdmMm Xoh nmogV AgVmo. _mZdoVa

àmÊ`m§Mo ~hþVm§er dV©Z ho Z¡g{J©H$ AgVo. _mZdoVa àmUr Amnë`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMr H$bm H$mhr A§er

ñd §àoaUoZo {eH$V AgVmV. _mZdoVa àmÊ`mVrb gd© gXñ`mV EH$mM {d{eï> nÕVrZo {nT>r-Xa -{nT>r JaOm

^mJ{dÊ`mMr {H«$`m hmoV AgVo, nU _mZdmMo dV©Z _mÌ EH$ {d{eï> àH$maMo ZgVo. Ogo- ~mamì`m eVH$mVrb

H$mdù`mMm ÜdZr "H$md H$md' AgmM hmoVm d {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb H$mdù`mMm ÜdZrhr "H$md H$md' AgmM

Amho,åhUOo Ë`mÀ`m dV©ZmV qH${MVhr ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. `mCbQ> ~mamì`m eVH$mVrb _amR>r _mUgmMr ^mfm

doJir hmoVr Va {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb _amR>r _mUgmÀ`m ^mfoV {H$VrVar nQ>rZo ~Xb Pmbobm Amho. `mg§X^m©V

àm. eoUmobrH$a d àm. Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo _V _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo Vo åhUVmV,'' neynú`mZm eara na§naoZo AmB©~m~mà_mUo

earaMZm d {H«$`mgm_Ï © bm^Vo, nU Ë`m§À`mV gmhMm © na§nam ZgVo åhUyZ neynú`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ OrdZ Amho,

nU g§ñH¥$Vr Zmhr. Jm` _m§Oa `m _mUgmiboë`m àmÊ`m_Ü o XmoZ {nT>çmV ~aoM gmhM © KS>Vo _m§OamMo {nëby

qH$dm Jm`rMo dmgê$ OÝ_Vo eara na§naoà_mUo nU AmB©À`m ghdmgmZo Vo ~è`mM Jmoï>r {eH$Vo. hr AË`ën Aer

g§ñH¥$VrMr gwê$dmV Amho._mUgmÀ`m ~m~VrVhr A§J`ï>r, a§Jê$n d H$mhr JwUXmof eara na§naoZo oVmV, nU

OrdZmMo gmao ì`dhma Ë`mbm dS>rb {nT>rH$Sy>Z {eH$mdo bmJVo. _mUgmbm XmoZ VrZ {nT>çm§Mo gmhM © ~amM

H$mi {_iVo. _mVm{nË`mÀ`m N>ÌmImbr Ë`mMo g§ajU hmoVo. Ë`mgmo~VM kmZmZw dmMo g§H«$_Uhr hmoVo. ImUo-

{nUo, ~mobUo-dmJUo, nmoemI d Ab§H$ma, AmMma {dMma, lÕm, g_OwVr, gUdma, d«Vd¡H$ë`, ~è`m dmB©Q>mÀ`m

Am{U nmn nwÊ`mÀ`m H$ënZm, H$bmË_H$ A{^ê$Mr B. AZoH${dY Jmoï>tMo g§ñH$ma, Ka, emim, _hm{dÚmb o

Am{U BVa gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m§À`mÛmam AJXr bhmZnUmgyZ _Zwî`mda hmoV amhVmV,'' åhUOo _mUyg Amnë`m

dS>rb {nT>rda ~è`mM A§er Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`mbm Amnë`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r g_yhmVrb BVa gXñ`m§da

Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJVo. VgoM g§ñH¥$VrVrb BVa AZoH$ nÕVr g_yhmVrb BVa gXñ`mH$Sy>Z Ë`mbm {eHy$Z ¿`mdo

bmJVo. Am{U Ë`mMr hr {eH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m KS>Vo Vr Ho$di ^mfoVyZM; åhUyZ _mZd àmÊ`mZo Oa ^mfoMr

{Z{_©Vr Ho$br ZgVr Va _mZdmbm Amnë`m ^md^mdZm, {dMma nwT>À`m {nT>rn ªV nmohMdVm Ambo ZgVo. `mM

H$maUmZo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV qH$~hþZm àË oH$ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrV ^mfobm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd {XgyZ oV AgVo.

10

8. H$bm H$m¡eë` … g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZd{Z{_©V Amho. Vr_Ü o _mZd{Z{_©V S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmar d S>moù`m§Zm

Z {XgUmar Aem _mZd{Z{_©V gd© KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. _mZdmZo Q>mMUrgma»`m bhmZ dñVynmgyZ Va

g§JUH$mgmaIr AdKS> d Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. Ago Agbo Var _mZdmZo àË`jmV {Z_m©U

Ho$boë`m ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§nojm Ë`m dñVy {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m H$bm, kmZ, H$m¡eë`, V§Ìo,

`mgma»`m A^m¡{VH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Zm _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrV A{YH$ _hÎd {Xbobo Amho. H$maU _mZdmZo V`ma

Ho$bobr ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> Pmbr Var ^m¡{VH$ dñVy ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>rMo kmZ, H$m¡eë` V§Ì _mZdmH$S>o CnbãY

Agë`m_wio _mZd Vr ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr nwZ…íM {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ogo - EImÚm Z¡g{J©H$ ànmVmV Kao CÜdñV

Pmbr Var _mZdmbm Ka ~Z{dÊ`mMo kmZ Am{U H$bm H$m¡eë` AdJV Agë`m_wio Vmo Ë`mMr nwZ©[Z{_©Vr H$aV

AgVmo. åhUyZ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrV H$bm, H$m¡eë`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m aMZm à{H«$ obm _hÎd {Xbobo {XgyZ oVo.

9. Y_© … _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrV Y_m©bmhr VodT>oM _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ""OJmVrb gd©M àJV g_mOmgmo~VM

AàJV g_mOmVhr Y_© AmT>iyZ oVmo. Y_© åhUOo gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV AmT>iyZ oUmè`m A_yV©,AÑí`,

AZmoiIr Am{U A{Z §{ÌV Aem eŠVrer {_iVo-OwiVo KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo Y_© hmo '' Aer Y_m©g§~§YrMr

ì`m»`m àm. ~bm°S> `m§Zr Ho$bobr Amho.Ë`m§À`m ì`m»`mdê$Z {ZgJm©mV _mZdmnojm loð>, Abm¡{H$H$ eº$s Amho,

Or g§nyU© _mZdr OrdZ {Z §{ÌV H$aV AgVo, `m eŠVrda Ë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mr {ZVm§V lÕm AgVo. Ë`m

lÕoda {dídmg R>odV _mZd Amnbo dV©Z, ì`dhma, H$_©H$m§S> H$aV AgVmo. `mbmM Y_© Ago åhUVmV.

OJmV AmO AmT>iUmè`m gd©M Y_m©V `mM ñdê$nmMr {dMmagaUr Amnë`mbm {XgyZ òVo. `m

Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVtda {dídmg R>odyZ _mZd Amnbo OrdZ`mnZ H$aV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m `mM àd¥ÎmrVyZ {d{^Þ

XodXodVm§Mr, {dYr{dYmZm§Mr, _§ÌV§ÌmMr, OmXy, H$_©H$m§S>mMr AmO {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho.

10. YmaUm … àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV H$mhrZm H$mhr YmaUm {ZpíMVM AmT>iV AgVmV. `m YmaUmda Ë`m

g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMm H$_mbrMm {dídmg AgVmo. ~è`mM O_mVrV Va `m YmaUm§Mm H$b A§YlÕoH$S>o PwH$bobm

{XgyZ oV AgVmo. Ogo ^maVmVrb H$mhr Am{Xdmgr O_mVr_Ü o ñdßZmV dma§dma gmn {XgUo `mVyZ Kamda qH$dm

Hw$Qw>§~mda Aarï> oUma Aer YmaUm {XgyZ oVo Va amÌrÀ`m doir Hw$Í`mMo {d{eï> àH$maMm hob H$mTy>Z aS>Uo qH$dm

{Q>Q>drMo amÌrMo AmoaS>Uo ho XoIrb qhXy g§ñH¥$VrV Aew _mZbo OmV AgVo. Aem Ag§»` ñdê$nmÀ`m YmaUm

àË oH$ O_mVrVrb g§ñH¥$VrV nhm`bm {_iV AgVmV. g_mO AmO EdT>m nwT>mabm, Ë`mZo V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ~imda

M§Ðmda nmD$b R>odbo Am{U AmO Vmo _§Jimda OmÊ`mÀ`m _mo{h_m AmIV Agbm Varhr AÚmn Ë`mÀ`m åhUyZ

H$mhr Img YmaUm Amnë`mbm g_mOmV nhm`bm {_iV AgVmV.

11. H$bm … g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, {eën Aem Mm¡gð> H$bm§Mm A§V© mdhr g§ñH¥$VrV hmoV AgVmo. `mÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m gwá H$bmJwUm§Zm dmd {_iV AgVmo. Xoem-XoemV ngaboë`m `m

H$bmV gmå`ôX AmT>ibobo AmnUmg {XgyZ òV AgVo. nU Varhr _mZdmZo g_mOmÀ`m _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r

ñdV:À`m H$bmJwUm§À`m {dH$gZmgmR>r Ag§»` H$bm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z R>odbobr Amho. `m H$bmJwUm§VyZ _mZd

ñdV:Mo d BVam§Mohr _Zmoa§OZ H$aV AgVmo VgoM Amnë`m g_mOmVrb H$mhr Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q> Jmoï>tMo Xe©Z KS>dyZ

g_mOmbm Zo_H$s {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m_hr Vmo H$aV AgVmo. Ogo-boIH$ Ooìhm gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmo

11

Voìhm Ë`mVyZ Vmo g_mO g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>dV AgVmo. Ë`mZo gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ _m§S>boë`m {dMmamVyZ Ë`m

g_mOmbm EH$ àH$maMr {Xem {_iV AgVo. Ogo-_hmË_m Jm§YrMo "Aqhgm' ho VÎd OJmbm gÝ_mJm©da AmUUmao

d OJmbm em§Vr XoUmao Ago VÎd Amho. åhUyZM g_mOmV n`m© mZo g§ñH¥$VrV H$bobm A{Ve` _hÎd àmá Pmbobo

AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo.

12. ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ … ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ `m XmoÝhr ê$nm§_YyZ g§ñH¥$Vr gmH$ma hmoV AgVo.

hr XmoÝhr ê$no nañna nwaH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZM _mZdg_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr {gÕ Pmbobr Amho. ^m¡{VH$

Am{U A^m¡{VH$ åhUOo H$m` `mMm AmYr CbJS>m H$aUo JaOoMo Amho Ë`mdê$Z g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo H$m` ho {ZpíMV

hmoB©b.

^m¡{VH $ê$n … _mZd g_yh ñdOrdZ gwIa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m {d{dY JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r {Zg©JmVrb

Ag§»` Jmoï>tMm dmna H$aV Ag§»` OrdZmon`moJr dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr ~wÕrMmVw m©Zo, H$ënH$VoZo Ho$bobr Amho. AÞ,

dó, {Zdmè`mgmo~VM _mZdmbm bmJUmè`m {d{^Þ {OÞgo, `§Ìo, ñdg§ajUmW© {d{^Þ eóm§Mr {Z{_©Vr,

XiUdiUmÀ`m gmo`r, Ë`mH$[aVm bmJUmao `§Ì, Amamo½`mÀ`m {d{dY gw{dYm, _Zmoa§OZmMr gmYZo, Aem

AJ{UV g§gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Vmo Wm§~bm Zmhr Va Ë`mV {ZË` Zm{dÝ`mMr â {nT>r Xa {nT>r H$aV Amho.

AmO _mZdmbm àma§{^H$ H$mimnmgyZMm {Z_m©U hmoV Amboë`m EHo$H$m {OÞgmÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMm B{Vhmg _m§S>Vm

ody eH$Vmo. _mZdmZo {Z{_©boë`m `m gmè`m g§gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoV AgVmo. S>moù`m§Zr

{XgUmè`m `m gmè`m g§gmYZm§Zm ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV. Ago Agbo Varhr `m g§ñH¥$Vrbm H$mhr

Aä`mgH$ _mÝ`Vm XoV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma, ""^m¡{VH$ dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$er H$amdr `mgmR>r

_mZdmbm kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. VWm{n Or dñVy kmZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`m Jmoï>rMm g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$VrV H$gm hmoB©b? H$maU kmZ hr g§H$ënZm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo ê$n Amho. H$maU kmZ A_yV© Amho.''

A^m¡{VH$ê$n … A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb Jmoï>r `m _Zmo_`, AÑí` Añne© d A_yV© ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.

S>moù`m§Zm Z {XgUmè`m d Ho$di _Zmbm OmUdUmè`m A_yV© Jmoï>tZm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV. `m A_yV©

Jmoï>tMm _mZdr _Zmda XrK©H$mbrZ d Imobda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. _mZdmÀ`m _¥Ë yn ªV Ë`mMm à^md _mZdmda

{Q>Hy$Z amhVmo. qH$~hþZm AmO nmdoVmo Ag§»` {nT>çm Zï> Pmboë`m AmhoV. nU A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb {dMmaYmam

{nT>r Xa {nT>r g§H«${_V hmoV {MaH$mb d A~m{YV amhÿZ {Q>Hy$Z Amho. g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrVrb EImXm KQ>H$

EH$Va H$m`_ {Q>Hy$Z AgVmo qH$dm Vmo H$m`_MmM Zï> hmoV AgVmo. ho Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m dV©Zmda Adb§~yZ

AgVo. `m_Üò kmZ, lÕm, ZrVr, _yëò, H$m`Xo, {eï>mMma, Y_©H$ënZm, A§V…H$aUmVrb {d{^Þ ^mdZm,

gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVr g_OyVr, {Zð>m _mZX§S> `m gmè`m§Mm A§V© md A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o hmoV AgVmo. `mbmM

H$mhr {dMmad§V AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV. `mM g§ñH¥$Vrbm nmíMmË`m§Zr A{YH$m{YH$ _mÝ`Vm

{Xbobr {XgyZ oV AgVo.

Aem n«H$mao _mZdmZo {Z{_©boë`m `m ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg åhUOo _mZdmMm {Za§Va

{dH$mg hmo . `mÀ`mZoM _mZdmMo OrdZ A{YH$m{YH$ gwIa hmoV Mmbbo {XgyZ oV AgVo.

12

hr XmoÝhr ê$no nañna nwaH$ Agbr Var ~è`mM doiog _mZdmH$S>o gmè`m ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm AgyZhr

_mZdmÀ`m CÝZVrMm {dH$mg Iw§Q>bobm AgVmo. A^m¡{VH$ g_¥Õ g§ñH¥$Vr AgyZhr ^m¡{VH$ g§gmYZmÀ`m A^mdr

_mZdmMr àJVr åhUmdr Ver hmoVmZm {XgyZ oV Zmhr. Va ~è`mM doiog g_mOmVrb ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV ~Xb

Pmbobm AgVmo. ZdrZ ^m¡{VH$ g§gmYZm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ë`m JQ>mVrb _mZd g_yhmZo Ho$bobm AgVmo. nU A^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr VÎd Ogo H$m`Xm, {ejU, ZrVr_yë o, Y_©H$ënZm `m_Ü o ghOmghOr _mZd ~Xb H$am`bm

V`ma hmoV Zmhr. Iao nmhVm hr ê$no nañna nwaH$ Agbr Var XmoÝhr_Ü o EH$gmaIo ~Xb g§ dV Zgë`m H$maUmZo

_mZdmMr àJVr I§wQ>Vo åhUyZ hr XmoÝhr ê$no nañnanmofH$ AgUo _hËdmMo _mZbo OmVo. VaM _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm

{dH$mg g§ dVmo, åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ Jmoï>tMm g_wÀM` hmo .

Aem àH$mao _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo _mZdmZo Amnbo OrdZ gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJm©V d Amnë`m _ZmV

Oo ~Xb Ho$boV Ë`m gdmªZm Ë`mZo g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhQ>bo, Iao Va hr EH$ àH$maMr OrdZmMr Mm¡H$Q>M Amho. Á`m

Mm¡H$Q>rMo H$mhr {Z`_ _mZdmZo V`ma Ho$bobo AmhoV. `m {Z`_mdahþHy$_ Ë`m g_mOmVrb _mZdmZo Amnbo OrdZ

ì`{VV H$am`Mo Amho, YmaUm nmimd`mÀ`m AmhoV, Am{U {Zìdi OrdZ OJm`Mo Zmhr Va Hw$àd¥ÎmtZm Amim

KmbV Mm§Jë`m _yë`m§Mr Ë`mV âhr Kmbm`Mr Amho. VgoM Amnë`m oUmè`m {nT>çm§Zmhr hr _yë o g_¥Õ

^mfoÛmam ~hmbhr H$am`Mr Amho.

`m{edm` g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo ê$T>r, na§nam, MmbrarVr, gU, dma, d«V, d¡H$ë`, AmMma, {dMma, g_O,

bmoH$_mZg, H$ënZm, {Zð>m gd© nÕVrÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe g§ñH¥$VrV hmoV AgVmo. `m gdmªMr {_iyZ

g§ñH¥$Vr {gÕ hmoV AgVo, åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr A{Ve` ì`mnH$ d Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgVo. `mM H$maUmZo {VMr

{ZpíMV ñdê$nmMr ì`m»`m H$aVm òV Zmhr.

1.5 g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n : g_mOemñÌk, _mZgemñÌk, _mZdd§eemñÌk Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Á`m ì`m»`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV Ë`m ì`m»`mdê$Z g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV AgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr _mZd{Z{_©V : _mZd {ZgJ©{Z{_©V àmUr Amho. Ho$di _mZd g_mOmVM AmT>iyZ oUmam hm

_hËdnyU© Agm KQ>H$ Amho. _mZdoVa àmÊ`mMo OrdZ ho {nT>çmZ{nT>çm {Za§VanUo EH$mM {d{eï> nÕVrZo Mmby

AgVo, nU _mZdmMo _mÌ Vgo Zmhr. _mZdoVa àmÊ`mH$S>o ZgUmar VH©$~wÕr, H$ënZmeŠVr, ñ_¥Vr _mZdmH$S>o

Amho, `m_wio _mZd kmZmMm g§M` d g§H«$_U H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _mZdoVa àmUr _mÌ Vgo H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. _mZdmZo

n¥Ïdrda Ag§»` KQ>H$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. ZÚm, S>m|Ja, Obme o, F$Vy, hdm_mZ, M§Ð, Vmao, gy © hr gmar

{ZgJm©Mr XoUJr Amho. `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ y mJmda dmg H$aUmè`m _mZdg_yhmda hmoV AgVmo. na§Vy _mZdmZo

~wÕrÀ`m ~imda, H$ënZmeŠVrZo, Amnë`m gmo`rgmR>r Ë`mVyZ Ag§»` Jmoï>tMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Z¡g{J©H$

gmYZg§nÎmr_YyZ _mZdmZo Ag§»` dñVy {Z{_©ë`m. Ë`mV {Za§Va ~Xb KS>dV Zm{dÝ`nyU© g§ñH¥$Vr KS>dV Amho.

`mgmo~VM _mZdmZo g_mO ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r {Z{_©boë`m gm_m{OH$ ZrVr{Z`_m§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rbm YŠH$m bmJy Z o,

`mñVd H$mhr lÕm, _yë o, ZrVr, H$m`Xo, na§nam, {Zð>m `m§Mr Img ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z R>odbobr Amho.

{VÀ`mVhr {Za§Va g§W JVrZo n[adV©Z hmoV Amho. `m XmoÝhr nÕVrÀ`m g§{_l ê$nmbm _mZdmZo g§ñH¥$Vr Ago

åhQ>bo. Aer hr ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z _mZd Amnbo Am wî` A{YH$ gwIH$a ~Z{dÊ`mMm

13

{Za§Va à`ËZ H$aV Amho. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZd{Z{_©V Amho AgoM åhUmdo bmJVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma : g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdmbm {_imbobm OÝ_OmV JwUY_© Zmhr. _mZdmbm Vr

AmnmoAmn àmßV hmoV Zmhr Va, _mZdmbm Vr OmUrdnyd©H$ AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVo. _mZdoVa àmUr Am{U _mZd

àmUr `m XmoÝhr àmÊ`mV H$mhr EH$ oX AmhoV. ~hþVm§e _mZdoVa àmÊ`m§_Yrb dV©Z ho ghOàd¥Îm AgVo. Vo

Ë`m§Zm {ZgJ©XÎm {Z`_mZo {_imbobr XoUJrM AgVo. _mZdoVa àmÊ`mÀ`m JaOm `m AZwd§emZo R>aV AgVmV.

Ë`m§À`m nyVugmR>rhr AZwd§{eH$VmM H$maUr yV AgVo. _mÌ _mZdàmÊ`mÀ`m ZdOmV ~mbH$mbm Amnë`m JaOm

H$em ^mJdm`À`m ? Ë`mMo kmZ Vmo Á`m g_mOmV OÝ_bobm Amho Ë`m g_mOmH$Sy>Z AmË_gmV H$amdo bmJVo.

yH$ hr JaO gd©M _mZdg_yhmV gmaIr Oar Agbr Varhr àË oH$ _mZdr g_yhmV Vr {^ÝZ {^ÝZ Agë`mMo

{ZXe©Zmg oV AgVo. Ogo-AÝZ ImÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV AÝZ {H$Vr Imdo? H|$ìhm Imdo? H$Yr Imdo? `mMr H$mhr

{Z`_mdbr àË oH$ g_mOmÀ`m g_whmZo V`ma Ho$bobr AgVo. Aem Ag§»` JaOm _mZdàmÊ`mÀ`m AgVmV. Ë`m

H$em ^mJdm`À`m ? `mMo H$mhr R>moH$Vmio Ë`m g_mOmZo {Z_m©U H$ê$Z R>odbobo AgVmV. Vo _mZdàmÊ`mÀ`m

`m ~mbH$mbm ñd:Hw$Qy>§~mVyZ gd©àW_ gm_m{OH$ ZrVr{Z`_m§Mr, g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI hmoV AgVo. Ë`mbm Am wî`

ì`{VV H$aVmZm g_mOmV ahmd§ H$g§ ? ~mobmd§ H$g§ ? dmJmd§ H$g§ ? H$moUH$moUVo ñd:O_mVrVrb gU, CËgd

AmhoV ? H$m`Xo, lÕm, _yëò AmhoV ?> ho {eHy$Z ¿`mdo bmJVo. VXZ§Va g_mOmVyZ Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$

ZrVr{Z`_mÀ`m OmUrdogmo~VM A^m¡{VH$ H$bm§Mr _m{hVr AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVo. hiyhiy Ë`mbm Amnë`m

g_mOmMo g_J« OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMo kmZ hmoVo. {VWyZ Vmo nwT>o Am wî`mÀ`m AIoan ªV VXZwê$n OrdZ

ì`{VV H$aV AgVmo. åhUOo ZdOmV ~mbH$mbm ñd:g_mOmVrb _mZdM ^m¡{VH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo

kmZ XoVmo. hr à{H«$`m ^mfoÛmam KS>Vo, åhUyZ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrV ^mfobm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. Aem àH$mao

^mfoÛmao ZdOmV ~mbH$ Amnë`m g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV H$aV AgVmo. `mdoir g_mOM Ë`mMm {ejH$

AgVmo. H$mbm§VamZo Amnë`m g_mOmVrb ñdg§ñH¥$VrMm nyU© Aä`mg Pmë`mda Vmo XoIrb Ë`mV ZmdrÝ`mMr â

KmbV ZdrZ oUmè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§ñH¥$Vr gwnyX© H$aVmo. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hm {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma Amho.

g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo : g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o kmZ, _yë o, ZrVrVËdo, {Z`_Zo, àWm, na§nam, H$bm H$m¡eë`,

{dMma, gd`r, Am{U BVa j_Vm§Mm A§V^m©d hmoV AgVmo. ho gd© KQ>H$ {ZJ©wU, Añne© d AÑí` ñdê$nmMo

AmhoV. ho KQ>H$ S>moù`m§Zm {XgV Zmhr Va B§{Ð`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr Ho$di OmUrd hmoV AgVo. `m KQ>H$m§Zm _mZd ñne©hr

H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m Ho$di _mZdmbm OmUyZ ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. `mM H$maUm_wio g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo Ago

H$mhr nmpíM_mË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr _V _m§S>bobo Amho. H$mhr Aä`mgH$ Am{U {dMmad§Vm§Zr _mÌ _yV© KQ>H$m§Mmhr

g_mdoe `mV Ho$bobm Amho. nU _yV© KQ>H$m§Mr {Z{_©VrXoIrb A_yVm©VyZM hmoV AgVo. ho hr Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo bmJVo.

`mM H$maUm_wio g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«${_H$ à{H«$`m : ^mfobm g_mOmV AgmYmaU _hËd Amho. _mZd Amnë`m {d{dY

^md^mdZm ^mfoÛmaoM g_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrn ªV nmohMdV AgVmo. g§àofUmMr {H«$`m ^mfoÛmaoM KS>V AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr

OVZmgmo~VM {VMo g§dY©ZmMo H$m ©hr ^mfmM H$aV AgVo. ^mfm ho g§ñH¥$VrMoM A§J Amho. `m A§JmVyZM EImÚm

g_mOmVrb g_H$mbrZ {nT>r Amnbr g_¥Õ g§ñH¥$Vr nwT>À`m {nT>rbm ~hmb H$aV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mV AmB©-d[S>b

14

Amnë`m _wbm§Zm KamV Kam~mhoa H$go dmJmdo ? H$go dmJy Z o ho AZoH$ bhmZghmZ àg§JmVyZ gm§JV AgVmV.

Ë`m§Mo _Z g§ñH$marV H$aV AgVmV. nwT>o emioVrb {ejH$m§H$Sy>Zhr Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV H$moUVo dV©Z `mo½` Amho

? H$moUVo A`mo½` Amho ? `m~m~VMo YS>o ì`ŠVrbm {eH$m`bm {_iVmV. Ë`mMo Ë`mbm kmZ hmoVo. ~mbnUr ho

{ejU AOmUVonUmZo hmoV AgVo, nU _moR>o Pmë`mda _mÌ KamVrb AmB©d[S>b OmUrdnyd©H$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb C{MV

Jmoï>r ì`ŠVrda q~~dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aV AgVmV. Amnë`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o AgUmao dV©ZàH$ma, {Z`_Zo, _yë o,

lÕm, H$m`Xo ì`ŠVr OmUrdnyd©H$ {eHy$Z KoVo. ì`ŠVr nwT>o g_mOmV Amë`mda {d{dY àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ g§ñH$marV hmoV OmVo. åhUOo àgma_mÜ`_mVyZhr g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$_UmMo H$m © hmoV AgVo. EHy$U Ka,

emim, _hm{dÚmb o, gm_m{OH$ àgma_mÜ`_o g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H«$_UmMr à{H«$`m nma nmS>V AgVmV d `mVyZ

ì`ŠVr g§ñH$marV hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrMo Aem nÕVrZo g§H«$_U hmoV Agë`mZo gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`hr {Q>H$Ê`mg

_XV hmoVo Am{U Zì`m {nT>rbm OJÊ`mMo ZdrZ _mJ©hr gmnS>V amhVmV. Ë`mMo Am wî` gwH$a ~ZVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vr : g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmVrb BVa gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmaIrM gm_y{hH$ d

gm_m{OH$ ~m~ AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr g_mOmVrb EH$ ì`ŠVr H$aV ZgVmo. g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr hr Ë`m

g_J« _mZdr g_yhmÛmao hmoV AgVo. g_mOmVrb _mUyg {ZgJ©{Z{_©V {dnXm§er g_yhmZo PJS>V AgVmo. Amnë`m

JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr _mZdmZo àXrK© H$mbI§S>mV {Z_m©U H$ê$Z R>odboë`m AmhoV. _mZdmÀ`m àma§{^H$

H$mbmVhr AÝZmgma»`m, g§ajUmgma»`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmda àhma hmoVmo, V|ìhm _mZd g_yhmZoM

Ë`mMo {ZXm©bZ H$aVmo, b½ZmgmaIr Jmoï> XoIrb _mZd EH$Q>m nma nmSy> eH$Vmo `mM H$maUm_wio O|ìhm g_yhmMm

EImXm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmo, V|ìhm EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Vmbm _hËËd CaV Zmhr, Va Ag§»` _mUgm§À`m

EH${ÌH$aUmVyZ Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m g§nyU© g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrMo AmnmngmV aŠV~§YmMo g§~§Y

AgVmV. Ë`m g_mOmVrb EImXr gd©gm_mÝ` dmQ>Umar {Z{_©VrXoIrb gm_y{hH$ _mZbr OmV AgVo. Ogo -

àmMrZ H$mimVrb Amoì`m EH$m ñÌrZo aMë`m AgVrb, _mÌ AmO Ë`m EH$m g_yhmÀ`m Pmboë`m AmhoV. åhUyZ

^m¡{VH$ Agmo dm A^m¡{VH$ Agmo, Á`m g_mOmV Vr Jmoï> {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho Ë`mMr _mbH$s g§nyU© g_mOM

AgVmo. Ë`m {Z{_©Vrbm VmoM O~m~Xma AgVmo. EImXo doiog EImXr ^m¡{VH$ {Z{_©Vr Ë`m g_mOmVrb Ë`m

ì`ŠVrMr Agyhr eH$Vo, nU g§ñH¥$Vrda _mÌ g_mOmMrM hþHy$_V AgVo. Vr Ë`m§MrM {Z{_©Vr AgVo. g_mOmZo

V`ma Ho$boë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZrVr {Z`_mZwgmaM _mZdmbm ahmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vr AgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr g_yhmMr _mbH$s : g_mOmV amhUmè`m EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñd:{Z{_©Vrda _mbH$s Agy

eH$Vo, nU g§ñH¥$Vrda g_yhmMrM _mbH$s AgVo. {VMm H$Vm©-YVm© g_yhM AgVmo. H$maU Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m

g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Ho$bobr ZgVo, Va Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd© ì`ŠVtMr {_iyZ {VMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr

AgVo. Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m Am§Va{H«$ oVyZ {VMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. `mM H$maUm_wio g§ñH¥$Vrbm

Hw$Ur EH$ ì`ŠVr ~Xby eH$V Zmhr. g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb kmZ, H$m`Xo, ZrVrVËdo, ho gmao gm_y{hH$nUo {Z_m©U Pmbobo

Agë`m_wio Ë`m g_mOmVrb EH$ ì`ŠVr g§ñH¥$Vrda A{YH$ma gm§Jy eH$V Zmhr.

g§ñH¥$Vr : JaOnyVuMo _mÜ`_ : _mZd g_mO{eb àmUr Amho. Vmo EH$Q>mM OrdZ OJy eH$V Zmhr.

Amnë`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmbm g_mOmMr AË §V JaO AgVo. Ogo - EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm b½Z H$am`Mo

15

Agob Va Ë`mbm g_mOmV Omdo bmJVo, nU g_mOmV Joë`mda b½ZmMo H$mhr {d{eï> ZrVrVËdo Ë`m g_mOmZo V`ma

Ho$bobr AgVmV. Ë`m~ahþHw$_ Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mMo AZwgéZ H$aV ahmdo bmJUma. AÝ`Wm Ë`mbm b½Zm{dZmM ahmdo

bmJob. Ë`m g_mOmVyZ Vmo Amnë`m JaOm ^mJdV AgVmo. åhUyZ Á`m g_mOmV Vmo dmg H$aV AgVmo Ë`m g_mOmMo

H$mhr ZrVr{Z`_ AgVmV. Ë`m ZrVr{Z`_m§Mo Ë`mbm nmbZ H$amdo bmJVo. Vo Ë`mZo nmibo Zmhr Va g_mO Ë`mbm

Amnë`mV g_m{dï> H$aV Zmhr. _mZdmbm JaOnyVuH$arVm g§ñH¥$VrVrb gmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdmM bmJVmo.

åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdmÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aV AgVo Ago AmnUmbm åhUm`bm g§Yr Amho.

g§ñH¥$Vrbm àVrHo$ AgVmV : OJmVrb ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m gd© g§ñH¥$VtZm ñdV:Mr AmoiI Agmdr

åhUyZ H$mhr àVrHo$, H$mhr ~moYdmŠ` AmhoV. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {_iyZ OJmVrb

g§ñH¥$Vr {gÕ Pmbobr Amho. nU Ago Agbo Var A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrbmM Aä`mgH$ àYmZËd XodyZ {VbmM

_mÝ`Vm XoV AgVmV. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g§ñH¥$Vr àË`jmV XmIdVm oV Zmhr. na§Vy àVrH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

_mÌ g§ñH¥$VrMm ~moY ZŠH$sM hmoV AgVmo. Ogo-AemoH$MH«$ ho ~m¡ÜX Y_m©Mo àVrH$ Amho Va AZwH«$_o "Amo_'

Mo {MÝh ho qhXy Y_m©Mo àVrH$ Amho.

g§ñH¥$Vr g§M`{eb AgVo : g§ñH¥$VrV {ZË` Zì`m kmZmMr â nS>V AgVo. àË oH$ {nT>rVrb Hw$Ur

Zm Hw$Ur ì`ŠVr {VÀ`mV JVH$mbrZ H$mhr g§ñH¥$Vrbm AS>Wim dmQ>Umè`m Jmoï>r ~mOybm gmaV Ë`mg_ Jmoï>tMr

Ë`mV â KmbV AgVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr O|ìhm g§H«${_V hmoV AgVo V|ìhm oUmar ZdrZ {nT>r OwÝ`m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Vr

AmË_gmV H$aV AgVo. OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb gmè`mM Jmoï>r ZdrZ {nT>rbm g§ wpŠVH$, ñdrH$maUr` AgVmVM Ago

Zmhr, åhUyZ OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb AS>MUrÀ`m dmQ>Umè`m Jmoï>rV ZdrZ {nT>r â KmbV ~Xb H$aVo. hrM à{H«$`m

AZ§V {nT>çm MmbV Ambobr Amho. `mM H$maUm_wio àmMrZ, _Ü` wJrZ, Adm©MrZ, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Aem

ZdZdrZ g§ñH¥$VrMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mghr H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb {^ÝZËd AmnUmbm XmIdVm oVo. åhUOo àË oH$

H$mimVrb g§ñH¥$VrV ZmdrÝ`mMr â _mZdmZo KmVbobr Amho. {nT>r Xa {nT>r {VÀ`mV kmZ g§M` hmodyZ Vr {Za§Va

{dH${gV hmoV Ambobr Amho. `mnwT>ohr {VÀ`mV {dH${gV ê$n AmnUmbm nhm`bm {_iUma `mV e§H$m Zmhr.

g§ñH¥$Vr n[adV©Zerb AgVo : H$mimÀ`m àdmhmgmo~V MmbUmar g§ñH¥$Vr {ZË`ZwVZ AgVo. Vr pñWa

ñdê$nmMr Zmhr. {VÀ`mV {ZË` Zì`m kmZmMr â nS>V AgVo. ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma _mZdr g_mOmV {Z_m©U

hmoUmè`m ZdrZ g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmbm Zì`m kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vmo Amdí`H$VoZwgma

g_ñ oda Cnm` emoYVmo. `mà_mUo ZdrZ kmZmMr â nS>VM amhVo. `m à{H«$ o_wio AmnmoAmnM g§ñH¥$VrV H$mhr

A§er n[adV©Z hmoV amhVo. `mgmo~VM ZdrZ {nT>r O|ìhm OwÝ`m {nT>rH$Sy>Z kmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVo, åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr

hñVm§VarV hmoVo, V|ìhm ZdrZ {nT>r OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb gd©M kmZ, àWm, na§nam§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aV OmV Zmhr. Va

Ë`mV WmoS>o\$ma ~Xb H$ê$Z Zm{dÝ`mMr â KmbV AgVo. H$mimÀ`m n[apñWVrÀ`m _mJUrZwgma Amdí`H$ V|ìhm

`m Jmoï>r KS>VM AgVmV. Ë`m H$aUo {ZH$S>rMoM AgVo. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr {ZË` n[adV©Zerb AgVo. Vgo ZgVo

Va AmO OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m wJmV {H$VrVar ZdrZ Jmoï>r _mZdmbm nhm`bm {_imë`mM ZgË`m. Varhr

g§ñH¥$VrVrb gmè`m Jmoï>r_Ü o hm ~Xb g§ dZr` ZgVmo. H$mhr Jmoï>r AmOhr OemÀ`m Vem A~mYrV Amho

H$maU g§ñH¥$Vr hr gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vr AgyZ ghOmghOr namd[V©V hmoV Zmhr.

16

g§ñH¥$Vr {^ÝZËd : _mZd Á`m àXoemV dfm©Zwdf} {Zdmg H$aV AgVmo Ë`m àXoemVrb àmH¥${VH$

JwUY_m©À`m Ë`m _mZdr dV©Zmda n`m© mZo Ë`m gm_m{OH$ dV©Zmda n[aUm_ Pmbobm AgVmo. `m n[aUm_mVyZM

Ë`m _mZd g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr Mm¡H$Q> V`ma hmoV AgVo. àH¥$VrÀ`m `m n[aUm_mVyZM g§ñH¥$VrMr

{Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. åhUyZM OJmVrb àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$mnojm doJir Amho. EH$m {d{eï> g_mOmÀ`m

g§ñH¥$VrV AgUmao ho kmZ, {dídmg, na§nam, _yë o B. _Ü o {^ÝZËd AmT>iV Agë`m_wio g§ñH¥$VrV {^ÝZËd

{XgyZ oVo. CXm - ^maVmVrb JwOamV d _hmamï´> amÁ`mÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrV {^ÝZVm AmT>iyZ oVo. Ogo - _hmamï´>r`

ñÌr Amnë`m gmS>rMm nXa S>mì`m Im§Úmda KoVo Va JwOamVr ñÌr Amnë`m gmS>rMm nXa COì`m Im§Úmda KoVo

qH$dm _hmamï´>mVrbM Am{XdmgtMr g§ñH¥$Vr doJir Amho Va IoS>çm§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr doJir Amho. åhUOo doJdoJù`m

àXoemVrb g§ñH¥$Vr {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vrbm ñdV§Ì ApñVÎd : g§ñH¥$Vr hr gm_y{hH$ _mZd{Z{_©Vr Agbr Var {VMm {Z_m©UH$Vm© hm

_Ë © Amho. _mZdmÀ`m Ag§»` {nT>çm _aU nmdë`m nU g§ñH¥$Vr _mÌ H$m`_ {Od§V Amho. {VÀ`mV qH${MV

~Xb hmoV AgVmo, _mÌ Vr Zï> hmoV Zmhr. ~Xb hmoVm§Zm g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr A§Jm_Ü oM ~Xb hmoV AgVmo, nU

{VÀ`mV Zm{dÝ`mMrhr â nS>V AgVo. _mZdr earamÀ`m H$mhr noer {ZH$m_r Pmë`mV Am{U Á`m {R>H$mUrÀ`m

noer {ZH$m_r Pmboë`m AmhoV Ë`m ^mJmMo H$m © nyd©dV ìhmdo åhUyZ _|Xy bmJbrM ZdrZ noetMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z

earamMo H$m © gwairV Mmby R>odVmo Vgo g§ñH¥$VrMo AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr ^mJ VËH$mbrZ g_mOmbm A{Zð>

dmQy> bmJVmo. `mñVd VËH$mbrZ g_mO Vmo ^ÎmJ g§nyU©V: H$mTy>Z Z Q>mH$Vm Ë`mVrb AZmdí`H$ ^mJ H$mTy>Z

Ë`mbm n`m© åhUyZ ZdrZ KQ>H$ Ë`mV AmUbm OmVmo, åhUOo OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb kmZ Zï> hmoVo nU Ë`m {R>H$mUr

n`m© r g§ñH¥$Vr qH$~hþZm Ë`mnojm XO}Xma g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo, Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ gwairVnUo nwÝhm

nyd©dV Mmby bmJVo. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vrbm _aU Zmhr. Vr ñdV§Ì AgVo AgoM åhUmdo bmJVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr EH$mË_Vm {Z{_©Vr §ÌUm : àË oH$ g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m g_mOmbm EH$g§K R>odÊ`mgmR>r

_hÎdnyU© H$m © ~OmdV AgVo. ì`ŠVr Á`m g_mOmV dmñVì` H$aVo Ë`m g_mOmVrb ZrVr{Z`_m§Mo, H$m`Úm§Mo Ë`mbm

nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. Ë`m g_mOmZo ho {Z`_ Ho$di Ë`m EH$m ì`ŠVrgmR>r {Z{_©boobo ZgVmV Va Ë`m g_J«

_mZdr g_yhmgmR>r Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo {Z`_m§Mr ì`dñWm AgVo. g_mOmVrb {d{dY

gm_mm{OH$ g§ñWm§_Ü o `m {Z`_m§Mo g§KQ>Z Pmbobo AgVo. `m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm EH$_oH$m§er nañnamdb§~r g§~§Y

R>odUmè`m AgVmV. `m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zr {ZYm©arV Ho$bobr _yë o, lÕm, H$m`Xo, ZrVr{Z`_ Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr

nma nmS>V AgVmV. g_mOmV amhUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m gwb^[aË`m nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mbm

gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ H$amdo bmJVo. `mVyZM Ë`m g_mOmMo g§KQ>Z hmoVo d Ë`m§À`mV EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo,

åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm gmYUmar §ÌUm AgVo Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.

1.6 gmam§e :

g§ñH¥$Vr hm eãX _amR>rV B§J«Or eãX "H$ëMa' `m eãXmMm à{VeãX åhUyZ ê$T> Pmbobm Amho. ^maVmV

hm eãX àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ dmnamV Amho. hm eãX "g_' Am{U "H¥$' `m YmVynmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm Amho. `m

eãXmV "g§ñH$ma' hm eãXhr g_m{dð> hmoVm nU Ym{_©H$ joÌmnwaVmM _`m©{XV am[hë`m_wio Vmo g§Hw${MV Pmbm.

17

Va "g§ñH¥$Vr' hm eãX Y_m©gh g_J« _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m CÝZV AdñWogmR>r `moObobm Agë`m_wio `m eãXmMr

ì`mnH$Vm A{YH$ dmT>V OmdyZ Vmo AmOhr H$m`_ Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr `m eãXmbm {_imboë`m `m ì`mnH$Vo_wioM

Ë`mbm AZoH$ AW© àmßV Pmbobo {XgyZ oVo. doJdoJù`m joÌm_Ü o hm eãX MnIbnUo {dZmgm`mg ~gV AgVmo.

