Lunar Surface Colony U of Houston 1972

8/21/2019 Lunar Surface Colony U of Houston 1972

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Edi t ed by :

C h a r l e s Dal tonU n i v e r s i t y of Houston

Edward HohmannC a l i f o r n i a S t a t eP o l y t e c h n i c C o l l e g e

CONCEPTUAL D E S I G Nof a

LUNAR COLONY

Sep tember , 1 9 7 2

Approved by:

rL

-U n i v e r s i t y of Houston

B a r b a r a E a n d l , Co-Direc torNASA MSC

rNASA MSC


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A U T H O R S

C H A R L E S D A L T O N , P h . E. , S T U D Y M A N A G E RL A R R Y 0 . D E G E L M A N , M . S ., S T U D Y M A N A G E RJ O H N R . B I D D L E , P h . D .D O N A L D A . C A R E Y M S .A T T R U M . C H O W D I A H , Ph. D .J O N A. C O L E , Ph. D.C A R L O S W . C O O N , Ph. D .RAMON E . G O F O R T B , M . S .S T E P H E N J . G O L D , Ph. D .W I L L I A M A. H E E N A N, D . C h . E.D E A N R. H E E R W A G E N , S . M .R O D N E Y H E I S L E R , Ph. D .EDWARD C. HOHMANN, Ph. D .WALTER KONON , M. C . .J A M E S G . S E C K L E R, S c . D .

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FOREWORDThi s r epor t cont ai ns the r esul t s of el even weeks of concent r at edef f or t by the par t i ci pant s of t he 1972 NASA/ ASEE Engi neer i ng Syst emsDesi gn I nst i t ut e. The I nst i t ut e was j oi nt l y sponsor ed by t he Uni -ver si t y of Houst on, NASA- MSC and Ri ce Uni ver si t y. Thi s was t hesi xth consecut i ve summer i n whi ch t hi s t ype of pr ogr amhas been hel d.The purpose of t he I nst i t ut e was twof ol d: We wer e t o l ear n t o usesyst ems engi neer i ng so t hat i t m ght f i l l a pl ace i n our own t hi nk-i ng and encour age us t o i ncorporate t he concept i n our pr ogr ams atour own school s. We al so were t o accompl i sh a syst ems- engi neer i ngdesi gn of a compl et e engi neer i ng f aci l i t y dur i ng the pr ogr amThe syst emsdesi gn st udy undert aken as our pr oj ect was t he devel op-ment and growt h t o a col ony of a 12- man l unar surf ace base. Thel unar col ony w a s t o ut i l i ze l unar r esour ces wher ever econom cal l yf easi bl e and was t o become as i ndependent of eart h as was possi bl e.The ef f or t was benef i ci al f r omsever al poi nt s of vi ew:

The par t i ci pant s l ear ned t o work t oget her i n a pr oj ect - t ypesi t uat i on. Thi s was easy f or some and mor e di f f i cul tf or ot her s of us who were accust omed t o wor ki ng by oursel ves.We exper i enced gr oup i nt eract i ons and r eal i zed t hat t hesuccess of t he gr oup depends on cooperat i on and communi -cat i on.We l ear ned enough about NASA so t hat we now bet t er under-st and i t s goal s and at t i t udes.We f eel t hat we made a si gni f i cant cont r i but i on t o theNASA- MSC Pr ogr amPl anni ng Of f i ce f or t he f ur t her st udy ofa l unar col ony.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We, as par t i ci pant s i n t he 1972 NASA/ ASEE Engi neeri ng Syst ems Desi gnI nst i t ut e at NASA- MSCI acknow edge t he ai d, assi st ance, and encour age-ment of numer ous per sons connect ed w t h our ef f or t . Di ck Bai l l i eof t he Pr ogr amPl anni ng Of f i ce at NASA- MSC pr ovi ded di r ect t echni call i ai son bet ween our gr oup and MSC. Di ck was a gr eat hel p on occasi onswhen our t hi nki ng was cl oudy. Bar bar a Eandi of t he Uni ver si t y Af f ai r sOf f i ce at MSC pr ovi ded some adm ni st r at i ve ai d f or us. Pat El l i ot ,Bar bar a' s assi st ant , al ways had answer s f or our quest i ons on wher e(or how) do we get t hi s ( or do t hat ) .Denni s Fi el der , head of t he Pr ogr amPl anni ng Of f i ce at MSC, encour agedus w t h hi s i nsi ght and vi si on f or t hi ngs to come. Pat M l l er ser vedas our secret ar y and pr ovi ded us w t h several humor ous exper i ences.I nez Law f r omt he Chem cal Engi neer i ng Depart ment at t he Uni versi t yof Houst on handl ed many of our adm ni st r at i ve matt er s and provi dedus w t h paychecks.Kent Russel and J ane Whi t e t yped por t i ons of t hi s f i nal r epor t . PamDahl st r omt yped t he bul k of t he r eport and t o Pamgoes t he credi t f ormaki ng t hi s j ob easi er f or t he edi t or s.

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ABSTRACTThi s r epor t cont ai ns a syst ems- engi neer i ng st udy of a pr oposed l unarcol ony. The l unar col ony was t o gr ow f r oman exi st ent , 12- man,ear t h- dependent l unar sur f ace base. The col ony was to ut i l i ze l unarr esour ces and was t o become as eart h i ndependent as possi bl e.Thi s st udy was an i n- dept h t r eatment of some of t he aspect s of t hel unar col ony. We have f ound t hat t he use of l unar r esour ces i sf easi bl e f or oxygen pr oduct i on ( bot h f or br eat hi ng and f or space- t ugf uel ) , f ood pr oduct i on, and bui l di ng mat er i al s. We have out l i ned apr ogr am f or r ecycl i ng of t he wast e mat er i al s devel oped at t he col ony.I n connect i on w t h t hi s poi nt , we envi si on f ul l usage and r eusage ofal l avai l abl e mat er i al s. We have out l i ned a f ul l pr ogr am f or gr owt hand r esear ch act i vi t y of t he col ony t o a l evel of 180 col oni sts.We have rai sed sever al i mpor t ant quest i ons per t ai ni ng t o habi t abi l i t ywhi ch need to be answered pr i or t o the col ony begi nni ng.Our r ecommendat i ons f or t he l unar col ony i ncl ude t he f ol l ow ng: Anear t h- dependent l unar sur f ace base whi ch i s gr owt h and r esear chor i ent ed shoul d be est abl i shed. I f t he base pr oves f easi bl e, t hent he base shoul d be expanded at a rat e whi ch woul d al l ow use of l unarmat er i al s t o be i ncl uded i n t he devel opment . Per sonnel at t he gr ow-i ng base shoul d be t hose peopl e who can cont r i bute both t o t he gr owt hand t o t he r esear ch ef f or t . The base i s envi si oned t o gr ow f r omt he or i gi nal t wel ve peopl e to 180 peopl e i n uni t s of t wel ve. Kopf fCr ater was chosen as t he si t e f or t he l unar col ony mai nl y becausei t s l i mb l ocat i on was mor e conduci ve t o some of t he resear ch ef f ortenvi si oned f or a col ony away f r omt he i nf l uence of t he ear t h.