`mM H$maUm_wiohr `m eãXmMr gwQ>gwQ>rV ì`m»`mXoIrb H$aVm oV Zmhr, Va Aä`mgH$m§À`m ì`m»`m§_Ü ohr

_V{^ÝZVm {XgyZ oV AgVo. `mM H$maUmZo H$mhr Aä`mgH$ A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm _hËd XoVmV Va H$mhr

{dMmad§V A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrgh ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMmhr A§V© md g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H$ënZoV H$aVmV.

g§ñH¥$Vr {ZgJ©{Z{_©V Zmhr Va {Vbm _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo Amho. Vr A{Ve` ì`mnH$ d Jw§VmJw§VrMr

à{H«$`m Amho. {VÀ`mV ^m¡{VH$-_yV© d A^m¡{VH$ åhUOo A_yV© Aem g_J« KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. `m

XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§À`m g§{_lUmVyZ Vr {gÕ Pmbobr Amho. hr g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdmZo Amnbo OrdZ gwIH$maH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

{Z_m©U Ho$bobr Amho. {ZgJm©da H$mhr g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Amnbo OrdZ {ZgJm©À`m AZwê$n d AZwHy$b H$aÊ`mMm

à`ËZ `mV gm_mdbobm Amho. hr EH$ gm§{KH$ {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m AgVo. gm§{KH$ H$maUm_wio g_mOmVrb

EH$Q>mXwH$Q>m ì`ŠVr {VÀ`mV ~Xb H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. {VÀ`mV ~Xb KS>Vmo nU Vmo gmdH$me. Aem `m

g§ñH¥$Vrbm hOmamo dfm©Mr na§nam AgyZhr Vr {ZË`ZyVZ AgVo, H$maU {VÀ`mVrb H$mhr AZw{MV KQ>H$

H$mimZwê$n Ë`mÁ` R>ê$Z Ë`mMdoir Ë`mbm AZwê$n d C{MV Aem Zì`m KQ>H$mMr {Z{_©Vr _mZd H$aV AgVmo,

åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr {ZË`ZyVZ d n[adV©Zerb AgVo. Ago Agbo Var {VÀ`m g_J«VoV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr Va H$mhr

KQ>H$m§_Ü oM {VMm ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. `mM H$maUm_wio ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m {d{dY g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o hOmamo

dfm©Z§Va AmOhr H$mhr _wë o A~m{YV Amho. OÝ_VmM ì`ŠVrbm g§ñH¥$Vr àmßV hmoV Zmhr, Va g§ñH¥$Vr hr Ë`m

Ë`m _mZdg_yhmVrb ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§À`m _mJÀ`m {nT>rH$Sy>Z AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVo. ì`ŠVrbm g§ñH¥$Vr

{ejUmMr hr à{H«$`m Ka, Hw$Qw>§~, emim, _hm{dÚmb o, {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$aV AgVmV. _mJMr {nT>r

Amnë`m nwT>rb {nT>rbm hr g§ñH¥$Vr OmUrdnyd©H$ XoV AgVo d g_H$mbrZ {nT>r Vr AmË_gmV H$aV AgVo. mVyZ

ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmbm {Z`{_VnU Va oVmoM, nU ì`ŠVr dV©Zmbm EH$ {Xemhr àmßV hmoV AgVo. g_mOmV

dmdaVmZm ì`ŠVrbm AmË_gmV g§ñH¥$Vr ~ahþHy$_ Amnbo dV©Z R>odUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. H$maU Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm

Amnë`m JaOm§Mr nyV©VmXoIrb Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. `mM H$maUmZo ì`ŠVrbm g§ñH¥$VrVrb

gmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm bmJVmo; åhUyZM g§ñH¥$Vrbm _mZdmMr gm_yhrH$ OrdZ`mnZmMr nÕVr Agohr

g§~moYbo Jobo Amho. `mgmo~VM àËòH$ g_mO g_yhmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VtZm H$mhr à{VHo$, H$mhr gm§Ho${VH$ IwUm,

~moYdmŠ`, a§J, aofm AgVmV. Vr Ë`m§Mr AmoiI AgVo. hr àVrHo$ Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo gma AgVmV. {XemXe©Ho$hr

AgVmV. `m g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb àË oH$mZo H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. Aer hr g§ñH¥$Vr {VÀ`mVrbM

^mfm `m KQ>H$m_wioM {VÀ`mV {ZË` n[adV©Z KS>V Zm[dÝ`mMr â nS>V Amho Am{U ^{dî`mVhr hr à{H«$`m

A{daVnUo MmbyM amhUma `mV e§H$m Zmhr.

OJâ Agboë`m àËòH$ g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr hr doJir AgVo. ImUo, {nUo, lÕm-g_OyVr, nmn-

nwÊ`mÀ`m H$ënZm, H$bmË_H$ A{^ê$Mr `m~m~VrV g_mOmMo doJionU {XgyZ oVo. `m_YyZM EH$m {d{eï>

g_mOmMr à{V_m V`ma hmoV AgVo Am{U `mM H$maUm_wio n«Ë oH$ g_mO EH$m g_mOmnojm doJim AgVmo. åhUOo

E_.E.^mJ 2 : dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr (43) /2

18

OJâmVrb g§ñH¥$Vr `mM H$maUmZo EH$_oH$m§nojm {^Þ AmhoV. Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm oVo. Aer hr g§ñH¥$Vr

g_mOmbm EH$g§K R>odÊ`mMo _mZdr g_yhmbm, amï´>mbm EH$Ì ~m§YÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © ~OmdV AgVo.

boIH$ Am{U g_mOg§ñH¥$VrMm AZw~§YmMm Ooìhm {dMma nwT>o oVmo Voìhm, OJmVrb b[bV dmL²>_` boIH$

AWdm gd©M H$bm{Z{_©H$ma Amnmnë`m àXoemVrb y mJmdarb g_mO OrdZmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV, g§ñH¥$VrV dmT>bobo

AgVmV. `m VÎdmZwgma Ë`m§À`mda Ë`m§À`m yn«XoemVrb g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md à^mdrnUo nS>bobm AgVmo. `mVwZ

H$bm{Z{_©H$mam§À`m H$bmàH$amV Ë`m g§X^r© àXoemVrb g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m R>iH$ Zm|Xr ñnï>nUo nmhVm oVmV. åhUOo

ŸH$bm{Z{_©H$ma Á`m àXoemV, wJmV dmdabm Ë`m àXoemVrb, wJmVrb g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd {gÕ H$aV

AgVo Am{U Vmo VXZwê$n Ë`mMr H$bm{Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmo. åhUyZ {^Þ {^Þ H$mbrb, àXoe{Zhm` H$bmH¥$Vr

{^Þ R>aV AgVo.H$bm{Z{_©H$ dm boIH$ Á`m àXoemV dmñVì`mg Agob Vmo Á`m H$mbmV dmdabm Agob Ë`mÀ`m

g_H$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmñVdmMo gyú_ {ZarjU Amnë`m g§doXZerb _ZmZo Ë`mMm AW© bmdyZ Amnbr

H$bmH¥$Vr gmH$ma H$arV AgVmo. Á`m {Z{_©H$mMo g§nyU© Am wî` EImÚm {d{eï y mJmda, àXoemV, g§ñH¥$VrV

KS>bobo AgVo Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrZwê$n Ë`mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd V`ma Pmbobo AgVo. `m ì`{ŠV_Îdmda ~mhoarb g§ñH¥$VrMm

{H$Vrhr à^md nS>bm Var Ë`m boIH$mMm _yi qnS> ~XbV Zmhr.Oar Ë`m boIH$mbm nag§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§X^m©V

EImXr H$bmH¥$Vr {gÕ H$am`Mr Agob Var Vmo Ë`m H$bmH¥$VrH$S>o ñdV…À`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m S>moù`m§ZrM {VÀ`mH$S>o

nmhV AgVmo. {H$Vrhr à`ËZ Ho$bm Var Vmo Ë`m H$bmH¥$Vrbm `mo½` Ý`m` Xody eH$V Zmhr. EH§$XarV {dídmVrb

gmè`m H$bmì`dhmamV ñWbH$mbmVrV g§ñH¥$Vr à{Vq~{~V Pmbobr AgVo.Ago AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo.

1.7 `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m …

1. "g§ñH$ma' hm eãX H$moUË`m joÌmnwwaVmM _`m©{XV am[hë`m_wio Vmo g§Hw${MV Pmbm?

A. gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~. Ym{_©H$ H$. Am{W©H$ S>. gm_m{OH$

2. Am{Xdmgr,J«m_rU, ehar `m eãXm§Zm bmJboë`m {deofUm§_YyZ g§ñH¥$Vrbm H$m` àmá Pmbobo AgVo.

A. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _`m©Xm ~. n¥WH$ÎdH$ H$. àmXo{eH$Vm S>. Ym{_©H$Vm

3. g§ñH¥$Vr g§X^m©V AbrH$S>o emgZñVamda H$moUVm {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

A. gm_m{OH$ {d^mJ ~. bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr {d^mJ H$. gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d^mJ S>. nwamVÎd {d^mJ

4. Imbrbn¡H$s nydu ^maVr` g_mOmV H$moUË`m _yë`mbm gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`Vm {_imbobr hmoVr.

A. {df_Vm ~. g_mZVm . H$. ñdmV§Í`Vm S>. ~§YwVm

5. g§ñH¥$Vr hm {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma Amho Ago Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË`m {dMmad§VmMo _V Amho.

A. àm. Ho«$Mo ~. amë\$ qbQ>Z H$. ~moJ«mS>g S>. ES>dS>© Q>oba

6. g§ñH¥$Vr H$moUmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo?

A. _mZdr g_yhmMr ~. ì`ŠVrMr H$. {ZgJ©{Z{_©V S>. g_yhà_wI

19

7. Y_© åhUOo A_yV©, AÑí`, AZmoiIr Am{U A{Z §{ÌV Aem eŠVter {_iVo OwiVo KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

Amho. Ago Imbrbn¡H$r H$moUË`m {dMmad§VmMo _V Amho?

A. BamdVr H$d} ~. _°{bZmoìhñH$s H$. S´>ogba Am[U {d{bg S>. àm. ~bm°S>

8. Imbrbn¡H$s A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV _moS>Umam KQ>H$ H$moUVm?

A. dó ~. {eën> H$. kmZ S>. §Ì

9. g§ñH¥$Vr OVZ d g§dY©ZmMo H$m © Imbrbn¡H$s H$moU H$aVo?

A. ì`ŠVr ~. g_whà_wI H$. {ZgJ© S>. ^mfm

10. AemoH$MH«$ ho H$moUË`m Y_m©Mo gm§Ho${VH$ {MÝh Amho?

A. {h§Xy ~. erI H$. nmaer S>. ~m¡ÜX

CÎmao …- 1 ~. 2 ~. 3 H$. 4 A. 5 ~ 6. A 7 S>. 8 H$. 9 S>. 10 S>

XrKmo©Îmar àíZ …

1. g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

2. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m gm§JyZ g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

bKwÎmar àíZ…

1. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

2. g§ñH¥$Vr hm {e{jV dV©Z àH$ma Amho `m {dYmZmMr MMm© H$am.

3. g§ñH¥$VrVrb "kmZ' `m g§H$ënZoMr MMm© H$am.

1.8 g§X © J§W gyMr …

1. _amR>r {dídH$moe … 18

2. g§ñH¥$VrH$moe … bú_Uemór Omoer

3. g_mOemómVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm … S>m°. gO}amd gmiw§Io

4. _hmamï´>mMm gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg … àm. h. lr. eoUmobrH$a, S>m°. à.Z. Xoenm§S>o

5. g_mOemó g§H$ënZm Am{U {gÕm§V … S>m°. à{Xn AmJbmdo

***

20E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr (KQ>H$ 2)-43

g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr AZw~§Y

g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` `m§À`mVrb AZw~§Y

C{X²Xï> o :

* g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aUo.

* g_mO, g§ñH¥$VrMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$aUo.

* g_mO, g§ñH¥$VrMm AZw~§Y ñnï> H$aUo.

* g_mO, dmL²>_` `m§Mm AZw~§Y ñnï> H$aUo.

* dmL²>_`mÀ`m AÜ``ZmV g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr øm g§H$ënZm§Mo _hËd AYmoao{IV H$aUo.

* dmL²>_`mMo ~XbVo ê$n Aä`mgUo.

àmñVm{dH$

g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` øm {VÝhr g§H$ënZm _mZd H|$ÐrV g§H$ënZm AmhoV. øm {VÝhtVrb AZw~§Y

Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`mVrb AÝ`moÝ` gmYmaU g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg AnojrV Amho. g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U

dmL²>_` øm g§H$ënZm aMZmË_H$ JwU-d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio EH$_oH$m§_Ü o g§b½Z Agboë`m OmUdVmV. g_mO ñdV…

Amnë`m gmo rgmR>r gwajVogmR>r OJÊ`mMr EH$ arV Adb§~{dVmo. Vr arV g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ê$nmZo àH$Q> hmoVo. Va

dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr XoIrb g_mOmMrM {Z{_©Vr Agë`mZo g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` _mZdr OrdZmer K{Zð> g~§Y

Xe©{dVmV. dmL²>_`mVhr g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{~§~ nS>ë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$

n`m©daUmV gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr hmoV Agë`mZo dmL²>_`mV hmoV AgUmar A{^ì`º$s {VÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`ŠV

hmoUmè`m Om{Udm, Ame` hm g§ñH¥$VrOÝ` d gm_m{OH$ AgVmo. dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©VrM g_mOmgmR>r hmoV

Agë`mZo dmMH$ Zgob Va Ë`m gm{hË` {Z{_©Vrbm H$mhr AW© CaUma Zmhr. g_mOmMr ~m¡{ÕH$, _mZ{gH$

AmÜ`mpË_H$ JaO bjmV KoD$Z dmL²>_` {Z_m©U hmoVo. dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr hr g_mOmMr kmZ{H«$`m AgVo.

g_mOmÀ`m kmZmMm EH$ ómoV åhUOo dmL²>_` AgVo.

{d{eï> ^yàXoemdarb g_mO hr doJù`m Aem g§ñH¥$Vr_wio {gÜX hmoVmo. àËòH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m Ë`m

g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AgVmo. {VMo g§dY©Z, ajUAm{U nardV©Z n«Ë`j, An«Ë`j g_mO H$arV AgVmo.

Va g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOmMo j_Vm [dH$gZ d {Z`_Z KS>V AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrVrb MT>-CVma, nardV©Z

dmL²>_`mda à^md Q>mH$sV AgVmV. ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` EH$m gyÌmV Jw§\$bo


KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2

g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr, A[U dmL²>_` `m§À`mVrb AZw~§Y

21

OmVmV. dmL²>_`mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m AmH$bZmgmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mOmMo gImob AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ Amho

Ë`mgmR>r AmnU g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` `m§À`mVrb AZw~§Y nmhÿ `m.

* {df` {ddoMZ

* g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr AZw~§Y

g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr m g§H$ënZm§_Yrb AZw~§Y Aä`mgV AgVmZm øm g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho.

Ë`m AgVmZm øm g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© OmUyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho øm

XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm§À`m aMZm§VJ©V JwUd¡{eï>çm§_wio Xmohm|_Yrb AZw~§YmMr drU KÅ> Agbobr OmUdVo. ì`ŠVr

Am{U g_mO `m§Zm EH$m Am§V[aH$ gyÌmZo g§ñH¥$Vr ~m§YV AgVo. Zd{Z{_©Vrg g_mOmbm àmoËgmhZ XoV AgVo.

gVV {d{dY g_mOmon`moJr AZwHy$b ~Xbm§Mm ñdrH$ma g§ñH¥$Vr H$aV AgVo. Ë`mbm ì`mnH$ ñdê$n XoVo. ømV

gmVË` g_mOmÀ`m _mÜ`m_mVyZ amhV AgVo. H$maU g§ñH¥$Vr XoIrb g_mOmMrM {Z{_©Vr AgVo. Va g§ñH¥$Vr_wio

g_mOmbm gwI, g_¥ÜXr, na§nam àmá hmoVo. Aem g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AZw~§YmÀ`m A{YH$V_ ñnï>VogmR>r

g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr øm g_mOemór` g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$.

g_mO

gm_mÝ`nUo AmnU Amnë`m amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV "g_mO' hm eãX Zoh_rM dmnaV AgVmo. nU g_mO hm

eãX àË oH$ doiog, doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr, àg§JmZwê$n ~XbUmè`m AWm©Zo dmnaVmo. CXm. qhXy g_mO, erI

g_mO, O¡Z g_mO Agm Ooìhm AmnU C„oI H$aVmo; Ë`mdoir AmnUmg Vmo Y_© A{^àoV AgVmo. maVr` g_mO,

a{e`Z g_mO Agm Ooìhm AmnU eãX à`moJ H$aVmo. Ë`mdoir, g_mO hm eãX XoedmMH$ AgVmo. _hmamï´>r`Z

g_mO, JwOamVr g_mO, amOñWmZr g_mO Agm Ooìhm AmnU C„oI H$aVmo Ë`mdoir àmXo{eH$ g§X^m©Zo g_mO

eãX oVmo. Va ~«måhU g_mO, H$moir g_mO, _amR>m g_mO Agm C„oI H$aVmo Ë`mdoir "g_mO' eãXmMm

OmVrMm g§X © A{^àoV AgVmo. `mMmM AW© AmnU "g_mO' eãX hm amoOÀ`m OrdZmV {d{dY AWm©Zo dmnaVmo.

na§Vw gm_m{OH$ AWm©Zo øm g§H$ënZobm ì`mnH$ AW© Amho g_mO åhUOo Ho$di _mZdmMm g_yh Zìho, Va Vmo EH$

gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr ì`dñWm {Z{_©Vr AgVo g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`m»`m nmhÿ.

1. _°H$ Am`ìha -"" gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio åhUOo g_mO hmo ''

(Society is a System of usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid, of

many groupings and divisions of control of human behaviour and of liberties, this ever

changing complex system we call society)

2. _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO -""A{YH$ma Am{U nmañn[aH$ _XV, {d{dY JQ> Am{U {d^mOZ, _mZdr

dV©Zmdarb {Z`§ÌU Am{U ñdmV§Í`, `m~m~VÀ`m ê$T>r Am{U [aVr-[admOm§Mr gmVË`mZo ~XbV amhUmar

Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`dñWm åhUOo g_mO hmo .'' (Society is a system of usages and procedures of

authority and mutul aid of many groupings and divisions of control of human behaviour

and of liberties this ever changing complex system we call society)

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3. amB©Q> - ""g_mO åhUOo Ho$di ì`º$s§Mm g_yh Zmhr, Va g_yhmV amhUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§~§YmMr

Vr EH$ ì`dñWm Amho.''

(it is not a group of people it,is the system of relationship that exists between the

individals of the group')

4. Oo.E\$. [J{bZ - " Á`m§Mo hoVy g_mZ AmhoV, Oo EH$m n«XoemV EH${ÌV amhVmV, Á`m§Mr OrdZ

nÕVr g_mZ Amho,_ZmV EH$ËdmMr OmUrd Amho d `m gdmª_wio AmnU BVam§nmgyZ doJio AmhmoV Ago _mZUmè`m

ì`ŠVtMm _moR>çmV _moR>m VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm H$m`_ ñdê$nmMm g_yh åhUOo g_mO''

(A society is the largest Relatively permanent group of people who share common

interests, common territory, common mode of life and a common spirit corps or belong

in gaess where by they distinguish themselves from outsiders)

5) _m°[ag {JÝg~J© - "" {d{eï> g§~§Y dV©ZmMo àH$ma `m§Zr EH${ÌV ~m§Yë`m Joboë`m ì`º$s¨Mm g_yh

åhUOoM g_mO ì`ŠVtMm g_yh åhUOo g_mO hmo . `m_wio Aem VèhoMo g~§Y R>odUmè`m qH$dm dV©ZmMo BVa

àH$ma AmMaUmè`m ì`º$s§nmgyZ Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr doJù`m {XgVmV."(A Society is a collection of

indivduals united by certion relations or Modes of behaviour which mark them off from

others who do not enter into those relations or who differ from them in behaviour.)

6) {JqS>½O - ""g_mO hm ì`ŠVtMm g_yh Amho. g§KQ>Zm Amho. `mVrb ì`ŠVtMo g§~§Y Am¡nMm[aH$

AgyZ nañna ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoZo Ë`m ì`ŠVr ~ÜX AgVmV.'' (Society is the union itself the

organization, the sum of fomal relations, in which associating individuals are bound

together)

7) {Q>eba, ìhm`Q>Z Am{U h§Q>a - ""g_mO åhUOo ì`mnH$ d gd©g_mdoeH$ Aer àË`jmV

ApñVËdmV AgUmar EH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm hmo`. g_mOmV ~hþVm§er gXñ`m§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mMr A§VJ©V

ì`dñWm AgVo, Vr {nT>çmZ² {nT>çm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. g_mOmbm ñdV…Mr gd© gXñ`m§gmR>r g_mZ Aer g§ñH¥$Vr

Am{U {d{eï> yàXoe AgVmo. (Society is the largest and most inclusive social system that

exists. A society recruits most of its members from within, sustains itself across gen-

erations shares a culture and occupies a territory)

Aemn«H$mao doJdoJù`m {dMmad§VmZr "g_mO' g§H$ënZoÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m Ho$boë`m AmT>iVmV. øm

gJù`m ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgm§Vr Ago ñnï> hmoVo, H$s g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY n¡byda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_ n«ñVwV

ì`m»`m§_Ü o Pmbo Amho. g_mO hm ì`º$s¨Mo Ho$di EH$ÌrH$aU ZgVo Va nañna g§~§YmMr Vr EH$ ì`dñWm

AgVo. Ë`m gm_m{OH$ g~§YmÀ`m ì`dñWobmM "g_mO' åhUVmV. g_mO g§H$ënZoMm "A_yV©' Am{U "_yV©' `m

XmoZ ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$amdm bmJob. H$maU gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMm Ooìhm AmnU CëboI H$aVmo, Ë`mdoir Ë`mMo

àË`j {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ho$di _mZdr dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm oVmV. "_yV©' Ñï>rZo

23

g_mOmMm {dMma H$aVmZm {ZpíMV yàXoemda dmñVì` H$aUmam g_yh AWdm bmoH$m§Mo g§KQ>Z åhUOo "g_mO'

Ago åhUVm oB©b. Aem g_mOmbm EH$ ñdV…er Aer g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. BVa g_mOmVrb ì`º$snojm AmnU

doJio AmhmoV `mMr Om{Ud AgVo. OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë yn ªV _Zwî` Ë`mÀ`m g_yhmMm qH$dm g_mOmMm {H«$`merb

gXñ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r, gd© gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH _yë` AmË_gmV H$aVmo. g_mOmV Ë`mZwgma Vmo {d{dY y{_H$m

nma nmS>Vmo. ñdV… g_mOmV, g§ñH¥$VrV `mo½` _mZbo OmUmao dV©Z, A{^d¥Îmr _yë` ñdrH$maVmo. Ë`mVyZ g§nyU©

g_mOmMr n`m© mZo Ë`m g_yhmVrb _mZdmMr OrdZ nX²YVr {ZpíMV hmoVo. Ë`mbm BVa gd© _mZdoÎma doJionU

bm^Vo. hr OrdZ nX²YVr åhUOoM Ë`m g_mOmMr n`m© mZo Ë`m g_yhmVrb _mZdmMr OrdZ nX²YVr {ZpíMV

hmoVo. Ë`mbm BVa gd© _mZdoÎma doJionU bm^Vo. hr OrdZ nX²YVr åhUOoM Ë`m g_mOmMr "g§ñH¥$Vr' åhUVm

oB©b. àË oH$ g_mOmMr ñdV…Mr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr hm g_mO aMZoMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ

Agë`mZo g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr AZw~§YmMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm g§ñH¥$Vr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo An[ahm © R>aVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr … g§ñH¥$Vr hm eãX B§J«OrVrb ' Culture Am{U Civilization `m§Mm n`m© r à{VeãX Amho.

Culture hm eãX 'Colere' (to cultivate or Instruct) `m b°{Q>Z YmVynmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. 'Colere'

åhUOo gwYmaUo, {eH$[dUo. 'Colere' nmgyZ 'Cultus' ho b°{Q>Z Zm_ V`ma Pmbo. 'Cultus' åhUOo g§ñH$aU

AWdm Aä`gZ (Cultivation or training) ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Aä`m{gV qH$dm g§ñH$m[aV Agm

hmoVmo. _amR>r_Ü o dmnaë`m OmUmè`m "g§ñH¥$Vr' eãXmMm AW© Agm Amho H$s, "g_' åhUOo Mm§Jbo Am{U "H¥${V'

åhUOo AmMma {dMma. åhUOo g§ñH$ma hmo . g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr H$mhr ì`m»`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Ë`m

nwT>rbà_mUo-

1) ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba … ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ Aer g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho H$s, Á`mV kmZ, lÕm,

H$bm, ZrVr, H$m`Xm, ê$T>r `m d AemM BVa nmÌVm§Mm d gd`tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U `m Jmoï>r ì`ŠVrZo

g_mOmMm g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m AgVmV.'' (Culture is that complex whole which

includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals customs and any other capabilities and habits

acquired by man as a member of society)

2) amë\$ {nqS>½Q>Z …""Á`m ^m¡{VH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ CnH$aUm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo bmoH$ Amnë`m O¡{dH$ d

gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJ{dVmV Am{U n`m©daUmer Amnbo AZwHy$bZ gmYVmV. Ë`m CnH$aUm§Mm g_wÀM` åhUOo

Ë`m bmoH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`.''$(The Culture of a people may be defined as the sum total of the

material and intellectual equipment where by they satisfy their biological and social

needs and adapt themselves to their environment.)

3) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> … ""Á`mMo gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z hmoVo Am{U Á`mV g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mm gh^mJ

AgVmo. Ago gd© H$mhr åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .'' (Culture is everything which is socially learx at and

shared by the members of society.)

4) am°~Q>© _°H$ Am`ìha Am{U Mmëg© noOg … ""g§ñH¥$Vr hm Amnë`m OrdZmMm Am{U {dMmam§Mm

24

EH$ àH$ma AgyZ X¡Z§{XZ Am§Va{H«$`m H$bm, gm{hË`, Y_©, H$a_UyH$ Am{U AmZ§X `m§Mo ghOnUo Ho$bo OmUmao

ho dV©Z Amho.'' (It is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and of thinking, in

our everyday inter course in art, in literature, in religion in recreation and enjoyment)

5) am°~Q>© aoS>{\$ëS> … ""H$bm Am{U V§Ì `m§À`mX²dmao A{dîH$ma Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m _mZdr g_yhmMo d¡{eîQ>ç

AgUmè`m ê$T> Mmbr[aVr§Mm, g_OyVrMm g§K{Q>V g_wÀM` åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`. '' (Culture is the

organised body of conventional understanding manifest in art and artifact which persisting

through traditions characterizes human group )

6) gmoamo{H$Z … ""XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVtÀ`m Am§Va{H«$ oVyZ qH$dm nañnam§À`m dV©Z{df`H$ à^mdmVyZ

OmUVonUr [H§$dm AOmUVonUr Á`m Jmoï>tMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo Aem àË oH$ Jmoï>rÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmbm g§ñH¥$Vr

Ago åhUVm oVo. '' (Culture is defined as the sum total of everything which is created or

moditied by the conscious or unconscious activity of two or more individuals which one

another or conditioning one anothers behaviour )

7) am°~Q>© {~AañQ>oS> :"" AmnU Á`m arVrZo {dMma {d{dY Jmoï>r H$aVmo Am{U g_mOmMo g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo

Amnë`m Odi Oo Oo H$mhr AgVo Aem gd© ~m~tMr g§H$sU© g_J«Vm åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo . '' (Culture is

the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think and do and everything we

have as a member of society )

darb gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z EH$ ñnï> hmoVo H$s, g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm BVH$s ~hþAm`m_r Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMr

Amho H$s, {VMr EH$ Am{U EH$ Aer H$mQ>oH$moa {Z gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`m»`m H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`m»`m§_Ü o {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. X.Vm.^mogbo {b[hVmV, ""g§ñH¥$Vr `m eãXmbm A{Ve` Vab d

Jw§VmJwVrÀ`m AW©N>Q>m Agë`m Var àH¥$Vr Am{U {dH¥$Vr ho XmoZ eãX OmoS>rZo Zoë`mg g§ñH¥$VrMm AW© g_OÊ`mg

WmoS>rer _XV hmoVo. àH¥$Vr åhUOo {ZgJ©, {dH¥$Vr åhUOo {ZgJm©V hmoUmam {dH$ma åhUOo ~Xb, `m CÔoemZo

àH¥$Vrda Ho$bobm g§ñH$ma åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo`. CXm. XyY hr àH¥$Vr. O§Vw_wio Vo ZmgUo hr Pmbr {dH¥$Vr. Va

Vo Zmgy Z o åhUyZ Vo AmQ>dUo d Ë`mV gmIa, Ho$ea, dobXmoS>o KmbyZ Ë`mMm noT>m ~Z{dUo åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr.''

(2) EHy$UM H$m` Va _mZdmZo Ho$bobm gwIH$a ~Xb Am{U _mZ{gH$ AmYma Ë`mVyZ gmH$ma Pmbobr OrdZnÕVr

åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo . B_g©ZÀ`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Pmbo Va Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, ""{OÀ`m_wio _mUgmbm

OJmdogo dmQ>Vo {Vbm g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV.'' hr g§ñH¥$Vr _mZd{Z{_©V Aem ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m

EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr AgVo. gd© ^m¡{VH$ Jmoï>r åhUOo _mVrÀ`m ^m§S>çmnmgyZ Vo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m

dñÌm§n`ªV, Ag§»` XmJ-Xm{JZo, g§JUH$, jonUmñÌo, dmhZo, B_maVr øm gma»`m gJù`m§Mm g_mdoe

g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. Va kmZ, {Z`_Zo, lÕm, _yë o, Z¡{VH$Vm Am{U AemM A^m¡{VH$ Jmoï>tMm g_mdoehr g§ñH¥$VrV

hmoVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ _mZdm§À`m {d{dY JaOm§À`m nyV©VoMo àË`j, AàË`j gmYZ AgVo.

25

g_mZ g§ñH¥$Vr AZw~§Y : g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMr Or H$mhr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV, Ë`m_Ü o g_mO

g§ñH¥$VrMm AZw~§Y XS>bobm OmUdVmo. ì`ŠVtZr g_mO ~ZVmo. Va g_mOmÀ`m dV©ZmZo g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

g_mOmnaËdo g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o {^ÝZVm AmT>iV Agbr Var g§ñH¥$Vr hr gd© _mZdr g_mOmV ê$Obobr {XgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr gmd©{ÌH$ Amho. {VMo âU-nmofU g_mOmVM hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr Oar g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr Agbr Var

Vr H$moUm EH$mMr ì`pŠVJV ~m~ ZgVo. g§nyU©nUo hOmamo dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrV g_mO gXñ`m§V hmoUmè`m

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {VMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. n[aUm_r gd© g_mOmMr _mbH$s gma»`m

à_mUmV g§ñH¥$Vrda AgVo. g_mOmVrb BVa gXñ`m§er oUmè`m g§~§Ym_wio _mZdr g_mOmVrb gXñ` g§ñH¥$Vr

AmË_gmV H$aVmo. Aem[aVrZo g§ñH¥$Vr gm_m{OH$ d gm_m`rH$ AgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr hr AZwd§{eH$ ZgVo. g_mOmVrb KQ>H$mbm Vr AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVo. _mZddoÎma àmÊ`m§_Ü o

Ago ZgVo. Ë`m§Mo dV©Z ghO AgVo. {M_Ur KaQ>o ~m§YVo, _mH$S> ghO PmS>mda MT>Vo. Ë`m Ë`m àOmVrVrb

ghO àd¥Îm dV©ZmMm hm EH$ à^md AgVmo. _mÌ g_mOmVrb àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m JaOm nyV©VogmR>r

g§ñH¥$Vr _mÜ`_mVyZ gmYZo emoYmdr bmJVmV. CXm- H$moUVo AÝZ ImVo, nmofmI H$moUVm narYmZ H$amdm ho hr

g§ñH¥$VrÛmao {ZYm©[aV hmoVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va g§ñH¥$Vr ~Xbbr H$s àñVwV Jmoï>t_Ü ohr ~Xb g§ dVmV. ì`ŠVrbm

kmZ, lÕm, ZrVrVËdo, _yë o, H$m¡eë` BË`mXr ~m~r g_mOmMm EH$ gXñ` åhUyZ AmË_gmV H$amì`m bmJVmV.

øm H$maUm§Zr g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmVmZo _mZd àmUr g_mOmV åhUyZ JUbm OmVmo. ì`ŠVr åhUyZ JUbm OmVmo. øm

g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hmoV amhVo. {Vbm EH$ AI§S>rV na§nam bm^bobr AgVo.

X.Vm.^mogbo `m~m~V åhUVmV H$s, ""g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qw>§~, g_mO Am{U MamMa {díd `m§Zm Am§V[aH$ gyÌmZo

~m§YVo. Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zd{Z{_©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ XoV AgVo. Vr gmVË`mZo AZwHy$b ~Xbm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVo. Vr

EH$m _mUgmbm ~XbVm oV Zmhr. {VÀ`mVrb EImÚm dñVyMr, nXmW© qH$dm Xm{JÊ`mMr {Z{_©Vr EH$m ì`ŠVrZo

Ho$bobr Agbr Var Ë`mbm g_mO _mÝ`Vm {_iUo, g_mOmZo Ë`mMm ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV dmna H$aUo Am{U Ë`mV

gmVË` amhUo. `m Jmoï>r g_mOmÀ`m AmYrZ Agë`mZo g§ñH¥$Vr hr g_mO{Z{_©Vr _mZbr OmVo. g_mOmÀ`m AmYmao

g§ñH¥$VrMo g§dY©Z d ga§jU hmoV AgVo Va g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmbm gwI g_¥Õr AZ² na§nam àmßV hmoV

AgVo. Vr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§nmgyZ V`ma hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrMo nm`M AmnUmbm eara na§nam Am{U gmhM © na§nam

`mVyZ àmßV hmoV AgVo. `m na§naobm {eamoYm © _mZÊ`mMr Am{U {VÀ`m {df`r A{^_mZ ~miJÊ`mMr d¥Îmr

g_mOmV Zm§XV AgVo. VgoM `m g§ñH¥$Vrbm B§{Ð`Jå` Am{U ~w{ÕJå` Ago ñdê$n àmßV Pmbobo AgVo. `m

~w{ÕJå` na§naoVyZM `m g§ñH¥$VrZo {Vbm C{MV dmQ>Umar H$mhr _yë` ñdrH$mabobr AgVmV. hr _yë o Am{U H$mhr

AmMma-{dMma `m§Zm {MañWm`r ñdê$n àmßV Pmbobo AgVo. Va {VÀ`m ~møm§Jmbm Vgo {MañWm`r ñdê$n

Zgë`mZo Ë`mV gmVË`mZo ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. hm ~Xb ñdrH$ma Am{U g_Ýd` `mVyZ KS>V AgVmo. lÕm,

na§namnyOZ Am{U Cn wŠVVm `m§À`m AmYmao {VÀ`mV ~Xb hmoV Agbo Var {Vbm EH$ AI§S>rV na§nam bm^bobr

AgVo.'' (3)

H$Yr H$Yr g§ñH¥$Vr gmhM`m©_wio BVa g§ñH¥$VrVrb AZoH$ Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q> Jmoï>r g_mO Amnë`m ñdV:

g§ñH¥$VrV ñdrH$maVmo. AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aUo g_mOmMr Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMr Z¡g{J©H$ àd¥Îmr AgVo. Ë`m_wio

26

g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o gVV ~Xb KS>V AgVmo. OwÝ`mVrb H$mhr KQ>H$ ~XbVmV Va Zm{dÝ`mMr âhr {VÀ`mV nS>V

AgVo. Aì`mhVnUo hr ~XbmMr à{H«$`m Mmby AgVo. g_mO ~Xbm~amo~a gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xbhr Ë`m_wioM KS>V

AgVmV.

g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o g_mO dV©Z {df`H$ H$mhr {Z`_ AgVmV. Ë`mMo ñdê$n gH$mamË_H$ hr AgVo Am{U

{ZfoYmË_H$hr AgVo. {Z`_Zo åhUOo gm_y{hH$ dV©ZmMo à_m{UH$aU AgVo. {Z`_Zo gm_m{OH$ dV©Zmda {Z~ªY

KmbV AgVmV. VgoM AmXe© dV©Z àH$mamMo _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmV. CXm- àmUr_mÌm§Mr hË`m H$ê$ Z o.

ho gH$mamË_H$ {Z`_Z åhUVm oB©b Va XmZY_© H$amdm ho gH$mamË_H$ {Z`_Z åhUVm oB©b. hr {Z`_Zo Ë`m-

Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrZwgma gH$mamË_H$, {ZfoYmË_H$ Agy eH$VmV. EH$m AWu Ë`m g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$boë`m

Am{U AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m {Z`_m§Mr ì`dñWm g§ñH¥$VrVrb {Z`_Zo AgVmV. {Z`_Zo Am{U _yë` EH${ÌH$nUo

gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. nwT>o `mVyZ g_mOm_Ü o bmoH${aVr, bmoH$ZrVr Am{U H$m`Xo {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

bmoH$[aVr Am{U bmoH$ZrVrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo na§namJV g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU èñdr[aË`m KS>dyZ AmUbo

OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmVrb KQ>H$m§Zm {Xem XmIdÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo. {d{dY gmYZm§À`m d §ÌUm§À`m

gmhmæ`mZo hr gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo àËòH$ {nT>r Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aV AgVo. n[aUm_r {d{dY

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV Zo_Ho$ H$go dV©Z H$amdo Agm àíZ Zì`m {nT>rVrb gXñ`m§nwT>o C^m amhV Zmhr.

g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMr ^y{_H$m Am{U XOm©hr {ZpíMV H$aVo. g§ñH¥$VrX²>dmao am~d`mMr Üòò

{ZpíMV H$aVo. Vr Ü o o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo `mMo _mJ©Xe©Z g§ñH¥$Vr H$aVo. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$Vr

Ho$di gm_m{OH$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odV Zmhr Va g_mOmVrb KQ>H$m§À`m gd© j_Vm d {H«$`m§Zm {dH$grV H$aVo.

ho H$arV AgVmZm g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmV EH$ ì`dñWm d g_mO {Z`_Zo, _yë`, lÕm `m_wio EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aVo.

g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL>_` `m§À`mVrb AZw~§Y

g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL>²_` :

g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` `m§Mm AZw~§Y Aä`mgV AgVmZm AmnUmg "dmL²>_`' øm g§H$ënZoMm AW©

g_OmdyZ KoUo Bï> R>aVo. ì`dhmamV "gm{hË`' hm eãX AZoH$ AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo Ë`mbmM g_mZAWu eãX

åhUOo "dmL²>_`' hmo . gm{hË` hm eãX "g{hV' nmgyZ ~Zbm Amho. "g{hV' åhUOo EH$Ì AgUo. "eãX' Am{U

"AW©' `m§Mo EH$Ì AgUo Agm gm{hË` eãXmV J{ ©VmW© Amho. åhUOoM eãX Am{U AW© Á`mV EH$Ì Amho.

Ë`mbm AmnU gm{hË` åhUy eH$Vmo. nU gd©M àH$maÀ`m gm{hË`mV eãX Am{U AW© EH$Ì AgVmV. Ë`mV

B{Vhmg, yJmob, y{_Vr, dm{UÁ` `m gdmªMmM g_mdoe hmoVmo. _mÌ BWo "dmL²>_`' `m AWm©Zo Omo gm{hË` eãX

A{^àoV Amho. Ë`m g§koMr ì`mnH$Vm AmnU nmhy.

gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoVë`mg H$mhr gm{hË` ho g_yh {Z{_©V AgVo. Va H$mhr gm{hË`

ho ì`pŠV{Z{_©V AgVo. g_yh {Z{_©V gm{hË`mMm CëboI bmoH$gm{hË` åhUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Va Xwgè`m àH$maMm

CëboI b{bV gm{hË` åhUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH$H$bm d _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo Ambobo Oo gm{hË`

AgVo Vo bmoH$dmL²>_` Ago XmoZ {d^mJ nS>VmV. Va ì`pŠV{Z{_©V gm{hË`mV b{bV gm{hË` d b{bVoÎma

27

gm{hË` Ago XmoZ àH$ma _mZVmV. b{bVoVa gm{hË`mV emñÌ gm{hË` d àMma gm{hË` òVo. Va b{bV

gm{hË`mV H$Wm, H$mì`, H$mX§~è`m, ZmQ>H$ BË`mXtMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. øm b{bV gm{hË`mMo ì`dÀN>oXH$

bjU åhUOo ho boIZ EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo Ho$bo nm{hOo, à{V oMm dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo Am{U boIH$ dmMH$mbm mVyZ

AmZ§X {_imbm nm{hOo. "b{bV' øm eãXmMm AW©M _wimV "gw§Xa' "AmëhmXXm`H$' "AmH$f©H$' Agm hmoVmo.

åhUOoM Á`m gm{hË`mV gm¡§X © AgVo, Oo gm{hË` AmëhmXXm`H$ d AmH$f©H$ AgVo. Vo gm{hË` b{bV gm{hË`

hmo . øm b{bV gm{hË`mMmM CëboI "dmL²>_`' Agm Ho$bm OmVmo.

dmL²>_` ho bm{bË`nyU© AgVo. ^mfoÀ`m eãXmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Vo A{dîH¥$V hmoVo. Zd{Z{_©Vr ho dmL²>_`mMo

àYmZ d¡{eîQ>ço AgVo. Amnë`m à{V oÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gm{hpË`H$ AZw dm§Mm, ^mdZm§Mm Omo gm¢X ©nyU© A{dîH$ma

KS>{dVmo Ë`mVyZ OrdZXe©Z KS>{dVmo. _mZdr OrdZ hmM dmL²>_`mMm _w»` {df` Amho Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr

XoIrb _mZdr OrdZmgmR>r Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Xmohm|V EH$ê$nVm, K{Zï> g§~§Y AgVmV. dmL²>_` Agmo

AWdm g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdr OrdZ Ü o _mZyZ dmQ>Mmb H$aVmZm {XgVo. g§ñH¥$VrMr OmonmgZm Am{U g§dY©Zm§Mo H$m ©

gm{hË`gwÕm H$arV AgVo. ""gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr hm _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_ Amho.