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FOREWORD

CONTENTSPAGE :

i i iACKNOWLEDGMENTS i vABSTRACT V

chapt er1

Ti t l eI nt r oducti on

PART I LUNAR COLONY SYSTEM CONCEPTS2 The Lunar Col ony. : A Front i er Communi t y i n Space

2. 1 Goal s and I mport ance of Lunar Col oni zat i on2. 2 Publ i c Accept ance of t he Lunar Col ony

3 Act i vi t i es of t he Lunar Col ony3. 1 Resear ch Act i vi t i es

3. 1. 1 Resear ch Phi l osophy3. 1. 2 Resear ch Ar eas3. 1. 3 Resear ch Per sonnel3. 1. 4 Comput er Suppor t Syst ems

3. 2 Lunar Col ony Support Act i vi t i es4 The Lunar Surf ace Base - A Begi nni ng

4. 1 The LSB4. 2 Redef i ni t i on of t he LSB

5 Gr owt h t o A Col ony5. 1 Fhi l osophy of Gr owt h5. 2 I ncent i ves f or Gr owt h

5. 2. 1 Oxygen Product i on5. 2. 2 Food Product i on

13447141414152023242929333838393944

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5.2.3 Materi al s and Manuf act uri ng5. 2. 4 Power Product i on

5. 3 Funct i onal Gr owt h Pat t ern5.4 Physi cal Growt h Pat t ern

6 Possi bl e Conf i gur at i ons6. 1 A Syst ems Conf i gur at i on

6. 1. 1 The Mai n Col ony Compl ex6. 1. 2 El ect r i c Power Gener at i on6. 1. 3 Regener at i ve Li f e Support Syst em6. 1. 4 Oxygen Product i on Process6. 1. 5 M ni ng and Excavat i on6.1.6 Met al l i c Extr act i on Pr ocesses6. 1. 7 Const r uct i on Mat er i al s Pr oduct i on6. 1. 8 Ot her Subsyst ems

6.2 A Possi bl e Col ony Conf i gur at i on6. 3 Al t ernate Col ony Concept s

47474964707070727273737374747581

PART I 1 GENERATI ON OF DESI GN FSTQUI REMENTS 847 Syst ems Approach 85

7. 1 Syst ems Phi l osophy 857, 1. 1 Formal Syst ems Engi neer i ng Concept s 857. 1. 2 I nt er di sci pl i nar y Team Bui l di ng 867. 1. 3 Deci si on by Consensus 897. 1. 4 Anal ysi s Tool s i n Syst ems Engi neer i ng 917. 1. 5 Lunar Col ony Study Approach 94

7.2 Funct i onal Anal ysi s 987. 2. 1 I nt r oduct i on 987. 2. 2 Lunar Col ony Funct i onal Anal ysi s 99

8 The Lunar Envi r onment 107vi i


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8. 1 At mospher e 1078. 1. 1 Gas Proper t i es 1078. 1. 2 Geomagnet i c Fi el d 1088. 1. 3 Radi at i on 1098. 1. 4 Meteor oi ds 1118. 1. 5 Char act er i st i c Pr oper t i es of t he Moon 119

8. 2 Geol ogi cal and Sur f ace Featur es 1208. 2. 1 I nt r oduct i on 1218. 2. 2 Topography 1228. 2. 3 Thermal Propert i es 1238. 2. 4 Opt i cal Pr oper t i es 1248. 2. 5 Sei sm ci t y 125

9 Habi t abi l i t y 1309. 1 I nt r oduct i on 1309. 2 Physi ol ogi cal Aspect s- - Li f e- suppor t Needs andRequi r ement s 134

9. 2. 1 Metabol i c Ener gy Expendi t ur e 1349. 2. 2 Food Xequi r ement s 1379. 2. 3 Wat er Consumpt i on and Li qui d Wast esPr oduct i on 1409. 2. 4 At mospheri c Composi t i on and Pressure 142

9. 3 Psychosoci al Aspect s 1459. 3. 1 A Ser i es of Behavi or al Quest i ons 1459. 3. 2 The I mposi t i on of Li m t s and A Requi r edAdapt at i on 1489. 3. 3 Comment s on Rel ated Cl osed Habi t atSt udi es 1519. 3. 4 Thr ee Model s f or Devel opi ng A Psycho-soci al Habi t abi l i t y 152

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9. 3. 5 Summar y9. 4 Physi cal Aspect s9. 5 Saf ety

9. 5. 1 Saf et y as A Desi gn Paramet er9 . 5 . 2 Redundancy and Back- up Syst ems9. 5. 3 Speci f i c Saf et y Probl ems9. 5. 4 Medi cal Faci l i t i es9. 5. 5 Rescue

10 Si t e Sel ect i on10. 1 Sel ect i on Cr i t er i a

10. 1. 1 Aver age Temperat ure1 0 . 1 . 2 Temper atur e Var i at i on10. 1. 3 Sunl i ght10. 1. 4 Ear t hl i ght10. 1. 5 Ecl i pses1 0 . 1 . 6 Geogr aphy1 0 . 1 . 7 Logi st i cs1 0 . 1 . 8 Ast r onomy10. 1. 9 Communi cat i ons10. 1. 10 Per pet ual Shade10. 1. 11 M neral s

1 0 . 2 Sel ect i on of Locat i on10. 3 Assumpt i ons

1 0 . 3 . 1 Suppl y Logi st i cs1 0 . 3 . 2 Communi cat i ons10. 3. 3 M ner al s

11 Cr i t eri a f or Sel ecti on of Subsyst emi x

1581 6 21 6 71 6 81 6 81 6 91 8 21 8 31851851 8 51851851 8 61 8 61 8 61 8 61 8 71 8 71 8 71 8 71 8 71 921921 9 21 9 2193


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11.1 S e l e c t i o n P h i l o s o p h y 1 9 31 1 . 2 E v a l u a t i o n S c h e m e 1 9 4

1 1 . 2 . 1 A b s o l u t e C r i t e r i a 1 9 41 1 . 2 . 2 P r i m a r y C r i t e r i a 1 9 41 1 . 2 - 3 Secondary C r i t e r i a 1 9 51 1 . 2 . 4 Choice of Abso lu te , P r i m a r y andSecondary C r i t e r i a 1 9 51 1 . 2 . 5 G ene ra t ion and U s e of E v a l u m a t r i x 1 9 6

PART I11 SUBSYSTEMS S E L E C T I O N1 2 Oxygen

2 0 22 0 3

1 2 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 2 0 31 2 . 2 C h e m i s t r y of Lunar Fin es i n Oxygen P r o d u c t i o n 2 0 41 2 . 3 A l t e r n a t i v e Oxygen P r o d u c t i o n P r o c e s s e s