VgmM Vmo g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ KQ>H$hr Amho. {ddmh g§ñWonmgyZ amÁ` g§ñWon ªV gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, `m g§ñWm§À`m

{b{IV-A{b{IV {Z`_m§VyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m MmbrarVr, ê$T>r-na§nam Am{U [admO VgoM H$bm Am{U gm{hË`

ho g§ñH¥$VrMo Mma KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m Mma KQ>H$m§Zr åhUOo g§ñWm (institations), arVr[admO (Customs),

H$bm (Art) Am{U gm{hË` (Literature) `m§Zr {_iyZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr bKwg§km (Shorthand term) n[a{MV

Pmbobr Amho.'' (4) `mMmM AW© g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV Y_©, VËdkmZ H$bm dmL²>_` `mbm AZÝ`gmYmaU

_hËd AgVo. gm{hË` hm g§ñH¥$VrMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AgVmo.

amOH$s` dmVmdaUmV hmoUmao ~Xb, gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmV hmoUmao ~Xb `mbm gm{hË`mV à{VgmX {_iV

AgVmo. {deofV: H$mì`mV Ë`mMo bJoM à{Vq~~ C_Q>V AgVo. OmVr oXmMo {Z_©ybZ ìhmdo. dU© ì`dñWm Zï>

ìhmdr. g_mO ì`dñWoVrb OmVr` CÀM-ZrMVm g§nwï>mV `mdr. gJirH$S>o g_Vm àñWm{nV ìhmdr. hOmamo df}

d§{MV OrdZ OJUmè`m X{bVm§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {_idm. `mH$arVm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo, AZwHy$b

n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m © X{bV gm{hË`mÛmao hmoV Amho. {dÐmohmMr y{_H$m KoD$Z Ý`m` hŠH$mgmR>r ho

gm{hË` AmH$mambm oVmZm {XgVo Amho. nwT>o J«m_rU gm{hË`, ñÌrdmXr gm{hË` EH$drgmì`m eVH$mH$S>o dmQ>Mmb

H$arV AgVmZm "g§Kf©' Am{U "d§MZm' øm XmoZ àoaUm KoD$Z dmQ>Mmb H$arV AgVmZm {XgVmV. øm gm{hË`mÀ`m

àoaUm, ñdê$n, d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmíd© y_r bjmV Amë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr. Va

gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr hr gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmíd©^y_r bjmV KoVë`m{edm` Aem gm{hË`mMo

AmH$bZ gwÕm hmoV Zmhr. X{bV dmL²>_`mMr Midi, J«m_rU dmL²>_`mMr Midi C^r am{hbr Vr Amnë`m

g_mO aMZoVyZ, g_mOmÀ`m pñWVrJVrVyZ `m Midir CX`mbm Amë`m. Ë`m§Mr àoaUm H|$Ðo Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrVM

hmoVr. `mM g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Am{U g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ Ambobo AZw d hr Ë`m Midir§Mr, dmL²>_`mMr

gm_J«r hmoVr Ago åhUVm oB©b.

""_mZd g_yhmMr ^mfm gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr g§J«mhH$ Am{U dmhH$ AgVo. ^mfoVrb eãXm§À`m AWm©_Ü o

28

~hþg§»` AW© gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mo AgVmV. EH$mM dñVwMm ~moY H$aUmè`m XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfm§Vrb eãXm§Mo

gm§ñH¥${VH$ AW© {^ÝZ AgVmV. `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ AWmªZm g§b½Z AgUmao ^md{ZH$ AW©hr Ë`m eãXm§Zm àmßV

Pmbobo AgVmV. EImÚm ^mfoV Ooìhm na^mfoVbm eãX ê$OVmo. Voìhm Ë`m eãXmbm Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mo

Am{U KQ>H$m§Zm bJS>boë`m ^mdZm§Mo AW© àmßV hmoVmV. Ago KS>bo H$s Vmo naH$m eãX Ë`m ^mfoMm ~ZyZ OmVmo.

eãXm§Zm àmßV Pmboë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ AWm©_wioM _mZdg_yh Amnë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§Xoem§Mo EH$_oH$m§V dhZ H$ê$

eH$VmV.''

""_mZdmMo gd© ì`dhma Ho$di gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmVirdaMo AgVmV. àËòH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm ñdV:Mm Moham

bm^bobm Agë`m_wio Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrMm KQ>H$ AgUmè`m àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m àË oH$ H¥$Vr_Ü o Am{U CŠVr_Ü o

hm Moham àË`j AàË`jnUo C_Q>V AgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmodñWm, {VÀ`m àoaUm§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço, Ë`mVyZ OÝ_Umè`m

Ë`mÀ`m H¥$Vr, {VÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$-^md{ZH$ à{V{H«$`m `m gdmªVyZ {VMr g§ñH¥$Vr {PanV AgVo. `mbm boIH$

Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U dmMH$ `m§VyZ KS>Umam dmL²>_` ì`dhmahr AndmX AgV ZgVmo.'' (5) åhUOoM ì`ŠVtMo

g_J« ì`pŠV_Ëd, Ë`mMo modVrMo _mZdr dmñVd, àmH¥${VH$ n[aga, Ë`mMo AmH$bZ, mdZm, ~wÕr, H$ënZmeŠVr

øm Jmoï>r g§ñH¥$Vr {Z{_©V _mZmì`m bmJVrb. `mMm n[aUm_, `mMo à{Vq~~ Ë`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m dmL²>_`mV

C_Q>ë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr. gm§ñH¥${VH$ àd¥Îmr, _yë o, à_mUHo$, lÕm, {dœ{ZfYm ZrVrVËd `m§Zm à{VHy$b

à{VgmX Amnë`m dmL²>_`mV gm{hpË`H$ XoV AgVmo. dmL²>_`H¥$VrV gm{hpË`H$ H$mhr nmÌm§À`m, H$mhr KQ>Zm§À`m

Am{U H$mhr _wë`{XH$m§À`m ~mOyZo C^m am{hë`mMo Ë`m_wioM AmnUm§g OmUdV AgVo. _mZdr OrdZmVrb dmñVd

Am{U g§ñH¥$VrZo ñWm{nV Ho$boë`m ZrVr_yë`m§Mo {MÌU, Ë`mÀ`m Om{Udm øm An[ahm ©nUo g§ñH¥$VrOÝ` Am{U

g§ñH¥$Vr g§b½Z AgVmV.

""g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr XmoZ àoaUm§_YyZ hmoV AgVo. boIH$mbm ñdV:bm {Z{_©Vr H$amdrer dmQ>V

Agë`m_wio Vmo ñd §àoaUoZo dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. VgoM g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{eï ñdê$nm_wio {VÀ`mVrb _mZd

g_yhmÀ`m H$mhr _mZ{gH$ JaOm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV. Ë`m ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo.

n{hë`m àH$maMr {Z{_©Vr hr boIH$ àd{V©V AgyZ {VÀ`m_mJo H$bm {Z{_©VrMr àoaUm AgVo. boIH$mbm Amnbm

H$bmZw d ì`ŠV H$amdmgm dmQ>V Agë`m_wio Vmo {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. _mZd g_yhmÀ`m _mZ{gH$ JaOm mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r

hmoUmè`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo boIH$mÀ`m ñd §àoaUo EodOr _mZd g_yhmÀ`m _mJUrMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm AgVo.

AZoH$Xm dmL²>_` H¥$VrÀ`m> {Z{_©Vr_mJo EH$mMdoir `m XmoÝhr àoaUm nañnamV {_giboë`m Agy eH$VmV.'' (6)

Ogo H$s g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr {dYr {ZfoYm§À`m ì`dñWo_wio g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m àoaUm Am{U BÀN>m AmH$m§jm

AnyU© amhVmV. AV¥ßV amhVmV. VgoM _mUgmÀ`m emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ j_Vm§_Yrb Xw~©bVo_wio gwÕm øm Jmoï>r

KS>VmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` YmoŠ`mV oD$ eH$Vo. Aemdoir _Zwî` H$ënZoÀ`m nmVirda Amnë`m

BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r [XdmñdßZmV a__mU hmoVmo. hr {XdmñdßZo àm_w»`mZo AV¥ßV b¢{JH$ BÀN>m§Mr

Am{U \$bÐwn hmoD$ Z eH$Umè`m _hËdmH$m§jmMr AgVmV. Aem g§ñH¥$VrOÝ` AV¥ßV BÀN>m-AmH$m§jmMr

H$mën{ZH$ V¥ßVr KS>dUmao ñdßZa§OZmË_H$ dmL²>_`hr àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ àH$mao {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.

ho dmL²>_` Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb _mZd g_yhm§À`m _mJUrVyZ AmH$mambm oVo. nwT>o Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb dmMH$m§À`m

29

{XdmñdßZm§À`m JaOm ^mJdVo. b¡qJH$ {H«$S>m§Mo ~oYS>H$nUo {MÌU H$aUmao Ë`mM~amo~a qhgmMmamMo ^S>H$ {MÌU

H$aUmao dmL²>_`hr dmMH$m§À`m Ë`m g§~§YrÀ`m AV¥ßV àoaUm§À`m H$mën{ZH$ V¥ßVrgmR>r àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV {Z_m©U

hmoV AgVo.

àË oH$ g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr§Mr n`m© mZo Ë`m g_mOmMr yVH$mimV a_Ê`mMr EH$ CnOV àd¥Îmr AgVo.

A{^_mZmñnX, Jm¡adembr KQ>Zm§Mm AmboI Ë`m§Mo ñ_aU Ë`mbm ñ\y$Vu XoUmao AgVo. dV©_mZmV òUmè`m

g§H$Q>m§Zm, AS>MUtÀ`m àg§Jm§Zm Vmo|S> XoÊ`mg àd¥Îm, _ZmoY¡ © dmT>{dUmao AgVo. dV©_mZ Oar OJÊ`mgmaIm

dmQ>V Zgbm Var, Xw:IàX Agbm Var, yVH$mbrZ ñ_¥VtZr Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo.

Aemdoir g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m EImÚm AdñWoV _mZdg_yhmÀ`m CnH«$_erbVobm, H$V¥©Ëdmbm dmd {_iV Zmhr.

Aemdoir Vmo g_yh {ZîH«$s` ~ZVmo. Aem _mZd g_yhmbm, yVH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§Zr, namH«$_m§Zr nyU© gm{hË`,

dmL²>_` {H«$`merb ~Z{dVo. Ë`m g_mOmMo yVH$mimMo, Jm¡adnyU© B{VhmgmMo {MÌ aoImQy>Z Ë`mÀ`m Xw:Imdboë`m

"ñd'bm Hw$adiUmao dmL²>_` Ë`m-Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrV {Z_m©U hmoVo. ^{dî`mV_rb H$mën{ZH$VoMr {MÌo a§J{dbr

OmVmV. yVH$mimVrb Jm¡admñnX H$m_{Jarbm, namH«$_mbm AmUIr a§JrV Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mnÕVrMo {MÌU Ho$bo

OmVo. øm dmL²>_`_mJo d¥Îmr hr ì`mdgm{`H$M amhVo. Aem dmL²>_`~amo~a g§ñH¥$VrV g_mOmÀ`m Hw$Vyhb àoaUoMo

g_mYmZ H$aUmao, AX² wVaå` Am{U ahñ`_` dmL²>_`hr {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. AX² wVVm Am{U ahñ`m§Mo AmH$f©U

_mZdr _Zmbm \$ma àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Amho, Zìho Ë`mMr Vr Z¡g{J©H$ àd¥ÎmrM Amho. {VMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r

gm{hpË`H$ Amnbr Aer dmL²>_`rZ H$bmH¥$Vr OÝ_mbm KmbVo. Aem dmL²>_`mMm {Z_m©Vm g§ñH¥$Vr, n«ñWm{nV

_yë` ì`dñWm, ZrVr, lÕm, {Z`_Zo dmH$dyZ gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. øm dmL²>_`m_mJrb àd¥Îmr Oar g§ñH¥$VrOÝ`

Zgë`m Var `m dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr gm_J«r _mÌ g§ñH¥$VrOÝ` AgVo. Aem AX² wVaå`, ahñ`_` dmL²>_`mMo

dmVmdaU g§ñH¥$VrVrb àË`j dmñVdmÀ`m AmYmaoM {gÕ hmoVmZm {XgVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o Agbobr gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dñWm _yë o, lÕm, {Z`_Zo m§À`m{df`r Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb gm{hpË`H$mbm

AmñWm AgVo. g_mOm_Ü o, ì`ŠVr_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoUmao H$mhr Xmof, `m{df`rgwÕm ^mî` H$ê$ dmQ>Vo. g_mOmbm

gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ano{jV diU bmdÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`mÀ`m àoaUm, ^mdZm, AmH$m§jm§Zm H$moUË`m àH$maMo g§ñH$ma

XoUo JaOoMo Amho ? OJUo gwgø d gwairV hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$emàH$maMo dmL²>_` Amdí`H$ Amho. øm Om{UdoZo

g_ñV g_mOmbm kmZr H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm {XgVo. H$moUË`m àg§JmV H$go dmJmdo ? H$moUË`m

àH$maÀ`m _mUgmbm H$moUVm à{VgmX Úmdm, BË`mXr Jmoï>tMo kmZ ho dmL²>_` XoVo. Ë`mH$arVm gm{hË`mV Aem

KQ>Zm§Mo àg§J, Ame`, A{^ì`ŠVr `m§Mo OmUrdnyd©H$ {MÌU Ho$bo OmVo. ho {MÌU OrdZ gwImdh H$aÊ`mgmR>r,

àd¥Îmr d¥ÎmrMo kmZ H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r noMàg§JmVyZ ghrgbm_V gwQ>Ê`mgmR>r AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm§à_mUo ì`ŠVrbm

kmZ H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o gJù`m ~moYH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. dmL²>_`mVrb g_mOmV

ê$T> Pmbobo {dZmoXr MwQ>Ho$, ^mfo_Yë`m åhUr, dmH²$àMma, gw m{fVo, CImUo `mVyZhr g_mOmbm kmZr Ho$bo OmVo.

àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV H$mhr Ym{_©H$ lÕm AgVmV. `m lÕm na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m AgVmV. Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr

g§ñH¥$VrZoM Ho$bobr AgVo. Aem lÕm§Mo g_mYmZ, nyV©Vm g§ñH¥$VrVrb g_mO KQ>H$ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r

{d{dY àH$maMo Y_© g§b½Z dmL²>_` {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo. Ym{_©H$ g§H$ënZm§Mo bm{bË`nyU© _m§S>Ur H$aUmao,

30

Ë`mÀ`mda ^mî` H$aUmao, Ym{_©H$ H$Wm, XodXodVm§Mr Am{U g§V _hmËå`m§Mr M[aÌ gm§JUmao Ago dmL²>_` `m

JaOoVyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. ho dmL²>_` hr g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. Aem dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam

dmL²>_`H$ma {d{eï> Ym{_©H$ lÕm OmonmgUmè`m g_mOmVrb KQ>H$m§Mo g_mYmZ Amnë`m A{^ì`ŠVrX²dmao H$arV

AgVmo. ho gd© dmL²>_` Oar H$bm {Z{_©VrÀ`m hoVyZo àoarV hmoD$Z OÝ_mbm Ambo Zgbo Var Ë`mbm b{bV

dmL²>_`mMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbobo AgVo. `mCbQ> H$mhrdoim gm{hpË`H$ _mZdmÀ`m gwInyU© ApñVËdmgmR>r

àñWm{nV g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr _yë o, na§nam {ZH$m_r R>aV Agë`mMo OmUdoV. Aemdoir Vmo àñWm{nV ì`dñWm§Zm

Am{U _yë`{XH$m§Zm Vmo ZmH$maV AgVmo. Aemdoir àñWm{nV g§ñH¥$Vr_wio _mZdr OrdZmV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m

Xw:ImMr {MÌo Vmo Amnë`m dmL²>_`mV _m§S>Vmo. Ë`mM~amo~a Zd g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m, Zd _yë`m§VyZ, ApñVËdmVyZ oUmè`m

gwImnyU© OrdZmMr H$ënZm Vmo dmL²>_`mV a§J{dVmo. Zì`m dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. Zì`m dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr

H$aVmZm AZoH$ doim AmnmoAmn àñWm{nV ê$no, g§Ho$Vì`dñWm Anwè`m dmQ>VmV. Aemdoir Vmo Zd-Z{dZ

dmL²>_`mVrb ê$no d g§Ho$V ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. hm à`ËZ èñdr hmoD$Z g§ñH¥$VrMr doJir

dmL²>_`rZ na§nam {Z_m©U hmoVo qH$dm A{YH$m A{YH$ g_¥Õ ~ZVo. `m{df`r gwYra agmi `m§Zr _m§S>bobo {dMma

`WmW© dmQ>VmV, Vo {b{hVmV, ""àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV {VMo ñdV:Mo dmL²>_` àH$ma AgVmV. dmL²>_` àH$mam§Mo

ì`dhmahr g§ñH¥$VrVrb AÝ` g§ñWmà_mUo MmbVmV. _mZd g_yhm§À`m ì`mdhm[aH$ JaOm§VyZ {d{dY g§ñWm Am{U

Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ JaOm§VyZ {d{dY dmL²>_` àH$ma {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m ì`mdhm[aH$ Am{U dmL²>_`rZ JaOm

g§në`m H$s `m g§ñWm Am{U dmL²>_` àH$mahr Zï> hmoVmV. _Ü` wJmV _amR>r ^mfoV, ^mfH$mì`, Am»`mZ H$mì`,

nXo, A §J, {damÊ`m, Jm¡iUr, bmdUr, nmodmS>o, ^mê$S>o Ago AZoH$ H$mì`àH$ma OÝ_mbm Ambo Am{U AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV Ë`m§Mr JaO g§nVmM Ë`m§À`mV {Z{_©Vr hmoB©Zmer Pmbr.'' (7)>

g_mO Am{U gm{hË` AZw~§Y :

_mUyg hm g_mOerb àmUr Amho. Vmo g_mOmV OÝ_Vmo Am{U bhmZmMm _moR>m g_mOmVM hmoVmo.

Mmbm`bm, ~mobm`bm g_mOmV {eH$Vmo. Ë`mM gJi§ OJU§ g_mOmÀ`m gmjrZoM AgVo. g_mOm{edm` OJU§

Agø hmoVo. åhUyZ Vmo g_yhmZo amhVmo. Aem øm g_mO{à` _mZdmbm OrdZmVrb gm¢X`mªMm Iam gmjmËH$ma

hmoVmo Vmo g_mOmV. Ë`m§À`m A§V:H$aUmV dmL²>_`mMo Oo A§Hw$a \w$Q>VmV, Vo Ë`mÀ`m AdVr^modVrÀ`m OrdZmVrb

AgVmV. g_mO OrdZmnmgyZ AJXr AbJ, doJir Aer AZw yVr Agy eH$V Zmhr. gm{hpË`H$mÀ`m _ZmV Á`m

H$ënZoZo, AZw yVrZo qH$dm dmñVdmZo ^mdZm§Mo H$ëbmoi C_Q>VmV Ë`m gmÜ`m ^mdZm, ñn§XZo Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmbÀ`m

gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV. g_mOm_wioM AmnUmbm AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$aVm oVmo, Xw:I

àH$Q> H$aVm oVo. H$moUVohr gU-g_ma§ Agmo, CËgd Agmo, dmT>{Xdg Agmo AmnU AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm ~mobdVmo.

Ë`m§À`m CnpñWVrZo H$m ©H«$_ nma nmS>Vmo. Ë`mMo H$maU hoM AgVo. EH$Q>çmZo àdmg H$aUo Am{U ghbrVrb

àdmg H$aUo `mV {H$Vr \$aH$ AgVmo åhUyZ g_mO Amnë`m gd©M gwI-Xw:ImMm gmjrXma, ^mJrXma AgVmo.

`m g_mOmV Oo-Oo ~aodmB©Q> Amho Vo-Vo {Q>nÊ`mMm à`ËZ gm{hpË`H$ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMo à{Vq~~

dmL²>_`mV C_Q>bobo {XgVo. `m~m~V gXm H$èhmS>o `m§Zr {Xbobo CXmhaU g_mO Am{U dmL²>_` `m§Mo ZmVo A{YH$

ñnï> H$aVo. Vo {b{hVmV, ""_mVrMm KS>m V`ma hmoVmo, `m à{H«$ oV Hw§$^ma ho {Z{_Îm H$maU, _mVrMm Jmoim ho

31

CnmXZ H$maU, MmH$ Am{U hmV hr gmYZo, JVr ho _mÜ`_, H$mS>rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo MmH$mbm JVr àmßV hmoVo.

MmH$mda pñWa AgUmè`m _mVrÀ`m Jmoù`mbmhr JVr àmßV hmoVo. Voìhm hmVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Hw§$^mamÀ`m

_ZmVrb KS>çmMo {dH$ënZ _mVrÀ`m Jmoù`mV g§H«${_V hmoVo. AWdm _ZmV {dH$ënZ Pmbobm AmH$ma AWdm

ê$n _mVrÀ`m Jmoù`mbm bm^Vo. Var Zo_Š`m eãXmV CÎma XoUo H$R>rU dmQ>ob Agm EH$ àíZ CaVmo H$s, ê$nmMo

{dH$ënZ Hw§$^mamÀ`m _ZmV hmoVo H$go ? _mUgmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ JaOm, _mUgmMo g_mOmer AgUmao g§~§Y, Hw§$^mamZo

g§H$ënZmË_H$ VgoM AZw dm{Y{ð>V kmZ BË`mXtda ho {dH$ënZ Adb§~yZ AgVo.

gm{hË` H¥$VrÀ`m {Z{_©VrV hr à{H«$`m AZwñ yV AgVo. boIH$ (g_mO Á`mV namd{V©V hmoVmo Vr ì`ŠVr)

ho {Z{_Îm H$maU AZw d ho CnmXmZ H$maU eãX Am{U ^mfm ho _mÜ`_ AZw dmÀ`m ê$nmZo {dH$ënZ boIH$mÀ`m

_ZmV hmoVo. ho ê$n AZw dmg àmßV hmoVo. åhUOoM H$bm {Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$ oV AmUIr EH$ KQ>H$ _hËdmMm Amho

Vmo åhUOo H$bmd§VmMr _mZ{gH$ g§aMZm Am{U _mZ{gH$ g§aMZoV _mZdr OmUrd Am{U _mZdr g§doZmMm ì`dhma

KS>Vmo.'' (8) øm _mZ{gH$ g§aMZoMr OS>U-KS>U g_mOmV hmoV AgVo. g§doXZm Am{U OmUrd `m§Mo CJ_ñWmZ

_mZ{gH$ g§aMZoV AgVo. Va _mZdr OmUrdoMr OS>U-KS>U Am{U âU-nmofU ho gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmV hmoV

Agë`mZo gm{hË` Am{U g_mOmMm AZw~§Y Aä`mgV AgVmZm g§doXZmÀ`m ì`mnmamda Am{U OmUrdoÀ`m

ì`dhmamda Ho$di Adb§~yZ amhÿZ MmbV Zmhr Va _mZ{gH$ g§aMZoMmhr {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.

gm{hË` g_mO OrdZmMm Amagm Amho. Ago _mZbo OmVo. H$maU g_mOmMo à{Vq~~ gm{hË`mV nS>bobo

AgVo. nU AmO øm H$ënZm _mJo nS>ë`m AmhoV. H$maU AmaemV Ho$di ~møA§JmMo à{Vq~~ C_Q>bo OmVo.

_mÌ gm{hË`mV ~møg¥ï>r ~amo~a A§V:g¥îQ>rMo Xe©Z hr gm{hpË`H$ KS>{dV AgVmo. A§V:H$aUmVrb ^md-^mdZm,

OmUrdm `m§Mo A{^ì`ŠV ê$n åhUOo dmL²>_` AgVo.

""gm{hË`m_Ü o kmZ{H«$`m AgVo. ho _mÝ` H$am`bmM hdo. kmZ àË`j Agy eH$Vo VgoM Vo AàË`j hr

Agy eH$Vo. AZw d AWdm AZw yVrMm (experience) _ybV: AW© àË`j kmZ AgmM Amho.'' _mUyg gd©

B§{Ð`m§X²dmao dmñVd OrdZmMm AZw d KoVmo. åhUOoM ""EH$m AWr© B§{Ð`mX²dmao Ë`mbm dmñVdmMo kmZ hmoVo Am{U

Vmo AZw dmMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmo.'' åhUOo ""B§{Ð`mX²dmao Pmbobo àË`j kmZ àH$Q> H$aVmo.'' àË`j kmZmVyZM

_mUgmbm dmñVdmMo A{^kmZ hmoVo. (Perception) åhUOo kmZ (Recognation) åhUOo A{^kmZ. {dMmamÀ`m

nmVirda dmñVd OrdZmMo "kmZ' hmoVo Am{U B§{Ð`mZw yVtÀ`m nmVirda dmñVdmMo A{^kmZ hmoVo. gm{hË`mV

B§{ÐÒÝ` AZw yVtMr A{^ì`ŠVr hmoVo. Ago Ooìhm AmnU åhUVmo Voìhm A{^ì`ŠVrVyZ hmoUmao kmZ Am{U

A{^kmZ Amnë`mbm dJiVmM oV Zmhr. åhUyZ gm{hË`mV kmZ{H«$`m AgVo. hr dñVwpñWVr ZmH$maVm oV

Zmhr.'' (9) VmËn © gm{hË` ho ~hþOZ g_mOmbm gw{e{jV H$aÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ AgVo. g_mOmbm dmñVd

OrdZmMo `WmW© kmZ XoVo. åhUOoM `mnyduÀ`m {ddoMZmà_mUo gm{hË` g_mOmbm dmñVd OrdZmMo pñWVrJVrMo

"A{^kmZ' H$ê$Z XoVo. CXm - Ho$edgwVmÀ`m "VwVmar' `m H${dVoVyZ g_mO OrdZmÀ`m A§Va§JmVrb pñWVrJVrMo

A{^kmZ hmoVo. _. Á`mo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr {dÚoMo _hËd gm§{JVbo. g_mO ì`dñWoVrb A{Zï> ê$T>r, àWm, na§nam,

ewÐ{ZewÐm§Mr XwamdñWm, `mMo dmñVd ê$n Ë`m§À`m d¡Mm[aH$ boImV gm{hË`mÀ`m ê$nmZo AmT>iVo. g_mO

n[adV©ZmMr y{_H$m KoD$Z {Z{_©Vr Ho$boë`m Aem gm{hË`mVyZ dmñVd OrdZmVrb pñWVrJVr~m~V "gw{dÚ'

32

H$maU g_ñV g_mOmbm hoM bú` Agë`mMo OmUdo.

H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, H$mì`, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌo Aem AZoH$ dmL²>_` àH$mam§VyZ gm_m{OH$ B{VhmgmMm

Vnerb {d{dYm§Jr _m{hVr {_iVo. H$maU gm_m{OH K{Q>Vo gm{hË`mV gË` ñdê$nmV nard©VrV hmoV AgVmV.

AZw d ê$nmV Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur dmS²>._`mV hmoVmZm {XgVo. CXm. Y_©emómMm AmYma hmoD$Z g_mOmV AZoH$ df©

{dYdm§Zm EH$ H$m¡Q>w>§{~H$ d gm_m{OH$ hrZ XOm© ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. àË`jmV Aem A{Zð> ê$T>r- na§nao_wio

{dYdm§Mr H$m` XwX©em Pmbr. Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm {H$Vr ^ §H$a OrdZ Ambo. {H$Vr Ag§»` doXZm ^moJm`bm

bmJë`m _mZhmZr {H$Vr {R>H$mUr ghZ H$am`bm bmJbr. `mMr AZoH$ dU©Zo. {MÌUo dmL²>_`mVyZ Ambobr

AmhoV. _Ü`_ dJm©Vrb {dYdm§Mm gm_m{OH$ B{Vhmgm§Mm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm øm gm_m{OH$ K{Q>Vm§_wio

Ë`mda àH$me nS>ë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr. åhUyZ AZoH$ doim B{VhmgH$mamÀ`m, AW©emómÀ`m BË`mXtÀ`m

J§«Wm§VyZ OodT>r _m{hVr Vnerbdma {_iV Zmhr. VodT>r _m{hVr dmS²._`mVyZ {_iVmZm {XgVo.

h°ar bo{dZZo AgVmV. gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrb g~§Y AÝ`moÝ` AgVmV. gm{hË` hm Ho$di

gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§Mm n{aUm_ ZgVmo Va Vo gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_m§Mo H$maUhr Agy eH$Vo.'' 10) CXm. Zd{e{jV

X{bV g_mOmbm AmË_^mZ Ambo. Amnë`m darb AÝ`m`, AË`mMmam§À`m Om{UdoVyZ ,g_mOmV hmoV Agboë`m

ñdV… À`m d§MZoVyZ> Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ^mdZm§Zm, AZw dmbm eãX ê$n {Xbo. ì`dñWo{dê$Õ {dX«moh Ho$bm Ë`mbm

eãX ê$n {Xbo Am{U X{bV gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ bmJbr. åhUyZ X{bV gm{hË` hm gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§Mm

n[aUm_ åhUmdm bmJob. nwT>o X{bV gm{hË`m_YyZ Oo AZw^d ì`º$ hmoVmV. dmñVd _m§S>bo OmVo,Ë`mVyZ

X{bVm§À`m ZaH$ `mVZm ^moJyZ Agboë`m OrdZmMo. àË`jkmZ' Zìho Va AZw dm{Yð>rV kmZ hmoVo. Voìhm øm

dmñVdmÀ`m ^`mU Om[UdoVyZ X{bVm§H$S>o ~KÊ`mMm gd©Um§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ ~XbÊ`mMr AWdm Ë`m~m~VMr

_mZ{gH$Vm ~XbÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Vgo g§ dZm hr AgVo. àË`jmV Vgo gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm [Z_©ybZ H$ê$Z

gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr {H«$`m nma nS>br qH$dm AZwHw$b n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Va hm X{bV

gm{hË`mMm gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§Mm n[aUm_ Am{U gm{hË` ho gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_m§Mo H$maU Agy eH$Vo.

dmL²>_` AZoH$ àH$maMo AgVo. Vo H$Yr _Zmoa§OZ H$aVo, H$Yr à~moYZ H$aVo.Va dmgZm-{dH$ma MmidUmao

gwÕm dmL²>_` AgVo. g_mOmbm H$mhr doiog Vo CnH$maH$ AgVo, Va H$mhr doiog Vo KmVH$ hr R>aVo. _mÌ ì`º$s

Am{U g_mO øm XmoKm§À`m Ñï>rZo Wmoa dmL²>_` g_mOmbm A§V_w©I, qMVZerb H$arV AgVo. AmË_n[ajU

H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. OrdZmMm gImob AW© OmUyZ KoÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. g_mOmg A{YH$ göX`, j_merb

d {ddoH$s ~ZÊ`mg Cn wº$ H$aVo. Aem nX²YVrZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg ì`º$sMr d g_mOmMr ñdmñWnyU© d EH$mË_

YmaUm hmoÊ`mg Ago gm{hË` _XV H$aVo. MmbZm XoVo. øm gm{hË`H¥$Vr Zoh_rÀ`m AWm©Zo Oar bmoH${à`

Agë`m-Zgë`m Var {nT>çmZ²-{nT>çm g_mO Ë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo. Aem dmL²>_`mbm EH$ ì`mnH$ d gmd©{ÌH$

A{Yð>mZ àmá Pmbobo AgVo. a§OZdmXr gm{hË`mbmhr bmoH$ml` bm^Vmo nU Vmo {MaH$mb {Q>H$V Zmhr.

H$mimÀ`m n«dmhmV Aem gm{hË`mMm g_mOmbm {dga nS>Vmo. `mCbQ> ì`ŠVrMo, g_mOmMo, amï´>mMo _ybJm_r

àíZ, {MÌU Á`m gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo, Oo gm{hË` g_mOmMm {dMma H$aVo Vo gm{hË` bmoH$mXamg nmÌ R>aVo.

g§V gm{hË`m_Yrb g_mOm{df`rMr Vi_i, Amobmdm, AmË_r`Vm `m Jmoï>t_wio Vo AmOhr g_mO _mZ gmV

33

Amnbo ñWmZ H$m`_ {Q>H$dyZ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m CbQ> n§{S>Vr H$mì` dmL²>_`rZ gm¡§X`m©À`m Ñï>rZo loð> XOm©Mo AgyZhr

Ë`mbm bmoH$ml` \$ma H$mi bm^bm Zmhr.

dmL²>_` Am{U g_mO `m§Mm AZw~§Y Aä`mgmV AgVmZm dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam Omo gm{hpË`H$ Amho

Ë`mÀ`mda gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m boIZrda g_mO KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoV

AgVmo. Ë`mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd g_mOmV AmH$mambm oV Agë`mZo Am{U ì`[ŠV_ÎdmMm à^md Ë`mÀ`m boIUrda

Agë`mZo g_mO à{V§{~~ Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrV OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ì`[ŠV_Îd. OrdZ M[aÌ Aä`mgmMr

JaO ñnï> hmoVo. Ë`mMo ~mbnU H$moUË`m dmVmdaUmV Jobo. OÝ_ H$moUË`m KamÊ`mV Pmbm, Ë`mMr KaMr

n[apñWVr H$er hmoVr. AmB©-dS>rb, ZmVodmB©H$ `m§Mo Ë`mÀ`mV Pmbobo g§ñH$ma, Ë`mbm bm^bobo {_Ì, {ejH$,

eoOma, Ë`mMo d`, OmV, Am{W©H$ ñVa, Ë`mMo {ejU, EHy$U Ë`mMr OS>U-KS>U Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm {dMma,

Aä`mg Ë`mÀ`m dmL²>_`mÀ`m A§JmZo H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU boIH$ hm hr g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ AgVmo Ë`mÀ`m

gwá _ZmV AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mr, KQ>Zm§Mr Zmo§X Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`mdaM Ë`mMr dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. AmZ§X

`mXdmgmaIm boIH$ EH$m eoV_OyamÀ`m Kar OÝ_mbm Ambm. ~mbnUrMo gmao OrdZ H$îQ>mV Jobo. nXmonXr Ë`m§Zm

Xm[aÐ`mer Pw§O Úmdr bmJbr. nwT>o Amnë`m gm{hË`mV Ë`m§Zr øm Jmoï>r eãX~ÜX Ho$ë`m. nwÊ`mgma»`m ehamV

amhÿZhr Vo Amnë`m H$mJb _mVrbm {dgabo Zmhr. {M.Ì. ImZmobH$a H$moH$UmV OÝ_mbm Ambo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

gm{hË`mV H$moH$U {M{ÌV Pmbm. {d.g. Im§S>oH$a `m§Zr Amnë`m {ejH$s noemVrb Omo Ü o dmX Omonmgbm Vmo

nwT>o gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q> Pmbobm {XgVmo. Ogm boIH$ Vgo Ë`mMo gm{hË` hoM Iao,H$maU Á`m H$mimV boIH$

OÝ_mbm, dmT>bm `m H$mimMmhr n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`m gm{hË`mda hmoVmo dmL²>_`m_Ü o g_mOerbVm Agob Va

Ë`mVrb ^mfme¡brMm \$magm {dMma Z H$aVm g_mO Ë`mMm ñdrH$maVmo.

dmS²>_`mda g_mOm_Üò g{H$` Agboë`m {d{dY MiditMm n[aUm_ Pmbobm AgVmo gm_m{OH$

Midir Agmo, d¡Mm[aH$ Midir Agmo Ë`m gJù`m§Mm n[aUm_ dmS>²._` {Z{_©VrVrb Ame`mda,A{^ì`ŠVr

da hmoVmo dmL²>_` Zdo diU KoVo Amnë`mH$S>o ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV X{bV Midi,J«m_rU gm{hË` Midi

CX`mbm Ambr Vmo n ©V gm{hË` ho _Ü`_ dJu`m§nwaVoM _`m©{XV hmoVo. J«m_rU gm{hË` Midir_wio J«m_rU

^mJmVrb gwI…XwI, gm{hË`mVyZ àH$ma hmoD$ bmJbo. IoS§, {VWbm àXoe, {ZgJ©, eoVr OZmdao OÌm, ^mD$

~§XH$s gJio-gJio gm{hË`mV {MÌ~ÜX hmoD$ bmJbo. _hmamï´>mVrb X{bV Midir_wio X{bVm§Zm OmJ Ambr

AZ² _amR>r gm{hË`mbm X{bV gm{hË` àdmhmÀ`m ê$nmZo EH$m Zì`m dmñVdmMr AmoiI Pmbr. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr `m MidirZo gmam _hmamï´> Zìho Va g§nyU© Xoe T>diyZ {ZKmbm Amnë`m Ý`m`

hŠH$mgmR>r hm bT>m hmoVm. `m bT>çmMo à{Vq~~ gm{hË`mV C_Q>Uo An[ahm © hmoVo. XoemVrb dU©ì`dñWm,

Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Ë`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoD$ bmJbr. X{bV H$mì`, H$Wm, ZmQ>H$ Am{U àm_w»`mZo X{bV

AmË_H$WZ `m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Mo Xw…I eãX~X²Y Pmbo.

XoemVrb dU©ì`dñWm, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Ë`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoD$ bmJbr. X{bV H$mì`, H$Wm

,ZmQ>H$ Am{U àm_w»`mZo X{bV AmË_H$WZ `m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Mo Xw…I eãX~ÜX Pmbo.Amnbr H$moUrVar Cnojm

H$arV Amho. `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm Pmbr AZ² ho Xw…I Vrd«VoZo àH$Q>bo. Amnë`m Xw…Imbm {ZgJ© H$maUr yV ZgyZ

E_.E.^mJ 2 : dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr (43) / 3

34

_mZdM Amho `mMr Ë`mZm ñnï> H$ënZm Ambr. Ë`mVyZM ^mdZoMm CX«oH$ Pmbm d _amR>r gm{hË`mV {dÐmohr

gm{hË` OÝ_mbm Ambo. hOmamo dfm©À`m AÝ`m`mMm AZ² Xw…ImMm Om~ {dMmê$ bmJbr gm{hË`mVyZ ZH$ma,

{dÐmoh Am{U _mZdVm `m VrZ Jmoï>r àm_w»`mZo àH$Q> hmoD$ bmJë`m. _amR>r dmS²>_`mda Ë`mMm Imob Agm

n[aUm_ Pmbm.

AemàH$mao g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr åhUOo _mZd øm _mZdmÀ`m gmR>rM dmS>²._` Agmo AWdm g§ñH¥$Vr Agmo

AmH$mambm oVmZm {XgVo. g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U g_mO,g§ñH¥$Vr d dmS²>._`m g§~§Yr EH$ê$nVm,

Ë`m§À`mVrb AZw~§Y Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Ü`mZmV oVo. øm {VÝhr g§H$ënZm EH$_oH$m§Zm gb½Z,nyaH$ Aem Agboë`m

OmUdVmV. g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg gm{hË` Am{U {VWbr g§ñH¥$Vr d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgm{edm` AnyU©

Amho Ë`m_wio g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmS²>._` `m§Mo AZw~§Y _hÎd AYmoao{IV hmoVmZm {XgVo.

g§X^©

1) S>m°. {dO` _mê$bH$a, S>m°. X`mdVr nmS>iH$a,… g_mOemó n[aM`, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,

H$moëhmnya(g_mO,g§ñH¥$Vr gd© ì`m»`m)

2) X.Vm.^mogbo … g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nmD$bIyUm,' nÚJ§Ym àH$meZ,

nwUo, {ÛVr`md¥Îmr, 2004,n¥.12

3) V§Ì¡d … n¥îR> 14

4) S>m°. gXm H$èhmS>o … g_mO Am{U gm{hË`', bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h,_§w~B©

{Vgar Amd¥Îmr, 2007 n¥. 1

5) gwYra agmi … "dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr', _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B© n[hbr Amd¥Îmr

2010 n¥.38

6) VÌ¡d … n¥ð> 42

7) VÌ¡d … n¥ð> 51

8) S>m° gXm H$èhmS>o … "g_mO Am{U gm{hË`', n¥. 23

9) V§Ì¡d … n¥ð> 9.

10) V§Ì¡d … n¥ð> 18

`mo½` n`m© [ZdS>m

1) g_mO g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmL²>_` øm {VÝhr g§H$ënZm _mZd H|$ÐrV g§H$ënZm AmhoV.

1) {ZgJ© 2) _mZd 3) B{Vhmg

2) dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr g_mOmgmR>r hmoV AgVo.

1) g_mO 2) boIH$ 3) àH$meH$

35

3) gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m ì`dñWobm g_mO åhUVmV.

1) gm_m{OH$ 2) dmL²>_` 3) gm§ñH¥$[VH$

4) {OÀ`m_wio _mUgmbm OJmdogo dmQ>Vo {Vbm g§ñH¥$Vr åhUVmV

1) g_mO 2) dmL²>_` 3) g§ñH¥$Vr

5) g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hmoV amhVo.

1) AmH«$_U 2) g§àofU 3) g§H«$_U

6) {Z`_Zo åhUOo gm_y[hH$ dV©ZmMo à_m{UH$aU AgVo.

1) _yë` 2) lÕm 3) {Z`_Zo

7) dmL²>_` {Z{_©Vr_Ü o à{V oMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo

1) à{V^m 2) AZwH$aU 3) dmMH$

8) a§OZdmXr gm{hË`mbm bmoH$ml` bm^Vmo nU Vo {MaH$mb {Q>H$V Zmhr.

1) a§OZdmXr 2) _mZdVmdmXr 3) gm_m{OH$

9) _mZd g_yhmMr ^mfm gm§ñH¥$[VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr g§J«mhH$ Am{U dmhH$ AgVo.

1) amOH$s` 2) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ 3) gm§ñH¥${VH$

10) Zd{Z{_©Vr ho dmL²>_`mMo ì`dÀN>oXH$ bjU Amho

1) _Zmoa§OZ 2) à~moYZ 3) Zd{Z{_©Vr

11) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmVrb ì`º$s¨Mr ^y{_H$m Am{U XOm© hr {ZpíMV H$aVo.

1) dmL²>_` 2) g_mO 3) g§ñH¥$Vr

g§X © J«§W :

1) à~moYZÀ`m nmD$bIwUm- J§.~m. gaXma (g§nm.) {Z_©b Hw$_ma \$S>Hw$bo, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b, àH$meZ nwUo.

2) dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr -gwYra agmi, _m¡O n«H$meZ,nwUo,2012

3) gm{hË` Am{U g_mO - Jmo._m. ndma Jm¡ad J§«W.g§nm ZmJZmW H$mobmnëbo, à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo 2007

4) _amR>r gm{hË` … B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr -dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$, nm°ß wba àH$meZ, _§w~B©.

5) g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nmD$bIwUm - X.Vm.^mogbo, nÚJ§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo.

6) g_mO Am{U gm{hË` - S>m°.gXm H$èhmS>o, bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h, _w§~B©, 2007.

7) g_mOemó n[aM` - S>m°. {dO` _mê$bH$a, S>m°. X`mdVr nmS>iH$a (g§nm.) - \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,H$moëhmnya.

36


KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ (nm§an[aH$)

C{X²Xïço :

1) _m¡{IH$ na§nam Am{U hñV{b{IVm§Mo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

2) H$WZ, nR>U d ldU `mMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

3) V_mem, ^mê$S> d b{bV `m gmXa hmoUmè`m bmoH$H$bm àH$mamMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo

4) H$sV©Z `m bmoH$H$bm àH$mamMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo.

5) dmL>²_`mbm Y_©, n§W d amOml` H$gm àmá hmoVmo ho g_OyZ KoUo.

àmñVm{dH$ :

_m¡{IH$ na§nam Am{U hñVm{b{IVo …

^maVm_Ü o _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMr _moR>r na§nam Amho. Ho$db am_mÙ d _hm^maV. `m§Mo CXmhaU KoVbo Va

Xoeâ eoH$S>mo am_mÙo Am{U _hm^maV _m¡{IH$ na§naoV ê$T> AmhoV. ho gm{hË` H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Zï> hmoÊ`mÀ`m

_mJm©da Amho. `m gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmg§X^m©V ~S>moXm oWo Am`mo{OV Ho$boë`m amï´>r` MMm©gÌmV ~rO^mfU

H$aVmZm S>m°. JUoe Xodr åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m Jm§ r`m©Zo {dMma H$ê$Z `m gm{hË`mÀ`m g§{hVm g§nmXZmMr JaO

bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo. Vo åhUVmV,"" ^maVmV Oo bmoH$gm{hË` d _m¡{IH$Vm Amho Ver OJmV Ho$di Am{\«$H$m

I§S> gmoS>bm Va BVaÌ {XgV Zmhr. am_mÙ Am[U _hm^maV ho ^maVr` gm{hË`mMo {eamo_Ur AmhoV. Odi -

Odi VrZeo am_mÙo AmhoV O¡Z am_mÙ, ~wÜXam_mÙ, qhXy am_mÙ BË`mXr Aem àH$mao AË §V {d{dY {dnwb

g§ñH¥$Vr Or Amnë`mbm dmagm åhUyZ {_imbobr Amho. Vmo dmagm Ho$di EH$ PS>n bmdboë`m Ñï>rVyZ

gm{hË`mH$S>o ~KÊ`mMr EH$ gd` nS>ë`m_wio AmnU Oa J_mdyZ ~gUma Agy Va AmO Amnë`mbm dmB©Q>

dmQ>Uma Zmhr.nU H$Xm{MV 200 dfm©Zr qH$dm 500 dfm©Zr EImXm H$moUr {dë`_ Om°Ýg ~mhoê$Z Ambm Am{U

{dMmabo Aao Vw_À`mH$S>o EdT>o _moR>o gm{hË` hmoVo, Vo Vwåhr H$m` Ho$bo? Ë`mbm CÎma XoUmar n[apñWVr Amnbr

AgUma Zmhr.

_m¡{IH$ dmL>²_` _hËdmMm _mZdr Am{dîH$ma Agë`mZo Ë`mMo g§H$bZ hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Zìho Va Vr

H$mimMr JaO Amho. _m¡{IH$ na§nao_Ü o "~mS>o' ~miJÊ`mMr EH$ nÕVM {XgVo. Ë`m_wio H$sV©Zo, nmodmS>o, A §J

hr _m¡{IH$ na§naoV gm{hË` g§nXm J§«Wê$nmV nhmd`mg {_iVo. _m¡{IH$ na§naoVrb dmL²>_` gmXarH$aUmer

g§~§YrV AgVo. bmoH$m§n ©V nmohM{dÊ`mÀ`m JaOoVyZM gmXarH$aUmË_H$ {Z{_©Vr Pmbr AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho

Ë`m_wio _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMm gmXarH$aU hm ñdm^m{dH$ A{dîH$ma _mJ© Amho.

37

_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm {b{IV Am{U _w{ÐV ^m{fH$ A{dîH$mamnojm _m¡{IH$

na§naoVrb gm{hË`m{df`r {deof AmñWm Amho. Vo Amnë`m g§emoYZmV `m gm{hË`mbm {deof _hËd XoVmV.

JwUdÎmoÀ`m ~m~VrV dmL²_`_wë o åhUyZ ~hþVm§e _m¡{IH$ gm{hË` Hw$R>o H$_r ZgVo, VgoM ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m

Ñï>rZohr ~mobbr OmUmar ^mfm _hËdmMr Agë`mZo ho gm{hË`, ^mfmä`mgH$hr _hËdmMo _mZVmV. Ë`m_wio

_m¡{IH$ dmL²_`mMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z g§[hVm {gÕ H$aUo kmZjoÌmMr EH$ JaO ~Zbr Amho.

_m¡{IH$ dmL²_` XmoZ àH$mam_Üò {d^mJVm òVo. Á`m dmL²_`mMm H$Vm© kmV Amho Ago Am{U Á`m

gm[hË`mMm H$Vm© kmV Zmhr Ago gm{hË`, Á`m gm{hË`mMm {Z_m©Vm kmV Zmhr. Á`mbm AmnU na§namJV

bmoH$OrdZmMm eãX~Õ A{dîH$ma _mZVmo Vo bmoH$gm{hË` hmo . ho gm{hË` EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o

_m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV oVo. `m gm{hË`mVyZ bmoH$OrdZ KS>dÊ`mMo H$m_ hmoVo. Ago dmL²_` JÚ Am{U nÚ Aem

XmoÝhr ê$nm§_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbobo {XgVo.

_m¡{IH$ JÚ dmL²_`m_Ü o åhUr, H$moS>r, CImUo, bmoH$H$Wm, H$hmÊ`m B. gm{hË`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

bmoH$H$Wm§Mo nwÝhm dJuH$aU X¡dVH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, n[aH$Wm, Á`mo{VfH$Wm Ago H$aVm oVo. Va _m¡{IH$ nÚ

dmL²_`mV bmoH$JrVm§Mohr ñÌrJrVo, l_JrVo, IoiJrVo, ~S>~S>JrVo, {dYrJrVo, \o$amdaMr JmUr, ÔZm§Mr JmUr,

H$WmJrVo Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ho dJuH$aU _m¡{IH$ dmL²_`mÀ`m g§{hVm {gÕ H$aVmZm _hËdmMoo R>aVo. ho

dmL²_` g_whmMm A{dîH$ma Agë`mZo Ë`mVyZ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {deofm§Mo Xe©Z KS>V AgVo. ho dmL²_` g_mOmMo

g§{MV åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. H$Yr H$mir EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo ho {Z_m©U Ho$bobo Agbo Var Vo AmO g_mOmVrb

àË oH$mbm Amnbo dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$dmL²_`mVyZ g_yhmMr EH$mË_d¥Îmr Am{dîH¥$V hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio ^mfm

ho `m gm{hË`mMo gdm©V _hËdmMo {deof AgVo. H$maU ho gm{hË` bmoH$^mfoV aMbobo AgVo.

X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb {Od§V Am{U agaerV ^mfm `m gm{hË`mMo gm¢X`© dmT>dVo. g_mOmMr na§nam,

g§ñH¥$VrMo dhZM hr ^mfm H$aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$

_mZdd§eemñÌr` Aem gd©M Ñï>rZo _m¡{IH$ dmL²_`mbm _hËd Amho. H$maU dmL²_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo _hËdmMo

JwUY_© `mM _m¡{IH$ na§naoV AmnUmg AmT>iyZ oVmV.

hñV{b{IVo :

kmZmMo _moR>o g§{MV AZoH$ OwÝ`m nmoÏ`m Am{U hñV{b{IV ~mS>m§_Ü o XS>bobo AgVo. `m nmoÏ`m, hñV{b{IVo

VgoM H$YrH$Yr A{Ve` H$ï>mZo {gÕ Ho$bobo Am{U gÜ`m Xw{_©i Pmbobo J«§W g§nm{XV H$ê$Z nwÝhm àH$m{eV H$aUo

hr EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ JaO AgVo. ho kmZjoÌmÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË §V _hËdmMo H$m_ Amho. OwÝ`m nmoÏ`m Am{U hñV{b{IVm§Mo

H$mhr ~mS> {d{dY H$maUm§Zr àH$m{eV Pmbobr ZgVmV. KamÊ`m§Mr na§nam, lÕm Am{U H$mhr J¡ag_OyVrVyZ AZoH$

hñV{b{IVo àH$memV oD$ {Xbr OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio nmoÏ`m, hñV{b{IVo {_idÊ`mnmgyZ nmR>ewÕr H$ê$Z Ë`m

àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mn ªV g§nmXH$mbm ZmZm àH$maÀ`m AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. H$mhr hñV{b{IVo JyT> qH$dm

gm§Ho${VH$ {bnr_Ü o AgVmV. Vr {bnr emoYUo, {bnrMo AW© bmdUo, dmMUo, Jhmi eãX, dmŠ`m§Mm AMyH$ A§XmO

~m§YUo hñV{b{IVm§Mr H$mb{ZpíMVr H$aUo. `m àH$maÀ`m BVa g§{hVm§er VwbZm H$aUo, {Q>nm {b{hUo Aem AZoH$

Jmoï>t~amo~a Aä`mgnyU© àñVmdZm {b{hUo hr g§nmXH$mMr \$ma _moR>r O~m~Xmar AgVo.

38

_amR>r ^mfoVrb àma§ rMo Am{U gdmªZm AmXamWr© AgUmao _hmZw mdm§Mo gm{hË`, kmZoídar, VwH$mam_m§Mr

JmWm B. g§V gm{hË`, ~Iar, bmdUr ho gmao ~hþVm§e dmL²_` ho hñV{b{IVmÀ`m ê$nmV AgUmè`m g§{hVm àM§S>

n[al_mZo g§nm{XV H$ê$Z àH$meZ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. hñV{b{IV J«§W emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mnmgyZ `m H$m_mMr

gwê$dmV hmoVo. _wÐUH$bm Zgboë`m H$mimVrb ho gmao J«§W ZH$byZ R>odÊ`mV Ambo Agë`mZo EH$mM g§{hVoÀ`m

{d{dY {R>H$mUr doJdoJù`m àVr AmT>iyZ Amboë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio CnbãY àVrVrb nmR>m§Mr nañnaVwbZm-

{M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z nmR>{ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMo _moR>o AdKS> Am{U AmìhmZmË_H$ H$m_ AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.

hñV{b{IV Xw{_©i g§{hVm doJdoJù`m H$mbI§S>mV doJdoJù`m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ZH$byZ R>odë`m Joë`mZo

H$mimZwgma Ë`m_Üò \o$a\$ma, eãXm§Mr, íbmoH$-A^§Jm§Mr _m§S>Ur ~Xbbobr AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

ZH$bmH$mamZo g§{hVoV H$moR>ohr H$mhr ~Xb Ë`m g§{hVo{df`r {dídmgmh©Vm J_mdUmar AgVo. EH$mM g§{hVoÀ`m

AmT>iUmè`m doJdoJù`m àVr Aä`mgyZ nmR>{Z{_©Vr H$aUo åhUyZM AdKS> AgVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m hñV{b{IVm§Mo

g§nmXZ H$aVmZm ì`ŠVr, ñWi Am{U H$mi `m g§X^m©Vrb {ZU©` gdm©V _hËdmMo Amho. Ë`mZ§Va nmR>{ZU©`

Am{U AW©{ZU©` H$amdm bmJVmo.

H$mhr g§{hVm `m ^mfm§V[aV qH$dm ^mfmË_H$ AgVmV. Aemdoir Ë`m _yi H¥$Vr~amo~a VmSy>Z nmhmì`m

bmJVmV. Xw{_©i hñV{b{IVm§À`m H$mimVrb g§nmXH$mMo g§emoYZ H$Yrhr A§{V_ ZgVo. dmñV{dH$ gd©M

àH$maÀ`m g§emoYZm_Ü o A§{V_ {ZU© H$VoMo ^mî` H$moUr H$ê$ Z o. Vgo Vo H$aVm oV Zmhr H$maU g§emoYZ hr

A{daV MmbUmar Jmoï> AgVo. AmnU Ho$di Amnë`mbm Jdgbobo gË` Am{U hmVr Ambobo {ZîH$f© _m§S>m`Mo

AgVmV. _amR>rVrb kmZoídarÀ`m hñV{b{IV àVt~m~V Pmbobo g§emoYZ `mg§X^m©V {dMmamV KoVm oB©b.

kmZoídarÀ`m àVtÀ`m H$mb{ZpíMVrH$mimV Pmbobo g§emoYZ `m g§X^m©V {dMmamV KoVm oB©b. kmZoídarÀ`m

àVtÀ`m H$mb{ZpíMVr g§X^m©V ~aoM dmX Pmbobo AmhoV. ho dmX Aem àH$maÀ`m g§{hVm§Mo g§nmXZ H$aVmZm

g§nmXH$mZo H$moUË`m Jmoï>rMo ^mZ R>odm`bm hdo `mMo gyMZ H$aUmao AmhoV.

S>m°. am. J. hfo© `m§Zr lr^JdX²JrVm ì`m»`mZ kmZoídar hm J«§WàH$m{eV Ho$bm Amho. hm J«§W Ë`m§Zr

nydu à{gÕ Pmboë`m kmZoídarÀ`m Mma {Za{Zamù`m Amd¥Îmr d gìdrg ñdV§Ì Am{U ZdrZ nmoÏ`m§_Yrb

nmR>ôXm§Mr MMm© H$ê$Z g§nm{XV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr Amnbr àV hr kmZoídarMr gdm©V OwZr åhUOo eHo$

1272 Mr Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo Amho. `mnydu {d. H$m. amOdmS>o `m§Zrhr kmZoídarMr Or g§{hVm g§nm{XV Ho$br

Amho. {VMm H$mi eHo$ 1112 À`m Z§VaMm Amho. nU Vmo eHo$ 1240 À`m nyduMm Agm gm§{JVbobm Amho.

AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr amOdmS>çm§À`m `m _VmMo gmYma I§S>Z Ho$bobo Amho. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo àH$m{eV

Ho$boë`m EH$ZmWnyd© kmZoídarÀ`m (àW_md¥Îmr1993) àñVmdZo_Üòhr amOdmS>o àVrg§X^m©V {b{hVmV,

"amOdmS>çm§Zm {_imbobr _yi hñV{b{IV nmoWr AmO CnbãY Zmhr. hr gdm©V _moR>r XwX¡©dmMr Jmoï> Amho.

AZoH$ àíZ d e§H$m {Z_m©U hmoVrb Ago boIZ amOdmS>çm§Zr H$ê$Z R>odbo Amho. nU {OÀ`mnmgyZ ñnï>rH$aUo

{_iVrb Aer Vr àVM Jm`~ Pmbr Amho.'

hñV{b{IVm§À`m g§emoYZmg§X^m©V S>m°. {d. {^. H$mobVo {b{hVmV, "AZoH$ hñV{b{IVo VnmgyZ, Ë`mVrb

nmR>m§Vao emoYyZ, Ë`m§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«§WH$mamMm _yi nmR> A§VJ©V d ~mø à_mUm§Zr {ZpíMV

39

H$amdm bmJVmo. hoM nmR>{M{H$Ëgm emñÌ hmo . S>m°. H$mobVo `m§Mo ho nmR>{M{H$Ëgo g§X^m©Vrb _V g§nmXH$m§Zr

A§{JH$mabo nm{hOo.'

_wÐUH$bm ApñVËdmV Zgboë`m H$mimV AZoH$ CÔoemVrb EImXmM J«§W ZH$byZ KoVbm OmV Ago.

`m_Üò Ë`m H$mimVrb {dÛmZ n§{S>Vm§Zm J«§WmMr àV ñdV:À`m g§J«hr hdr Ago AÜ``ZmÀ`m Jwê$Hw$b

nÕVr_Ü o AÜ`mnH$m§gmR>r J«§WmÀ`m àVr bmJV. Ym{_©H$ H$m`m©gmR>r Am{U Y_m©W© H$m © åhUyZ nwÊ` {_idÊ`mgmR>r

àVr dmQ>Ê`mMr nÕV ê$T> hmoVr. à{gÕrgmR>r kmZàgmamR>r, J«§WmMo XrK© H$mimn ªV g§ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«§WmMr

bmoH$ AZoH$ hñV{b{IVo ~ZdrV.

~mamì`m eVH$mV H$mJXmMm emoY Am{U dmna gwê$ Pmbm. VËnydu wO©nÌo, VmS>nÌo Am{U nwT>o H$mJXmda

hñV{b{IV àVr ~Zdë`m OmV hmoË`m. hr _mÜ`_o {dZmer, Z¡g{J©H$ A[aï>m§_Ü o Zï> hmoUmar Agë`mZo J§«W ZH$byZ

R>odÊ`mMr gVV JaO mgV Ago. Ë`m_wio EH$mM J§«WmÀ`m doJdoJù`m H$mimV ZH$byZ R>odboë`m à{V AmT>iVmV.

darb kmZoídarÀ`m àVr g§X^m©Vrb dmX hm Aem doJdoJù`m H$mimV ZH$byZ R>odboë`m àVt_wioM {Z_m©U Pmbm

Amho. WmoS>Š`mV _wÐUH$bm OÝ_mnydu H$mJXmda dm wO©nÌmda Ë`m-Ë`m H$mimVrb ì`ŠVtZr Oo dmL²_` {bhÿZ

R>odbo.Ë`mV Ë`m,Ë`m H$mimVrb g_m{OH$,Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ - à{Vq~~ C_Q>bobo Amho. àË oH$ H$mimV

CX`mg Amboë`m dmL²_`mV VËH$mbrZ g§ñH¥$Vr à{Vq~~rV Pmbobr Amho. _Ü` wJmV dm àmMrZ H$mimV dmL²_`

{Z{_©VrVyZ Ë`m-Ë`m H$mimVrb dmL²_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z AmnUmg ghOnUo hmoVmZm {XgVo.

H$WZ …- "H$WZ åhUOo gm§JUo' hm gai Am{U gmYm gmonm AW© "H$WZ' eãXmMm gm§JVm oB©b. EImXr

Jmoï> EImÚmbm ì`ŠVrbm qH$dm g_yhmbm gm§{JVbr OmVo Ë`mM à{H«$ obm H$WZ åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr.

EImXr ì`ŠVr Ooìhm EImÚmbm åhUV AgVo H$s "EoH$ Zm' Vo åhUÊ`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo Ë`mbm H$mhrVar

gm§Jmd`mMo AgVo. åhUOo gm§JÊ`mMr Jmoï> H$WZ H$amd`mMr AgVo. åhUOo H$WZ `m g§H$ënZoV EH$ ì`ŠVr

H$mhr Var gm§JV AgVo. Am{U Vr gm§{JVbobr Jmoï> EH$ ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh Vr Jmoï> EoH$V AgVmo. `mM

ñdê$nmbm H$WZ åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§nyU© {dídm_Ü o CëboIZr` Amho. ho gd©lwV

Amho.nU `m Jmoï>rMm AmnU Ooìhm {dMma H$aVmo Voìhm ñnï>nUo ho ì`ŠV hmoVo H$s Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr gd©loð> Amho

Vr g§ñH¥$VrV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m dmL²_`m_wio am_mÙ d _hm^maV hr XmoZ _hmH$mì` qhXy g§ñH¥$VrMr _hËdmMr

AmoiI Amho. `m{edm` ghm emó, AmR>am nwamUo, Mma doX Am{U `m{edm` Ag§»` J«§W ho Hw$Umbm Var

gm§JÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZoM {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV Ago AmnUmg `m gd©M J§«WmÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z ñnï>nUo g_Oy eH$Vo.

àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V dm _amR>r J§«Wm§Mr {Z{_©VrM _yimV H$WZm§À`m àH$mamVyZ Pmbobr Amho._hm^maV hm J§«W n[a{jVr

amOmbm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r OZ_oO` amOmZo gm§{JVbm nU Ë`mMo g§nyU© boIZ ì`mgm§Zr Ho$bo. gìdm bmI íbmoH$m§À`m

_hm^maVmMr g§nyU© H$Wm gmV {Xdgm_Ü o n[ajrV amOmZo H$WZ Ho$br. am_mÙmMr {Z{_©Vrhr H$WZmÀ`m ñdê$n

Pmbobr Amho. _h{f© dmpë_H$s¨Zr Amnë`m Aml_mVrb {eî`m§Zm am_mÙmMr H$Wm H$WZ Ho$br VoM nwÝhm

J§«WmÀ`m ñdê$nmV AdVrU© Pmbo. åhUOo am_mÙ, _hm^maVmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o H$WZ na§namM Amho ho ñnï>

hmoVo.lr_V^JdV JrVm lrH¥$îUmZo AOw©Zmbm gm§{JVbr, åhUOo H$WZ Ho$br.lr_X² mJdV hm J§«Whr lrH¥$îUmZo

CÕdmbm H$WZ Ho$bm. g§V kmZoídam§Zr 13 ì`m eVH$mV "kmZoídar' lmoË`m§nwT>o H$WZ Ho$br. "Var EoH$bo AdYmZ

dmL²_`

40

{XOoŸ& _J gd© gwImer nmÌ hmoB© OoŸ& ho à{VkmoÎma _mPoŸ& CKS> EoH$mŸ& Ago kmZoída åhUVmV. åhUOo _r AmVm

Oo H$WZ H$aUma Amho Vo em§VnUo EoHy$Z ¿`m. Ë`m§Zr g§nyU© kmZooídar,Mm§JXod nmgï>r H$WZM Ho$br. g§V

EH$ZmWm§Mo g§nyU© dmL>²_` ho H$WZmVyZM {Z_m©U Pmbo. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr hr ~è`mM doim H$sV©ZmVyZ AZoH$ Jmoï>r

H$WZ Ho$ë`m. "EoH$m EoH$m ^m{dH$ OZm' Aem ñdê$nmMo ~aoM A §J AmnUmg AmT>iyZ oVmV. AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r

dmL>_`mVhr H$Wm, H${dVm, H$m§X~ar Am{X àH$mam_Ü o AZoH$ boIH$ H$drZr H$WZmMr na§nam ñdrH$mabr Amho.

"gm§JVo EoH$m' ho h§gm dmS>H$am§Mo AmË_H$WZ, H$Wm _mÂ`m OÝ_mMr - ~o~rVmB© H$m§~io, _bmM ho gm§{JVbo

nm{hOo'- Aer H$mhr ór AmË_H$WZo H$WZmÀ`m na§naVoVyM {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV H$WZ na§nam hr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmpñVËdmV Agbobr AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo. `mM na§naoVyZ

J§«W {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Am{U AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVhr dmL²_` {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. ho {Z{d©dmXnUo AmnUmg ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

`mM dmL²_` {Z{_©VrVyZ àmMrZ _Ü` wJrZ d AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dmL>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr g_¥Õ Pmbobr AmnUmg

{XgyZ oB©b.

nR>U …

nR>U hr ldUmVyZ bú`mV R>odÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Amho. EImXr Jmoï> EoH$ë`mZ§Va qH$dm ldU Ho$ë`mZ§Va

ì`ŠVr {VMo dma§dma ñ_aU H$ê$Z bjmV R>odVmo Ë`mbmM nR>U åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr.nU nR>U åhUOo nmR>m§Va

åhUVm oUma Zmhr. nmR>m§VamÀ`m à{H«$ oV dmMZ hm _wÔm _hÎdmMm oVmo. Am{U ldUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV nR>U hm

_wÔm _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. nyduÀ`m H$mir kmZmO©ZmgmR>r Aml_ì`dñWm hmoVr. Aml_mV Jwê$ Amnë`m {eî`m§Zm

AZoH$ Jmoï>rMo kmZ XoV AgV. {eî` Vo EoH$V ldU H$arV nwÝhm nwÝhm Ë`m-Ë`m Jmoï>rMo nR>U hmoV Ago. Ë`mVyZ

{eî`m§Mo nmR>m§Va hmoV Ago. _wÐU H$boMm emoY bmJÊ`mnydu {H$VrVar df} AJmoXa EImXmM J§«W Jwê$H$S>o

CnbãY Ago. Ë`mVyZM Ag§»` lmoË`m§Zm Vmo CnbãY hmoD$ eH$V Zgë`m_wio nR>UmMr na§nam gwê$ Pmbr. Jwê$

nwT>o åhUV {eî` nmR>r_mJyZ gVV åhUV Joë`m_wio Ag§»` J§«W H$mhr {eî`m§Mo _wImoX²JV Pmbobo AmnUmg

H$mhr nwamì`mÀ`m AmYmao _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVmV. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimVhr àmW{_H$ emioV Jwê$Or {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z

H${dVm d nmT>o nmR> H$ê$Z KoVmZm nR>UmMrM nÕV ñdrH$maV AgboMo AmnUmg {XgVmV. AmOhr H$mhr

ì`ŠVtZr kmZoídar d VwH$mam_ JmWm nR>UmVyZM _wImoXJV Ho$bobm Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV H$WZ - nR>U `m Jmoï>r J§«W{Z{_©Vrbm CnH$maH$M R>aboë`m AmnUmg {XgyZ oVrb. AmOhr

H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. {VWo ldU Ho$bo OmVo. Am{U EoH$bobr H$Wm nwÝhm Vmo lmoVm BVam§Zm gm§JVmo. hr nR>UmMrM

à{H«$`m AmnUmg gm§JVm oB©b. `mM à{H«$ oVyZ AZoH$ g_¥Õ J§«W {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV. ho hr AmnUmg _mÝ`

H$amdo bmJob.

ldU …

ldU hm g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb eãX AgyZ Ë`mMm AW© EoH$Ê`mMo B§{Ð` åhUOoM H$mZ Agm Amho. åhUyZ

H$mZm§Zm ldUo{Ð` Agohr åhUVmV. nU OrdZmV _mUgmbm Zoh_r Mm§JboM EoH$md`mg {_iob Ago Zmhr. H$mhr

doim åhUm qH$dm ~è`mM doim åhUm, Ë`mbm OrdZmV Mm§Jë`m qH$dm dmB©Q> Jmoï>rM EoH$mì`m bmJV AgVmV.

41

hdoV Ogm gw§JY AgVmo Vgm XwJ©Yhr AgVmo. VerM hr EoH$Ê`m~m~Vhr Bï>-A{Zð> ~m~ Amho. ZmoH$arnoemV

d[að> Oa A{eð>nUmZo ~mobbm Va Vo Ë`mÀ`m hmVmImbrb _mUgmbm A{ZÀN>oZo H$m hmoB©Zm nU EoHy$U KoUo ^mJ

nS>Vo. Aem àg§Jr Vo Amnbo ^moŠV¥Îd _mZyZ Jßn amhUo hm ì`dhm[aH$nUmMm _mJ© AgVmo. nU Á`mdoir EImXr

ì`ŠVr ñdV… hmoD$Z H$mhr EoH$m`bm OmV AgVo Ë`mdoir Va {VZo {OWo Mm§JboM Mma eãX H$mZmda nS>Vrb,

VoWoM OmUo C{MV Zmhr H$m? ldU `m eãXmnmgyZ lmì` AgV eãX ~Zbobm Amho, Ë`mMm EH$ AW© EoH$md`mg

`moo½` Agm Amho ^Jd§VmMo Zmd ho Aem ~m~r_Yrb gd©loð> hmo Ago Amnbo gZmVZ åhUOo {ZË`ZyVZ AgboMo

AÜ`mË_ gm§JVo.

Amnë`mH$S>o gmoim g§ñH$ma n«{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`mVbm H$U©doY hm EH$ g§ñH$ma Amho. ~mbH$ OÝ_mbm

Amë`mda Ë`mMo H$mZ gmoÝ`mÀ`m gwB©Zo Ë`mÀ`m 7-10-12 Aem H$moUË`mVar {Xder Q>moMVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`mÀ`m

{nË`mZo ^Ð§ H$U}{^… e¥Uw m_ Xodm… hm _§Ì åhUmd`mMm AgVmo. (ho `kXodm, ho {dídXodVm§Zmo,Amåhr Ho$boë`m

ñVwVrÀ`m `moJo àgÞ hmoD$Z Ho$di Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>rM Am_À`m H$mZr nS>mì`mV) _Zmda g§ñH$aU hmoV AgVo.

Ë`mbm åhUVmV g§ñH$ma A ©H$ gmV {XdgmMo AgVmZmM, _J Vr H$Ý`m dm nwÌ H$moUrhr Agmo Ë`mÀ`mda

H$U©doY g§ñH$mamVyZ ldU ^ŠVrMm hm ew ma§ hmoV AgVmo.

ldU ho {d{dY àH$mamZo hmoV§ AgVo. ^Jd§VmÀ`m ~m~VrV gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg Ë`mÀ`m H$sVuMo ldU

-M[aÌmMo, ldU-brbm§Mo, ldU-AdVmam§Mo, ldU ÔZm§Mo ldU Ago ldU ho ZmZm àH$mam§Zr hmoD$ eH$Vo.

nU ho ldU hmoV AgVmZm A§V…H$aU Am§ZXmZo AmngwH$M \w$byZ Ambo nm{hOo. g_Om EImXr ì`ŠVr OZ EoH$V

Amho nU Ë`mMo Voìhm bj _mÌ Kar AmO Oodm`bm H$m` H$aUma AmhoV `m {dMmamH$S>o Agob Va Vo ÔZ EoH$Uo

hr {H«$`m ì`mdhm[aH$ Ñï>rZo hmoV Agbr, Var Vr nma^m{fH$ Ñï>rZo _mÌ ldU ^ŠVr hmoV ZgVo. AZ² Vr ìhmdr

`mgmR>r _ybV… ^JdVm§{df`r dmQ>Umè`m {ZVm§V lÕoMr JaO AgVo. nU hr lÕm AMmZH$ H$er {Z_m©U hmoD$

eH$Uma? Ë`mgmR>r ldUmMr JaO Amho. ldU ho lÕoÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm H$maU R>aV AgVo XmoZ Owù`m ~{hUr-

- doJù`m Agë`m Var Ë`mMr OÝ_XmÌr EH$M AgVo. ldU Am{U lÕm `m§Mo ZmVo Ago Owù`m ~{hUrà_mUo

Amho Ë`m§Mr Or _mVm Amho {VMo Zmd Amho ^ŠVr. lÕm Am{U ldU `m§Mr Vr OÝ_XmÌr Amho.

ldU ^ŠVr H$am, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. nU Ë`mMr \$bàmár H$m`? Agm {dMma gd©gm_mÝ` ór-

nwê$fm§À`m _ZmV Ambm Va Ë`mV H$mhr MyH$ Amho, Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr. lr{dîUwÀ`m {R>H$mUr ào_ OS>V§

hr `mMr _yb yV \$bàmár hmo . Amnë`m OdiMr dñVy BVam§Zm XoÊ`mZo Vr Amnë`mnmer H$_r hmoV AgVo.

nU ào_mMo Vgo ZgVo. Vo XoÊ`mZoM gVV dmT>V AgVo. Aer hr {damoYm~mYrV gË` Agbobr g§H$ënZm Amho.

nwamUH$mimnmgyZ Vo AmOAIoa ldUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AZoH$ Jmoï>r KS>V Amboë`m Amho. nwamU ldU,

nmoWr ldU, J§«W ldU, àdMZ ldU, H$sV©Z ldU, `mVyZM {d{dY Jmoï>rMo AmH$bZ dŠË`mH$Sy>Z lmoË`m§Zm

Pmbobo Amho. Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, {ZVr_yë o, amï´>^ŠVr _mZdVm Am{X_yë`mMr {eH$dU ldUmVyZM Pmbobr Amho.

Ago AmnUmg {XgyZ òVo. AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`m»`mZ ldU H$aVmZm {d{dY {df`m§Mo kmZ dŠË`mH$Sy>Z

lmoË`m§Zm àmá hmoV AgVo. Vo ldUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZM.

42

V_mem …

_Ü``wJrZ _hmamï´> EH$m Am§V[aH$ gm_Ï`mªZo âbobm Amho. ho gm_Ï`©M Ë`mMo doJionU Amho. `m

gm_Ï`m©_wioM Ag§»` AmH«$_Uo hmoD$Zhr Amnbr _yi g§ñH¥$Vr d ^mfm `mV gmVË` H$m`_ am{hbo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb Ag§»` bmoH$na§nam§Zr ho gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmVË` {Q>H${dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bobo Amho. `m bmoH$na§nam§_Ü o

bmoH$mMma, Y_m©Mma, bmoH$H$bm, bmoH$gm{hË` B. OrdZmda g§ñH$ma H$aUmè`m gd©M A§Jm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`m bmoH$g§ñWm§da OZgm_mÝ`m§Mr {Zð>m AgVo. n[apñWVrer Pw§O XoÊ`mMo ~i `m {Zð>o_wio g_mOmbm bm^V

AgVo. _Ü` wJmVrb g_mOmbm OrdZag nwa{dUmam EH$ A§V:ñÌmoV `m Ñï>rZo bmoH$na§nam§Mo ñWmZ AgmYmaU

Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$na§nam d bmoH$m{hË` `m§Zr ho nyd©g§{MV gm§ mibobo AgyZ dV©_mZmÀ`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bobo

Amho. `m g§{MVmV Xa {nT>rZwgma âM nS>bobr Amho. g_mO n[adV©ZmMo à`ËZ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWm `m§Zm

dmQ> nwgVM bmoH$na§nam§Zm nwT>o Omdo bmJVo. _hmamï´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OS>UKS>UrV bmoH$na§nam§Mm dmQ>m _moR>m

Amho. `m na§nam§Zr Zo_H$s H$moUVr H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr ho nmhVmZm àW_ ho bjmV òVo H$s, _hmamï´>mÀ`m

g§ñH¥$Vrda d g_mOOrdZmda g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Mm _hËdmMm dmQ>m Amho. `mVrb Am{dîH$ma H$aUmam KQ>H$

åhUOo V_mem hmo .

_amR>r _mUgmÀ`m H$mZmda S>\$ d VwUVwÊ`mMm AmdmO nS>bm H$s Ë`mMo _Z _mohê$Z OmVo. ½`mZ~m

VwH$mam_mÀ`m A §JdmUrV Vmo {OVH$m a_Vmo {VVH$mM em{ham§À`m H$WZmZohr a§JVmo åhUyZM _hmamï´>mV àM{bV

Agboë`m bmoH$H$bm§_Ü o V_mem AË §V bmoH${à` Amho. V_mem hr a§J y_r ~hþ_wIr Amho. `m a§OZàYmZ

bmoH$H$boV ^ŠVrbm Am{U AÜ`mË_{dMmambm _ÁOmd Zmhr. H$bJr d Vwè`mMr em{har AmÜ`mpË_H$ VËd

{dMmamÀ`m Ame`mMr AgVo. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o Ho$di Jm`Z d gmXarH$aUmMr ñnYm© ZgVo Va VËd{dMmam§Mrhr

ñnYm© AgVo. V_mem Vgm ~hþa§Jr AgVmo. Ë`mV nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZo, H$bJrVwam, nmodmS>çmMo gmXarH$aU,

bmdUrMr Z¥Ë`ZmÀ`mÀ`m OmoS>rZo ~habobr Jm`H$s AmXr {d{dY àH$ma AgVmV. Ë`m_wioM V_mem EH$mMdoir

Am~mbd¥Õm§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aVmo.

_hmamï´>mV OÌm, gU Aem àg§Jr bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo Oo àH$ma gmXa hmoV AgV Ë`mVrb _w»` àH$ma "J_§V'

`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmB©. J§_V hm eãX _Zmoa§OZmMo ÚmoVH$ Amho. Ë`m H$mir bmoH$m§À`m A{^ê$Mrbm nQ>Umè`m

Aem _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m gmè`m Jmoï>r "J_§V' `m gXamV oV. hm àH$ma bmoH$_mÝ` d amO_mÝ` hmoVm. nwT>o Ë`mbm

"IoiV_mem' Zmd nS>bo. Ioi V_mem H$aUmè`m§À`m `mXr_Ü o H$moëhmQ>Ur, Añdbdmbo, Xadoer, ~hþê$nr,

dmgwXod AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoV Ago. `m IoimMo dU©Z H$aVmZm à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao {b{hVmV, "JmdH$s¨À`m Ioi

V_memV gJù`m ~bwË`m§Zr mJ KoVbm nm{hOo. Ago ~{KVbo OmB©. Ë`mV ñn¥í`-Añn¥í`, qhXy-_wgb_mZ Agm

oX Zgo. ZmÀ`mnmoè`m _hmamMm, Ýhmì`mZo Vob bmdyZ Ë`mMm Moham d a§Ja§JmoQ>r H$am`Mr. Voë`mÀ`m hmVmV

VobmMr ~wYbr Agm`Mr, gwVma S>\$ qH$dm H$S>o dmOdm`Mm, Jwad gm|JQ>çm, narQ> VwUVwUodmbm, XmoZ-VrZ

bmohma ar AmoS>Umao, Ë`m§ZrM Pm§Om dmOdm`À`m, H$dUo aMUmao AZoH$ OmVrMo AgV.' Zm_Xod ìhQ>H$am§À`m _Vo,

ZmQ>çmMr VËdoM V_memV {dH${gV Pmbr. Vo åhUVmV.'' EImÚmZo Xwgè`mMr ZŠH$b Ho$br Va lmoË`m§Mo

43

_Zmoa§OZ hmoVo. OrdZmMr Amnë`m ^modVmbMr ZŠH$b H$aÊ`mVM ZmÀ`mMm CJ_ Amho. d V_memV Xoe_wI,

BZm_Xma, nmQ>rb `m§À`mnmgyZ JmdÀ`m dogH$amn ªV gmè`m§À`mM ZH$bm Ho$ë`m OmV'' V_mem hm eãX Aa~r

AgyZ àojUr` X¥í`' AgV Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. Am{U V_mem hm àH$ma em{ham§Zr {dH${gV Ho$bm. Vmo em{ha

hm eãXhr Aa~r ^mfoVyZ Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio V_mem hm H$bmàH$ma _wgb_mZm§À`m à^mdmVyZM CX`mg Ambm

Agmdm Ago H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Mo _V Amho. H$mhr g§emoYH$m§À`m _Vo, hmoirÀ`m àWoVyZ V_memMm CX` Pmbm

Agmdm. H$moH$Um_Üò AmOhr hmoir^modVr OmJaUmMr àWm ê$T> Amho. VoWo AmOhr S>\$mda Wm\$ XoD$Z

JUJdiU JmD$Z _JM hmoir noQ>dbr OmVo. Ë`mg§~§Yr ZmQ>ç g_rjH$ Ho$. ZmamÙ H$mio åhUVmV'' AmOÀ`m

ñdê$nmVrb V_memMr na§nam CÎma noedmB©À`m H$mimnojm OwZr Zgbr Var bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$

OrdZmer H$moUVmhr g§~§Y ZgboMo Ioi, V_mem nydu ApñVËdmV hmoVo. Ago nwamdo gmnS>VmV. Ho$di H$a_UyH$sÀ`m

Ñï>rZo Am{U n¡emÀ`m _mo~Xë`mgmR>r Ho$bo OmUmao ~mOmar, H$a_UyH$sMo àH$ma _wgb_mZ bmoH$ d Ë`m§Mr g§ñH$¥Vr

`m§À`m g§nH$m©Z§Va _hmamï´>mV Ambo AgmdoV. Ago H$a_UyH$sMo Ioi _wgb_mZ dñVrV \$m¡Om§À`m N>mdÊ`mV

MìhmQ>çmda hmoV AgmdoV. Ë`mV Xm¡bV OmXmhr hmoV Agmdr. _m§J, Jmê$S>r, H§$Oma^mQ> B. OmVrMo bmoH$ Ë`mV

^mJ KoV AgV Ë`mVrb ê$Odbr {óm`mhr hmd^md H$ê$Z ZmMV JmV AgV.''

bmoH$a§JrMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV.""_hmamï´>mV g§Vm§Mr na§nam \$ma _moR>r Amho. g§Vm§Zr

OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r _amR>r ^mfoMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z A^§J Jm{`bo. AmÜ`m{_H$ {dMma gmonm H$ê$Z

g_mOmg_moa ê$nH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>bm. ^mê$S> hm ñdV§Ì aMZmàH$ma ê$T> Ho$bm. b{bV d ^mê$S>m§Zr

a§J y_r {dH${gV Ho$br. EH$ZmWm§Zr AZoH${dY ^mê$S>o aMbr Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV "V_mem' hm eãX AmT>iVmo.

Ë`mH$mimV hm eãX àM{bV Pmbm nU ñdV§Ì H$bmàH$ma {dH${gV ZìhVm. AgmM n«H$ma 12 ì`m Vo 17 ì`m

eVH$mV {XgVmo. 18 ì`m eVH$mV bmoH$OrdZm_Ü o na§naoZo ê$T> Agbobo Jm|Yi dm¿`m§Mo OmJaU `m {dYr-

-a§J y_rH$Sy>Z V_mem hm EH$ ñdV§Ì ZmQ>`àH$ma {dH${gV hmoV Jobm.

Jm|Yi hm EH$ Ym{_©H$ H$a_UyH$sMm àH$ma Amho {edH$mimV AmB© ^dmZrÀ`m ZmdmZo Jm|Yi KmbUmè`m

Jm|Yir bmoH$m§Zr draagmË_H$ nmodmS>o åhUÊ`mMm Zdm àKmV nS>bm. nwT>o Jm|Yù`m§Zr Ooìhm V_mem ñdrH$mabm

Voìhm Ë`m§Zm Jm|YimVrb ZmQ>çmË_H$VoMm Cn`moJ Pmbm. Jm|YimVrb JrVo d {dZmoXr àíZ `m§Mmhr V_memÀ`m

KS>UrV dmQ>m Amho Ago _V S>m°. am.qM.T>oao `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. V_memMm CX` Zo_H$m Ho$ìhm d H$moUË`m

n[apñWVrV Pmbm `m{df`r {dÛmZm§V _V oX AmhoV. Var CÎma noedmB©V gdmB© _mYdamd d Xwgam ~mOramd

`m§À`m H$maH$sXuV em{ham§Zm amOl` bm^bm. Ë`m_wio V_mem `m bmoH$a§OZ H$aUmè`m ZmQ>çàH$mamMm {deof

CËH$f© Pmbm Ago _mZbo OmVo. _amR>r amÁ`mÀ`m dmT>r~amo~a Ë`m§Mo d¡ dhr dmT>bo. gwImon^moJmMr d¥Îmr g_mOmV

dmT>br. {MÌH$_©, Jm|Yir âmS>r `m bmoH$Jm`H$m§Zr g_mOmÀ`m ~XbË`m A{^ê$MrH$S>o bj XoD$Z Amnë`m

H$dZm§V gmXarH$aUmV ~Xb Ho$bo. em{ham§Zr EH$mnojm EH$ ZIaob, a§Job bmdÊ`m {b{hë`m Ë`mVyZ ñdV§Ì Aer

EH$ a§OZàYmZ a§J y_r {Z_m©U Ho$br. {dH${gV Ho$br. Ë`mbmM nwT>o V_mem hr g§km àmá Pmbr. g_mOmÀ`m

bm¡H$sH$ Ñï>r_wio d A{^ê$MrÀ`m à^mdmVyZM V_memMr OS>UKS>U Pmbr. Z§Xrdmë`m§Mm Ioi d H$moëhmQ>UrMr

T>mobH$s `m§À`m {_lUmZo V_memMr T>mobH$s {Z_m©U Pmbr. S>dè`mMo nXo åhUÊ`mMo VwUVwUo Ë`mZo KoVbo.