1 2 . 3 . 1 Hydrogen R e d u c t i o n1 2 . 3 . 2 Hydrogen-Sul f ide R e d u c t i o n1 2 . 3 . 3 Carbothermic1 2 . 3 . 4 Carbonate/Oxygen1 2 . 3 . 5 F l u o r i n e - E x c h a n g e P r o c e s s1 2 . 3 . 6 C h l o r i n e - E x c h a n g e P r o c e s s1 2 . 3 . 7 E l e c t r o l y t i c R e d u c t i o n

1 2 . 4 S e l e c t i o n of an Oxygen P r o c e s s1 2 ) 4 . 1 H y d r o g e n - R e d u c t i o n1 2 . 4 . 2 H y d r o g e n S u l f i d e1 2 . 4 . 3 C a r b o t h e r m i c1 2 . 4 . 4 Carbonate Oxygen1 2 . 4 . 5 F l u o r i n e E x c h a n g e1 2 . 4 . 6 C h l o r i n e E x c h a n g e1 2 . 4 . 7 E l e c t r o l y t i c R e d u c t i o n1 2 . 4 . 8 Conclus ions

2 1 32 1 32 1 52 1 72 1 82 1 92 2 02 2 02222 2 22 2 22 2 52 2 52 2 52 2 62 2 62 2 7

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12. 5 Prel i m nar y Desi gn of t he Hydr ogen- Reduct i onVapor - El ect r ol ysi s Pr ocess 22812. 5. 1 Basi c Process Descr i pt i on 22812. 5. 2 Mat er i al Bal ance12. 5. 3 Heat Bal ance12. 5. 4 Equi pment Si ze12. 5. 5 Probl emAr eas12. 5. 6 The Oxygen Pl ant and a Lunar Col ony

12. 6 Oxygen Li quef act i on and Storage13 Li f e- suppor t Syst em

13. 1 I nt r oduct i on and Summary13. 2 Devel opment and Sel ect i on of Li f e- supportSubsyst ems

13. 2. 1 Study Appr oach13. 2. 2 Summar y of Resul t s

13. 3 Di scussi on of Var i ous Sel ected Subsyst ems13. 3. 1 Food Pr ovi si on13.3. 2 Wast e Management13. 3. 3 Wat er Management13. 3. 4 M crobi ol ogi cal Cont r ol13. 3. 5 I nst r ument at i on and Cont r ol13. 3. 6 Requi r ement s f or I nt egr at i on ofSubsyst ems

14 M ni ng and Excavat i on14. 1 I nt r oduct i on and Requi r ement s

14. 1. 1 M ni ng14. 1. 2 Excavat i on14. 1. 3 Const r uct i on

14. 2 Soi l Pr oper t i esxi

229232234235236236238238242242244278278291309316318321329329330330331331


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14. 2. 1 Gr ai n Si ze14. 2. 2 Densi t y14. 2. 3 Cohesi on and Fr i ct i on14. 2. 4 Compr essi bi l i t y

14. 3 Compari son of Subsyst ems14. 3. 1 Pr i me Mover Accessor i es14. 3. 2 Speci al i zed Devi ces14. 3. 3 Expl osi ves14. 3. 4 Uni que Devi ces

14.4 Recommendat i ons14. 4. 1 The Lunar Base and Ear l y Col ony14. 4. 2 The Devel opi ng Col ony

15 Mater i al s and Manuf act ur i ng15. 1 Di r ect Ut i l i zat i on of Lunar Resour ces15. 2 Separ at i ng Usef ul Mat er i al s f r omLunar

15. 2. 1 Physi cal Separ at i on Met hods15. 2. 2 Chem cal Separat i on Methods

15. 3 Lunar Pr ocessi ng and Manuf actur i ng15. 3. 1 Vacuum15. 3. 2 Low Gr avi t y

16 Shel t er16. 1 Desi gn Consi der at i ons

16. 1. 1 Envi r onment16. 1. 2 Loadi ng16. 1. 3 St r uct ur al Conf i gur at i on

16. 2 Space Pl anni ng16. 2. 1 Pl anni ng Approach

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332333333335336337339343344352352353354354

Fi nes 36236236336436436536836%3683703713743-94


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1 7

1 6 . 2 . 2 Resi dent i al and Li vi ng Ar eas1 6 . 2 . 3 Pr of essi onal and Wor k Act i vi t i es

1 6 . 3 Layout of Shel t er Modul es1 6 . 4 Ai r l ocks1 6 . 5 W ndows1 6 . 6 Const r uct i on Techni ques

1 6 . 6 . 1 Use of Cani st er s1 6 . 6 . 2 I nf l at abl e St r uctur es1 6 . 6 . 3 Lunar Const r uct i on Concept s

El ect r i c and Thermal Power1 7 . 1 Power Requi r ement s1 7 . 2 Ways t o Produce El ect r i c Power

1 7 . 2 . 1 Fi ssi on React or s1 7 . 2 . 2 Radi oi sotopes1 7 . 2 . 3 Fusi on1 7 . 2 . 4 Di r ect Conver si on of Sol ar Ener gy1 7 . 2 . 5 Energy St orage f or t he Lunar Ni ght

1 7 . 3 Eval uat i on Cr i t er i a and Recommendat i on1 7 . 4 Possi bl e Concept ual Reactor Desi gn1 7 . 5 Long Ter mProspect s

1 7 . 5 . 1 Radi at i on Dose Fr omReact or s t oCol ony1 7 . 6 Secondary Power Sources17. 7 Thermal Power Sources

PART I V CONCLUSI ONS AND RECOMKI ENDATI ONS1 8 Concl usi ons1 9 Recomqended Resear ch and Devel opment Met hods

3 7 63 7 63 8 73 8 73 9 03 9 23 9 24 0 24 0 74 2 34 2 34 2 34 2 34 2 44 2 64 2 64 2 84 3 14 3 24 4 1

4 4 14 4 34 4 44 4 74 4 84 5 0

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Appendi cesAB

C

DEFGHIJ

Stat ement of Wor kPr ocess Descr i pt i ons and Schemat i cs f orSel ect ed Subsyst emsShoul d t he Radi at i on Pr otect i on Gui des beAppl i ed t o t he Moon?Cast Basal t Desi gn Fact or sI nst i t ut e St af fI ndi vi dual Responsi bi l i t i esPanel Di scussi on Par t i ci pant sTechni cal Cont act sComm t t ee Assi gnment sSt af f

4 5 5

4574 7 84 9 34 9 74 9 95 0 05 0 15 0 45 0 6

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LI ST OF FI GURES

FI GURE:2.1-14.1-14.1-24.1-34.1-44.1-55.1-15.2-15.2-25.2-35.2-45.2-55.2-65.3-15.4-15.4-25.4-36.1-16.2-16 2-26.2-37.1.2-17.1.2-27.1.2-37.1.5-1