44

ÔZmVë`m Q>mimdê$Z Pm§O Ambr. Jm|Yù`mH$Sy>Z C^r amhÊ`mMr nÕV KoVbr. ~mobÊ`mMr nÕV mê$S>mVyZAmbr

dm¿`m-_wairMr hmH$ KmbÊ`mMr nÕV H$S>H$ ~mobUmao H$S>o o{XH$mVyZ KoVbo `m gdm©Mm {_iyZ V_mem Pmbm.

nwT>o amOmamUrMo H$WmZH$ Ambo Am{U V_mem_Ü o dJhr Ambm. Jm|Yir ho `mV à_wI y{_H$m ~OmdV hmoVo.

Ë`m§À`m OmoS>rbm H$moëhmQ>r, S>m|~mar B. O_mVr hmoË`m. V_memÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV bmoH$na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m

bmoH$a§J y_rda H$moUH$moUË`m àH$mam§Mm à^md d gh^mJ hmoVm ho `mdê$Z {XgyZ oVo. gmYmaUV… 1850 Vo

1900 n ©VÀ`m nÞmg dfm©À`m H$mimV bmdUr V_mem _hmamï´>mV Var _hma, _m§J, Jmo§Yir, S>m|~mar `m§À`mM

hmVr am{hbm. `m H$mimV gm§Jbr {Oëøm§Vrb noS> d gmdiO `m JmdmÀ`m em{ha C_m-~mnyÀ`m ~mb-

{ddmhmMm Xwîn[aUm_ XmIdUmam "_mohZm~Q>md' hm dJ Ambm d Vmo Iyn JmObm `mM H$mimV _. Omo{V~m

\w$ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmam§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ V_memMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mm {edmOr _hmamOm§darb

nmodmS>m Ë`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmMm hmoVm Ë`mAmYr V_memMr nma§n[aH$ aMZm, JUJdiU, ~VmdUr, dJZmQ>ç Aer

hmoVr. Omo{V~m§Zr JUmbm Z_Z Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va amï´>mgmR>r g_mOmgmR>r OrdZ g_{n©V Ho$boë`m bmoH$m§Zm Z_Z Ho$bo

`m nÕVrZo gËèmoYH$s V_memMm nm`m Ë`m§Zr KmVbm. _§. \w$ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rMm n[aUm_ V_memVrb

dJm©dahr Pmbm. _.\w$ë`m§Zr em{harMm d V_memMm Amnë`m {dMmamMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ Ho$bm. ~«m÷Ur

dM©ñd, ór OmVrda hmoUmao AÝ`m`, {ejUmMo _hËd B. {df` gËèmoYH$s V_memVyZ _m§S>bo Jobo. 1920 Vo

1940 hm H$mi mD$ nŠH$S> m§À`m CËH$fm©Mm hmoVm,`mM H$mimV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~S>oH$am§À`m X{bVmoÛmamÀ`m

Midirbm Omoa Ambm hmoVm. ^mD$ \$ŠH$S>m§Zr `m MidirMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r V_memMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm

nma§n[aH$ em{harbm \$mQ>m XoD$Z Am§~S>oH$ar {dMmaàUmbrMo A{Yð>mZ KoD$Z Vo V_memMo Ioi H$ê$ bmJbo. g§nyU©

Añn¥í` g_mOmbm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr em{harMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm.

EH§$XarV "V_mem'Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm bjmV oVo H$s, V_mem hm bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVm. Vmo

gmXa H$aUmao H$bmd§V gd©gm_mÝ` OrdZ OJUmao hmoVo. bmoH$na§naoVrM Vr gm_mÝ` _mUgo hmoVr. A{ÔmV dm

àñWm{nV dUm©Mr A{^ê$Mr Agbobo bmoH$ Ë`mV A^mdmZoM hmoVo. V_mem hm bmoH$-H$bmàH$ma hm bmoH$m§Zr

bmoH$m§gmR>r bmoH$m§Mm OrdZmZw d àH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm bmoH$H$bm àH$ma Amho.

birV …

_hmamï´>mÀ`m ^{º$ZmQ>çmV birV ho EH$ _hËdmMo ^{ŠVZmQ>ç AgyZ A{^{ZV ^mê$S>o åhUOo birV

Aer birVmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. birVmVrb ^mê$S>o hr H$odi dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrb g§Vm§MrM ^mê$S>o

ZgVmV, Va ZmW, _hmZw md XÎm Am{U g_W© Aem g§àXm`mMm n« mdhr birVmda nS>bobm {XgVmo. {H$§~hþZm

doJdoJù`m g§n«Xm`mMr birVo hr doJdoJir AgVmV. lram_ OÝ_ Am{U hZw_mZ O §Vr `m OÝ_moËgdmV gmXa

hmoUmè`m H$sV©ZmZ§Va birV gmXa H$aÊ`mMr na§nam AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Amho. CÎma _hmamï´>,_amR>dmS>m Am{U npíM_

_hmamï´>mVrb gm§Jbr Am{U nwUo {OëømV b{iVmMr na§nam Amho. _amR>dmS>çmVrb A§~S> Am{U A§~oOmoJmB©V

b{iVmMr na§nam Amho. A§~oOmoJmB©bm Xmgmon§VmÀ`m b{iVmMr na§nam Amho birVmÀ`m àgmX JmÊ`mV am_Xmg,

aKwdra-Xmg `m§Mo CëboI AmhoV. `mdê$Z birV gVamì`m eVH$mV gwpñWa hmoVo Ago åhUmdo bmJob.

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"gm|J AmUyZ Ho$bobo H$sV©Z Aer b{iVmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$moËgdmMo birV åhUOoM

XemdVmamMo birV, gm§n«Xm{`H$ birV, H$sV©ZmMo birV, Zm_gßVmhmMo birV, birV Am{U H«$sS>mñdê$nr

birV Ago birVmMo ghm àH$ma gd©gmYmaUnUo gm§{JVbo OmVmV. `m gd© àH$mamV AmnUmg \$magm oX H$aVm

oV Zmhr. "gm|Jo H$mTy>Z Ho$bobo g§H$sV©Z' AgoM Amnë`mbm birVm~Ôb åhUmdo bmJVo. gm§àXm{`H$ birV

XemdVmamMo birV Am{U-birV ho birVmMo VrZ àH$maM _hËdmMo _mZVm oVmV.

^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrH$moemV b{iVm{df`r AmUIr H$mhr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho-EH$ àmMrZ _amR>r ZmQ>çàH$ma

åhUyZ birVmMm C„oI Amho. Va _hmamï´> eãXH$moemV birV eãXmMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) ZdamÌmXr CËgdmÀ`m eodQ>À`m amÌr CËgd XodVm qghmgZm{Y{ð>V Pmbr Ago g_OyZ dmgwXod

X§S>rJmU B. B©ída^ŠVm§Mr gm|Jo AmUVmV. _J Vr gm|Jo ñdg§àXm`mZwê$n XodVobm àgmX _mZVmV. Am{U _J Vmo

àgmX g^mgXm§Zm dmQ>VmV.

2) CËgd àg§Jr gm|Jo AmUyZ ZmQ>H$mÀ`m àdoemà_mUo Ioi H$aVmV. S>m°. AmZ§X Hw$_mañdm_r `m§À`m_Vo

birV eãX brbm `m eãXmdê$Z ~Zbm Agmdm. Vo åhUVmV, _hmamï´>mVrb g§Vm§Zr lrH¥$îUbrboMo A §J

Jm{`bo AmhoV. Ë`mnyduMr _hmZw md na§namhr nyU© H¥$îU^ŠVrMrM Amho. Ë`mdéZ CËgdmÀ`m doir birV

H$aÊ`mMr àWm \$ma àmMrZ {XgVo. Ë`mnyduMr _hmZw md H$aU© mMr àWm \$ma àmMrZ {XgVo. _hmamï´>m_Yrb

{eënmVrb H¥$îUbrboÀ`m Xe©Zmdê$Z b{iVmV H¥$îUbrboMr gm|Jo Ho$br OmV Agmdr Ago dmQ>Vo.

_WwaoMr ~«O{dhma na§nam, ~§JmbMr H¥$îUbrbm ZmQ>Ho$, H$Zm©Q>H$s ^mJdV ZmQ>Ho$ d _hmamï´>mMr b{iVo

`mV nwîH$i gmå` Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. àmMrZ H$mir birVo H$er Ho$br OmV, `mMr _m{hVr {_iV Zmhr.

b{iVmMm _yi CÔoe doXmÝVmonXoe hm hmoVm d Ë`mV H$a_UyH$sgmR>r H$mhr gm|Jo AmUÊ`mV òoV. Ym{_©H$

CËgdmÀ`m eodQ>r hm¡er _§S>ir hm H$m ©H«$_ H$arV, Ë`mV H$a_UyH$ åhUyZ N>S>rXma, ^mbXma, MmonXma, dmgwXod,

X§S>rJmZ, Jm|Yir, dm¿`m-_wair, ~[ham, _wH$m, Am§Yim B. n§Mdrg-Vrg gm|Jo AmUrV. Ë`mMà_mUo XemdVmam§Mr

brbmhr XmIdrV. b{iVmMm eodQ> gm_mÝ`V: am_mH$Sy>Z amdUmMm dY H$aÊ`mV oB©. nmÌm§Mr gOmdQ> AWm©VM

Amo~S>-Ymo~S> Ago. {hbmbmV gmH$s KmbyZ qH$dm _embr noQ>dyZ Ë`mÀ`m COoS>mV ho Ioi hmoV. EH$moUrgmì`m

eVH$mÀ`m Ama§ r {dîUyXmg ^mdo `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobr ZmQ>Ho$ b{iVmer nwîH$ier OwiUmar hmoVr. Ë`mdê$Z Ago

åhUVm oB©b H$s AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r a§J y_rMm OÝ_ b{bVmVyZM Pmbm Agmdm.

b{iVmÀ`m g§X^m©V g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmV CëboI gmnS>VmV, qH$~hþZm VwH$mam_ JmWoV b{iV ho

ñdV§Ì àH$aU Amho.

J{iV Pmbr H$m`mŸ& ho{M b{iV n§T>aram`mŸ&

Ambo AdgmZm nmgrŸ& ê$n am{hbo _mZgrŸ&

qH$dm

Ambr birVmMr doiŸ& Agm gmdY g\$iŸ&

bmhmoH$am doUr ñ_amŸ& hmir hm {díd§ am &

46

H$m`m JirV hmoUo åhUOoM ñd-^mZ {dgaUo hmo , AmË_^mZmMm {dga nSy>Z B©ídamMo gm|J KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m

g§H$sV©ZmV VëbrZ hmoUo åhUOoM birV hmo . b{iVmMm _{h_m åhUOoM Zm_ g§H$sV©ZmMm _{h_m. g_W©

am_Xmgm§Zr H$sV©Zmer birVmMm g§~§Y OmoS>bm Amho.

H$sV©Z Pmbo birVŸ& ^mdmWm©Mm VmQ>r Xrn AmodmirVŸ&

Ago g_Wm©Zr åhQ>bo Amho. EHy$UM H$më`mÀ`m H$sV©ZmZ§Va b{iVmMm à`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. `mda

Aä`mgH$m§Mr EH$dmŠ`Vm Pmbobr Amho. b{iV ho gm§JVoMo ^pŠVZmQ>ç Amho. H$sV©Z Á`m g§àXm`mMo Ë`m

g§n«Xm`mÀ`m à^mdmImbr b{iV gmXa hmoV Ago. AmOhr Vo Ë`mM nÕVrZo gmXa hmoVo.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m à^mdmImbr AgUmè`m b{iVmÀ`m àma§ r "ê$n nmhVm bmoMZr' hm ê$nmMm A §J

d "gw§XaVo Ü`mZ C o {dQ>odarŸ&' hm Ü`mZmMm A §J åhQ>bm OmVmo. "{dÇ>b {dÇ>b' Aem JOamV gm§oJm§Mo AmJ_Z

Am{U {ZJ©_Z hmoV amhVo. b{iVmMo n{hbo gm§oJ {ZKÊ`mMr V`mar hmoVo. Voìhm _§JbVmaU Am{U àgmXmMm A §J

åhQ>bm OmVmo.

aËZO{S>V qghmgZŸ& dar ~¡gbo AmnUŸ&

Hw§$Mo T>iVr XmoZr ~mhrŸ& Odi amhr aIw_m~mB©Ÿ&

hm _§JbmMaUmMm A §J Pmë`mda {dÇb {dÇ>b Agm JOa hmoVmo d b{iVmg gm§oJmÀ`m ê$nmZo àma§ hmoVmo.

hmVmV n§MmaVrMo VmQ> KoD$Z ñÌr doemVrb ~mbH$ oVmV d àgmXmMm A §J gwê$ hmoVmo.

Xodm àgÝZ XoB© PS>H$arŸ& gX²Jwê$ Xodm àgmX XoB© Ÿ&&Y¥&&

àgmXmMm hm A §J g§në`mZ§Va "amÌ WmoS>r gm|Jo \$ma&' `m CŠVrà_mUo b{iVmV amÌâ gm|Jo gwê$ amhVmV. nU

àË oH$ gm|JmMm àha, H$mi hm R>abobm AgVmo.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrb b{iV Agmo AWdm XÎm qH$dm g_W© g§àXm`mVrb b{iV Agmo `mVrb gm|Jo gVV

XmoZ nmVù`m§da dmdaV AgVmV. gm|½`mMr EH$ na§nam bm¡{H$H$, nm{W©d, Eo{hH$, J«m_OZ, J«m_~mobr ñVamdaMr

AgVo. Va Xwgar na§nam nmabm¡{H$H$, Anm{W©d A{ÔZ, à_mU mfoMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmè`m ñVamdaMr AgVo. X¡dr

gm|Jo Am{U _mZdr gm|Jo Ago XmoZ ñVahr b{iVmV AgVmV. Ë`mVyZ X¡dr Am{U _mZdr nmVirdarb _yë` g§Kf©,

J«m_OZ Am{U A{ÔZ, g§Kf©, mfm g§Kf©, d¥Îmr g§H$a, dU© g§H$a, n§W g§H$a, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mOOrdZ g§H$a

Aem {d{dY nmVù`m§da b{iVmVrb gm|Jo {_adV AgVmV.

Y_© gÎmoMo à{V{ZYr AgUmao ~«måhU, amOgÎmoMo à{V{ZYr amOm qH$dm nmQ>rb, Am{W©H$VoMo gmdH$ma,

_madmS>r Am{U {d{dY XodXodVmMr gm|Jo Ago ~hþì`mg Ame`gyÌ b{iVmV AgVo. `m {d{dY gm|JmÀ`m

g§dmX-{damoYmVyZ b{iVmVbo ZmQ>ç Cô amhVo. g_mOmVrb {d{dY d¡JwÊ`mda ~moQ> R>odyZ `m d¡JwÊ`m§Mo Xe©Z,

X§^mMo Xe©Z b{iVmVrb gm|Jo KS>{dVmV. CXmhaUmW© `mÌoV Am§Yio AmhmoV Aer ~VmdUr H$ê$Z Mmoè`m

H$aUmao ^m_Q>o, PmS>nmë`mMr MwH$sMr Am¡fYo XoD$Z bmoH$m§Zm \$g{dUmao d¡Xy, XodmR>mB© ewÕ ^md Z R>odVm d

EH$mJ« Z amhVm ^ŠVm§Zm \$gdyZ bdH$a nyOm CaH$Umam, X{jUm bmQ>Umam ~«m÷U Aer d¡JwÊ`m§da H$moaS>o

47

AmoT>Ê`mMr na§nam b{iVmV {XgVo.

_¥X§J, Q>mi, drUm d hm_m}{Z`_ `m dmÚm§À`m gmWrZo gmXa hmoUmè`m b{iVmV Mmb Am{U Vmbm§Mo

{d{eï> g§Ho$V AgVmV. ÔZr g§J«h, b{iV g§J«h AmXr nwñVH$mV amJ, H$qbJS>m, Vmb-{ÌdQ>, Mmb-am_

Zm_go, amJ-naO, Vmb-{ÌdQ>, Aer erf©Ho$ AmT>iVmV. Ë`mdê$Z b{iVmMo nyduMo ÔZ AWdm H$sV©Z Ago

amJm-VmbmV ~m§Ybobo AmT>iVo.

nXJm`Z, nXmMr g§nmXUr-g§dmX, nwÝhm nXJm`Z Aem ì`m{_l ñdê$nmV gwê$ AgUmar, amÌâ

gm|JmÀ`m ê$nmZo gwê$ hmoUmar b{iVo AmVm H$mbm¡KmV H$_r gmXa hmoD$ bmJbr AmhoV. b{iVmVrb Ym{_©H$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ g§X^©M Zìho Va EHy$UM JmdJmS>çmMr ñdê$n ~Xbë`mZo b{iV na§namM AmVm

g§X^m©{hZ dmQy> bmJbr Amho. "nwamVZ H$miMo ZmQ>H$' hm bm¡{H$H$ b{iVmZo àmßV Ho$bobm Agbm Var H$mhr

AndmX dJiVm b{iVo nS>ÚmAmS> Jobr AgoM åhUmdo bmJob.

^mê$S> :

^mê$S> hm EH$ _amR>r nÚdmL²_`mMm àH$ma Amho. `mÛmao gmÜ`m ê$nH$m§_YyZ Ym{_©H$ Am{U Z¡{VH$

VËdkmZ gd©gm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. AZoH$ g§Vm§Zr g_mOà~moYZna ^mê$S>o {b{hbr

AmhoV. kmZoída Am{U Zm_Xod `m EH$ZmWnyd© VgoM VwH$mam_ am_Xmg `m EH$ZmWm Z§Va Pmboë`m g§Vm§Zr ^mê$S>o

{b{hbr. nU EH$ZmW _hmamOm§gmaIr {d{dYVm Ë`mV Zmhr.

"^mê$S>' `m eãXmMm eãXH$moemVrb AW© "YZJa' Agm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r _hmZw^md

n§WmÀ`m F$Õrnya dU©Z `m J§«WmMm AmYma KoD$Z "amVà oMo {Z KmoS>o, _|{T>`m e¥§JmaVr ^mê$S>o' Ago åhQ>bo Amho

_hm^maVmV eHw§$Vbm Am»`mZ,^mê$S> gm§J hm JrVàH$ma hmoVm. åhUOoM AWd©erfm©À`m aMZoMm H$mi hm gw_mao

2500 dfm©nyduMm hmoVm. Ë`mdê$Z"^mê$S>' hm eãX {H$_mZ 2000 df} BVH$m àmMrZ AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

doXH$mir d doXmoÎmaH$mir oWo àg§Jr àmH¥$V bmoH$m§Mo kmZnXmMo H$a_UyH$s¨Mo àH$ma hmoV. Ë`mVyZ d¡{XH$ Xod d

Ë`m§À`m em¡ ©àg§JmMr ñVwVr Jm`br Om`Mr. `mkrH$ bmoH$m§Z§Va `kmMr OmJm XodnyOoZo Va g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMr OmJm

n«mH¥$V ^mfoZo KoVbr. Voìhm H$mb_mZmZwgma nmbQ>Vo ê$n KoD$Z kmZnX dmS²._` ^mê$S> ñdê$nmV Ambo Agmdo

^mê$S>mMo CJ_ ñWmZ åhUOo h[aH$rV©Z Am{U H$sV©Zna§naoMo OZH$ åhUOo Zm_Xod _hmamO. g§V Zm_Xod ZmMyZ

Oo H$sV©Z H$am`Mo Ë`mbm b{iV åhUVmV. Am{U b{iVmVyZ ê$nH$mMm OÝ_ Pmbm. AÜ`mË_ gm§Jm`Mo Vo

EImÚm Jmoï>r_YyZ qH$dm ê$nH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^mê$S>mMm àYmZ hoVy H$m` Amho."~hþê$T>' `m eãXmMm An §«e

"^mê$S>' Pmbm Agohr H$mhtMo _V Amho.

ñdê$n …

g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr ^mê$S>mbm EH$m doJù`m C§Mrda Zobo. _hmamï´>mV ^mê$S> åhQ>b§ H$s g§V EH$ZmWM

dmMH$m§À`m d lmoË`m§À`m S>moù`mg_moa oVmV. EdT>§ AZ_mob H$m © g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr Ho$bo Amho. g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m

^mê$S>m§VyZ Ë`m§Mm AmÜ`m{_H$ AZw d AJXr gmoß`m ^mfoV _m§S>bm Jobm Amho. gXmMma Am{U ZrVr `mda Ë`m§Mm

\$ma _moR>m â hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmbm H$iUmar ^mfm d nobUmao VËdkmZ Ë`m§À`m ^mê$S>mV AmT>iVo. ZmWm§À`m

48

^mê$S>mV {df`m§Mr {d{dYVm Iyn Amho. gmè`m OrdZmMo AdbmoH$Z Am{U qMVZ `m ^mê$S>m§_YyZ ì`º$ Pmbo

Amho. ^mê$S>m§À`m aMZoV AÜ`mË_, _Zmoa§OZ, Xmof-XwJ©Um§Mo ÔZ VgoM JwT>Jw§OZ Amho. ^mê$S> {b{hÊ`mÀ`m

à`moOZmdê$Z d aMZm g§Ho$Vmdê$Z EH$ZmWm§Mr ^mê$S>o hr AmÜ`m{Ë_H$, CÕmoYZ, à~moYZ d bmoH$a§OZ

gmYÊ`mgmR>r H$o$bobr ê$nH$mË_H$ ñ\w$Q> aMZm hmo . åhUyZM g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mV Oo ñWmZ nwamUm§Mo Amho VoM g§V

dmS>._`mV ^mê$S>m§Mo Amho ^mê$S> aMZm§_Ü o ZmQ>çVËdo R>mgyZ âbobr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ZmQ>çê$nm§Va

ghOVoZo hmoVo.

^mê$S> hm à~moYZmgmR>r Cn wº$ Agm H$mì`àH$ma Agë`mZo ~è`mM g§àXm`m§Zr Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z

KoVbm Amho. g§ñH¥$V qH$dm àmH¥$V ^mfoV ^mê$S> hm eãX ^mê$S> `m JrV àH$mambm CÔoeyZ Oar Agbm Var

`m ^mfm§_Ü o ^mê$S> aMZm CnbãY Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^mê$S `m H$mìàMZoMm CJ_ hm _amR>r ^mfVoM Pmbm g§V

kmZoída hoM ^mê$S>mMo AmÚaMZmH$ma AgmdoV Agm EH$ àdmh _mZVmo. _mÌ Ë`m AmYrhr ^mê$S>o àM{bV hmoVr.

g§V EH$ZmW _hmamOm§Zr ^mê$S> `m H$mìàMZobm {eIamda ZoD$Z nmohmoM{dbo.

^mê$S>mVrb {df` ho gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m n{aM`mMo d {ZË`mÀ`m ì`dhmamV dmdaUmao d AmT>iUmao

AgVmV. ì`dgm` ZmVr-JmoVr, gm_m{OH$ d¥{ÎmXe©Z, Jmd X¡dr y{_H$m, yV-{nemƒ, new-njr, gU Am{X

~mH$s Ago {d{dY {df` EH$ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>mV {XgyZ oVmV.

^mê$S>mMo àH$ma …- _amR>r gm{hË` {dídmV bmoH${à` Agboë`m ^mê$S>mMo àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$ma

AmhoV. ÔZr ^mê$S>, gm|Jr ^mê$S>, Am{U Hw$Q> ^mê$S> Ago ho VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.ÔZr ^mê$S> ho H$sV©ZmgmaIo

AgVo. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo gmXa H$aÊ`mè`m ì`ŠVrMm nmoemI hm gd©gmYmaUM AgVmo. ^mê$S> H$mì`mVrb Ame`

H$Yr nÚ d H$Yr JÚ ñdê$nmV gmXa Ho$bm OmVmo. gm|Jr ^mê$S>mV ^mê$S>mÀ`m Ame`mZwgma gm|J AmUyZ Vo gmXa

H$aVmV. Á`m_Ü o nmoemI d gm{hË` AmqXMm g_mdoe AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV ^mê$S>mÀ`m Ame`mZwgma gm|J AmUyZ

gmXa H$amd`mÀ`m ^mê$S>mbm gm|Jr ^mê$S> åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr. Hw$Q>^mê$S>' hm àH$ma WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo

darb XmoÝhr àH$mamgmaImM AgVmo. nU Ë`m_Ü o dada Omo AW© à{Vq~~rV hmoVmo Vmo ZgyZ Ë`mMm AW© bmdmdm

bmJVmo. bú`m`m©À`m Ñï>rZo AW© g_OyZ KoVbm VaM Vmo g_Oy eH$Vmo. CXm. qMMoÀ`m nmZr EH$ Xodmb`

C^m[abo AmYr H$ig _J nm`m ao ' qH$dm _w§Jr ì`mbr qeJr Pmbr. {VMo XyY {H$Vr, gVam am§OZ ^ê$Z Jobo,

nobo ~mam hÎmr' Aem ñdê$nmMm Ame` hm bjnyd©H$ g_OmdyZ KoVbm VaM ^mê$S> g_Oy eH$Vo.

gmXarH$aU …- g§V EH$ZmW _hmamOm§Zr 450 dfm©nydu "ES>H$m' `m ^mê$S>mMr aMZm Ho$br hmoVr.

EH$ZmWm§Mr Aer ê$nHo$ gÜ`mMo EMAm`ìhr/ ES>ggmaIo AmOma amoIÊ`mgmR>r V§VmoV§V bmJy nS>VmV. åhUyZM

amÁ`mÀ`m ES>g² {Z`Ì§U g§ñWoÛmao AmO bmoH$H$boÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^mê$S>m§Mm Cn`moJ

Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH${ejUmgmR>r g§Vm§Zr ^mê$S>m§Mr aMZm Ho$br. ^mê$S> ho ZwgVo Jm`ZmZo XmIdm`Mo ZgVo Va

Ë`m§Mo g§nmXZ hr H$amdo bmJVo. ^mê$S>mV ~«÷kmZmbm Jmoï>rMo ê$n XoD$Z _Zmoa§OZ H$amdo bmJVo. VgoM ^mê$S>

åhUUmar ì`ŠVr hr AÜ`m`m~amo~a ZQ>hr Agmdr bmJVo. `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMr gm§JS> KmVbr Joë`m_wioM ^mê$S>m§Zr

OZ _Zmoa§OZmMr gmYZo åhUyZ eVH$mZweVHo$ bmoH$ {ejUmMo d ñdY_© OmJ¥VrMo H$m © Ho$bo Amho. hrM ^mê$S>o

b{iVmV A{^Z` H$ê$Z g§ mfUo Q>mHy$Z åhQ>br OmVmV. Am{U åhUyZM b{iVmMo ~rO ^mê$S>mV Amho Ago

49

åhQ>bo OmVo. _amR>r g§Vm§Zr àm¡T> gw{ejrV OZm§gmR>r ^mJdV, kmZoídar JmWm, A_¥VmZw d Aem àH$maÀ`m

J§«Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. VgoM BVa gd©OZm§Zmhr na_mWm©Mm AmZ§X KoVm `mdm d AÜ`mË_ gwb^ ìhmdo åhUyZ

^mê$S>m§Mr ì`dñWm Ho$br. hm EH$ dmaH$ar H$bmAm{dîH$ma Amho.

àojH$ …- àojH$ hm KQ>H$ gmXarH$aUmÀ`m H$bmàH$mamer {ZJS>rV Amho. _hmamï´>r` g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o AZoH$

bmoH$H$bm àH$ma ê$T> Pmbobo AmhoV. g_mOmÀ`m _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmboë`m H$bmàH$mam§Mo gmXarH$aU

H$arV AgVmZm àojH$ hm Ë`m_Üò _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. àojH$ åhUOo gmXa hmoUmè`m H$bmàH$mam§Mm

Ñí`mË_H$ Am{dîH$ma ~KÊ`mgmR>r Ambobm bmoH$g_yh hmo . bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m {ZIi _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r bmoH$OrdZmV

bmoH${à` Agbobo H$bmàH$ma åhUOo V_mem Am{U ^mê$S> hmo . b{iV hmhr àH$ma bmoH$a§OZmgmR>rM Oar

CX`mg Ambm Agbm Var Ë`mnmR>r_mJo ^ŠVrM§ gyÌ AgV§. nU V_mem hm àH$ma Img H$ê$Z bmoH$m§À`m

_Zmoa§OZmgmR>r CX`mg Ambm. bmoH$g_yhmZohr Ë`mbm bmoH${à`VoÀ`m H$igmda ZoD$Z R>odbm. _hmamï´>r` _mUyg

V_mem {à` Amho. Vgm Vmo h[aH$sV©ZmÀ`m ^ŠVragmVhr ÝhmD$Z {ZKVmo. nU H$sV©ZmË`m OmUmam dJ© hm

lmoË`m§À`m KQ>H$m_Üò _moS>Vmo. àojH$ hm KQ>H$ _mÌ \$ŠV Am{U \$ŠV H$a_UyH$sgmR>r gmXa hmoUmè`m

H$bmàH$mamV _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr ^mê$S>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr H$a_UyH$sVyZ g_mO à~moYZmgmR>r

Ho$br. ^mê$S>mÀ`m gmXarH$aUmVhr n«ojH$ _hÎdmMmM KQ>H$ AgVmo. Oo gmXa hmoV AgVo Vo ~KUmam dJ© åhUOo

àojH$ hmo Ago AmnUmg åhUVm. oB©b Ë`m àojH$ dJm©ZoM AmOn ªV AZoH$ bmoH$H$bmàH$ma g_¥Õ Ho$bo

àojH$M Oa ZgVrb Va H$moUVoM H$bm àH$ma gmXa hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. åhUyZ gmXarH$aUmÀ`m H$bmàH$mamV

àojH$ hm KQ>H$ _hËdnyU© _mZbm OmVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV dmL>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ KQ>H$mVyZ Á`m H$mhr Jmoï>r qH$dm KQ>H$m§Zm _hËd XoÊ`mV oVo

Ë`mV àojH$ hmhr KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm Amho. V_mem, b{iV, ^mê$S> `m gmXarH$aU hmoUmè`m H$bm AmhoV qH$dm

H$bmàH$ma AmhoV. Vo àojH$m{edm` hmoD$M eH$V ZmhrV.

lmoVm …- dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ KQ>H$m§_Ü o lmoVm hm KQ>H$hr VodT>mM _hËdmMm Amho àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ AmOAIoa Oo dmL>_` {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho Ë`mV lmoË`mMm AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd Amho. àmMrZ

H$mimV ~hþVm§e J§«Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr lmoË`m§nwT>oM Pmbobr Amho. am_mÙ hm ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm _hÎdnyU© J§«W

_h{f© dmpë_H$s¨Zr Aml_mVrb lmoË`mnwT>oM H$WZ Ho$bm. _hm^maVhr n[a{jV amOmZo OZ_oO`mbm gm§{JVbm

lrH¥$îUmZo lr_X^JdV JrVm hr AO©wZ lmoVm hmoVm åhUyZM gm§{JVbr. g§V kmZoídam§Zr Amnbm kmZoídar J§«W

Zodmgo oWrb lmoË`m§nwT>o gm§{JVbm. g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr Ag§»` lmoË`m§À`m nwT>o H$sV©Z Ho$bo.åhUOoM nwamUH$mi qH$dm

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimV dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr lmoË`m§À`m gmjrZoM Pmbobr Amho. g§V kmZoída Va lmoË`m§Mo _hËd

ñnï> H$aVmZm åhUVmV. "dŠVm Vmo dº$m{M ZìhoŸ& lmoVo{dUoŸ&' åhUOoM gm§JUmam dŠVm {H$Vr {dX²dmZ dm kmZr

Agbm Var lmoË`m{edm` Ë`mbm H$mhrhr AW© CaV Zmhr.

WmoS>Š`mV dŠË`m§Zo àH$Q> Ho$bobo {ddoMZ EH$Q>çmZo qH$dm g_yhmZo EoH$bo OmVo. Vo EoH$Ê`mMm Omo

bmoH$g_yh AgVmo Ë`mbm lmoVm åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr. hmM lmoVm KQ>H$ àm_w»`mZo ^ŠVrÀ`m joÌmVM

AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmo. AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`m»`mZm§Mo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV AgVmV Vo EoH$Ê`mgmR>r Omo

E_.E.^mJ 2 : dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr (43) /4

50

bmoH$g_yh O_m hmoVmo. Ë`mbmhr lmoVmM åhUVmV. àdMZ,H$sV©Z,nwamU EoH$Ê`mgmR>r Omo bmoH$g_yh O_m hmoVmo

Ë`mbmhr lmoVmM åhUVmV. lmoË`m{edm` ho àH$ma hmoD$M eH$V ZmhrV.

{Zê$nU …- dmL>²_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ KQ>H$m§_Ü o {Zê$nUmbmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. {Zê$nU åhUOo

{ddoMZ, ñnï>rH$aU Ago AmnUmg åhUVm oB©b.nU {Zê$nU ho àdMZm§V qH$dm H$sV©ZmVM Agy eH$Vo. àdMZ

H$aUmam _hmamO EImÚm Amodrda {Zê$nU H$aVmo VgmM H$sV©ZH$ma EImÚm A §Jmda {Zê$nU Amnë`m H$sV©ZmV

H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio {Zê$nU `m dmL²>_`rZ KQ>H$m§Mm g{dñVa nam_e© àdMZ d H$sVZo `m KQ>H$m§_Üò

g{dñVanUo KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

àdMZ …- Xod-XodVm§À`m nyOoÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo g_ma§ mgmR>r O_boë`m bmoH$m§Zm VoWrb nwamo{hV AmMm © qH$dm Jwê$

Ë`m nyOoMm AW© g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV. Ë`mdoir åhQ>bo Jobobo ñVmoÌ, _§Ì `m§Mm AW© d H$m ©H$maU^md bmoH$m§Zm

gm§JÊ`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Y_©, AW©emó, nwamUo `mVrb kmZ bmoH$m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbo OmVo. `mbmM àdMZ Ago

åhQ>bo OmVo. ho àdMZ H$arV AgVm nyOZr` XodVoMo dU©Z H$ê$Z Ë`mbm AZwê$n Aem H$Wm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV.

VgoM Ym{_©H$ VËdkmZmMohr {ddaU H$ê$Z gm§JVmV. àdMZ ho _w»`V… nyOm H$aUmam Ò_mZ d nËZr `m§Zr

EoH$m`Mo AgVo, Agm _yi àKmV hmoVm. H$maU àdMZmMo ldU Ho$ë`m{edm` nyOoMr dm ÔZmMr nyU© g_már

Pmbr Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr, Agm EH$g_O hmoVm. Ë`m_wio àdMZ hr nyOoZ§VaMr EH$ Amdí`H$ Jmoï> hmoD$Z

~gbr hmoVr. nyOoZ§Va gdm©g_doV H$Wm ldU qH$dm Y_m©~Ôb AÜ`mË_m~Xb H$mhr Jmoï>r EoH$Ê`mMr àWm

åhUOoM àdMZ Ago àdMZ ldU Ho$ë`m{edm` nyOoMr nyU© g_már Pmbr Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr.

"àdMZ' hm eãX n«W_ V¡{Var` Cn{ZfXmÀ`m {ejmdëbrV Ambm Amho. `kH$_m©_Ü o AmMm`m©Zo àdMZ

H$amd`mMo AgVo. _w»`V… Ym{_©H$ ì`º$sÀ`m Kar Agboë`m Xoìhmè`mnwT>o, Xodim_Ü o, g_mYrñWmZmV gmYy§À`m

_R>mV Y_©emókmZo qH$dm VËddoË`mZo àdMZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobr Amho.hr àWm

O¡Z _§{XamV M¡Ë` _§{XamV qH$dm ~m¡ÜX _R>mVhr Aì`mhV na§naoZo Mmbw Amho àdMZH$Vm© Z {_imë`mg àdMZ

dmMyZM, `knyOm, àmW©Zm d ÔZ Ho$ë`mZohr nyU© nwÊ` {_iVo. Aer Ym{_©H$m§Mr lÕm Amho. àdMZmÀ`m `moJmZo

Ë`m nwÊ`mV â nS>Vo.

àdMZ H$aÊ`m_mJo Agboë`m ^mdZoMm `mo½` dmna gd© Y_©g§ñWm§Zr H$ê$Z KoVbm. Amnmnë`m Y_m©Mm

àMma àgma H$ê$Z Amnë`m Y_m©Mo n§WmMo VËdkmZ d AmMmaY_© gd©gm_mÝ`m§n`©V nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r gd©

Y_©g§ñWm§Zr Amnë`m Y_m©Mm àgma d àMma àdMZmÀ`m gmømZo H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio àdMZ ho

Y_©àgmamMo EH$ à_wI gmYZ ~Zbo. n«dZmMr gdm©V OwZr àWm {¼ñVr Y_m©V Agë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo.

{¼ñVr Y_m©Vrb àdMZ …- {¼ñVr Y_m©À`m ~hwVoH$ gd© n§Wr` MM©_Ü o àË oH$ a{ddmar Ym{_©H$

CnmgZm hmoVo. Ë`mdoir CnmgZoÀ`m {Z`mo{OV H$m`©H«$_mV àdMZmbm EH$ {d{eï> ñWmZ AgVo. àdMZmV

d¡Mm[aH$ {__m§gm d H$Yr-H$Yr g§emoYZmË_H$ {ddoMZ `m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. àdMZ ho B©ídar {dÚoda

AmYmarV AgVo. àdMZ ho ì`mgnrR>mdê$ZM {Xbo OmVo. d Vo MM©_Yrb CnmgZoMo EH$ A§J Agë`m_wio

~m`~b_Yrb EImÚm ^mJmda qH$dm dMZmda AmYm[aV AgVo. ~m`~bZwgma na_oída hm Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr

Agbobm _mZd, Ë`mÀ`mer Oo ~mobbm d Amnbo Oo _ZmoJV ì`º$ Ho$bo VoM {dMma {deof kmZ àmá Pmboë`m

51

"nmon' Ûmao gd©Ì nmohmoMdyZ _mZdmer Amnbm g§nH©$ H$m`_ amIVmo. nU àdMZmV ì`º$ Pmbobo na_oídamMo

{dMma gÚ… n[apñWVrbm AZwbjyZ AgVmV. MM©_Yrb àdMZmMr hr nmíd© y_r Agë`mZo àdMZ ho EH$

{Z`_~Õ emñÌ Pmbo Amho.

qhXy Y_m©Vrb àdMZ na§naoMo ñdê$n …- àdMZmV _mZdr {dMmam§Mo àm~ë` dmT>Ê`mMr ^rVr

Agë`m_wio H$mhr n§WmV àdMZmMo ñdê$n àm_w»`mZo CnXoena R>odÊ`mV oVo. qhXy Y_m©V àdMZ hr àdMZ `m

ZmdmZo Oar \$ma nydunmgyZ àMbrV Zgbr Var gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U H$aUmam EH$ ñÌmoV `m ZmË`mZo

nwamU-ldUmÀ`m na§naoMm CëboI H$aVm oB©b. `mXd H$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Agbobr nwamU-H$WZ ldUmMr

na§nam _Ü``wJrZ _hmamï´>mV I§{S>V Pmbobr ZìhVr. `mXd H$mimV CX`mg Ambobo XmoZ à_wI g§àXm` :

_hmZw md g§àXm` d dmaH$ar g§àXm` `m XmoÝhr g§àXm`mV hr nwamU H$WZmMr-ldUmMr na§nam {XgVo. _hmZw d

g§àXm`mMo g§ñWmnH$ lr MH«$Yañdm_r Va amoOM {eî`m§Zm CnXoe H$adyZ Or MMm© H$arV Agë`mMo CëboI

gmnS>VmV. Ë`mMo ñdê$n àdMZmMoM Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`mH$mir nwamU-ldUmMm Am{U nwamUmoŠV Y_m©À`m

AmMaUmMm _mJ© gd© dJm©H$[aVm Iwbm Agë`mZo Y_m©Mo nwamUmoŠV ñdê$nM g_mOmbm àm_w»`mZo _mJ©Xe©Z

H$arV hmoVo. Y_m©Mo ñdê$n "l¥Vrñ_¥Vr nwamUmoŠV' Agë`mMr H$ënZm ê$T> Pmë`mZ§Va H$Wm-Am»`mZmMm g§J«h

Agboë`m nwamUm§Zm Y_©J«§WmMr à{Vð>m bm^br. BVHo$M Zìho Va {ZË` nwamU-ldU ho Y_m©MamMo EH$ A§J hmoD$Z

~gbo. {Za{Zamù`m J§«WmV Amboë`m amOY_© {Zê$nUmV amOmÀ`m {ZË` {XZMM}V nwamU-ldUmMm A§V^m©d

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. "brimM[aÌmV' gd©k MH«$Ya AiOnya oWo A§~rZmWmÀ`m Xodmb`mV nwamU-ldUmW© OmV

Agë`mMm CëboI Amho. dZmH«$m§V _hmamï´>mV nwamUm§À`m AmYmamZo Y_©OmJ¥VrMo à`ËZ hmoV AgmdoV Ë`mg§~§YrMo

CëboI _{hH$mdVrÀ`m ~IarV gmnS>VmV.

nwamU dmL_` åhUOo `m gm{hË`mÀ`m H$WZ-ldUmÀ`m `moJmZo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmda AË §V _hËdmMo

g§ñH$ma Pmbo. ho g§ñH$ma _Ü` wJmnwaVoM am{hbo ZmhrV. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimVhr Vo H$m ©j_ am{hbo. m na§naoZo g_mOmg

kmZngmamMo AË §V à^mdr _mÜ`_ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo. AmO kmZàgmamMr AZoH$ gmYZo CnbãY AmhoV. nU

àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ maVmV _mÌ Vo EH$_od gmYZ hmoVo. Y_©VËd gXmMma g_mOmÀ`m gd© Wamn ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo

H$m © m na§naoZo Ho$bo. m na§naoMo gm_Ï © bjmV KoD$ZM àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ gm{hË`mVrb AZoH$ J«§W g§dmXmË_H$

Pmbobo AmhoV. Jwê$-{eî` g§dmX d lmoVm-dŠVm g§dmX AgoM `m J«§Wm§Mo ñdê$n AgyZ ho J«§W gm§JÊ`mV Ambobo

AmhoV. kmZoídarMo CXmhaU KoVbo Va Ago {XgVo H$s, kmZoídar lmoË`m§À`m g_wXm`mV gm§{JVbobr Amho. g_J«

kmZoídar hr lmoVm-dŠVm-g§dmXmË_H$ Amho. _yi JrVm J§«W-gwÕm g§dmXmË_H$M Amho. kmZoídarg Ago g§dmXmMo

ñdê$n oÊ`mg H$maU J«§WàgmamMr VËH$mbrZ nÕVr hoM XoVm oB©b. ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z lmoVm na§naoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

àñV¥V hmoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZoM hm J§«W AmH$mambm Ambm Amho.

hmM àH$ma EH$ZmWr mJdVmV AmT>iVmo. m J«§WmV hr lmoË`m§Mr {dZdUr Amho. àíZmoÎmao AmhoV. g_WmªÀ`m

Xmg~moYmMm àma§ M _wir "lmoVo nwgVr H$dU J§W' `m AmodrZo Pmbobm Amho. Xmg~moYmV lmoË`mMr d dŠË`mMr

bjUo {dñVmamZo Ambobr AmhoV. EH§$XarVM kmZoídar, EH$ZmWr ^mJdV, Xmg~moY dJ¡ao J«§W gm§JÊ`mV Ambobo

AmhoV. lmoË`m§Zr Vo ldU Ho$bobo AmhoV. H$WZ-ldUmMr hr na§nam nwT>À`m H$mimV n§{S>Vr n§anaoVhr {XgVo.