TI TLE:Ar eas f or Obj ecti ve Act i vi t i esMobi l i t y SystemConceptMobi l e Power Modul e ConceptMass Conser vat i on ConceptMSS Deri vat i ve LSB Shel t erNASA 12- Man Lunar BaseAnt i ci pated Ti me For mof Lunar Col ony Gr owt hPayl oad Del i ver y w t h Eart h- Suppl i ed OxygenPayl oad Del i ver y w t h Lunar- Suppl i ed OxygenPayl oad Tr adeof f sRel at i ve Wei ght s i n a Li f e Suppor t Syst emEf f ect i ve Wor k Out putI ncr easi ng Vol umet r i c Requi r ement sPer sonnel Gr owt h SequenceTask Sequenci ng f or Year OneTask Sequenci ng f or Years Two and Thr eeTask Sequenci ng t o Col ony Threshol dSyst ems Conf i gur at i onThe Col ony Conf i gur at i onLi vi ng Uni tSur f ace Conf i gur at i on of t he Col onyKnow edge Spect r umf or an I ndi vi dualKnow edge Spectr um f or I nt er di sci pl i nar y TeamCont r i but i on Management Gr i dDesi gn Team Or gani zat i on

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313132323440424345464848596566677176798087878996


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TI TLE:I GURE:7.1.5-28.1.4.2-1

9.5-1

10. 2- l a10. 2- l b10.2-210.2-311.2.4-112.2-112.2-212.2-3

12.2-412.5-112.5-212.5-313-113.1-113.1-213.2.1-113.3.1.2-113.3.1.2-213.3.1.2-313.3.1.2-413.3.1.2-513.3.1.2-6

St udy Task Sequenci ng Di agr amPr obabi l i t y Vel oci t y Di st r i but i on f or Spor adi cMeteoroi dsCompar i son of Var i ous Radi at i on Dose Li m t sf or Space and Eart hKopf f Cr at erKopf f Cr at er and Vi ci ni t yTemper atur e Cycl e at Kopf f Cr at erLi br at i on and the Moon' s Or bi tBasel i ne Eval uat i on Cr i t er i aOxygen Product i on NomographFree Ener gi es of Format i onTheor et i cal Equi l i br i umRat i os f or Hydr ogenReduct i on of FeOHeat of React i on f or Hydr ogen Reduct i on of FeOHydr ogen Reduct i on- Vapor El ect r ol ysi s Pr ocessMat er i al Bal ance 2 0 , 0 0 0 lb 02/ Mont h Pl antEnergy Bal ance 20,000 l b 02/ Mont hSymbol s and Abbrevi at i onsPhase One Concept ual Conf i gurat i onPhase Two Concept ual Conf i gurat i onFunct i onal Anal ysi s f or Li f e Suppor t Syst emSchemat i c Hydr ogen Bacteri a Syst emSchemat i c Mushroom Syst emSchemat i c Al gae Syst emSchemat i c of Pl ant Syst emSchemat i c of Pl ant Ani mal SystemSchemat i c Carbohydr ate Synt hesi s Syst em

PAGE:97

1151 7 5189189190191195205211

212214230231233323240241243280281282283284285

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FI GURE:1 3 . 3 . 2 . 1 - 11 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 - 11 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 - 21 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 - 31 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 - 41 3 . 3 . 2 . 3 - 513 .3 .3 -11 4 . 3 . 2 . 4 - 11 4 . 3 . 4 . 2 - 11 5 .1 - 11 5 . 1 - 215 .3 -1

1 6 . 6 - 11 6 . 6 - 21 6 . 6 - 31 6 . 6 - 41 6 . 6 - 51 6 . 6 - 61 6 . 6 - 7

1 6 . 6 - 81 6 . 6 - 91 6 . 6 - 1 01 6 . 6 - 1 11 6 . 6 - 1 21 6 . 6 - 1 3

TI TLE:Li qui d Wast e Col l ect i on/ Tr anspor t Subsyst emI nt egr ated Vacuum Dr yi ng ConceptSchemat i c of Act i vat ed Sl udge Syst emSchemat i c of Anaer obi c Di gest i on Syst emSchemat i c of Wet Oxi dat i on ProcessSchemat i c of Combust i on Process f or Wat er Recover yWat er Management Subsyst emSket ch of Aut omat i c Or e WagonEnergy Requi r ement f or Thermal Dr i l l sFl ow Di agr am of Basal t Cast i ng Pr ocessCool i ng Rate Cur ve f or Cast Basal tPossi bl e Ef f ect of Gr avi t y on Buoyancy andThermal Convect i on Sensi t i ve ProcessesDet er m nat i on of Boom Lengt hSoi l Pr ot ect i on Envel opePl an Vi ew of Excavat i onVT vs Excavat i on Dept hCr ane Bur i al and Heapi ng Li m t sSubsur f ace Cr oss- Sect i onAssembl y of Fl at Sl abs i nt o Cyl i ndr i cal Wal lSect i onWal l , Fl oor and Cei l i ng J oi ni ng Techni quesPr est r essi ng of Cast Basal tPr est r essed Cast Basal t Sl abMaxi mum Bendi ng St r ess vs Thi ckness of Sl abMol d or Cast i ng Basal t Bui l di ng S l a b sPosi t i oni ng 6f Cast Basal t Bui l di ng Sl abs

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PAGE:2 9 22 9 83 0 23 0 33 0 43 0 53 1 93 4 23 4 73 5 93 6 1

3 6 63 9 43 9 43 9 63 9 83 9 94 0 0

4 0 94 1 04 1 24 1 34 1 44 1 64 1 7


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FI GURE:16.6-1416 6-1516.6-16

16.6-1717.2.4-117.2.4-2a17.2.4-2b17.4-117.4-2

17.4-317.7-1

TI TLE: PAGE:J oi ni ng Techni ques 418Cr oss- Sect i on of Doubl e Wal l ed Shel t er 419Shel t er Modul e w t h Doubl e Wal l ed Cast Basal tSl ab Const r uct i on 420Hoop St r ess vs Wal l Thi ckness at 14.7 psi 421Cur r ent and Vol t age Char acter i st i cs f or Sol ar Cel l s 427Sol ar Power Tent Modul e 429Power vs Ti me f or Tent Modul es 429React or Cor e Conf i gur at i on 435Appr oxi mate Fl ux and Power Di st r i but i on i n Coreof Long- Li ved React or f or Lunar Col ony 436Fuel El ement s f or Di f f er ent Zones 437Sol ar Fur nace M r r or s or "Sunf l ower s" 445

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TABLE:3.1-13.1-23.1-3

3.1-4

3.1-53.1-63.1-7

3.1-8

8.1.. 2-18.1.3.1-18.1.3.2-1

8.1.4-18.1.4.3-18.2.4-1

9.2-1

9.2-29.3-19.3-2

9.4-19.5-1

LI ST OF TABLESTI TLE:

Ant i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Ast r onomyAnt i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Physi csAnt i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Physi calChem st r yAnt i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es -Sel enophysi csAnt i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Sel enol ogyAnt i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Li f e Sci encesProposed Lunar Col ony Per sonnel at t heCol ony Threshol d Ti meAnt i ci pat ed Col ony Funct i ons Whi ch R el y onComput er Suppor tMagnet i c Fi el ds at t he Apol l o Si t esGal act i c Cosm c Radi at i on Abundance and DoseTot al Est i mat ed Sol ar Fl are Doses by Eventfor 10 Shi el di ng Conf i gur at i onsMet eor oi d Cr ater s and Rel at ed I nf ormat i onMaj or Meteor oi d St r eamsNormal Al bedo Val ues of Fr ont and Back Facesof t he MoonDai l y Energy Expendi t ur e f or a Member of aLunar Col onyDi et Composi t i ons"Essent i al St r i vi ng Sent i ment s" FromLei ght onTot al Set of Behavi or al l y Def i ned Spat i alAr chet ypesA Vocabul ar y of Desi gn El ement s or Qual i t i esYear l y Aver age Dose Equi val ent s f or Gal act i cand Solar Radi at i ons at and Bel ow t he LunarSur f ace

xi x

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17

181819

21

23108109

110112117

124

136138149

157165

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TI TLE: PAGE:ABLE:10. 1- 111. 2. 4- 111. 2. 5- 112. 2- 112. 2- 212. 2- 312. 2- 4

12. 4- 113. 2 1-113. 2. 2- 113. 2. 2- 213. 2. 2- 313. 2. 2- 413. 3. 1. 4- 113. 3. 1. 4- 213. 3. 2. 3- 113. 3. 2. 3- 213. 3. 2. 3- 3

13. 3. 2. 3- 4

13. 3. 3- 1

Advant ages and Di sadvant ages of Var i ousLocat i ons 188Det ai l ed Descr i pt i on of Eval uat i on Cr i t er i a 197Hypothet i cal Exampl e of Use of Eval umatr i xFunct i on: Lunar Habi t abi l i t y Concept s 200Oxygen Product i on Pot ent i al of Lunar Fi nes 206Proper t i es of Chem cal El ement s Found i nLunar Fi nes 208Pr oper t i es and Concent r at i on of Oxi desFound i n Lunar Fi nes ( Apol l o 11) 209Propert i es of Chem cal Compounds I nvol vedi n Product i on of Lunar Oxygen 210Oxygen Pr ocess Compari son 223Summary of Funct i on Requi r ement s f or Li f eSuppor t Subsyst ems 245Summar y of Candi date Subsyst emConcept sf or Li f e Suppor t Funct i ons 251Summary of Vi abl e Candi date Subsyst ems 258Summary of Candi dat e Subsyst ems El i m nat ed atAbsol ut e and Pr i mary ' Level s 263Summar y of Sel ect ed Subsyst ems 272Cr i t er i a f or Food Sel ect i on 288Suppl ement al Cr i t er i a f or Ani mal Sel ect i on 290Summary of Wast e Nut r i ent Appl i cat i on 295Process Descr i pt i ons f or Candi date Subsyst emsf or Stage- Two Devel opment of Wast e Processi ng 299Summary of I nput s- Outputs to Candi dat eSubsyst ems 301Summar y of Advant ages and Di sadvant ages ofWast e Processi ng Candi dat e Subsyst ems f orSecond St age Devel opment 306Pot abl e Water St andards a a a

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TI TLE: PAGE:ABLE:13. 3. 3- 213. 3. 3- 313. 3. 3- 413. 3. 4- 113. 3. 4- 214 2- 114. 2. 1- 114. 2. 2- 114. 2. 3- 114. 2. 4- 114. 3. 3. 2- 115. 1- 115. 1- 215. 1- 316. 1- 116. 2- 116. 2- 2

16. 2- 316. 2- 416 2- 516. 2- 616. 6- 1

Typi cal Condensat e Cont am nat i onChar acter i st i cs 313Typi cal Washwater Cont amnat i on Level s 313Typi cal Ur i nal Wat er Cont am nat i on Level s 314M cr obi al Cont r ol Met hods 319Suggest ed M cr obi al Cont r ol Met hods 320Composi t i on of Soi l Sampl es at Apol l o 15 332Lunar Soi l Gr ai n Si ze Di st r i but i on 332Est i mat es of Lunar Soi l Densi t y 333Est i mat es of Lunar Soi l Cohesi on and Angl eof I nt er nal Fr i cti on 335Lunar Soi l Vacuum Odometer Dat a 336Mass of Expl osi ve Requi r ed f or Subsurf aceCavi t i es 344Chem cal Anal ysi s of Typi cal Apol l o 11 Sampl es 355Physi cal and Ther mal Proper t i es of Cast Basal t 357Lunar Base Appl i cat i ons of Processed Basal t 358Pr oper t i es of I nsul at i ng Mat er i al s 369Act i vi t y- Locat i on Mat r i x f or t he Resi dent i alSpace 377Ti me- Acti vi t y Pr of i l e f or an I ndi vi dual Cr ewMember of a 24- Per son Lunar Base 378Fi r st Appr oxi mat i on- - Space Pl anni ng, 24- MemberCrew/ Popul at i on 379Mat r i x of t he Occupat i on- Locat i on Pr of i l e( 24- Per son) Col ony Command Bi ochem cal Research 381Proposed 24- Person Col ony Work/ Professi onalOr gani zat i on- Combi ned Faci l i t i es 384Schemat i c Di spl ayi ng Rel at i onshi ps Bet weenPr i mar y Faci l i t i es 385Dept h- Vol ume Summar y 395

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1 6 . 6 - 3

1 7 . 1 - 11 7 . 2 - 2

1 7 2 . 5 . 1 - 11 7 . 2 . 5 . 2 - 11 7 . 3 - 117 4 - 11 7 . 4 - 21 7 . 5 . 1 - 1

Mass of I nf l at abl e St r uct ur es Mass of EqualGr oss Fl oor Ar ea f or Compar i son- Si x Cani st erModul esWal l Thi ckness Requi red f or Modul es ofVar i ous Di ametersBul k Power Requi r ement sRadi oi sot opes Pr esent i n 1- Year - Ol d Fi ssi onPr oduct M xt ur eCapabi l i t i es of Fuel Cel l sGr avi t at i onal Pot ent i al St or age Est i mat esCompar i son of Power- Suppl y Syst emsFree Convect i on Heat Transf er Coef f i ci ent sf or Li qui d Met al Cool ant sCore Fuel Loadi ngDose Rates at Sur f ace Due to React or 6 mBel ow Sur f ace

4 0 5

4 2 24 2 3

4 2 54 3 04 3 24 3 3

4 3 84 4 0

4 4 2

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C H A P T E R 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

The con cep t of a l u n a r c ol on y i s i n t r i g u i n g . The e x i s t e n c e o fsuch a c o l o n y w o ul d e n a b l e man t o c o n d u c t s t u d i e s w h ic h h ep r e s e n t l y d o es n o t h av e t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o make. F or e xa m pl e, al u n a r c o l o n y w ou ld o f f e r man t h e c h a n c e t o d e t e r m i n e w h at d e g r e eof independence f rom e a r t h he may achi ev e . Man would be ab le t od e t er mi ne h i s c a p a b i l i t y t o e x i s t f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e i n ah o s t i l e e n v ir o n me n t w h i l e h a v i ng t o p r o v i d e h i s own f oo d a ndl i f e - s u p p o r t n e e d s fro m l o c a l r e s o u r c e s . The moon p r e s e n t l y o f f e r st h e u n iq u e o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o n d uc t su ch a s t u d y . I n a d d i t i o n ,t h e r e a re c e r t a i n s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which r e q u i r e i s o l a t i o nfr om e a r t h ' s a t m os p h er e an d fro m t h e r a d i o f r e qu e n c y n o i s e g e n-e r a t e d on e a r t h . The moon a l s o o f f e r s t h e u n iq u e o p p o r t u n i t y t oc o nd u ct t h e s e s c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s . F u rt h er m o re , t h e moon p r o v i d e st h e ba s e o r way s t a t i o n f rom w hic h de e p - spa c e p r obe s may bel au n ch e d. The a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h i s c a p a b i l i t y away from e a r t hi s i m p o r t a n t t o e x t e n s i v e sp ac e t r a v e l . .The A po l l o p rog ra m o f NASA l a i d a n e x c e l l e n t f oun da t i on f o rf u r t h e r l u n a r s t u d y . The A p o l l o m i s s i o n s h av e shown t h a t manc an s u c c e s s f u l l y t r a v e l t o and from t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e . The A p o ll oa s t r o n a u t s w e r e a b l e t o s t a y o n t h e moon's s u r f a c e f o r s h o r tp e r i o d s o f t i m e . They w e r e a b l e t o u nd erg o l i m i t e d p h y s i c a la c t i v i t y w e ar i n g t h e i r c umbersome s p a c e s u i t s . T he A po l l o f i nd -i n g s can be e x t r a p o l a t e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t m an 's l u n a r s t a y t i m emay b e e x t e n d ed w h i l e h i s p h y s i c a l c o o r d i n a t i o n w ou ld b e i mp ro ve dw i t h r e d u c e d - g r a v i t y f a m i l i a r i t y an d w i t h a dv an ce d s u i t t e c hn o l o g y .W i th in t h e c o n f i n e s o f a l u n a r s h e l t e r , c o mp le te w i t h a t m o sp h e re ,man s h o ul d b e a b l e t o f u n c t i o n q u i t e w e l l .

The Sk yl ab program w i l l p r ov i de a d d i t i o n a l d a t a on man 's a b i l i t yt o f u n c t i o n away f ro m e a r t h . The co m b i n a t io n o f t h e A p o l l of i n d i n g s and t h e S k yl ab r e s u l t s w i l l g i v e m e a n in g f u l i n p u t t o w a r dt he de ve l opm e n t of a l u n a r c o l ony . H ow ever, f o r a l u na r c o l onyt o d e v e lo p s u c c e s s f u l l y , much a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n b ey on d

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A pol l o a nd Sky l a b i s n e c e s s a r y .

One o f t h e m os t i m p o r t a n t p r e l i m i n a r y t a s k s t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n to f a n e a r t h - i n d e p e n d e n t l u n a r co l on y w i l l b e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o fa L u n a r S u r f a c e Base. The LSB w i l l b e c o m p l e t e l y e a r t h - d e p e n d e n t .A l l o f t h e s u p p l i e s , i n c l u d i n g f o o d , w a t e r an d at m o sp h e re , wo uldb e d e l i v e r e d fr om e a r t h . T h er e w ould b e n o s e l f - s u s t a i n i n gc a p a b i l i t y p r e s e n t i n t h e LSB. The a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e LSB w ou ldbe s c i e n c e an d g ro w th o r i e n t e d . T hu s, i f t h e LSB w e r e c o n s i d e r e dt o b e a f o r e r u n n e r t o t h e l u n a r c o l o n y , two p u r p o s es wo uld b es e r v e d : S c i e n t i f i c s t u d y c o u l d b e g i n d u r i n g t h e e a rt h -d e p en d e ntp h a s e . The g ro w th p o t e n t i a l o f t h e LSB would a l s o be examinedd u r i n g t h i s p ha se t o d e t e r m i n e t o w ha t e x t e n t l u n a r ma t e r i a l sc o u l d b e u s e d i n a c h i ev i n g a measure of i nde pe ndenc e f r om e a r t h .The d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s o f t h e c o n v e r s i o n of l u n a r r e s o u r c e s t ou s e f u l l i f e - s u p p o r t an d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s w ou ld i n d i c a t e wh et he ro r n o t a s e mi - in d e p en d e n t l u n a r c o l o n y co u l d e v o l v e .

T hu s, t h e s u b j e c t of t h e e v o l u t i o n o f a l u n a r co l on y , u s i n g l u n a rr e s o u r c e s as much as p o s s i b l e , i s t h e t o p i c o f t h i s s tu d y. Thef i r s t p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t d e a l s w i t h sy s te m s c o n c e pt s o f t h e l u n a rco lony and a c o l o n y c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d . The d e s i g nr e q u i r e m e n t s , u s i n g t h e s y st em s e n g i n e e r i n g a p p r o ac h , a r e t r e a t e di n t h e sec on d p a r t . The t h i r d p a r t o f t h e r e p o r t d e a l s w i t ha n a l y s i s of t h e v a r i o u s s u b s ys te m s an d t h e i r s e l e c t i o n .

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P A R T IL U N A R C O L O N Y

SYSTEM C O N C E P T S


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C H A P T E R 2 THE LUNAR COLONY: A FRONTIER C OM M UNIT Y I N SPACE

I n t h e d e s i g n o f t h i s l u n a r c o lo n y , o ne of t h e m aj or a s s um p t io n sh a s b een t h a t it w i l l e x i s t as a pe rmanent co lony . A c o l o n y i sd e f in e d i n t e r m s of a community where people a re w i l l i n g t o l i v ef o r l o ng p e r i o d s , ev en a l i f e t i m e , as o p po se d t o a b a s e w h ic hs u p p l i e s p e o p l e ' s n ee ds f o r a y e a r o r t w o . The n a t u r e of t h ee n v i s i o n e d c o l o n y makes it e f f i c i e n t t o i n t er w ea v e c ol on y d e v e l-opm ent w i t h t h e s c i e n t i f i c an d s u p p o r t g o a l s o f p r e v i o u s l y c on -c e i v ed s h o rt - t e rm s p ac e e f f o r t s . T h i s c h a p t e r d e s c r i b e s t h ec o l o n y g o a l s a nd m eth od s f o r t h e i r a c co m p li sh m en t.

2 . 1 GOALS AND IMPO RT A N CE O F LUNAR C O L O N I Z A T I O NThe m a jo r g o a l s o f l u n a r c o l o n i z a t i o n i n c l u d e t h e f o l lo w i n g :

1.

2 .

3.4 .5 .

6.7 .

8.