52

qH$~hþZm n§{S>Vm§Zr hr na§nam Omonmgbr, dmT>{dbr Ago åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV nwamUmVë`m

AZoH$ H$Wm-Am»`mZmMm àgma ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z Pmbm. ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z gmVË`mZo KS>Umè`m nwamU-ldUmZo

g_mOmÀ`m gd© WamV gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^gaU eŠ` Pmbo. nwamU-H$WZ-ldUmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm bjmV KoD$Z

AÝ` J«§Wm§Mm àgmahr ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z hmoD$ bmJbm. àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ _amR>r gm{hË`mZo hr na§nam nwT>o Mmb{dbr.

`m na§naoMm AmXe© _mZyZ _Ü` wJmV J«§WboIZ d J«§Wàgma Pmbm. gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _wë`m§Mm àgma

Am{U g_mO à~moYZ `m§Zm hr na§nam àoaH$ R>abr. g_mOmÀ`m {df_ n[apñWVrVhr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OmonmgZoMo H$m_

`m na§naoZo Ho$bo, Ë`m~amo~aM gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr d àgmam `m na§naoÛmam Pmbo Ago åhUmdo bmJob.

H$sV©Z :- B©ídamMr AmamYZm H$aÊ`mMo ^ŠVrMo EH$ gwb^ gmYZ åhUyZ H$sV©Zmbm {deof _hËd Amho. H$sV©Z

`m eãXmMm AW© ñVdZ H$aUo, ^ŠVr H$aUo, na_oídamMo JwUdU©Z H$aUo, _hmËå` gm§JUo Agm Amho.

""ldU§, H$sV©Z§, {dîUmo: ñ_aU§, nmXgodZ_² Ÿ&&''

""AM©Z§, d§XZ§, Xmñ`, g» §, AmË_{ZdoXZ_² Ÿ&&''

`m Zd{dYm ^ŠVrn¡H$s Xwgam àH$ma åhUyZ H$sV©Zmbm _hËd Amho. H$sV©Z g§ñWoMm CX` ^ŠVrÀ`m CÔoemZo

Pmbobm Agbm Var Ho$di ^ŠVr hmM CÔoe H$sV©ZmZo Omonmgbobm Zmhr. ^ŠVr~amo~aM gXmMma ZrVr, AmXe©

OrdZ B. _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm Amnë`m OrdZmV H$amdr `m CÔoemZo H$sV©Z g§ñWm CX`mbm Ambr. {edm` _Zmoa§OZ

d CX²~moYZ hmhr hoVy Ë`mV hmoVm.

H$sV©ZmMr na§nam/ àmMrZVm …- Cn{ZfX H$mimV H$sV©ZmMo C„oI AmT>iVmV. Ago Agbo Va

nwamUH$mimV hr g§ñWm C{O©V AdñWoV Agmdr Ago C„oI {d{dY nwamUm§VyZ AmT>iVmV. àOmnVr ~«÷Xodmg

ZmaXmZo {dMmabo H$s, "H$mirH$mimnmgyZ _r VaoZ Agm Cnm` _bm gm§Jm'' `mda "H$sV©Z' hmM EH$_od Cnm`

~«÷mZo gwM{dbm, `m{edm` {dîUwnwamU, ñH§$XnwamU Am{XË`nwamU B. n«_wI nwamUJ§«WmVyZ H$sV©Z{df`H$ C„oI

AmhoV. ZmaX hm n{hbm H$sV©ZH$ma hmo . VXZ§Va "Vw§~a ewH«$Xod gZH$m{XH$ Ago H$sV©ZH$ma hmoD$Z Jobo. `m§Mo

CëboI nwamU J§«Wm§_Ü o AmT>iyZ oVmV.

_hmamï´>mVrb H$sV©Zna§nam …- _hmamï´>mVrb H$sV©Zna§naoMm _mJmodm KoV AgVm Ago {XgVo H$s,B.g.

1289 bm H$m{V©H$ ewÕ EH$mXerbm g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr ZmaXà{UV H$sV©Zn§anaoMo nwZê$‚mrdZ Ho$bo. gd©gm_mÝ` ór

ewÐm§Zm ^ŠVrMm A{YH$ma {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m à_wI hoVyZo d Ë`m§Zm kmZr H$ê$Z _wŠVrÀ`m _mJm©da AmUyZ

gmoS>Ê`mgmR>r H$sV©Zna§nam gwê$ Ho$br. "ZmMy H$sV©ZmMo a§Jr/kmZXrn bmdy OJrŸ&' `m à_wI à`moOZmVyZ "Amåhm

gmnS>bo d_©/H$ê$ ^mJdV Y_©/' `m ^mJdV Y_m©À`m àMma Am{U àgmamgmR>rM _hmamï´>mV H$sV©Zna§nam CX`mg

Ambr. qhXy Y_m©Vrb MmVwd©Ê`© g_mOì`dñWm, Y_©_mV©S>m§Mm H$_©R>nUm, A§YlÕm `mbm H§$Q>miyZ AgoM

"dUmªZm_ ~«m÷Umo Jwê$' hr OÝ_mbm KmVboMr OmMH$ AQ> CYiyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r "gmYy Wmoa OmUm gË ² Wmoa

OmJm/gmYy Wmoa OmUm H${b wJr' hoM gyÌ {Ìdma gm§JÊ`mgmR>r g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr H$sV©Zna§nam gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`mgmR>r

H$sV©Zmbm Cn wº$ Agm "A §J' H$mì`àH$ma àW_M OÝ_mbm KmVbm åhUyZ _hmamï´>mV H$sV©ZmMo CX²Jmdo åhUyZ

g§V Zm_Xodm§H$S>o nhmdo bmJob. hoM H$sV©Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo EH$ A{d^mÁ` A§J ~Zbo Amho.

53

g§V Zm_Xodm§À`m H$sV©ZmMo CëboI H$mhr A §Jm_YyZ Ambobo AmhoV. g§V Zm_Xod H$sV©Z H$arV AgVmZm

àË`j nm§Sw>a§J Ë`m§À`m H$sV©ZmV oD$Z ZmMV hmoVm.Zm_Xod H$sV©Z H$ar nwT>o Xod ZmMo nm§Sw>a§JŸ&' Agm nË`j

AZw d Ë`m§ZrM gm§{JVbm Amho." nwamU Am{U H$sV©Z EH$ AZw~§Y' `m boImV Aê$Um T>oao åhUVmV."Y_©

g§ñWoÀ`m ~¡R>H$sda bmoH$_Vmer g§dmX gmYÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ nwamU H$WZmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. `m _mÜ`_mbm

A{YH$ bmoH$m{^_wI H$aVmZm bmoH$g§nH©$ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Ë`mMr j_Vm dmT>dVmZm ZmQ>ç dŠV¥Ëd g§JrVmXr

H$bm§Mr OmoS> Ë`mbm {_imbr Am{U Ë`mVyZM H$sV©Z Cô amhrbo'' 13 ì`m eVH$mV gwê$ Pmbobr hr

H$sV©Zna§nam AmOhr VodT>çm g_¥ÕnUo C^r Amho H$sV©Z ho _hmamï´>mMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡ d Amho Vo R>m_nUo Z_yX

H$am`bm haH$V Zmhr.

H$sV©ZmMo ñdê$n…- H$sV©Z hm EH$ à`moJ Amho, Ë`mV à`moJmË_H$Vm Amho. Ë`mbm àm`mo{JH$ _yë`

Amho.H$sV©Z EoH$m`Mo AgVo. AZw dm`Mo AgVo. nhmd`mMo AgVo Am{U åhUyZM H$sV©Zmbm à`moJ {gÜX H$bm

åhUVmV. H$sV©ZmV g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç d H$mì` `m§Mm {_bm\$ Pmbobm AgVmo. åhUyZ H$sV©Z hr EH$ bmoH$H$bm

Amho. Ë`mV gm_w{hH$Vm _hËdmMr AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV gm_w{hH$ ^ŠVtMm Am{dîH$ma åhUOo H$sV©Z hmo .

H$sV©ZmMo àH$ma …- _hmamï´>mMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡d^ AgUmè`m H$sV©ZmMr bmoH${à`mV Am{U Cn`mo{JVm _yë`

AmOÀ`m H$mimVhr Vg² a H$_r Pmbobr Zmhr. `m H$sV©ZmMo àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

1 Zm_g§H$sV©Z 2) JwUg§H$sV©Z 3) brbm H$sV©Z `m ñdê$nmÀ`m H$sVªZ nÕVr åhUOo B©ída

^ŠVrMr gmYZo AmhoV. AmO H$sV©ZmMm Omo à`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMo ñdê$nhr `mà_mUoM Amho.gm_mÝ`V…

H$sV©ZmV na_oídamÀ`m JwUm~amo~aM nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZ H$WZ Ho$bo OmVo. H$sV©Z nyd©a§J d CÎma§J `m XmoZ ^mJmV

Ho$bo OmVo. nyd©a§JmV na_oídamM§ JwUJmZ A §J {Zê$nU AgyZ CÎmaa§JmV Am»`mZ AgVo. eodQ>r AmaVr Ho$br

OmVo. `m g§nyU© H$sV©ZmV drUm, Q>mi, _¥X§J, nIdmO B. dmÚm§Mm g§JrVmgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo

_hmamï´>mV gmXa hmoUmè`m H$sV©ZmMo àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. 1) dmaH$ar H$sV©Z 2) ZmaXr` H$sV©Z

3) am_Xmgr H$sV©Z

1) dmaH$ar H$sV©Z …- dmaH$ar H$sV©ZmVhr nyd©a§J Am{U CÎmaa§J Ago XmoZ ^mJ AgVmV. nyd©a§JmV Z_Z,

Ë`mZ§Va A §JmMm MaU KoD$Z H$sV©ZH$ma {Zê$nUmg gwê$dmV H$aVmo. MaUmMm ^mdmW© gm§JVmZm H$sV©ZH$ma

agmi dmUrZo {d{dY Ñï>m§V gm§JyZ _yi Ame` A{YH$ Iwb{dVmo. bhmZ-bhmZ H$Wmhr gm§JVmo Ë`mbm Ñï>m§V

Ago åhUVmV. _YyZ- _YyZ {dÇ>b- {dÇ>b `m Zm_ÔZmMm JOahr Ho$bm OmVmo. nyd©a§J g§në`mda CÎmaa§Jmbm

gwê$dmV hmoVo {Zê$nUmMm A §J nwÝhm åhQ>bm OmVmo. gd©OU nwÝhm Zm_mMm d nw§S>{bH$ daXm har {dÇ>bMm JOa

H$aVmV. CÎmaa§JmV A §JmMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmVo. _YyZ _YyZ g_mOOrdZmVrb KQ>Zm ì`{º$ ñd^mdmMo

MwQ>Ho$ gm§JyZ {dZmoX{Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. CÎma§J g§nbm H$s _yiÀ`m n{hë`m A §JmMr OwidUr Ho$br OmVo. g§nyU©

H$sV©ZmV H$sV©ZH$mamMo gmWrXma Q>mi drUm, _¥§XJ noQ>r B. dmÚm§Mr gmW XoVmV. Ë`mMm gh^mJ AË §V _hÎdmMm

AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m{edm` dmaH$ar H$sV©ZmMm à`moJM hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. gm_w{hH$ ^ŠVrMm Am{dîH$ma hm àYmZ

^mJ dmaH$ar H$sV©ZmMm AgVmo.

54

2) ZmaXr` H$sV©Z …- ZmaXr` H$sV©Zna§nam hr CÀMdUr© na§nam Amho. nyd©a§JmV {Zê$nU d CËVa a§JmV

agârV Am»`mZ gm§JUmao ZmaXr` H$sV©Z ho H$sV©Z na§naoMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. øm H$sV©ZH$mam§Zm "h[aXmg'

{H$§dm H$WoH$ar ' ~wdm åhUVmV. H$sV©ZmMr gwê$dmV _§JbmMaUmZo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va A §J {H$§dm nXo åhQ>br

OmVmV. A §JmV g§VH$drÀ`m aMZm qH$dm n§{S>V H$dtMr nXohr Jm`br OmVmV. Z§Va Zm_JOa hmoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va

{Zê$nUmMm A §J åhQ>bm OmVmo. H$sV©ZH$mamMm Iam gya nyd©a§JmVM bmJVmo. bmoH${ejUmMo d Y_m©MaUmMo

ñdê$n gm§JÊ`mMo H$m_ nyd© a§JmVM Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m§Z§Va CÎmaa§Jmbm àma§ hmoVmo. CÎmaa§JmV EImXo Am»`mZ

Jw§\$bo OmVo. eodQ>r CÎmaa§JmMr nyd©a§Jmer gm§JS> KmbyZ _yinXmda H$sV©ZH$ma oVmo. eodQ>r AmaVr hmoD$Z

H$sV©ZmMm CÎma§J g§nVmo.

ZmaXr` H$sV©Z hm A§eV… gm_y{hH$ d A§eV… d¡ {º$H${aË`m gmXa H$aVm oB©b Agm ZmQ>çà`moJ Amho.

H$maU Jm`Z, {Zê$nU, Z¥Ë`, H$WmH$WZ gJio EH$M ì`ŠVr H$aVo. åhUyZ Vo d¡`{º$H$ Va V~bmdmXH$ d

noQ>rdmXH$ ho XmoZ gmWrXma d lmoVm `m§Mmhr gh^mJ Agë`mZo A§eV… gm_y{hH$ Amho ZmaXr` H$sV©Z hm CÀM «y

g_yhmVM bmoH${à` Pmbobm H$sV©ZàH$ma Amho. CÀM «y g_mOmbm emo ob AgmM nmoemI H$sV©ZH$ma n[aYmZ

H$aVmo OarH$mR>m§M CnaU YmoVa ~mam~§S>r, nwUoar nJS>r Agm Ë`mMm nmoemI AgVmo, ZmaXr` H$sV©Z ho amJXmarda

AmYm{aV Agë`mZo gd©gm_mÝ` A{YH$ à_mUmV `m H$sV©ZmV EH$ê$n hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr.

am_Xmgr H$sV©Z na§nam …- g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r§Zr Amnë`m g§àXm`mÀ`m àMma-àgmamgmR>r Omo

H$sV©Zn«H$ma {ZdS>bm Ë`mbm am_Xmgr H$sV©Z Ago åhUVmV. am_Xmgr H$sV©ZmVhr nyd©a§J d CÎmaa§J

AgVmV.H$sV©ZH$ma Im§ÚmnmgyZ nm`mn ªV ^Jdr H$\$Zr KmbVmo. Z_ZmZ§Va "O` O` aKwdra g_W©' Agm

O`Kmof Ho$bm OmVmo. nyd©a§JmV Xmg~moYmÀ`m {ZdS>H$ íbmoH$mÀ`m AmYmao {Zê$nU Ho$bo OmVo. Va CÎmaa§JmV

Am»`mZ bmdbo OmVo. Am»`mZmV g_Wm©Mr EImXr Jmoï> gm§JUo H$sV©ZH$mam§Zm ~§YZH$maH$M AgVo. eŠ`Vmo

am_mÙmda AmYm[aV Am»`mZ bmdÊ`mMr àWm am_Xmgr H$sV©ZmV Amho. eodQ>r lram_mMr Am{U _mê$VrMr

AmaVr åhQ>br OmVo.

JmS>Jo~m~m§Mr H$sV©Z nÕV …- g§V JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr ñdV…Mr Aer EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© H$sV©Ze¡br

{dH${gV Ho$br. gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm ghO-gwb^ dmQ>mdr Aer Ë`m§Mr H$sV©Ze¡br Amho. "Jmonmbm-Jmonmbm XodH$rZ§XZ

Jmonmbm' `m bmoH${à` ÔZmZo Am{U J«m_rU a§JmÀ`m e¡brZo g§V JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr H$sV©ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

g_mOà~moYZ Ho$bo AË`§V gmYr-gmonr ^mfm, ZrVrg§~§Y gm§JyZ A§YlÕm, H$_©H$m§S> AZrVr ì`gZm{YZVm

`mgma»`m {dH¥$Vtda h„m MT>dVmV. g_mOà~moYZ d OmUrd OmJ¥Vr hm _yi hoVy ZOaog_moa R>odyZM Ë`m§Zr

H$sV©Z Ho$bo. H$sV©Z hr EH$ H$bm Amho Am{U H$sV©ZH$ma hm H$bmd§V Amho. H$sV©ZmMm à`moJ lmì` d X¥í`

ñdê$nmMm AgVmo H$sV©ZH$ma A{^Z`mÛmao a§J yfoMm, doe yfoMm Aml` Z KoVm {d{dY nmÌm§À`m y{_H$m g_W©nUo

dR>dVmo. H$sV©ZmV Z¥Ë`mbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Zgbo Var Z¥Ë` H$sV©ZmV a§J âVo. H$sV©ZmV dŠV¥Ëd H$bmhr àË``mg

oVo. H$sV©ZH$ma hm CÎm_ dŠVm, CÎm_ Jm`H$, Va {dÛmZ d ì`mg§Jrhr AgVmo. H$sV©ZmMo ñdê$n bmoH$Y_u

ZmQ²>çmMo Amho. H$sV©Z ho B©ída^ŠVrMo gmYZ Agbo Var bmoH${ejUmMo à^mdr _mÜ`_ Amho. bmoH$n§aoVrb

nwamUH$WmÛmao ^ŠVr ZrVr d gXmMmamMm CnXoe H$sV©ZH$ma H$aVmo. A{^Z`, H$Wm JrV, dmÚo, ~hþl¥VnUm,

55

IweIwerVnUm, hOaO~m~rnUm, hr H$moUË`mhr bmoH$H$boMr d¡{eîQ>ço `m àH$mamVhr AmT>iVmV. H$WoMm

{dñVma H$_r-A{YH$ H$aÊ`mMr bd{MH$Vmhr oWo _hËdmMr Amho.ho gJio bmoH$ZmQ>çmÀ`m A§JmZo hmoV AgVo.

em{har YmQ>UrMo H$Q>md Am{U \$Q>Ho$ BVHo$M Zìho Va ZmQ>çJrVm§À`m A§JmZo {dH${gV Pmbobr bmdUrMr

bmdÊ`_`r Jm`ZH$bmhr H$sV©ZH$mam§Zr naH$s _mZbr Zmhr. ZmaXr` H$sV©Zna§naZo emhra am_Omoer, AZ§V \§$Xr

`mgmaIo H$sV©ZH$ma Pmbo, {MÌnQ> JrVm§À`m MmbrMr nXo hr H$rV©ZH$mam§Zr aMyZ Jm`br. gVV ZdrZVoMm

ñdrH$ma ho bmoH$H$boMo d¡{eï>` BWohr Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV amï´>r` ^mdZoÀ`m àgmamgmR>r "amï´>r` H$rV©Z'

OÝ_mbm Ambo. AmOhr gaH$mar H$m ©H«$_m§À`m qH$dm {dkmZmÀ`m àMmamgmR>r H$sV©Z, ^mê$S>mgmaIm bmoH$H$bm§Mm

Aml` KoVbm OmVmo. d¡{XH$ kmZmMr J§Jm d¡{XHo$Va bmoH$m§n ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ g§Vm§Zr bmoH$^mfoVyZ Ho$bo.

bmoH$àM{bV {d{dY ZmQ>çmMm KmQ> dmnê$Z B©ídar brbm H$Wm bmoH$m§n ©V nmohmoM{dë`m. g§V Am{U H$sV©ZH$ma

ho bmoH${dÚmnrR>mVrb Iao AmMm © hmoV

haXmgr na§nam …- àmMrZ ^maVmV CX` nmdboë`m H$sV©ZnÕVrbm "ZmaXr` H$sV©Z' åhUVmV. Z§Va

_Ü` wJmV {d{dY àm§VmV ^{ŠVg§àXm`mMm CX` Pmbm Am{U g§àXm`mÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r n§WmÀ`m àUoË`m§Zr

ZdZdrZ H$sV©Z nÕVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. ho gd© H$rV©ZH$ma àmMrZ ZmaXr` H$sV©ZmMrM {dH${gV ê$no hmoVr.

_hmamï´>mV dmaH$ar H$sV©Z, ZmaXr` H$sV©Z d am_Xmgr H$sV©Z ho à_wI àH$ma CX`mg Ambo. oWrb Á oð>-loð>

H$sV©ZH$mam§Zr ZmaXr` H$sV©ZmMo loð>Ëd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r, àmMrZ H$sV©ZmMm dmagm OnÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ZmaX

_hfuÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ñ_aU RodÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m EH$m H$sV©Zmbm "ZmaXr` H$sVªZ' Ago Zmd {Xbo. Ë`mbmM

AmO AmnU h[aXmgr H$sV©Z Agohr åhUVmo. _§JbmMaU,nyd©a§J d CÎmaa§J ho `m H$sV©ZmMo VrZ ^mJ AgyZ g§JrV

dŠV¥Ëd A{^Z`, VËdkmZ, gm{hË`, emóo, H$Wm d H$mì`mÀ`m _XVrZo Vo gmXa Ho$bo OmVo.

haXmgr na§naoMm CX` d {dH$mg … ZmaXr`/haXmgr H$sV©Zna§naoMm CX` àmMrZ H$mimV Pmbm.

`m{df`mMo H$mhr nwamdo CnbãY AmhoV. lr_X^mJdV `m àmMrZ J§«WmV H$sV©Z H$aUmè`m ZmaXmMo dU©Z

Ho$bobo Amho.

Ahmo Xodm{f©Y©Ý`mo@ § `ËH$s{V© emS>²>©.JYÝd ²Ÿ&

Jm`Z dmÚZ² BX§ V§Í`m g_`Ë`mVwa§ OJV²Ÿ&& (^mJdV)

hmVmV _hVr drUm KoD$Z {VÀ`m gwñda ZmXmÀ`m gmømZo, CËH$Q> ^ŠVrZo lrZmamÙmMo è JmUmao ZmaX_wZr

Xw…IrV OJmbm h[aH$WoZo (`ËH$sVu) g§Vwï> H$arV hmoVo. ewH$mMm`m©ZrXoIrb dmÚo d gmWrXmam§À`m gmømZo àmMrZ

H$mir H$sV©Z Ho$ë`mMo dU©Z nwamUmV Amho. n.ny. Yw§S>m _hmamOm§Zr ZmaXr`/ haXmgr H$sV©ZmMr àmMrZVm nwT>rb

eãXmV ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho. "" AmO AmnU Á`m AWm©Zo H$sV©Z eãX dmnaVmo Vem H$sV©ZmMr na§nam hr IynM

àmMrZ Amho. hr na§nam Xodfu ZmaX, ewH$gZH$m{XH$ _w{Zloð> ^mJdVmVrb Zd`moJoída (F$f^nwÌ) `m§À`mnmgyZMr

Amho. ZmaX ho à{V^mg§nÞ H$sV©ZH$ma hmoVo d OJX²ÛmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr gd©Ì H$sV©Zo Ho$br åhUyZ ZmaX hoM ^maVr`

H$sV©Zna§naoMo AmÚOZH$ _mZbo OmVmV.''

56

g§V EH$ZmW d Xmgmon§VmMo haXmgr H$sV©Z …- _hmamï´>r` haXmgr H$sV©Zna§naoMr ~rOo EH$ZmW d

Xmgmon§Vm§À`m H$rV©ZmV AmT>iVmV. _§JbMaU, nyd©a§J d CÎmaa§J hr haXmgr H$sV©Zna§naoMr VrZ _w»`m§Jo AmhoV

n¡R>UMo g§V EH$ZmW _hmamO (1533-1599) dmaH$ar g§n«Xm`mMo H$sV©Z H$arV. VWm{n Ë`m§À`m H$sV©Z nÕVrMo

gwú_mdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mg Z§VaÀ`m ZmaXr`/haXmgr H$sV©ZmMo H$mhr {deof Ë`m§À`m H$sV©ZmV {XgyZ òVmV.

gm§àXm{`H$ dmaH$ar H$sV©ZmV nyd©a§J d CÎmaa§J (Am»`mZo) Ago ñnï> XmoZ ^mJ ZgVmV. Am{U CÎmaa§JmMr

M[aÌm»`mZohr `m H$sV©ZmV bmdÊ`mMr nÕVr Zmhr. VWm{n ZmWm§À`m H$sV©ZmV nwT>rb ~m~r ZmaXr` H$sV©Zmer

ZmVog§~§Y Xe©{dUmè`m AmhoV.

1) EH$ZmWr haXmgr H$sV©ZH$mamMr nJS>r,~mam~§Xr,A§JaIm, YmoVa aoer_H$mR>r CnaUo hr doe^yfm

AgVo.ZmaXr`/haXmgr H$sV©ZH$ma XoIrb Odinmg `mM doe yfoV H$sV©Z H$aVmV. EdT>oM Zìho Va \$bQ>UH$a,

{^bdS>rH$a d B§XmobrH$a ho Z§VaMo H$sV©ZH$ma ZmW g§àXm`mÀ`m nÕVrMo _§JbmMaU d H$sV©Zo gmXa H$arV.

2) EH$ZmWm§Zr Amnë`m EH$m A^§JmV "gJwU M{aÌo na_ n{dÌo gmXa dUm©dr' hr H$sV©Z _`m©Xm

gm§{JVbr.ZmaXr` H$sV©ZmVë`m M[aÌm»`mZmà_mUo (CÎmaa§J) ^Jd§VmMo brbmdU©Z JwUdU©Z d gJwU dU©Z

H$sV©ZmV Agmdo hm ZmWm§Mm AmJ«h darb dMZm§_YyZ ñnï> hmoVmo.

3) g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr ^Jd§VmÀ`m M[aÌH$Wm gm§JUmè`m ê$pŠ_Urñd §da, ^mdmW© am_mÙ, ê$Š_mJ§Y H$Wm,

H¥$îUXmZ, Vwimer _hmËå` Am{U Yw«dàëhmX Am»`mZ d g§V M[aÌm»`mZm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. ^mê$S>o-

Jm¡iUrgma»`m eoH$S>mo bm¡{H$H$ ê$nH$ H$mì`m§_YyZ gw~moY AÜ`mË_H$WZ Ho$bo. `m d¡{dÜ`nyU© dmL²>_`mMm

Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Vo Amnbo a§OH$ d agmi H$sV©Z gmXa H$arV. H$Wm-H$WZmË_H$ {Zê$nU-{ZdoXZe¡br ZmaXr`

H$sV©Zmer gmo ag§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUmar dmQ>Vo. d¡. Yw§S>m _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m EH$m ^mfUmV H$sV©Z d ZmWm§À`m

H$sV©ZmMm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y nwT>rb eãXmV ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. "" _hmamï´>mVrb H$sV©ZnÕVr_Ü o XmoZ àH$ma {XgyZ

oVmV. EH$ dmaH$ar d Xwgam haXmgr. nU dmaH$ar na§naoVhr haXmgr nÕVrZo H$sV©Z H$aUmao H$mhr loð> nwê$f

hmoD$Z Jobo. n¡R>UMo g§V EH$ZmW _hmamO ho haXmgr nÕVrZo H$sV©Z H$arV AgV Ago åhUVmV. g_mOmVrb

gd© dUm©Vrb ì`dhma, ì`mdgm{`H$Vm arV^mV `m§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr AJXr Ë`m§À`mM ^mfoV AÜ`mË_na

^mê$S>o aMbr. `m ZmQ>ç_` ê$nH$mÛmao Ë`m§Zr H$sV©Zm_Ü o {d{dYVm AmUyZ gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm H$sV©Z AmdS>Umao

H$o$bo. Ë`m§À`m ^mê$S>mdê$Z Am{U EHy$UM H$Wm a§JdÊ`mMo Oo H$m¡eë` Ë`m§À`m J«§WmV {XgyZ oVo Ë`mdê$Z Vo

AË §V agmi H$Wm H$sV©Z H$arV AgmdoV Ago dmQ>Vo."" Cnamoº$ {ddoMZmVrb g§X © Ü`mZr KoVë`mg nwamUH$Wm

bmoH$gm{hË` {d{dY nÚN>§X d bmoH$^mfoVyZ gw~moY na_mW© a§OH$-agmi-bmoH$m{^_wI e¡brV H$WZ H$aÊ`mMr

ZmWm§Mr A{^Z` H$sV©ZnÕVr hmoVr. Am{U {ZMb A§JrH$ma Z§VaÀ`m ZmaXr`/haXmgr H$WoÀ`m YmQ>UrMo hmoVo

Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmo.

A§~moOmoJmB©Mo "Xmgmon§V' (1551-1615) loð> ^mî`H$ma doXm§Vr, g§JrVVÁk, H$dr d H$sV©ZH$ma hmoVo.

Vo ZmWm§À`m g_H$mbrZ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr AdmT>ì` JrVmU©d, (gìdmbmI Amoì`m), Xmgmon§Vm§Mr nmgmoS>r, _amR>r-

qhXr 1600 nXo d Odinmg n§MoMmirg _amR>r-g§ñH¥$V J«§Wm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. am_Xmgmà_mUo Vo g§JrVmMo _moR>o

OmUH$ma hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr AZoH$ nXo H$ë`mU, Jm¡S>r, JwOw©ar, lr ~g§V, YZmlr, e§H$amâ_², Ho$Xma, ZQ>, H$mZS>m,

57

{~hmJ, VmoS>r, _ëhma d amJolr B. drg amJmV AmhoV. CXm. AdVabm `moJr amOwŸ&({~hmJ), H$moQ>r M§Ð Jobo b`m

nmhþZr lr_wI N>m`m& (Ho$Xma) d Am{O _oamo AmZ§X ^`moŸ& (Jm¡S>r) `mgmaIr nXo amJXmarV ~m§Ybobr AgyZ AZoH$

nXmMo ZmoQ>oeZ (gaJ_) {Xbobo Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§Zr "JrVmU©dmV' Ho$bobo nwam{UH$ H$sV©ZH$mamMo nwT>rb

dU©Z AË §V amoMH$ d _m{_©H$ Amho.

nwT>o g^m lmo{V`m§MrŸ& _mJo V`m {dÚmWu`m§MrŸ& _J àma§ Um H$WoMrŸ& VoMr H¡$grŸ& _¥Xm§Jw EHw$ dmMm¡{ZŸ&

Am{U Q>miy {dUm V o ñWmZrŸ& Cnm§J Am{U l¥{V XmoÝhrŸ& bm{d{b`m VËH$mioŸ& _mJVo nmhmo{Z gwdoimŸ& H$_¡{M

Ambmnw Ho$bmŸ& VX§JÝ`mg Ho$bmŸ& g§nmXr Hw$ebì oŸ&.... _J AmbmnmMm AdgmZrŸ& àdV} _§JbmMaUrŸ& Ambmno

H$ê$Zr _m§S>UrŸ& V`mMr H$arŸ& AWm©Zwgma Xoh^mdŸ& AWm©Zwgma Ý`m`, _wÐm, A§JnëbdŸ& AWm©Zwgma Jm¡ad Am{U

{MÎmrŸ& AWm©Zwgma hmñà§OZŸ& àg§Jw {ZË` wÕmMmŸ& Var Amdoew Am{U dram§MmŸ& amofmdoew {dYrMm g§nmXwZr XmdrŸ&

gmoimì`m eVH$mVë`m Xmgmon§Vm§Zr Jm`Z, dmXZ, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç g§JrVàYmZ, agmoËH$f©H$ Am{U {eî`-

lmoË`m§g_moa Ho$boë`m H$sV©ZmMo gmjmV dU©Z AË §V {Od§V d n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho. _Ü` wJrZ H$sV©Z à`moJmÀ`m

`m H$WZm_YyZ Z§VaÀ`m haXmgr H$sV©ZmMr AZoH$ R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmV. Xmgmon§Vm§Zr Amnë`m H$sV©Zmbm

A{ÔmV amJXmar g§JrVmZo gmb§H¥$V Ho$bo Am{U gdmªJ n[anyU© H$sV©ZnÕVr àM{bV Ho$br. CÎmaoVë`m H$Wm

H$sV©ZmgmaIm g§JrV_` nwamUH$WoMm Xmgmon§Vm§Mm hm H$sV©ZàH$ma Agmdm. EH$ZmW, Xmgmon§V d VËH$mbrZ

H$sV©ZH$ma haXmgr H$sV©Z H$arV AgmdoV. g_H$mbrZ EH$ZmWm§ZrXoIrb agmi H$Wm H$sV©ZmMr (Cä`mZo) n«Wm

gwê$ Ho$br. EH$ZmW-Xmgmon§Vm§Zr haXmgr na§nam àma§^rM g_¥Õ Ho$br. Ë`mVyZ _hmamï´>r` g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr

A{^ì`ŠV Ho$br. VrM na§nam AmOhr d¡ dmÀ`m {eIamda nmohmoMbobr Amho.

16 ì`m eVH$mV gwê$ Pmbobr haXmgr na§nam Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV èd§V~wdm H${dída, Í`§~Ho$ída,

J§JmYa~wdm H$merH$a-½dmëhoa, ZmZm~wdm ~S>moXoH$a-~S>moXm, XÎmmÌ`~wdm nQ>dY©Z-dmB©, Jm¡V_~wdm nmR>H$-

Zm{eH$, lr_§V ~mimgmho~ n§Và{V{ZYr Aem Ag§»` Zm_d§V H$sV©ZH$mam§Zr haXmgr H$sV©Z na§nam g_¥Õ Ho$br.

`mM H$sV©Zna§naoZo ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMo g§dY©Z Ho$bo. `m{edm` H$mì`mbm àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z ñdV§Ì H$mì` aMZm

àH$ma A{YH$ d¥ÕtJV Ho$bm. haXmgr na§naoVyZ CX`mg Amboë`m H$mì`mVyZ ^maVr` g_mOOrdZ d gm§ñH¥${VH$

_yë o A{YH$ à_mUmV AdVabobr AmnUmg {XgVmV.

`mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m :

1) EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoUmè`m na§naobm H$m` åhUVmV.

A) {b{IV na§nam ~) _m¡{IH$ na§nam H$) _wÐrV na§nam

2) H$sV©ZmMo à_wI àH$ma {H$Vr AmhoV?

A) nmM ~) VrZ H$) Mma

3) ^mê$S>mMr aMZm àm_w»`mZo H$moUr Ho$br?

A) g§V kmZoída ~) g§V EH$ZmW H$) g§V VwH$mam_

58

4) _hmamï´>mV H$sV©Z na§nam H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br?

A) g§V kmZoída ~) g§V Zm_Xod H$) g§V VwH$mam_

5) V_memV A{YH$ àmYmÝ` H$embm AgVo?.

A) à~moYZ ~) _Zmoa§OZ H$) AÜ`mË_

6) V_memV H$moUVm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgVmo.

A) lmoVm ~) àojH$ H$) {dMmad§V

7) hñV{b{IV H$em ñdê$nmV AgVo.?

A) nwñVH$ ~) ~mS> H$) J§«W

XrKm}Îmar àíZ :

1) _m¡{IH$ na§nam Am{U hñV{b{IrVso `m dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nma§n[aH$ KQ>H$mMr g{dñVa MMm© H$am.

2) V_mem, birV d ^méS> `m gmXarH$aUmÀ`m KQ>H$m§{df`r MMm© H$am.

bKwÎmar àíZ :

1) H$sV©Z hr EH$ bmoH$H$bm Amho gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am.

2) "^méS>' Mo ñdén ñnï> H$am.

3) h[aXmgr na§naoMo ñdén ñnï> H$am.

4) "b{iV' hr àm`mo{JH$ bmoH$H$bm Amho. gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$am.

g§X © J§«W

1) dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$Vr - gwYra agmi

2) à~moYZmÀ`m nmD$b IwUm - J§.~m. gaXma

3) A{^ê$Mr … J«m_rU Am{U ZmJa - Jmo._. Hw$bH$Uu

4) ZmMy H$sV©ZmMo a§Jr - èd§V nmR>H$

5) H$sV©Z a§J - nr. Or. Omoer

6) §S>ma - ~wŠH$m- àH$me Im§S>Jo

7) _amR>r dmL>_`m{^ê$MrMo {dh§J_mdbmoH$Z - am.lr. OmoJ.

***

59

C{X²Xï>ò

`m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm

* AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoB©b.

* AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrb gh^mJr ì`º$s, g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mr H$m } {Z §ÌU H$aUmar _yë o `m§Mr

_m{hVr hmoB©b.

* AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aM` hmoB©b.

* {b{IV na§naoV dmL²>_`rZ na§naobm g§KQ>rV H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aM` hmoB©b.

* dmMZ g§ñH¥$Vr d AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ `m§À`m ghg§~§YmMm n[aM` hmoB©b.

1.2 àmñVm{dH$

b{bV dmL²>_` Am{U BVa gd©M H$bm `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Z{_©Vr AgVmV. H$boMo joÌ ho EH$sH$S>o

ñWbH$mb{Z~ÜX Aem gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmñVdmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVo. åhUyZM gd© H$bmì`dhma hm g§ñH¥$VrMm

^mJ AgVmo. dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ nhmV AgVmZm "dmL²>_`rZ' g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm Amnë`mbm _m{hV

AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ "" dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Hw$R>ë`mhr ^m{fH$ g_mOmVrb kmZ Am{U dmS>²._`

`m§À`m {Z{_©VrV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm VgoM Ë`m§Mr H$m } Am{U `m gdm©Mo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar _yë o,

`m§Mr àñWm{nV Pmbobr Am{U J{V_mZ d n[adV©Zj_ Agbobr ì`dñWm hmo '' `m dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo

Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr EImÚm àdmhmgmaIr AgVo hm àdmh Á`m {d{eï> àXoemVyZ dmhVmo `m

àXoemMr gd© d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mbm bmJy hmoVmV. VgoM {d{eï> H$mimMohr JwUY_© bmJy hmoVmV. {d{eï> g_mOmVrb

{ejUmMo à_mU, dmMH$m§Mr g§»`m, J§«W àH$meZmMm AmdmH$m, J§«Wàgma, e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm{hË`{df`H$

g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n `m gd© H$maUm§Zr àdmhmda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m `m àdmhmbmhr XmoZ H$mR> AgVmV. EH$ ~moYZmMm d Xwgam a§OZmMm, AWm©V `m XmoÝhr

g§H$ënZm "A{ÔmV' `m AWm©Zo BWo A{^àoV AmhoV. g§ñH¥$VrMo ho XmoÝhr H$mR> {Vbm VmobyZ YaÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aV AgVmV. dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m A{^gaUmVrb KQ>H$m_Üò XmoZ KQ>H$ V`ma hmoVmV. EH$ àË`j

H$mR>mdaMo Oo A{^gaUmV àË`j gh^mJr hmoVmV. n[aUm_ H$aVmV Va Xwgao H$mR>m~mhoaMo gm_rb Z hmoVm

~mhoê$Z à^md Q>mH$V AgVmV. `m_Üò boIH$ g§nmXH$, àH$meH$, g_rjH$, dmMH$ VgoM àH$meg§ñWm,

E_. E. ^mJ XmoZ : _amR>r

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 4

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ (AmYw{ZH$)

E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr (KQ>H$ 4)-43

60

{dÚmg§ñWm ho gd© àdmhm_Yrb Va ZmJ[aH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, ~mOmaì`dñWm ({dVaU) d emgZì`dñWm ho

àdmhm~mhoaMo KQ>H$ _mZVm oVrb. dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$aV AgVmZm àmMrZ H$mimVrb

dmL²>_`rZ KQ>H$m§À`mnojm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb KQ>H$ ho ~Xbbobo {XgVmV. H$mbmÀ`m àdmhmV {~«Q>re amOdQ>

Amë`mZ§Va nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmH«$_UmVyZ AZoH$ Jmoï>r Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV Amë`m Ë`mMm à^md {ZpíMVM

dmS>²._`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrdahr Pmbobm {XgVmo.