U t i l i z a t i o n of t h e u n i qu e l u n a r e n vi ro n m en t f o r r e s e a r c ha nd t e c h n o l o g i c a l d ev e lo p m e nt .A dvancem en t o f ou r und e r s t a nd i ng o f t h e s o l a r s y s t e m s andi t s o r i g i n .E v a l u a ti o n a nd e x t e n s i o n o f m a n' s c a p a b i l i t y i n s p a c e .E x p an si o n o f o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f man ' s e c o l ogy .E x pa n si on o f o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f human i n t e r a c t i o n s a n dp s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s .S t i m u la t io n o f c r e a t i v i t y i n a l l forms.P r o v i s i o n f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e l o p new f o rm s ofs o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l and econom ic s t r u c t u r e s .E n r ic h m en t o f o u r l i v e s .

T h e d e s i g n t eam h a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e g ro w th p l a n f o r a permanentl u n a r community f ro m a n i n i t i a l l u n a r b a s e t o t h e p o i n t wh er e ac o l o n y t h r e s h o l d i s r e a c he d . W e b e l i e v e t h e gro wth p a t t e r n w i l le s t a b l i s h t h e b a s i s f o r t h e c on t in u e d e x i s t e n c e and f u r t h e rgrowth beyond t h e t h r e s h o l d p o i n t . A s s u c h , it s h ou l d r e p r e s e n tt h e l i f e n eeds of t h e c o l o n y a nd p e r m i t f u r t h e r e x p a n s i o n . Thes t a t e d g o a l s r e f l e c t t h i s g ro wth c o nc er n and i n t h i s s e n s e d e p a r t

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fro m g o a l s f o r p r e v i o u s e n d ea v o rs i n s p a c e .

P r i o r e f f o r t s h av e te nd ed t o s t r e s s s c i e n t i f i c e x p l o ra t i o n andr e s e a r c h . The l u n a r c o l o n y c o n c e p t w i l l n o t d i m in i s h e f f o r t s i na s tr o n om y , co sm olo gy a nd s e l e n o l o g y b u t r a t h e r e x t e n d t h e s e a ndb ro ad en t h e b a s e f o r c a p a b i l i t i e s i n r e s e a r c h . An i n d i c a t i o n o ft h e s pe ct ru m o v er w hich t h e e f f o r t s w i l l r e a c h i s g i v e n i nF i g u r e 2 . 1 - 1 . C h a pt e r 3 g i v e s a more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n oft h e s e a c t i v i t i e s and t h e p e r so n n e l a n t i c i p a t e d f o r t h e c ol on yt h r e s h o l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

The b r oa d na t u r e o f th .e colon y g oa l s makes it d i f f i c u l t t oi n d i c a t e some s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t i m e when they w i l l have beena c c om pl i s he d . R a t he r , t h e c ol on y t h r e s h o l d c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s onewhich w i l l f i n d a s e r i o u s on-going e f f o r t d i r e c t e d to ward s a t i s f y -i n g t h e i n t e n t o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s .

The com plexi ty o f t h e l u n a r co lo ny e f f o r t and i t s commitment t ou t i l i z e t h e u ni qu e f e a t u r e s of t h e mo on 's l a nd s ca p e a r e g o a l sw hich s h o u ld n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d m u t u a l ly e x c l u s i v e . P r i m a r i l yt h i s means e a c h a r e a o f r e s e a r c h m u st b e d e s i g n e d i n a way whichd oe s n o t c au se o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s t o be j eo p a r d iz e d . S e c o n d ar i ly ,e a r l y a c t i v i t i e s s ho ul d c a r r y a p o t e n t i a l t ow a rd c o l o n y d ev e lo p m e nt .

The e f f o r t s of t h e U n it ed S t a t e s i n s p a c e h a ve b ee n b u i l t a ro u nde x te n d in g m an's c a p a b i l i t i e s i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t d i r e c t mannedo b s e r v a t i o n i s a more f l e x i b l e a p p ro a ch t h a n i n d i r e c t o r un-manned miss ions . T h i s a pp r oa ch h a s p ro ve n u s e f u l i n t e s t p i l o tdeve lopments a s w e l l a s s c i e n t i f i c e x p l o r a t i o n . An a p p a r e n tc o r o l l a r y t o t h e d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n a pp ro ac h i s t o h a v e t h o s epeople make t h e obs e r va t i ons w ho a r e b e s t a b l e t o c o l l e c t a ndi n t e r p r e t t h e d a t a . A s t h e r e s e a r c h i n f o r m a t i o n an d su b s e q u e n ts p e c i f i c i t y i n c r e a s e , more pe o p le w i l l be ne e de d a s t h e " b e s t "o b s e r v e r s . One s o l u t i o n t o t h i s p ro ble m w ould b e t o p r o v i d e as e r i e s of t e m por a r y ba s e s on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e t o m e e t t h e n e e d so f a v a r i e t y o f r e s ea r ch e f f o r t s . E a r t h o r b i t a l r e se a r ch w i l ll i k e l y f o l l o w an e q u i v a l e n t d ev el op m en t th r o u g h u s e o f t h e s h u t t l e

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and s o r t i e l a b o r a t o r i e s [ l l . However, t h e requ i rem ents of somel u n a r r e s ea r ch p r o j e c t s f o r l o ng t i m e p e r i o d s i n d e v e lo p m en t alo r s e q u e n t i a l e x pe r im e n ts w i l l s e v e r e l y l i m i t t h e v a l u e o f as e r i e s o f b a s e s . L i k e w i s e , t h e base c o n c e p t r e s t r i c t s t h e c o l l e c -t i o n o f d a t a t o d i s c r e t e t i m e i n t e r v a l s . I n t u i t i v e l y , t h e s e m i -i n d e p e n d e n t c o l o n y c o n c e p t seems t o be l e s s c o s t l y t h a n a s e r i e so f te m p o ra r y b a s e s . The w i d e r v a r i e t y o f r e s e a r c h s u p p o r t a ndt h e p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o m an 's u n d e r st a n d in g of h i m s e l fg i v e s f u r t h e r i m pe tu s t o t h e c ol on y c o n c ep t a nd i t s g o a l s .

2 . 2

Advancement ofo b v i o u s t o p i c sHowever, t h e s e

*PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE O F THE LUNAR COLONYo u r u n d er s t an d i n g o f t h e e a r t h a nd s o l a r s y st em a r ef o r s c i e n t i f i c s tu d y i n t h e l u n a r en vi ro nm en t.a l o n e w i l l n o t be s u f f i c i e n t j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o rs uc h a c o s t l y e n d e a v o r as a l u n a r c o l ony . Nor i s u t i l i z a t i o n of

t h e k no wl ed ge g a i n e d t o s u p p o r t m a n' s p h y s i c a l n e ed s i n s p a c el i k e l y t o evoke s u f f i c i e n t p u b l i c e n th u si as m and c a u se t h ec o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e moon t o become a r e a l i t y . However, i f ab r o a d e r s p e c tr u m o f o u r p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d w i t hp e r s o n a l l y i d e n t i f i a b l e r e as o ns f o r s uc h an e f f o r t , t h e l i k e l i h o o dof implem enta t ion would be g r e a t l y i n c re a s ed .