1.3 {df` {ddoMZ

dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr (AmYw{ZH$) MMm© H$aV AgVmZm g§ñH¥$VrMm AmnU WmoS>m {dMma H$ê$

"g§ñH¥$Vr' åhUOo OJÊ`mMr arV, åhUOo AmnU H$go OJVmo, H$m` ~mobVmo, H$m` ImVmo H$emda dmX KmbVmo

H$moUmMm AmXa H$aVmo, øm gJù`m§Mm Omo g§~§Y Amho, hr OJÊ`mMr Or arV Amho, Vr g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ _moR>m

^mJ Amho. H$m°. JmoqdX nmZga|Mo ho {dYmZ _bm Iyn AmdS>Uma§ Amho. Am{U A{Ve` gmon§ Amho. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

H$mhrVar Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mnojm g§ñH¥$VrMr hr gwQ>gwQ>rV, gmonr ì`m»`m _bm A{YH$ Mm§Jbr Am{U

Amamo½`Xm`r dmQ>Vo. øm g§ñH¥$Vr_Ybm EH$ ^mJ Amho Vmo gm{hË`mMm/dmL²>_`, H$bm§Mm, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aem

ì`mnH$ H$ënZoÀ`m g§X^m©V dmS²>._` hm EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ R>aV AgVmo. dmS>²._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmYw{ZH$

KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mnydu dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr ñdê$n, g§H$ënZm, d¡{eîQ>ço {VMr joÌo, Am{U dmMZ g§ñH¥$Vrer

{VMm Agboë`m g§~§Ym§Mr MMm© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.""kmZ Am{U dmL²>_` `m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Hw$R>ë`mhr

^m{fH$ g_mOmVrb kmZ Am{U dmL²>_` `m§À`m {Z{_©VrV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m ì`ŠVr {Z §ÌU H$aUmar _yë o. `m§Mr

àñWm{nV Pmbobr Am{U J{V_mZ d n[adV©Zj_ Agbobr ì`dñWm hmo .'' Aem `m dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo

{d{eï> JwUY_© H$moUVo? Va gd©àW_ g§ñH¥$Vr ho EH$ g§{MV Amho. g_mOemómV g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m

""_mZdmMo Ðì`_` Am{U _Zmo_` g§{MV'' Aer Ho$br OmVo. g§ñH¥$VrMm åhUyZ Omo H$mhr EodO Amho Vmo

gmR>dbobm Amho. EH$X_ CËnÞ Pmbobm dm AmH$memVyZ nS>bobm Zmhr. Xwgam JwUY_© åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$

g§ñH$marV H¥$Vr Amho. hm ZwgVmM _m¡{ZH$ nXmWm©Mm dm _mZdr ZmVog§~§YmMm ngmam Zmhr. Vo ZwgVo AgUo Zmhr.

Va {d{eï> g§ñH$ma Pmbobr {eH$V {eH$V dmT>bobr Am{U åhUyZ àH¥$Vrnojm daÀ`m nmàrda C§Mmdbobr EH$

H¥$Vr AgVo. {Vgar Jmoï> Aer H$s g§ñH¥$Vr hr g_-AgVo. Ho$di EImX²-Xwgè`m _mUgmH$Sy>Z g§ñH¥$VrMr

{Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥$Vrbm AQ>i Agm gm_m{OH$ g§X © qH$dm n[aUm_ AgVo Am{U Mm¡Wm JwUY_©

åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hr n[adV©Zr`, J{V_mZ Am{U pñWb§Va nmdUmar Amho. pñWa dm AMb Zmhr. Vmo AmHw§$MZerb

Amho {Ver àgaUerbgwÕm _w»` åhUOo ~Xb hm {VMm ñWm`r^md Amho.

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr hr gm_m{OH$ Jmoï> Amho. gm_m{OH$ _mVrVyZ Vr CJdV AgVo. `m dmL²>_`rZ

g§ñH¥$VrMr Mma joÌo qH$dm à{H«$`m AgVmV. boIZ, dmMZ, AmH$bZ Am{U àgmaU `m àË oH$ joÌmMm EH$

H$Vm© AgVmo. AZwH«$_o boIH$, dmMH$, g_rjH$ (Aä`mgH$) Am{U àH$meH$, gmoß`m ^mfoV åhUm`Mo Va

boIH$ {b{hVmV dmMH$ dmMVmV, g_rjH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH$bZmg _XV H$aVmV Am{U àH$meZ ({dH«o$Vo

Yê$Z) gm{hË`mMm g_mOmV àgma H$aVmV. `m gJù`m§À`m EH$_oH$m§da hmoUmè`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Zr g_mOmV

dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$Vr, gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$Vr dmT>Vo, ngaVo. VgoM dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U dmMZ g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZmhr

61

nañnamdb§~r AmhoV. åhUyZM dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Hw$R>ë`mhr ^m{fH$ g_mOmVrb dmMH$, Ë`mÀ`m dmMZmÀ`m

JaOm d CnbãY Agbobr dmMZgm_J«r {VÀ`m~ÔbÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m Anojm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m dmMZm§Mr {H«$`m KS>dyZ

AmUÊ`mV _XVZrg hmoUmè`m g§ñWm VgoM `m gdm©Mo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar _yë o `m§Mr àñWm{nV Pmbobr Am{U

J{V_mZ d n[adV©Zj_ Agbobr ì`dñWm Á`m ^m{fH$ g_mOmV dmMZ H$aUo hr Amnbr {ZË`mMr JaO Amho.

Ago dmQ>Umè`m ì`ŠVrMr ânya g§»`m AgVo. Ë`m g_mOmbm dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr Amho Ago g_Obo nm{hOo.

dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr Agboë`m g_mOmÀ`m _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m,H$bmñdmXmÀ`m VgoM kmZàmárÀ`m JaOm mJdÊ`mV dmMZmMm

n«_wI ^mJ AgVmo. Á`m g_mOmbm dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr AgVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV g_mOmV doimodoir

hmoUmè`m n[adV©ZmV OrdZ_yë`m§À`m àñWmnZog VgoM g_mOmVrb ì`º$sMr g§doXZerbVm qH$dm _Zmo y{_H$m

V`ma H$aÊ`mV, J§«WdmMZmVyZ {_iUmè`m àoaUoMm _moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo. Hw$R>ë`mhr ^m{fH$ g_mOmMr dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr

hr Ë`m ^m{fH$ g_mOmÀ`m kmZ g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{U dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMm ^mJ AgVo. Á`m ^m{fH$ g_mOmV

kmZ{df`H$ J«§Wm§Zm Am{U dmL²>_`mbm g§» oZo ânya Agm dmMH$dJ© bm^bobm AgVmo. Ë`m g_mOmV kmZ d

dmL²>_` `m§Mr {Z{_©Vrhr {dnyb à_mUmV hmoV AgVo. VgoM Á`m g_mOmV kmZ d dmL²>_` `m§Mr {dnwb {Z{_©Îmr

hmoV AgVo. Ë`m g_mOmV J§«WdmMZhr d¡nwë`mZo hmoV AgVo.

`mMm AW© Agm H$s dmMZg§ñH¥$Vr Am{U kmZ d dmL²>_` `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m§Mo Am§V[aH$ ZmVo AgyZ Ë`m

EH$_oH$m§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. Á`m g_mOmV Cn wŠV Jmoï>r Aën à_mUmV KS>VmV qH$dm Aën à_mUmV AgVmV

Ë`m g_mOmV dmMZ g§ñH¥$VrMo ApñVËd jrU ñdê$nmV AgVo. kmZ d dmL²>_` `m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr _wÐUmÀ`m V§ÌmMm

àdoe Pmë`mda dmMZ-g§ñH¥$Vr AmpñVËdmV Ambr. dñVwV… _mZdmbm Á`mdoir boIZV§Ì AdJV Pmbo

Ë`mMdoir Ë`mÀ`m dmMZmg àma§ Pmbm.

dmL²>_` qH$dm gm{hË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ~m~VrV gm{hpË`H$ d gm{hË`H¥$Vr dmMH$ d Ë`m§À`m A{^ê$MrMo ñVa,

gm{hË` àH$m{eV H$aUmao àH$meH$ d Ë`m§Mo ì`dhma gm{hË` àgmamMr gmYZo, gm{hË` {df`H$ OmU OmonmgUmè`m

{ejUg§ñWm, d¥ÎmnÌo, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z `mgmaIr àgma _mÜ`_o BË`mXr gm{hË`mer g§~§{YV

AgUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§_YyZ gm{hË`{df`H$ dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo Am{U Ë`m

gdm©_YyZ g_mOmÀ`m gm[hË`{df`H$ j_VoMr H$ënZm oD$ eH$Vo. g_mOm_Ü o AgUmao ho dmVmdaU d g_mOmMr

gm{hË`{df`H$ j_Vm `m_YyZhr g_mOmÀ`m ê$T>r, _mZ{gH$ gd`r d _yë`{ddoH$ ì`º$ hmoV AgVmV Am{U

åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©V `m dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr{df`rMr {ZarjUo Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMr Aer H$ënZm S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ H$moUË`mhr H$mbI§S>mMm {dMma H$aUo VËdV…

eŠ` Amho. ho Iao Agbo Var dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrMr hr H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimÀ`m g§X^m©V A{YH$ AW©nyU© R>ê$

eH$Vo. àmMrZ H$mimVhr gm{hË`, gm{hpË`H$, AmñdmXH$ d Ë`m§À`m A{^ê$MrMo ñVa dmS>²._`n«gmamMr

_mÜ`_o BË`mXr KQ>H$ CnpñWV hmoVo ho Iao na§Vw `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV Y_© H$ënZoer g§~§Y

Agë`mZo Am{U OrdZmV gm{hË`mbm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ Agë`mÀ`m IwUm A{Ve` jrU ñdê$nmV XmI{dVm oV

Agë`mZo "dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VtMm ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aUo {VVHo$go AW©nyU© R>aV Zmhr.åhUyZ hr H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$

H$mimer {ZJS>rV H$aUo A{YH$ gmo rMo R>aVo.

62

_amR>r gm{hË` ~mamì`m eVH$mnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo Agbo Am{U Amnë`m gm{hË`mÀ`m `m na§naoMm

AmOÀ`m gm{hË`mer d gm{hË`{df`H$ dmVmdaUmer g§~§Y Agbm Var _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V àmMrZ,

Adm©MrZ hm oX \$ma _hÎdmMm Amho. `m Adm©MrZ H$mbI§S>mV _amR>r g_mOmMm nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$Vrer Omo g§~§Y

Ambm Ë`m g§~§YmMoM Amnë`m AmOÀ`m gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$Vrer A{YH$ à^mdr ZmVo Amho. {~«{Q>e gÎmo_wio

g_mOmV Pmbobo n[adV©Z, ^m¡{VH$ OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rV Pmbobm ~Xb, ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mgma»`m Zì`m

_yë`m§Mm Pmbobm CX`,Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU nÕVrMr Pmbobr gwê$dmV Am{U Ë`m_wio B§J«Or gm{hË`mer Pmbobm

n[aM` `m gdmª_wio _amR>r g_mOmVrb gm{hË`Ñï>r _wŠV Pmbr. Ë`mM~amo~a N>nmB©Mr H$bm, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm

CX`, AmYw{ZH$ {ejU-g§ñWmMr ñWmnZm BË`mXr KQ>H$m§_wio g_mOmV gm{hË`m{df`rMr EH$ doJir OmUrd

{Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJbr. `m gd© n[adV©ZmVyZ AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrMr OS>UKS>U hmoV Jobr Amho.åhUyZM

AmOÀ`m gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§X^m©V {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm hm H$mbI§S> _hËdmMm R>aVmo.

{~«Q>re gÎmonyduMm åhUOo àmMrZ H$mbI§S> nm{hbm Va gm{hË`àgmamMr gmYZo åhUyZ H$sV©Z, àdMZ d

bmoH$H$bm§Mo àH$ma `m§Mm CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo nmhVm Ë`m H$mimV gm{hË` _ybV: _w»` hmoVo Ago

åhUmdo bmJVo. Ë`m gm{hË`mMm lmoVdJ© {ZpíMV hmoVm. `m gm{hË`àgmamMm {b{hVm-dmMVm oÊ`mer Vgm

g§~§Y ZìhVm. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZoM hm àgma hmoV hmoVm Ago {XgVo. na§Vw `mM~amo~a àmMrZ H$mimVrb gm{hË`mÀ`m

AZoH$ nmoÏ`m ~mS>ohr AmnUmg nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Voìhm `m gm{hË`mbm {b{IV na§namhr hmoVr Ago åhUmdo

bmJVo. `mMm AW© Agm H$s àmMrZ H$mbI§S>mV {b{hVm-dmMVm oUmè`m§gmR>r g_mOmV {b{IV na§nam Agbr

Var hr H$m¡eë o AmË_gmV Z Ho$boë`m§gmR>r n`m© r _m¡{IH$ na§namhr Amnë`m g_mOmV hmoVr. `m na§naoV

{ZdoXZna H$mì`, H$mhmÊ`m, Jmoï>r Ago ZmZm{dY àH$ma hmoVo. Y_©àYmZ Agbr Var gm{hË` åhUyZ hr na§nam

g_¥ÜX hmoVr. åhUyZM Am_Mm g_mO åhUOo AZoH$ {Za{Zamù`m IUm§Mr Am{U nwS>m§Mr noQ>r Amho. `m noQ>rV

àË oH$ IU ñdV§Ì Am{U Amnë`mnwaVm nyU© Agë`m_wio noQ>rÀ`m g~§YnUmer Ë`mMm \$magm g§~§Y amhV Zmhr

Am{U åhUyZ àjwãY à{V_oÀ`m namH«$_mMo AmXe© Oo {Od§V H$mì`J«§W Vo {Z_m©U hmoV ZmhrV. hr dm. ~. nQ>dY©Z

`mMr VH«$ma-Or H$mhr à_mUmV d doJù`m eãXm§V AmOhr Ho$br OmVo-àmMrZ H$mimnwaVr Var amñV dmQ>V

Zmhr. g§V, emhra `m§Mo AmdmhZ Vgo g_mOmÀ`m gd© ñVam§Zm hmoVo Am{U `m gm{hË`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmÀ`m ^mdZm

gd© g_mOmÀ`m hmoË`m AgoM åhUmdo bmJVo.

na§Vy {~«{Q>e amOgÎmm Amë`mZ§Va `m pñWVrV ~Xb Pmbm. AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mVrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>Urda n[aUm_ Pmbm. Ë`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr g{dñVa MMm© nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) _wÐU wJ :

EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV Amnë`mH$S>o N>mnImZm Ambm. _wÐUmMo V§Ì AmpñVËdmV Amë`mda Amnë`m

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrZo ldU wJmVyZ dmMZ wJmV àdoe Ho$bm. _wÐUm_wio J«§W ghOnUo dmMH$m§Zm CnbãY hmoD$

bmJbo. Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vrhr gm_mÝ` _mUgm§À`m AmQ>moŠ`mV Amë`m. J«§WàH$meZmMm d J«§W{dH«$sMm ì`dgm`

AmpñVËdmV Ambm. gmd©O{ZH$ J«§Wmb o ñWmnZ Pmbr. d¥ÎmnÌo, _m{gHo$ gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ d¡Mm[aH$ b{bV

dmS²>._` à{gÜX hmoD$ bmJbo. nwñVHo$, _m{gHo$ Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo `m§VyZ {d{dY àH$maMm {b{IV _OHy$a dmMH$mbm

63

ghOnUo CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbm. J«§Wm§Mo ñdV:nwaVo, d¡ pŠVH$ dmMZ H$aUo gmo rMo Pmbo. Amnë`mbm gdS> hmoB©b

Voìhm, Amnë`m \$mdë`m doioV dmMZ H$aÊ`mMr gmo àmßV Pmbr. Ë`m_wio gm_y{hH$ J«§WldUmMr JaO Cabr

Zmhr. {XdgâmVrb {d{eï> doir, {d{eï> ñWir \$ŠV Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm§Mo ldU Ho$bo OmV Agë`m_wio J«§WldUmbm

Ym{_©H$ {dYrMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. AmVm dmMm`Mo Ho$ìhm, ho dmMH$mbm R>adVm oD$ bmJë`m_wio dmMZmbm

Ym{_©H$ {dYrMo ñdê$n am{hbo Zmhr. Zì`mZo {eH$dë`m OmUmè`m nmíMmË` {dÚm m Y_©{Zanoj Agë`m_wio Am{U

Ë`m§À`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r Y_©{Zanoj J«§W dmMmdo bmJV Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm Aem dmMZmMr gd` bmJbr Am{U Vmo

ñdm^m{dH$nUo nmR>çnwñVH$mH$Sy>Z Y_©{Zanoj dmL²>_`mH$S>o dibm. hm Zdm dmMH$ Y_©{Zanoj, bm¡{H$H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m

dmS²>._`mMr _mJUr H$ê$ bmJmbm. `m gd© ~Xbm§_wio EHy$U J«§Wg§b½Z ì`dhmamV d¡ pŠVH$ dmMZ H$aUmè`m

dmMH$mbm H|$ÐñWmZ {_imbo.

_wÐUV§Ìm_wio AmVm J«§Wg_rjm ì`dhma ghOnUo eŠ` Pmbm. AmVm Ë`mbm N>mnrb J«§W ghOnUo

CnbãY hmoV Agë`m_wio g_rjH$m§À`m _Vm§Mr `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm Ë`mbm R>adVm òD$ bmJbr. dmMH$mbm

Ë`mÀ`m dmMZmV J«§Wg_rjm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aV Agë`m_wio Vr dmMÊ`mMr JaOhr Ë`mbm dmQy> bmJbr. OmUH$ma

dmMH$ dmS²>._`H¥$Vr~amo~aM {VÀ`mdaMr narjUo, g_rjmboI Ago g_rjmgm{hË`hr dmMy bmJbm. Ë`m_wio

dmMZg§ñH¥$VrV J«§Wg_rjobm _hËd àmßV Pmbo. VgoM _wÐUV§Ìm_wio J«§WmV boIZ H$aUohr gmo rMo Pmbo.

na§Vw N>nmB©Mr H$bm _m{hVr Pmë`mda N>mnrb nwñVH$ ho gm{hË`àgmamMo à^mdr gmYZ R>abo Am{U H$mbH«$_mV

_m¡{IH$ na§nam hiyhiy jrU hmoV Jobr. gd© mfm§_Yrb gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V _m¡{IH$ na§naoH$Sy>Z {b{IV na§naoH$S>o

hm àdmg B{VhmgH«$_mV hmoVM AgVmo. na§Vw hm àdmg Z¡g{J©H$ H«$_mZo KS>Vmo Voìhm _m¡{IH$ na§naoM ~i {b{IV

na§naobm àmßV hmoV AgVo. _amR>rÀ`m g§X^m©V hm ~Xb {~«{Q>e amOgÎmo_wio AMmZH$ KS>bm Am{U Ë`mMo n[aUm_

gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$Vrda Pmbo. gm{hË` AmVm àË`j lmì` am{hbo Zmhr. dmMÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË` hr H$ënZm {Z_m©U

Pmë`m~amo~a gm{hË`mMo ZmVo {b{hÊ`m-dmMÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mer {ZJS>rV Pmbo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb {ejUmÀ`m

g§Yr d gm{hË`àdmgmMr gmYZo _w»`V: ehar {d^mJmer {ZJS>rV Agë`m_wio ho gm{hË` `m gw{e{jV dJm©er

g§~§{YV am{hbo Am{U hr ehar _Ü`_dJm©À`m Aml`mZo gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrMr dmT >Pmbr. {d{eï> gm_m{OH$

amOH$s` n[apñWVrV ho KS>Uo An[ahm © hmoVo Ago åhQ>bo Var Ë`m_wio _amR>r> gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrMm nm`m g§Hw${MV

am[hbm hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{eï> gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZM ñdmV§Í`àmßVr

d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm `m§Mo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr d¥Îmr g_mOmV {Z_m©U Pmbr.

2) {Z`VH$m{bHo$ :

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m g§YrMm {dñVma Pmbm. VgoM m¡Jmo{bH$ {dH$mgm~amo~aM gm{hË`àgmamMr

gmYZohr ñdmV§Í`nyd©H$mimÀ`m VwbZoV Xyada nmohmoMbr. {ejUmMm àgma Pmë`m_wio dmMH$dJ© dmT>bm. gm{hË`mMm

àgma H$aÊ`m_Ü o EHo$H$mir {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm dmQ>m _moR>m hmoVm. {b{IV H$Wm dmL²>_`mMm Va Iè`m AWm©Zo

{dH$mg `m bKw{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Pmbobm Amho. B§J«Om§À`m amÁ`m~amo~a _wÐUH$bm ^maVmV Ambr.

_wÐUH$boÀ`m AmJ_ZmZo _amR>rV {d{dY gmßVm{hHo$,nm{jHo$, _m{gHo$ N>mnbr OmD$ bmJbr. m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m

JaOoVyZ H$Wm dmL²>_`mg ~migo àmßV Pmbo. h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§À`m "H$a_UyH$' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mMr gwê$dmV

64

hrM gmYmaUnUo _amR>r bKwH$WoMr gwê$dmV _mZbr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va "_Zmoa§OZ' `m _m{gH$mZohr H$Wobm _mZmMo

ñWmZ {_idyZ {Xbo. Ë`mM~amo~a 1926 Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. 1926 _Ü o "aËZmH$a' _m{gH$ gwê$

Pmbo. 1928 _Ü o àm_w»`mZo bKwH$Wobm dm{hbob§ "èd§V$', "Á`moËñZm', "{H$bm}ñH$a', "Y«wd', "à{V^m',

"g_rjH$', "g§OrdZr' `mgma»`m _m{gH$m§Zr H$WoÀ`m g_¥Õrbm hmV^ma bmdbm.

1945 À`m gw_mamg bKwH$WoÀ`m ñdê$nmV Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVrÑîQ>çm _hËdmMo ~Xb Pmbo H$s H$Wm

"gË`H$Wm' d "A{^ê$Mr' mgma»`m _m{gH$m§Zr nwT>o AmUbr. Ë`mM~amo~a "H$Wmlr', "h§g', "ñÌr', "{H$bm}ñH$a'

`m {Xdmir A§H$m§Mmhr `mV _hÎdmMm dmQ>m Amho.

na§Vw AmO _mÌ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dñVma hmoV AgVmZm dmS²>._`rZ y{_H$m KoD$Z àH$m{eV hmoUmar

{Z`VH$m{bHo$ ~§X nS>VmZm {XgV AmhoV. `m Ñï>rZo nmhy bmJbmo Va 1960 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmbobr

_amR>r A{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr Midi d Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr dfm©V Pmbobr X{bV gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr `m ñdmV§Í`moÎma

H$mimVrb _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm AmhoV. `mM~amo~a dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`mnH$ hmoUmè`m nmÌmMm g§X © KoD$Z Or

J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr H$ënZm _amR>r gm{hË`joÌmV _m§S>br OmV Amho. Vr XoIrb EH$ CëboIZr` KQ>Zm Amho

Am{U `m§À`mM OmoS>rZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr dmT>Vr àd¥Îmr hr EH$ _hËdmMr KQ>Zm Amho.

`m_Yrb A{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr Midi hr _amR>r gm{hË`joÌmVrb àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`©dmXmÀ`m {H$aQ>nUmbm

AmìhmZ XoD$Z gm{hË`joÌmV EH$ àH$maMm _moH$ionUm AmUUmar KQ>Zm hmoVr. Va X{bV, J«m_rU d bmoH$gm{hË`

Midir `m KQ>Zm§Mo _hËd Ago H$s, Amnë`m Amnë`m dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMr OS>UKS>U hmoV AgVmZm

ñdm^m{dH$nUoM {VMo Oo ZmVo nmíMmË` gm{hË`na§naoer Owibo hmoVo. Ë`mnmgyZ H$mhrgo doJio diU KoD$Z

nmíMmË` gm{hË`na§naoÀ`m XS>nUmnmgyZ _amR>r gm{hË`mbm _wŠV H$ê$ nmhÊ`mÀ`m `m KQ>Zm AmhoV.

3) d¥ÎmnÌo :

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimnmgyZM g_mOmÀ`m d g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gd© joÌmV d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr y{_H$m _hËdmMr am{hbr

Amho. bmoH$emhrMm Mm¡Wm AmYmañV§ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmUmao d¥ÎmnÌ dmS²>._`g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>UrVhr

_hËdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdV Agbobo {XgVo. _amR>r JÚmMm {dH$mg nm{hbm Va _amR>r JÚmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü o

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌr` boIZmMm hmV^ma gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mim_Ü o OmñV _moR>m Amho. àm_w»`mZo _wÐU wJmV ^maVmV

à~moYZmMo dmao Omo_mZ dmhV AgVmZm `m d¥ÎmnÌm§ZrM àgmaZm§Mr _hËdmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>br hmoVr.

"Xn©U', "à^mH$a' `m àma§^rÀ`m nÌm§nmgyZ _m{gH$ _Zmoa§OZ, kmZàgmaH$, {d{dY kmZ{dñVma dJ¡ao, nwT>o

"H$mi', "Ho$gar', "_amR>m', "g§Xoe', "XrZ~§Yy',"OmJê$H$', "{dO`r _amR>m',"à~moYZ',"XrZ{_Ì',"OmJ¥Vr',

"VoO' Aem AZoH$ nÌH$m§Mm CëboI H$aVm oB©b. bKwH$Wm, ñ\w$Q>H${dZm {dZmoX _hËdmMo åhUOo d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y

`m§Mo àH$meZ `m_mÜ`_mVyZ hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñdmV§Í` MidirÀ`m H$mimV `m {d{eï> nÕVrZo OZ_V

KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ àH$m{eV hmoÊ`mMm {Z~§YmMm, AJ«boIm§Mm _hËdmMm dmQ>m Amho. {Q>iH$, AmJaH$a,

bmoH${hVdmXr, {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo qH$dm Á`m§Zr Á`m§Zr Ë`m Ë`m H$mim_Yë`m d¥Îm_mZnÌm_YyZ {b{hb§ Am{U

Ë`m_mÜ`_mVyZ àm_w»`mZo JÚmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr.

65

na§Vy AmO "_hmamï´> Q>mB©åg', "bmoH$gÎmm', "gH$mi'.... `mgmaIr H$mhr _moOH$s d¥ÎmnÌo dJiVm {d{eï>

dmL²>_`rZ y{_Ho$VyZ boIZ dV©_mZnÌmVyZ hmoV Zmhr. H$mhr nwñVH$ narjU, g_rjm, gm{hpË`H$m§Mr AmoiI

`m~m~VrV H$mhr boI Agbo Var Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo \$mago Jm§^r`© {XgV Zmhr Am{U Ë`mVrb ~è`mM

boIm§_Üò àm_w»`mZo _amR>r gm{hË` Am{U gm{hpË`H$m§nojm nmíMmË` gm{hË`mMm A{YH$ CXmoCXmo hmoVmZm

{XgVmo. AWm©VM `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ AmOÀ`m dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoV Amho.

4) nwñVHo$ :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV AmUIr EH$ _moR>o n[adV©Z Pmbo Vo åhUOo ^maVr` _mUyg ldU g§ñH¥$VrVyZ dmMZ

g§ñH¥$VrV Ambm. nydu, nwamU, H$sV©Z, àdMZ Aem bmoH$ àH$Q>Z g§ñWm§_YyZ H$mhrVar EoH$dbo OmB© Am{U BVa

gmao EoH$V. AmVm EoH$Ê`mnojm dmMUo _hËdmMo Pmbo. {edm` {ejUmMm àgma, àMmam_wio dmMy eH$Umè`m§Mr

g§»`mhr H«$_mZo dmT>V Mmbbr. dmMZmgmR>r nwñVH$ Ambo. EH$m doir gma»`mM nwñVH$m§À`m hOmamo àVr oD$

bmJë`m. ldUmH$Sy>Z dmMZmH$S>o diUo, hr _hmamï´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb \$ma _moR>r H«$m§Vr hmoVr. dmMZmgmR>r

"nwñVH$' ZmdmMr Jmoï> Ambr. `m nwñVH$m_wio AmUIr IynM ~Xb Pmbo. boIH$m§À`m _mZ{gH$VonmgyZ EHy$U

g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV "nwñVH$' ZmdmÀ`m Jmoï>r_wio H$m` H$m` CbWmnmbWr Pmë`m.

AmOÀ`m Ñï>rZo dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrMm {dMma Ho$bm Va EH$ Jmoï> àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo Vr åhUOo AmO {ejUmMm

BVH$m {dñVma hmoD$Zhr _amR>r nwñVH$m§Mm In _`m©XrV Amho. `mMo Iao H$maU nwñVH$m§À`m qH$_Vr d Anwar

{dVaUì`dñWm ho Zìho. Vmo \$ma Va `m àíZmMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. nwñVHo$ ñdñV {_idrV d {dVaU ì`dñWm

H$m ©j_ Agmdr ho Iao na§Vw _w§~B©gma»`m ehamVyZ amhUmè`m Am{U gwpñWVrV AgUmè`m _mUgm§Mrhr nwñVHo$

{dHy$Z KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {XgV Zmhr. `mMo H$maU Vr _hmJ AmhoV ho Zìho. CXmhaUmW© 1960 À`m AmJo_mJo

H${dVmg§J«hmMr qH$_V gd©gm_mÝ`nUo VrZ ê$n o hmoVr. AmO Vr nÝZmg-gmR> ê$n o Pmbr. na§Vw `m Xaå`mZ

gw{e{jVm§À`m nJmamV Vrg-Mmirg nQ> dmT> Pmbr Amho. ho bjmV KoVbo Va \$ŠV nwñVH$m§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m

Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m VemM am{hë`m. H$maU nwñVH$m§À`m InmV \$ma ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV

gd©M dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV dmT> Pmbr AgyZ hrM _mUgo Ë`m gd© dñVy {dH$V KoV AgVmV. Ë`m gd© dñVy AJXr

OrdZmdí`H$ AgVmV. Agohr Zmhr. na§Vw Ago KS>Vo `mMo H$maU Amnë`m g_mOmV JaOm§Mm H«$_ bmdm`Mm

Pmbm Va Ë`m_Ü o nwñVH$m§Mm H«$_ IynM Imbr Amho. AJXr _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmWuhr H«${_H$ nwñVHo$ {dH$V

KoVmV Ago Zmhr.

VgoM AmO dmMZ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di dmMH$m§Mr g§»`m dmTy>Z MmbUma Zmhr Va nwñVHo$

{dH$V KoD$Z dmMUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>m`bm hdr. _hmamï´>mV nwñVHo$ {dH$V KoUmao dmMH$ \$ma WmoS>o AmhoV.

~hþVoH$ dmMH$m§Mm â J§«Wmb`mVyZ nwñVHo$ AmUyZ dmMÊ`mda AgVmo. nwñVH$ EH$Xm dmMUo H$s Z§Va Ë`m§Mm

Cn`moJ H$m`? Agm Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o àíZ AgVmo. nwñVH$ Oa {dH$V KoVbo Va dmMyZ Pmë`mda Vo Hw$MamM ~ZVo.

nU Ë`mÀ`mda ~amM n¡gm IM© Ho$bobm Agë`m_wio Vo \o$H$dVhr Zmhr. Am{U KamV Va Ë`mMr AS>MU hmoVo.

Voìhm Vo {dH$V KoÊ`mEodOr Vo J§«Wmb`mVyZ dmMÊ`mnwaVo AmUUo gmo rMo Agm {dMma _amR>r dmMZào_r H$aVmo.

H$mhr nwñVHo$ EH$Xm dmMyZ ^mJVo. na§Vw H$mhr A{ÔmV dmL²>_`H¥$Vr øm dma§dma dmMÊ`mOmo½`m AgVmV.

E_.E.^mJ 2 : dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr (43) /5

66

åhUyZM g§J«mø dmQ>Umao A{ÔmV dmL²>_` Am{U AmdS>Ë`m boIH$mMr nwñVHo$ {dH$V KoÊ`mMr gd` Oa

dmMH$m§Zm bmJbr Va CÎm_ nwñVH$m§À`m InmMm àíZ {_Q>ob.

5. boIH$ …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV B§J«Or amOdQ>rZo nma§n[aH$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMo gbJËd Zï> Pmbo.

Am{U EH$ Zdr dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$Vr AmpñVËdmV Ambr. Or Eo{hH$ OrdZmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmar Am{U B§J«Or

dmL²>_`mÀ`m AmXe© R>odUmar hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g_mOmV EH$ Ý yZJ§S> {Z_m©U Pmbm. Amnbr g_mOì`dñWm

Am{U Amnë`m ê$T>r Oem dmB©Q> åhUyZ Ë`mÁ` Ë`mà_mUo Amnbo dmL²>_`hr _mJmgbobo åhUyZ Ë`mÁ` Aem

g_OyVrVyZ Amnë`m boIH$m§Zr nmíMmË`m§Mo OrdZ{df`H$ Ñï>rH$moU, Ë`m§À`m Om{Udm Am{U Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`mVrb

aMZm~§Y, g§Ho$Vì`dñWm ho gd©M AmnU ñdrH$mê$ bmJbmo. hm ñdrH$ma B§J«Or {ejU KoVboë`m Zd{e{jV

_Ü`_ dJm©nwaVm _`m©{XV am{hbm. Ë`m_wio _w§~B© d "nwUo' hr gm{hË`mMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr.

{~«Q>re amOgÎmoÀ`m d$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m, g§nH$m©VyZ Adm©MrV _amR>r gm{hË`mMm CX` Pmbm ho Iao na§Vy

{~«{Q>e amOgÎmo_wio Pmboë`m gd© ~Xbm§Mm OmUrdnyd©H$ AW© bmdyZ Ë`m H$mimVrb gd© ì`º$s¨Zr Amnë`m

dV©ZmV ~Xb Ho$bm hmoVm,Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. `m Zì`m ~Xbm§er ghH§$n hmoUmar g§doXZerbVm d _yë`Ñï>r

gdm©Zm bm^br hmoVr Ago Zmhr. Ë`m H$mimVrb ~hþg§»` ì`ŠVr n[apñWVr VS>OmoS> H$ê$Z OJV hmoË`m.

gm{hË`mV `mMo Xe©Z H$go KS>Vo ho nmhmd`mMo Agob Va h[a^mD§$À`m "nU bú`mV H$moU KoVmo' `m H$m§X~arMo

KoVm oB©b `mVrb e§H$a_m_§Or ho H$Yr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimer OwiVo KoUmao Va H$Yr H$Yr gZmVZrnUmZo dmJVmZm

{XgVmV. na§Vw `mM H$m§X~arVrb Zd{e{jVm§Mo åhUOo `_yMm nVr, ^mD$, nVrMo {_Ì - `m§Mo dmJUo Vgo Zmhr.Vo

OmUrdnyd©H$ Amho. Ë`m§Mr g§doXZerbVm d _ybÑï>r {^Þ Amho. Vr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr Xe©H$ Amho.

_yë`mË_H$ Ñï>rZo nmhVm EH$mo{dgmì`m eVH$mVrb gm_m{OH$ ~Xbm_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m n[apñWVrbm

à{VgmX XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m n[apñWVrVyZ Zdr g§doXZerbVm d _yë`Ñï>r AmË_gmV H$aUmè`m Zd{e{jVm§À`m

A{^ê$MrVyZ Adm©MrZ _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho.bmoH${hVdmXr _hmË_m \w$bo, Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a

`mgma»`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Va Vr KS>{dbr AmhoM na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o, H$oedgyV, {H$bm}ñH$a, Xodb,

H$moëhQ>H$a JS>H$ar `m§gma»`m gm{hpË`H$mÀ`m gm{hË`mÛmao hr g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U ho boIH$ `m g§ñH¥$VrMo {Z_m©Vo AmhoV

Am{U Ë`m§Mo gm{hË` hrM g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. nwT>rb H$mbI§S>mV _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV Pmboë`m Zdgm{hË`mÀ`m

MidirH$S>ohr AemM Ñï>rZo nmhVm oUo eŠ` Amho. _hm wÕH$mbrZ d wÕmoÎma n[apñWVr_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao

gm_m{OH$ VmUVUmd, _mŠg©, \«$m°B©S>, AmBZñQ>mB©Z `m§À`m {dMmam_wio OrdZ{df`H$ AmH$bZmbm àmá hmoUmar

n[a_mUo `m gdm©À`m n[a_mUmVyZ OrdZ{df`H$ AmH$bZmbm àmá hmoUmar n[a_mUo `m gdmªÀ`m n[aUm_mVyZ

OrdZ{df`H$ EH$ doJir g§doXZerbVm d _yë`Ñï>r Ë`mdoiÀ`m Zì`m {nT>rV {Z_m©U Pmbr Am{U Ë`mZwgma _T>}H$a,

_w{ŠV~moY, nw. {e. aoJo, B§{Xam g§V, qdXm H$a§XrH$a, J§JmYa JmS>Jri, AaqdX JmoIbo, ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JwiH$a

`m§gmaIo boIH$ Oo OmUrdnyd©H$ {bhÿ bmJbo. Ë`m_YyZ _hmamï>mMr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {gÕ Pmbr Amho. Ë`mnwT>rb

H$mimVrb {dO` V|Sw>bH$a, ^mbM§Ð Zo_mS>o, {Xbrn {MÎmo, ZmamÙ gyd} `m§gma»`m boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`m~Ôbhr

AgoM åhUVm oÊ`mgmaIo Amho. "VwPo Amho VwOnmer' "H$mogbm', "H$_im' `m§gma»`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr nm{hë`m

Va ho OmUdÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

67

6. àH$meH$ …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV dmL²>_`mMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU ìhm`bm gwê$dmV Pmbr dmL²>_`mMr

N>nmB© dmT>U§ dmL²>_` àH$meZmMr g§»`m dmT>U§, àH$meZ gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m ñdV… H$aÊ`mÀ`m AmdmŠ`m_Ü o

òU§ AmO Va AZoH$ H${dVm g§J«h, Am{U H$Wm g§J«h H$dr ñdV…M àH$m{eV H$aVmV' àH$meH$m_m\©$V

boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`mMm ~mOmanoR>oer g§~§Y oVmo. ~è`mMXm g§nmXH$ hm àH$meH$ Agbm Var øm XmoZ KQ>H$m§À`m

H$m`m©_Ü o \$aH$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àmMrZ H$mimVrb ldUg§ñH¥$Vr _mJo nS>br. H$WZ H$sV©Z ,n«dMZ

hr àgmamMr gmYZo OmD$Z N>nmB©Mo V§Ì AdJV Pmë`mZo àH$meH$, g§nmXH$, {dVaH$ Agm dJ© AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`m§Mm boIH$mMm {ZË` g§~§Y oD$ bmJbm. `m_Ü o àH$meH$ hm àm_w»`mZo dmS>²._`mÀ`m

^m¡{VH$ qH$dm Am{W©H$ A§Jmer g§~§{YV AgVmo. dmL²>_` ho A^m¡{VH$ qH$dm _Zmo_` ñdê$nmMo Agbo Var Á`m

_mÜ`_mÛmao Vo ì`º$ hmoVo. Ë`m _mÜ`_mbm EH$ ñWyb ^m¡{VH$ ê$n Am{U {d{eï> Am{W©H$ _yë` Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm

g§~§Y gm_m{OH$ dñVy{d{Z_`mer Am{U n`m© mZo ~mOanoR>oer oV AgVmo. ~mOmamMr AW©ì`dñWm hr H$moUË`mhr

ì`dgm`mVrb CnOr{dHo$er g§~§{YV AgVo åhUyZ {VMm g§~§Y boIH$mÀ`mhr CËnÞmer/CnOr{dHo$er òV

AgVmo. hr CnOr{dH$m g_mYmZH$maH$ Agob VaM boIH$ OJy eHo$b Am{U H$mhr y{_H$m KoD$Z dmL²>_`rZ

g§ñH¥$Vrbm `moJXmZ H$ê$ eHo$b. _amR>rgma»`m gm{hË` ì`dhmamV boIH$ Amnbr CnOr{dH$m nyU©nUo dmL²>_`rZ

{Z{_©Vrda Mmbdy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aer {Z{_©Vr Ë`mÀ`m AmpñVËdmMo H$m`_ EH$ Cnm§JM ahmVo. _amR>rV

Vr CnOr{dH$mgwÕm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. gm{hË`mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV bjUr` n[adV©Z KSy>Z Amë`mg Am{U

J«mhH$m§À`m eŠVrV dmT> Pmë`mg boIH$mÀ`m CnOr{dHo$Mo n[aUm_ {ZpíMV[aË`m ~Xby eH$Vo. Am{U Ë`mMm

boIH$mÀ`m H¥$Vrda JwUmË_H$ Am{U g§»`mË_H$ n[aUm_ KSy> eH$Vmo. Vmo AWm©VM A{Zï> Agm XmoÝhr àH$maMm

Agy eH$Vmo. AmOÀ`m g§X^m©V ~mobm`M Pmb§ Va, AmO àH$meZ d ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m g§X^m©Vbr e{ŠVhrZVm

doJù`m àH$maMr Amho. _amR>r gm{hË` ì`dhmamV ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m _mJUrMo XS>nU oÊ`mEodOr "_mJUr Zmhr'

ømMoM XS>nU boIH$m§da oV AgVo. àH$meZ d {dH«$rì`dñWm _aJibobr Agë`m_wio boIH$mbm CnOr{dHo$gmR>r

BVa _mJm©da Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo. OrdZ g§Kfm©_Ü oM Ë`mMr eŠVr \$ma OmVo. gm{hpË`H$ {dnUZmÀ`m

(_mH}$qQ>JÀ`m) Anèm_wioM boIH$ gmd© m¡_, g§nÞ AmpñVËd OJy eH$V Zmhr d EH$ àH$maMo namdb§{~Ëd

Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm oVo. `m gdm©Mm n[aUm_ AWm©VM dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoVmo. boIH$mZo Ho$di {b{hÊ`mda

CnOr{dH$m Mmb{dbr Amho,Ka ~m§Ybobo Amho Ago CXmhaU gmnS>V Zmhr nU nwñVH§$ {dHy$Z Jã~a Pmbobo{XgVmV àH$meZmÀ`m joÌmVhr AerM AdñWm Amho. boIH$ H$gm gmnù`mV AS>H$dbm OmVmo? boIH$mMo

H$go hmoVo ho Amnë`mg_moa oVo.

dmMH$ …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {~«Q>re amOgÎmm Amë`mZ§Va _amR>r gm{hË` ldUmH$Sy>Z dmMZmH$S>o

dibo. dmMÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mMo ZmVo {b{hÊ`m-dmMÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mer {ZJS>rV Pmbo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr d gm{hË` àgmamMr gmYZo

_w»`V… ehar {d^mJmer {ZJS>rV Agë`m_wio ho gm{hË` `m gw{e{jV dJm©er g§~§{YV am{hbo Am{U `m ehar_Ü`_ dJm©À`m Aml`mZo dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrMr dmT> Pmbr. VgoM ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m g§YrMm

{dñVma Pmbm. VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgm~amo~a gm{hË`àgmamMr gmYZohr ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimÀ`m VwbZoV Xyada

nmohmoMbr. eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ J{V_mZ Pmbr. Zdm gw{e{jVdJ© {Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJbm. gm{hË` -

68

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dñVmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr KQ>Zm CnH$maH$ R>abr. `m n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AmO g_mOmÀ`m

{d{dY ñVamVyZ Zdo Zdo boIH$ CX`mbm Ambobo {XgVmV Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a dmMH$dJm©Mmhr {dñVma Pmbobm

{XgVmo. àH$meH$ àH$m{eV hmoUmar nwñVHo$ gm{hË`{df`H$ CnH«$_ `m gdmªMrM AmO g§»`mË_H$ dmT> Pmbobr

{XgVo. AmOMo g_rjmË_H$ boIH$ nm{hbo Va Ë`m_Ü ohr Ñï>rH$moZm§Mr {d{dYVm d nyduÀ`m VwbZoZo A{YH$

Jm§ r © {XgVo Agohr EH$m ~mOyZo åhUVm oÊ`mgmaIo Amho. AmO gm{hË` A{YH$ à_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoVo. _moR>çm

à_mUmV dmMbo OmVo. Am{U H$mhr doim Ë`mda {dMma{d_e©hr {dnwb à_mUmV hmoVmo Ago åhUVm `mdo Aer

n[apñWVr Amho. AmOÀ`m Amnë`m dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrMo ho EH$ ê$n Amho.

`m{edm` AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV J§«WldUmVrb Ym{_©H$ {dYrMo ñdê$n OmD$Z J§«WdmMZm§Mr doi dmMH$mbm

R>adVm oD$ bmJbr. Zì`mZo {eH$dë`m nmíMmË` {dÚm Y_©{Zanoj Agë`mZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AÜ``ZmÀ`m

{Z{_ÎmmZ§ dmMH$m§§Zm Y_©{Zanoj J§«W dmMÊ`mMr gd` bmJbr. gh{OH$M Zdm dmMH$ Y_©{Zanoj bm¡{H$H$

dmS²>._`mMr _mJUr H$ê$ bmJbm. dmMH$mbm dmMm`bm hdo åhUyZ gd© J§«Wg§b½Z ì`dhmaM Zìho Va gd©

dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr dmMH$H|$Ðr ~Zbr. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV boIH$ - dmMH$ àË`j g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`m_wio

dmMH$m§À`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVm oUo eŠ` Pmbo. _Ü` wJmV dmMH$m§À`m doJ-doJù`m

àH$maÀ`m dmMZmÀ`m JaOm, Anojm `m AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ dmS>²._`mVyZM nyU© H$amì`m bmJV hmoË`m na§Vw AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV dmMH$m§À`m doJdoJù`m JaOm ^mJdUmao Am{U AnojmnyVu H$aUmao {d{dY àH$maMo dmS>²._` {b{hbo

OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ àH$maMo dmL²>_` {b{hbo OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ àH$maÀ`m dmS>²._`mMm

dmMH$dJ© V`ma Pmbm. dmMH$m§À`m JaOmZwê$n dmS²>._`mMo {deofrH$aU Pmbo.

{dVaU …- _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV dmS>²._`mÀ`m {dVaUmMr Am{U Vo lmoË`mn ªV nmohMdÊ`mMr EH$

nÕVr Am{ñVËdmV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mMà_mUo Adm©MrZ H$mbI§S>mV _wÐU wJm_Ü o àH$meH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

~mOmanoR>r AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwñVH$m§Mr {dH«$s hmoD$Z {dVaUmMr à{H«$`m nyU© hmoVo. dmS>²._`mMo ñdê$n

_Zmo_` Agbo Var Vo eãX qH$dm ^mfogma»`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`º$ hmoV AgyZhr AmYw{ZH$ wJmV _wÐUH$boMr OmoS>

{_imë`mZo Ë`mbm ^m¡{VH$ ê$n àmá Pmbo. _wÐUmÀ`m gmhm`mZo EH$mM J§«Wm§À`m hOmamo àVr H$mT>Vm oUo eŠ`

Pmbo. Ë`m_wio dmMH$m§Zm Amnë`mAmnë`m gmo tZr, Amnë`m doJmZo dmMÊ`mMr gw{dYm {Z_m©U Pmbr. VgoM

nwñVH$m§À`m A{YH$ àVr àH$meZm§H$S>o _m\$H$ XamV {_iV Agë`mZo Adm©MrZ H$mimVrb gm{hË`ì`dhmamMm

dñVy{d{Z_`mer Am{U n`m© mZo ~mOmanoR>oer g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmbm.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejUmMm dmT>Vm àgma,bmoH$m§Mr dmT>bobr eŠVr, VgoM {~«Q>re gÎmoÀ`m_wio Eo{hH$

gm{hË`mMr Pmbobr AmoiI Ë`mVyZ dmT>bobm dmMH$dJ©, `m_wio dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr doJmZo ngabr Ë`m_wio

gO©Zerb dmL²>_`mMo {dVaUhr Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo hmoUo dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo AgVo

Zd{Z{_©V gm{hË`mMo {dVaU Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo Pmë`mg H$bmd§V gm{hpË`H$mbm {Z{_©VrMr àoaUm {_iVo.

n[aUm_r dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m dmT>rg hmV^ma bmJVmo. nU AmOÀ`m nwñVH$mÀ`m {dH«$s ì`dhmam~m~V Va Z

~mobbob§ ~a§ Vwåhr nwñVH$ N>mnb§ Ë`mMr qH$_V g_Om 100 ê$. R>odbr Am{U {dVaH$mH$S>o JobmV Va Vmo nwñVH$

VrZ ê$n`m§nmgyZ _mJVmo Am{U H$mhr H$mhr {dVaH$ AmhoV H$s, Oo ZwgVm H$Mam JR²>R>çmV ~m§YVmV. Om{hamV

69

H$aVmV 90% H${_eZ 80% H${_eZ gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb`dmbo VoWyZM IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm AZwXmZmV

JminmQ> _mam`M§ AgV§. dmMZmb`mV H$Mam Ambm H$m aÔr `m~m~V Ë`m§Zm XoUo KoUoM Zmhr. Amnbr {_iH$V

Pmbr ~ñg. Aem dmMZmb` n[agamV H$moUVo dmS>²._`rZ g§ñH$ma hmoUma ZmhrV.

g_rjm …- g_rjH$ hm J§«WmMo _yë` R>adUmam, Ë`mMm XOm© {ZpíMV H$aUmam EH$ VÁk dmMH$ hmo .

`m VÁk dmMH$mÀ`m g_rjoMm boIH$mÀ`m boIZmda Am{U dmMH$mÀ`m dmMZm{^ê$Mrda n[aUm_ hmoD$

bmJbm. dmMH$mbm g_rjmboIZmVyZ CnbãY hmoD$ bmJë`m. `m gd© n[apñWVr_wio dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrVrb

àH$meH$ J§«W{dH«o$Vm J§«Wmb o `m g§ñWm Am{U boIH$ d g_rjH$ `m§Mo boIZ ì`dhmahr `m g§ñWm Am{U boIH$

d g_rjH$ `m§Mo boIZ ì`dhmahr H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV dmMH$m{^_wI Pmbo. dmMH$mbm dmMZmgmR>r H$m`

hdo. Ë`mÀ`m dmMZ-JaOm H$m` AmhoV. Ë`mMm {dMma AZoH$ boIH$ H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wioM dmMH$mÀ`m dmMZ

JaOm ^mJdUmè`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ bmJbr. Ë`m~amo~aM, dmMH$mbm H$m` AmdS>Vo

`mMm _bm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. _bm Oo A{^ì`ŠV H$amdogo dmQ>Vo Vo H$aUo _bm _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo.

dmMH$mbm dmQ>bo Va Vmo _mPo boIZ dmMrb Aer dmMH${Zanoj y{_H$m dmMZg§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmpñVËdm_wio H$mhr

boIH$m§Zm KoVm òD$ bmJbr, Ë`m_wio dmMH${Zð>oEodOr AZw^d{Zð>m H$mhr boIH$m§Zm amIVm Ambr. hr

dmS>²._`mAä`mgH$mMr y{_H$m Oer Vmo dR>dy bmJbm VgoM àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m J§«Wm§Mo narjU-_yë`_mnZ

H$ê$Z dmMH$mbm Vmo J«§W dmMZ`mo½` Amho H$s Zmhr Agë`mg Vmo dmMZ `mo½` H$m Amho? gm§JÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

Vmo gm§ miy bmJbm. AWm©V _wÐUV§Ìm_wio AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV J§«Wg_rjmì`dhma ghOnUo eŠ` Pmbm AmVm

Ë`mbm N>mnrb J§«W ghOnUo CnbãY hmoV Agë`m_wio g_rjH$mÀ`m _Vm§Mr `mo½`m`mo½`Vm Ë`mbm R>adVm oD$

bmJbr. dmMH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m dmMZmV J§«Wg_rjm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aV Agë`m_wio Vr dmMÊ`mMr JaOhr Ë`mbm dmQy>

bmJbr.OmUH$ma dmMH$ dmL²>_` H¥$Vr~amo~aM {VÀ`mdaMr narjUo, g_rjmboI Ago g_rjm gm{hË`hr dmMy

bmJbm. Ë`m_wio dmMZg§ñH¥$VrV J§«Wg_rjobm _hÎd àmá Pmbo.

gm{hË`g_rjoÀ`m Cn wº$Vog§~§Yr ~mobVmZm "g_rjm g_mOmÀ`m A{^ê$Mrbm diU bmdÊ`mMo H$m ©

H$ê$ eH$Vo' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. g_rjoMo ho H$m © n`m© mZo g_rjmMoM H$m © Amho. EImÚm ^mfoVrb g_rjm g_¥Õ

AgUo åhUOo Ë`m ^mfoVrb dmS²>._` ì`dhmamMm {d{dYm§Jm§Zr doY KoUmao {M{H$ËgH$ boIZ CnbãY AgUo hmo .

boIH$mMm g_rjH$mer Omo g§~§Y oVmo. Vmo àm_w»`mZo Q>rH$m, _r_m§gm dm {díbofU{df`H$ H$m`m©_wio _mÌ

hm g§~§Y {Z{_©VrZ§Va oVmo øm g§~§Ym_wio boIH$mÀ`m dmS>²._`mMo AmH$bZmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. ho AmH$bZ

àm_w»`mZo dmL²>_`mMo dm H$bm{Z{_©VrMo à`moOZ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg {VMo VËH$mbrZ ñdê$n g_H$mbrZ

{Z{_©VrMo JwU{deof Am{U boIH$mÀ`m `moJXmZmMo _yë`_mnZ øm A§JmZo AgVo. Aem AmH$bZmMo _hÎd doJio

gm§JÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. g§nmXH$ g_rjH$m§À`m g§~§Ym_wio boIH$mÀ`m AmË_{Zð> H$m`m©bm g§ñH¥${V{Zð>

n[aUm_mMr OmoS> {_iVo.

na§Vw AmO _mÌ g_rjoMr pñWVr doJir Amho. {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr, {Za{Zamù`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$bobr

g_rjm g_moa oV Agbr Var Vr Á`m nÕVrZo Am{U AZoH$Xm Á`m {Z~m}Y [aVrZo Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVyZ

boIH$mMo AmH$bZ gwYmaÊ`mg \$maer _XV {_iV Zmhr. Xwgao Ago H$s, gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Am{U Ë`mMr

70

g_rjm `m_Ü o \$maM WmoS>r _mUgo Jw§Vbobr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vr Ë`mM Ë`mM {dMmaì yhmg Am{U dV©wimV {\$aV

ahmVo. ZdrZ {nT>r B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVyZ {eH$Vo. Ë`mMm hmhr EH$ _moR>m VmoQ>m hmoVmo. _amR>r gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg d

g_rjm H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYH$ V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. AmOÀ`m g_rjm ì`dhmamda amOZ Jdg `m§Zrhr {Q>H$m Ho$br

Amho. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr _hÎdmMo àíZ CnpñWVrV Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV, _amR>rVrb g_rjm ì`dhma H$gm

MmbVmo? _amR>rV g_rjm Ord§V Amho. `mM H$moUV§ bjU Amnë`mbm {XgV§? A_wH$ A_wH$ EH$ nwñVH$

Mm§Jb§ A_wH$-A_wH$ EH$ dmB©Q> nwñVH$ dmB©Q> Aer gmd©O{ZH$ MMm© H$aVmZm H$moUË`m Jmoï>r Ü`mZmV KoVë`m

OmVmV? _r AmoirZ§ Aem Xhm H$m§X~è`m Á`m Mm§Jë`m AmhoV Ë`m§Mr Zmd§ gm§JVmo. Á`m H$mX§~è`m§da

g_rjH$m§Zr Amoi {b{hbr Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr `m H$m§X~è`m dmMë`m AgVrb. `m~m~V _mÂ`m _ZmV e§H$m Amho.

Vo Ë`m§À`m Ë`m§À`m H$inmVë`m bmoH$m§MoM dmMVmV Ë`mdaM§ {b{hVmV hm H$m` g_rjm ì`dhma Amho?AmnU

\$ma {dÛmZ g_rjH$ Agë`mM§ ^mgdÊ`mgmR>r Xo[aXm, bwH$mg, \w$H$mo gmÌ© Aer Zmd§ KoD$Z bmoH$m§V «_ {Z_m©U

H$aUmar «{_ð> g_rjm Á`m dmL²>_`rZ ì`dhmamV MmbV Agob Ë`m dmL²>_`rZ ì`dhmamMo H$m` hmoUma?

Amnbm g_mO, Ë`m§Mo _mZgemó, g_mOemó, B{Vhmg, yJmob, g§ñH¥$Vr g_OyZ KoD$Z g_mOm{^_wI g_rjoMr

C^maUr Amnë`mH$S>o Pmbr H$m? AmnU Amnbo g_rjm{gÕm§V C o Ho$bo H$m? Amnbo g_rjmì yh AmhoV? `m

àíZm§Mr CÎma H$m` oVmV. X. J. JmoS>g|Mm, _. gw. dmQ>bm§Mm V¥îUm~§Y,Am{U ^mbM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Mm XoerdmX

dJiVm Zdo {gÕm§VZ gmnS>V Zmhr ZdoZdo {gÕm§Vì yìh V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Amnë`m g_rjoMr Zmhr?

AmOÀ`m {H$aQ>çm g_rjm ì`dhmamV Mm§Jbm boIH$ H$gm H$m` {Z_m©U hmoUma? CbQ> EImXr Mm§Jbr H$bmH¥$Vr

AmbrM Va H$m` hmoVo? `mM§ ChmXaU "qhXy-OJÊ`mVrb g_¥Õ AS>Ji' Z dmMUmao H$mX§~arda OmoaXma Q>rH$m

H$aV am{hbo. H$mX§~ar N>mnyZ oÊ`mnyduM `m§Zr Hw$Ur H$m` ~mobmd§, ho R>adb§, Ag§ åhUm`bm OmJm Amho.

dmMUmao _mÌ qhXyda ~ohX Iwe AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Vm|S> CKS>b§ Va ~§XyH$ amoIyZ ~gbobo ho g_rjmdra Aem bmoH$m§Mr

Zo_mS>o ^ŠV åhUyZ dmgbmV bmdVmV. EHy$U H$m` Va dmS>²._`g§ñH¥$VrMm dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r

Mm§Jë`m g_rjoMr JaO Amho.

A{^ê$Mr …- A{^ê$Mr åhUOo {d{eï> g_mOmMr {d{eï> H$mimVrb gm{hË`{df`H$ AmdS>{ZdS> Ago

T>mo~i_mZmZo åhUVm oB©b. Hw$R>ë`mhr EH${OZgr ^m{fH$ g§ñH¥$VrV EH$M EH$ dmL²>_`rZ na§nam ApñVËdmV

AgVo. Aem g§ñH¥$VrV dmL²>_`rZ na§naoer g§b½Z Agboë`m A{^ê$MrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV gm_m{OH$ ñVamà_mUo

Am{U ì`{º$naËdo A{^ê$Mr oX Agy eH$VmV. na§Vw EImXr ^m{fH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Oa Xw§ Jbobr Agob Va {VWo

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àË oH$ ^mJmMr doJdoJir dmL²>_`rZ na§nam Am{U VËg§b½Z A{^ê$Mr ApñVËdmV oD$ eH$Vo.

B§J«Or amOdQ>r_wio Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV XmoZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVa ApñVËdmV Ambo. Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr "ZmJa' Am{U

"J«m_rU' Aem XmoZ ñVam§V {d^mJbr Jobr. Ë`m_wio B§J«Or amOdQ>rÀ`m àñWmnZonmgyZ, åhUOo AmYw{ZH$

H$mimnmgyZ _amR>r ^mfoV XmoZ dmL²>_`rZ na§nam Am{U VËg§b½Z A{^ê$MtÀ`m XmoZ Mm¡H$Q>r ApñVËdmV Amë`m.

B§J«Or amOdQ>rnydu Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr EH${OZgr Agë`m_wio _amR>r ^mfoMr EH$M EH$ dmL²>_`rZ na§nam Am{U

{VÀ`mer {ZJS>rV A{^ê$MrMr EH$M EH$ Mm¡H$Q> AmpñVËd hmoVr. dmL²>_`rZ A{^ê$MrÀ`m `m Mm¡H$Q>rV

gm_m{OH$ ñVam§à_mUo Am{U ì`{ŠVà_mUo A{^ê${M {^ÞM hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ Agboë`m nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

71

AmJ_ZmZ§Va {VÀ`m à^mdmVyZ Amnë`mH$S>o EH$ doJirM ehar g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mnydu

Agbobr gbJ, AI§S> g§ñH¥$Vr Xw §Jbr Jobr. Am{U ehar d "J«m_rU' Ago XmoZ {^Þ ñVa Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV

ApñVËdmV Ambo. nmíMmË` OrdZnÕVr Am{U _yë`ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabobm EH$ Zdm ehar dJ© V`ma hmoV Jobm.

`m ehar Zd{e{jV g_mOmZo Amnbr dmS>²._`rZ na§nam Q>mHy$Z XoD$Z Amnbo EH$ doJio dmL²>_` {Z_m©U Ho$bo.

ho dmL²>_` nmíMmË` dmL²>_`m§À`m diUmMo hmoVo. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV `m dmL²>_`mMr Zdr na§nam KS>V Jobr

`m AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`mÀ`m n§anaobm AmnU "ZmJa dmL²>_`rZ na§nam ' åhUy `m B§J«Or amOdQ> Amë`mZ§Va gd©

n[apñWVr ~Xbr, Ho$di gÎmm§Va Z hmoVm EH$m dJm©nwaVo Var Vo g§ñH¥$Ë §Va hmoVo. `m H$mimVrb ZmJa bmoH$m§Mr

àm_w»`mZo hr g_OyV Pmbr hmoVr H$s, Amnbr dmL²>_`rZ na§nam Am{U A{^ê$Mr _mJmgbobr AgyZ AmnU {VMm

{dH$mg Ho$bm. nm{hOo hr Ë`m H$mimVrb gd© ñdrH¥$V y{_H$m à{V{ZYrH$ ñdê$nmV _. _mo. Hw§$Q>o `m§À`m boIZmV

ñnï>nUo C^mabr Amho. `mVyZ B§J«Or amo_°{Q>{gP_Mmhr à^md Amnë`m H$mì`mda nS>bm. Ë`mVyZ Ho$edgyV,

JmoqdXmJ«O `mgma»`m H$dtZr ào_ H${dVm, {ZgJ© H${dVm, gm_m{OH$ H${dVm {b{hbr.

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñWm - AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV hoVw nyd©H$ doJdoJù`m dmL²>_`rZ g§ñWmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV

g§ wº$ _hmamï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va g§ wº$ _hmamï´>mMo n{hbo _w»`_§Ìr H¡$. èd§VamdOr MìhmU `m§Zr _amR>r ^mfm

gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. dmL²>_`rZ g§ñWm Am{U dmMH$-a{gH$ Á`m dmL²>_`rZ àgmaUmMo

H$m_ H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m_YyZ Oo gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§dYªZ hmoVo, Vo boIH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$ma _mobmMo AgVo. na§Vw `m

g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©bm gÜ`m \$ma CËgdr ñdê$n Ambo Amho. _amR>rVrb gm{hË` g§_obZo ho Ë`mMo EH$ R>iH$

CXmhaU AW©nyU© gImob Am{U J§ ra Ago dmS²>._`rZ A{^gaU H$aÊ`mEodOr {ZaW©H$ CWi Am{U ì`mnmar

nÜXVrMo H$m ©H«$_ H$aÊ`mV øm g§ñWm a_boë`m {XgVmV. Amnbo {ZpíMV dmL²>_`rZ C{Ôï> H$m` `mMm øm

g§ñWm§Zm {dga nS>bobm Amho H$s H$m` Agm àíZ nS>Vmo Am{U Iar AñdñW H$aUmar Jmoï> åhUOo boIH$m§Zm

Aem CËgdr g_ma§ m§Mm _moh nS>Vmo. gd©gm_mÝ` a{gH$, Ë`m§Mm ~Zbobm g_wXm` d Ë`m§À`m g§ñWm CËgd{à`

AgUo ho g_OÊ`mgmaIo Amho. hr àd¥Îmr g_«mQ> AemoH$mZo Odinmg XmoZ hOma dfm©nyduM Zm|XdyZ R>odbobr Amho.

{JaZma oWrb Amnë`m EH$m {ebmboImV Vmo Ago åhUVmo H$s, "bmoH$ g_mO (g_ma§ )' \$ma H$aVmV. Vr àd¥Îmr

AmOn ªV MmbV Ambr Agë`mg Zdb Zmhr. àíZ Agm Amho H$s boIH$m§Zr øm {H$Vr CÎmoOZ Úm`Mo.

gm{hË` g§ñWm§À`m g§X^m©Vbr Xwgar EH$ AñdñW H$aUmar Jmoï>, Vr åhUOo gm{hË`g§ñWm øm Iè`m

AWm©Zo dmMH$-a{gH$m§À`m g§ñWm Z amhVm g§ñH¥$Vr~mø KQ>H$m§À`m åhUOo amOH$s` nj, nwT>mar, YZXm§S>Jo d

{hVg§~§Yr`m§À`m hmVmVbr H$igyÌr ~mhþbr ~ZVmV, Am{U _J Iao dmL²>_`rZ H$m © H$aÊ`mEodOr gd©Ì à{gÕr

CËgdr g_ma§ Am{U _mZgÝ_mZ `m§H$S>oM Ë`m§Mo bj bmJVo. CËgd gmOam H$aVmH$aVm AWm©VM gÎmm, g§nÎmr,

gmYZo, _Zwî`~i `m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm nS>V AgVo. Am{U _J Ë`mgmR>r _yë`hrZ Am{U {dYr{ZfoYeyÝ` VS>OmoS>r

H$amì`m bmJVmV. Ë`m~Ôb IoX dmQ>Ê`mEodOr `m CËgdmV gm_rb hmoD$Z, Aem A{Zï> àWm§Zm A{Y_mÝ`Vm

XoÊ`mV boIH$ YÝ`Vm _mZV AgVmV.

AmVm `m n[apñWVrV ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr Cnm` H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. B§J«Or

amOdQ>rV Amnë`m ^mfoMr Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMr H$miOr OZVoZoM KoVbr hmoVr. VmoM _mJ© AmVmhr Adb§~mdm

72

bmJUma Amho. AmVm _amR>r ^mfm Am{U dmL²>_` `m§Mo {ejU XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _hmamï´>mVë`m gm{hË`

g§ñWm§Zr KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. _amR>r ^mfoMo Am{U dmL²>_`mMo dJ© Mmb{dUo, _amR>rÀ`m narjm KoUo,

JmdmoJmdr _amR>r dmL²>_`mda H$m ©H«$_ KoUo, _amR>r J«§Wmb`mMr Midi MmbdUo, {\$aË`m dmMZmb`m_m\©$V

JmdmoJmdr nwñVHo$ nmoMdUo `m _mJmªZr _amR>r ^mfoMm Am{U dmS²>._`mMm bmoH$g§nH©$ {Q>H$dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. ho

_mJ© AmOhr H$mhr à_mUmV dmnabo OmV AmhoV. na§Vw Ë`m§Mm `moOZm~Õ nÕVrZo dmna Am{U {dñVma H$aÊ`mMr

Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

_hm_§S>io : gd© _amR>r ^m{fH$ _wbwI EH$m amÁ` N>ÌmImbr AmUÊ`mMm {dMma amOH$s` joÌm_Ü o

J{V_mZ Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m {dMmambm ~i XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U _amR>r ^mfm d gm{hË` øm g§X^m©Vrb g_mZ

àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` n[afXogH$Q> doJdoJù`m _amR>r gm{hË`

g§ñWm§Zm EH$Ì AmUÊ`mMo Am{U gdm©Mr {_iyZ EH$ à{V{Z{YH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbo Ë`m

à`ËZm§Mr n[aUVr 1951 _Ü o gd© gm{hË` g§ñWm§À`m à{V{ZYrMr {_aO oWo ~¡R>H$ KoÊ`mV Ambr. `mMo

AÜ`jñWmZr H$dr A{Zb hmoVo. m ~¡R>H$sV gd© g§ñWm {_iyZ g§K -g§ñWm "_amR>r gm{hË` _hm_§S>i' m ZmdmZo

ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr, `m _hm_§S>i 1962 gmbr _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m boIZmbm EH$gyÌrnUm AmUÊ`mgmR>r _amR>r

ewÕboIZmMo {Z`_ Ho$bo. ho `m _§S>imMo n{hbo ^mfm{df`H$ H$m_ Ho$bo.

na§Vw èd§Vamd MìhmUm§Zr _amR>r ^mfm gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§dY©ZgmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$bobr hr

gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, {dídH$moe {Z{_©Vr ^mfm {dH$mg g§ñWm `m§Mr AmOMr H$m_{Jar _mÌ g_mYmZH$maH$

Zmhr. `m gd© g§ñWm àm_w»`mZo OÌm âdÊ`mV Jw§Vbobm {XgVmV.

g§_obZo …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gm{hË`g§_obZ âdb§ OmD$ bmJbr.

_hm_§S>imÀ`m ñWmnZon ªV _amR>rMr Or gm{hË` g§_obZ âV hmoVr Vr nwÊ`mMr _hmamï´> gmm{hË` n[afX âdrV

Ago `m g§_obZmbm "_hmamï´> gm{hË` _hm_§S>imZo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$ë`mZ§Va eŠ`Vmo Xadfu EH$ gm{hË` g§_obZ

âdmdo Agm {ZU© Pmbm Ë`mVyZ 1965 _Ü o h¡X«m~mX oWo Oo 46 do gm{hË` g§_obZ Pmbo Vo _hm_§S>imMo

nm{hbo A{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË` g§_obZ hmoVo. Zdmo{XV gm{hË` g§_obZm{edm` _amR>r gm{hË` _hm_§S>imV\}$

amÁ`mV amÁ`ñVar` d {OëhmñVar` Aer ~mam gm{hË` g§_obZo hmoVmV. na§Vy AmO gm{hË`ì`dhma g§Hw${MV

ìhm`bm bmJbobm {XgVmo. gm{hË` g§_obZ hr dmMH$m§Mr, a{gH$m§Mr g§_obZ Oar _mZbr OmV Agbr Var

Ë`mVë`m H$moUbmM {ZU© à{H«$ oV dmMH$m§Zm ñWmZ ZgV. Á`m ehamV g§_obZ âV§ {VWë`m dmMH$ JQ>m§Zm `m

~m~VrV {dMmab§ Var OmV H$m? Ë`m g§_obZmbm Ë`m§Zr â^ê$Z à{VgmX Úmdm Aer Anojm AgVo. dmMH$m§Zr

`md§ nwñVH$ {dH$V ¿`mdrV, H$m ©H«$_ EoH$mdo ho gJi§ Ano{jV AgV§ nU Ë`m {ZU© à{H«$ oV Ë`m§Zm ñWmZ AgV§

H$m? `mM CÎma Zmhr AgM oV§ AmO `m gm{hË`g§_obZmÀ`m nmR>r_mJo "amOH$s` hoVy' Agbobm {XgVmo. VgoM

`m Am{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË`g§_obZo âVmV. CXm. àmXo{eH$ g§_obZo, ({dX © gm{hË` g§_obZ) {deofUmË_H$

gm{hË` g§_obZo Ë`m_Ü o {dÐmohr gm{hË` g§_boZ, "g-gm{hË` g§_obZo, g_agVm gm{hË` Aer doJdoJir

g§_bZo Va âVmVM {edm` OmVdma, {Oëhmdma _hmZJa, CnZJamÀ`m Zmdmdê$Zrhr g§_obZo âVmV. ~a§ `mVyZ

dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmoVo Amho Agohr Zmhr. CbQ> Vr A{YH$M g§Hw${MV ~ZV Agbobr {XgVmV.

73

nwañH$ma …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r emgZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z, doJdoJù`m

g§ñWmH$Sy>Z gm{hË`{Z{_©VrgmR>r 29 nwañH$ma {Xbo OmVmV. `m_Ü o EHy$U ^maVr` gm{hË`mgmR>r {Xbm OmUmam

"kmZnrR>' nwañH$ma _amR>r gm{hË`mgmR>rMm gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma, OZñWmZ nwañH$ma... Ago doJdoJio

nwañH$ma emgZ d doJdoJù`m g§ñWm_m\©$V {Xbo OmVmV.

`m nwañH$ma dmQ>nm_Ü ohr AmO H$mhr VmbV§Ì am{hbob§ {XgV Zmhr. Iè`m AWm©Zo gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrgmR>r

AmO Oa emgZmZo H$mhr H$am`Mo Agob, bmoH$m§Zm OmJ¥V ìhmdo, ehmUo ìhmdo Ago dmQ>V Agob Va dmMZmb`m§Zm

AZwXmZ XoÊ`mnojm ga§Om_r nÕVrZo nwañH$mam§Mr {IamnV dmQ>Ê`mnojm H$mhr nm`m yV Jmoï>rH$S>o bj Úmdo. H$maU

boIH$m§Zm nwañH$ma XoUo ho gaH$maMo Iao Va H$m_ Zmhr. _Ü` wJmV amOo qH$dm ga§Om_ \$º$ Aem JmoîQ>r H$aV.

gaH$mabm `m~m~VrV H$mhr H$am`MoM Agob Va gaH$maZo H$mJXmdaMm H$a H$_r H$aUo, nwñVH$m§Zm OH$mV dm

VËg_ H$a bmJy Z H$aUo, emim§Zm d J«§Wmb`m§Zm nwñVH$ IaoXrgmR>r {deof AZwXmZ XoUo.. `mgma»`m Jmoï>r

H$amì`mV VgoM boIH$mbm à{gÕr A{YH$ma _mZgÝ_mZ,nwañH$ma Aem Jmoï>tÀ`m hì`mgm_wio Ë`mÀ`mVrb

AmË_{Zð>m Z dmT>Vm X§ Am{U Ah§H$ma _mÌ dmT>rbm bmJVmo.

emim - _hm{dÚmb`- {dÚmnrR>oo …- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejUmMm àgma AJXr IoS>çmnmS>çmn ªV

Pmbm Ë`mgmR>r OmJmoOmJr emim _hm{dÚmb o,{dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. `mVyZ ~mhoa nS>bobm Zd{e{jV

Vê$U dJmªÀ`m dmMZmV B§J«Or gm{hË` Ambo. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mH$S>o AemM àH$maMo gm{hË` {Z_m©U ìhmdr

Aer C_u Ë`m§À`m_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr. H$mhtZr Va OmUrdnyd©H$ B§J«Or gm{hË`mÀ`m YaVrda Eo{hH$m{df`mda

H$mì` {b{hbo H$mhr ZdrZ aMZm~§Y Amnë`m gm{hË`mV AmUbo. na§Vw Ago Agbo Var AmOÀ`m H$mimV _amR>r

^mfm d g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r àgma Am{U àMmamgmR>r emim- _hm{dÚmb o `mVrb Aä`mgH«$_ Anwao nS>V

Agë`mMo {MÌ g_moa oVmZm {XgVo.

AmO B§J«Or _mÜ`_m§À`m emim§_Ü o Amnbr _wbo {eH${dÊ`mMo bmoZ gd©Ì ngabobo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr

Pi _amR>r dmMZg§ñH¥$Vrbm nmohMVmZm {XgVo. AmO B§J«Or OJmMr kmZ^mfm Agë`m_wio gd©Ì {VMmM àgma

hmoV Amho. nU AmnU Amnbrhr ^mfm kmZ^mfm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. {VÀ`mVhr VodT>o gm_Ï © {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar Amnbr Amho ho AmnU {dgaV Mmbbmo AmhmoV.

_amR>r ^mfm AmO amOH$maUmMm {df` Pmbobm Amho._w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m B{VhmgmnmgyZM _amR>r ^mfoM

amOH$maU gwê$ Pmbob§ Amho.{VWo Ë`mdoir 1863 gmbr _amR>r Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ ~mX Pmb§, _amR>rbm n`m©

åhUyZ g§ñH¥$V {eH$m`M§ Agob Va {eH$m. _amR>r {eH$m`M§ Agob Va B§J«OrVyZ _amR>r {eH$m`Mr na§nam gwê$

Pmbr. _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV g§ñH¥$Vr hr kmZ^mfm {d{eï> dJm©nwaVr _`m©{XV hmoVr. Aemdoir gm_mÝ`

OZVon ªV kmZ nmohmMmdo `mgmR>r kmZoídamXr g§Vm§Zr OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$bo. dmS²>._` Midi {Z_m©U Ho$br.

Am{U nwTo> OmD$Z AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AmnU B§J«OrMr àñWmnZm Amnë`m kmZ^mfoÀ`m OmJr H$aV AmhmoV naV

EH$Xm Jwbm_{JarH$S>o gaH$V AmhmoV. Aemdoir emim-_hm{dÚmbò-{dÚmnrR>o `m§Mr "^y{_H$m _hËdmMr

Amho. 1975 gmbr n{hë`m§Xm _w§~B©_Ü o "_amR>r ^mfm AÝ`m` {Z_wb©Z g{_Vr "{Z_m©U Pmbr `mdoir _amR>r

àmÜ`mnH$m§À`m ZmoH$è`m§da JXm oÊ`mM§ {MÝh {XgV Agë`mZo àmÜ`mnH$ _§S>irÀ`m nwT>mH$mao n[afX âdbr

74

Jobr `m_Ü o nw.b.Xoenm§S>o, {d.dm {eadmS>H$a, nw.^m.^mdo Aem gJù`m _mZdam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.

EHy$UM gm{hË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZXmZ Xhmdrn`ªVMo {ejU Var ^mfm {dkmZ, Am{U

ZmJ[aH$emó `m§À`m ^ŠH$_ nm`mda ho {ejU C^mabobo hdo. gm{hË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amnbr _mV¥ mfm

H$m`, Vr H$er MmbVo, H$er dmJVo {VMr VmH$X H$m`, Vr Amnë`mgmR>r H$m` H$aVo, AmnU {VÀ`mgmR>r H$m`

H$aVmo `mMr OmUrd àË oH$ _wbmbm nm{hOo.

VgoM dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amnë`m XoemVrb {dÚmnrR>mV ^maVr` ^mfm§À`m AÜ``Z

AÜ`mnZmMo H|$Ð ñWmnZ Pmbo nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dmL²>_`mMr ^mfm§Vao Amnmnë`m ^mfm§_Ü o H$ê$Z

^m{fH$ AmXmZàXmZmbm MmbZm {Xbr nm{hOo _Ü` AmYw{ZH$ H$mimÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm ^mfm§Vao Pmbr nU Vr

àm_w»`mZo B§J«Or ^mfoVrb Ë`m_wio EH$ doJimM Ý yZJ§S>hr {Z_m©U Pmbm. gd© mfr` AmXmZàXmZmVyZ àË oH$

^maVr` ^mfoMo dmS>²._` g§nÞ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b AWm©V AemàH$maMo AmXmZàXmZ BVa OmJ{VH$ ^mfm§À`m

~m~VrVhr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw AmO Amnbr {dÚmnrRo> ^maVr` ^mfm§nojm naXoer ^mfm§À`m AÜ``Z

AÜ`mnUmbm A{YH$ _hËd qH$dm AJ«H$_ XoVmV.

g_mamon …- dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

OS>KS>Ur_Ü o AmYw{ZH$ H$moUVo KQ>H$ H$maUr yV R>abo. B§J«Or amOdQ> Amë`mZ§Va _wÐU H$boMm Pmbobm CJ_,

{ejUmMm àgma à~moYZH$mimV {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d¥ÎmnÌo `mMo "dmL²>_`mbm `moJXmZ nwñVH${Z{_©Vr, àH$meZ

g_rjm, {dVaU `m g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Pmbobm _amR>r gm{hË`mMm àgma, VgoM dmL²>_`rZ A{^ê$Mr

KS>{dÊ`m_Üò dmMH$m§Zm Am{U boIZmMr g§Ho$Vì`dñWm d boIH$m§Mr g§doXZerbVm KS>dÊ`m_Üò àoaH$

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àoaH$ R>abo. BVa KQ>H$ dmL²>_`rZ g§ñWm, _hm_§S>io, g§_obZo nwañH$ma VgoM emim-

_hm{dÚmb o -{dÚmnrR>o `mMo _amR>r ^mfm d _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§dY©Z Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>rMo à`ËZ `m gdmªMm

n[aM` KQ>H$m_Ü o hmoVmo. VgoM AmOÀ`m g§JUH$mÀ`m OmJm{VH$aUmÀ`m wJmV `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mo ñdê$n Ë`mMm

dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoUmam n{aUm_ `m~m~VrVhr WmoS>Š`mV D$hmnmoh `m KQ>H$mV Ho$bm. Amnë`m dmL²>_`rZ

{Z{_©VrMm XOm© A{YH$ C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r Vr ñd §àoaH$, ñd §M{bV Am{U ñd §n[adV©Zerb ~ZÊ`mgmR>r ZH$iV

H$mhr Cnm` gyMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ àñVwV KQ>H$mV Ho$bm Amho.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

àíZ -1 `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1) dmL²>_` hm .... KQ>H$ Amho.

A) gm_m{OH$ ~) gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$) Ym{_©H$ S>) amOH$s`

2) H$moUË`m H$mbI§S>mV _amR>r g_mOmMm nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$Vrer g§~§Y Ambm.?

A) àmMrZ ~) Adm©MrZ H$) _Ü` wJrZ S>) Aí_ wJ

75

3) ..... Mo V§Ì AmpñVËdmV Amë`mda Amnë`m dmL²>_` g§ñH¥$VrZo ldU wJmVyZ dmMZ wJmV àdoe Ho$bm.

A) _wÐUV§Ì ~) H$WZV§Ì H$) H$sV©ZV§Ì S>) {ZdoXZV§Ì

4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV "dmMÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË`' hr H$ënZm {Z_m©U Pmë`m~amo~a gm{hË`mMo ZmVo ....

H$m¡eë`mer {ZJS>rV Pmbo.

A) ldU ~) ^mfU H$) g§dmX S>) boIZ-dmMZ

5) .... `m dmS>²._` àH$mamMm {dH$mg àm_w»`mZo bKw{Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ Pmbm.

A) H$mX§~ar ~) AmË_M[aÌ H$) H$Wm S>) M[aÌ

6) AmYw{ZH$ dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$Vrg_moa .... dmS²>._`mMm AmXe© hmoVm.

A) B§J«Or ~) _amR>r H$) MrZr S>) g§ñH¥$V

7) Adm©MrZ _amR>r dmS²>._` g§ñH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr ..... À`m A{^ê$MrVyZ Pmbr hmoVr.

A) Zd{e{jVm§À`m ~) g§Vm§À`m H$) em{ham§À`m S>) n§{S>Vm§À`m

8) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV... _m\©$V boIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`mMm ~mOmanoR>oer g§~§Y oVmo.

A) g§nmXH$m ~) dmMH$m H$) àH$meH$m S>) g_rjH$m

9) N>mnrb gm{hË` CnbãY Pmë`m_wio dmMH$mbm .... À`m _Vm§Mr `mo½`m`mo½`Vm R>adVm oD$ bmJbr.

A) g§nmXH$ ~) àH$meH$ H$) g_rjH$ S>) emgZ

10) B§J«Or amOdQ>r_wio Amnë`m dmS>²._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrV A{^ê$MrÀ`m H$moUË`m XmoZ Mm¡H$Q>r AmpñVËdmV

Amë`m.

A) J«m_rU d ZmJa ~) nmíMmË` d nm¡dm©Ë` H$) àmMrZ d AdmªMrZ S>) d¡pídH$ d àmXo{eH$

CÎmao 1)- ~, 2) ~, 3) A, 4) S>, 5) H$, 6)~, 7) A, 8) H$ ,9) H$, 10) A,

àíZ 2 XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb _amR>r dmS²>._`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>Urg H$maUr^yV R>aboë`m KQ>H$m§Mr

g{dñVa MMm© H$am.

2) B§J«Or amOgÎmoÀ`m AmJ_Zm_wio _amR>r dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrV H$moUH$moUVr n[adV©Zo Pmbr. g{dñVa MMm©

H$am.

àíZ 3 bKwÎmar àíZ

1) _wÐUH$boMm Am{U dmMZg§ñH¥$VrMm ghg§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

2) AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m A{^gaUmV _amR>r boIH$dmMH$mMr y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.

76

3) AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV g_rjH$ Am{U àH$meH$ `m KQ>H$m§À`m y{_H$m

ñnï> H$am.

nwaH$dmMZ …-

1) aUgw o {dbmg, "g§nm, "~XbVo _amR>r gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$Vr. l{_H$ à{Vð>mZ H$moëhmnya,2013

2) nmÜ o {XJ§~a, "gm{hË`,g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr' bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h._w§~B© 2011

3) ~mo{H$b {_qbX "gm{hË` ^mfm, Am{U g_mO _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h._w§~B© 2016

4) gmVnwVo nmonQ>,eoiHo$ ^mñH$a H$g~o {_qbX (g§nm) "Midi Am{U gm{hË`- _m. am. bm_IS>o Jm¡ad

J§«W, eãXmb` àH$meZ, lram_nya 2009

5) nmQ>rb _mohZ (g§nm) _amR>r gm{hË` AdH$memVrb g§X ©-àmMm © S>m°. àH$me Hw§$^ma Jm¡adJ«§W,àmê$n

npãbH$o$eZ, H$moëhmnya. 2018

g§X © …-

1) gaXma J§.~m.(g§nm), "à~moYZmÀ`m nmD$bIwUm' H$m¡pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo.

2) agmi gwYra, dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, nwUo 2012

3) OmoJ am.lr. "_amR>r dmL²>_`m{^ê$MrMo {dh§J_mdbmoH$Z' nwUo {dÚmnrR>, H¡$. Z. {M. Ho$iH$a ñ_maH$

ì`m»`mZ_mbm, Am°ŠQ>mo. 1951

4) ndma Jmo._m., "gm{hË`_yë o d A{^ê$Mr', gmHo$V àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX,1994

5) H$moVmnëbo ZmJZmW (g§nm) "gm{hË` Am{U g_mO' Jmo._m.ndma Jm¡adJ«§W', à{V_m àH$meZ nwUo 2007

6) S>hmHo$ dg§V ^m~mOr,"_amR>r gm{hË` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr' nm°ß wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©

7) R>mbo-nmQ>rb H$m¡{VH$amd, "_amR>r ^m{fH$ Am{U dmL²>_`rZ g§ñH¥$Vr' eãX n{ãbHo$eZ, nwUo

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