P u b l i c a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e e f f o r t t o p l a c e a man on t h e moon cameas a r e s u l t o f a v a r i e t y o f f a c t o r s . (The f a c t o r w hi ch un d o ub t ed l yp ro du ce d t h e g r e a t e s t m o t i v a t i o n w a s t h e ti m e- de pe n de n t n a t i o n a lg o a l s e t by P r e s i d e n t K en ned y) . I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e b r oa d p u b l i cs u p p o r t f o r t h e l u n a r c ol on y, an e ve n w i d e r v a r i e t y of i n d i v i d u a l l ym o t i v a t i n g f a c t o r s w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y , b u t a g a i n " t h e g o a l " w i l lp l a y a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t .F u l f i l l m e n t of t h e A merican d rea m o f e x c i t i n g new f r o n t i e r s w i l lmean d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s t o d i f f e r e n t p e op le . Some w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e*The b a s i s f o r much o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h i s s e c t i o n i s a h a l f - d a yc o n f e r e n c e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H ouston w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s

f rom the Depa r tments of Communica t ions , Mus ic , Soc io logy , Hea l thand Ph ys i c a l E duc a t i on , Drama, R e l i g i on , P s ycho l ogy a nd A r t .See Appendix G f o r t h e names of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s .

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t a s k m e re l y as s o m et h in g t o b e ac co m pl is he d b ec a u s e t h e p o s s i b i l i t ye x i s t s . T h i s a pp ro ac h m i gh t b e l i k e n e d t o t h a t o f a m o u n ta in e erwho b e l i e v e s t h a t m ou n t ai n s were c r e a te d t o be conquered .

The colony w i l l be viewed by some a s a u to p i a where new p o l i t i c a l -e c o n o m ic a l -e t h ic a l i d e a s ca n b e im plem en ted o r , a t l e a s t , t e s t e d .W hi le t h i s v iew c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d da n g er o u s t o t h e g ro wt h o reven t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e co lo n y, t h e d e s i r e s o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t st o c a r r y o u t s u ch an e x p e ri m e nt m us t be r e f l e c t e d i n i t s imple -m e n t a t i o n . C l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o s u ch e x p e r i m e n ts i s t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o no f i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t and gro wt h o f t h ec o l o n y . N ot o n l y w ou ld t h i s c o o p e r a t i o n e x t e n d s i m i l a r g o o d w i l le f f o r t s on e a r t h , b u t i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r i d e i n a l u n a r c o lo n y m i gh ta l s o h av e t h e e f f e c t o f w ay la yin g m i l i t a r y c o n f l i c t s .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d i s t i n c t e co no mic ad v a nt a ge s w hich c o u ld r e s u l tfro m an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s h a r i n g o f t h e c o s t s f o r d ev el op m en t an dgrowth of a l u n a r c o lo n y a r e w or t h pu r s u i ng . R e ga r d ing l i m i t e d -p u r po s e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r t h e d ev elo pm en t of s p a c e ,C l e ve l a nd [ 2 ] obs e r ve d , "N a t i on a l i nde pende nc e i s n o t i n f r i n g e dwhen a n a t i o n v o l u n t a r i l y a c c e p t s i n i t s own i n t e r e s t t h er e s t r a i n t s im po sed by c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r s " .

O t he r members o f t h e pu b l i c w i l l see t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a l u n a rc o lo n y a s a m eth od f o r r e l i e v i n g t h e o v e r p o p ul a t io n o f t h e e a r t h .T h i s would b e e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i f t h e c o lo n y w e r e t o b e t h e b a s i sf o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f o t h e r c o l o n i e s . P er ha ps more r e a l i s t i c a tt h i s p o i n t i n t i m e i s t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a t comes t o t h e p i o n e e rwho av oi ds ov ercr ow din g by becoming a m e m b e r o f t h e c o l o n y .I n o r d e r t o d e c r e a se t h e p u b l i c t ax - s u p p o rt l e v e l o f s u ch ap r o j e c t , it i s c o nc e iv a b le t h a t c o r p o r a t i o n s o r i n d i v i d u a l s wouldbe e nc ou ra ge d t o p r i v a t e l y d e v el o p com ponents f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h ec o l o n y s y st e m . W ith p r i v a t e d e v el o p m en t , s u b s e q u e n t p r o p r i e t a r yr i g h t s c ou ld l e a d t o l on g- te rm f i n a n c i a l g a i n f o r t h e i n v e s t o r st hr ou g h t e r r e s t r i a l a nd e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s and d ev el op -

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m e n t a l s p i n - o f f .t h e c o n c e p t of a l u n a r c o l o n y i s l i k e l y t o e v o k e a d d i t i o n a la t t e n t i o n .t ow a rd r e a c h i n g t h e l u n a r - c o l o n y g o a l w ou ld be more l i k e l y t oassume t h e l on g- te rm , h i g h - ri s k f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t h anl a r g e e x i s t i n g f i r m s w hich s t r o n g l y f a v o r a hi g h r a t e o f r e t u r n ons h o r t - t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s . A n o th e r m eth od o f t a x - s u p p o r t l e v e lr e d u c t i o n c o ul d b e t hr ou g h t a x -d e d u c ti b l e g i f t s t o t h e s p a c eprogram.q u a n t i t i e s of l u n a r m a t e r i a l t o r a r e- i t e m c o l l e c t o r s .

I n t e r e s t i n t h e s pa c e e f f o r t i s w i d e s p r e a d andC o r p o r a t i o n s made up o f s t o c k h o l d e r s w h o a r e m o t i v a t e d

C o n si d er a t io n s h o u ld a l s o b e g i v e n t o s e l l i n g s m a l l

The e x t e n t t o w hic h f i n a n c i a l a d v a n ta g e w i l l a cc ru e t o t h ec o l o n i s t s o r g ov ern men ta l e n t i t i e s on e a r t h i s de pe nde n t upon t h ep o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e a do pt ed f o r t h e p rogram as w e l l as t h e t e c h -n o l o g i c a l d ev e lo p me n ts w hich u t i l i z e l u n a r r e s o u r c e s . D ev elo p-ments may make u s e of t h e p h y s i c a l l u n a r r e s o u r c e s o r t a k ea dva n t a ge o f t h e l u n a r e nv i ro n me n t i n some way. Fo r exam ple, al u n a r - m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s w i l l de pend upon f i n d i n g e a r t ha p p l i c a t i o n s which a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y a t t r a c t i v e t o overcome c o s t so f t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e goods t o e a r t h .

Another form of e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e c a n r e s u l t i f t h e i n f o r m a t i o no b ta i ne d i n t h e r e s e a r c h a nd d e ve l op m e n t o f o ne p r o j e c t i s u s e dt o d ev el op a s e p a r a t e , a l th o u g h r e l a t e d , c o n ce p t o r p ro d u c t .Commonly te rm e d s p i n - o f f , t h i s p r o c e s s may u t i l i z e b a s i c r e s e a r c hk no wled ge o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l u t i l i z a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n . Economica d v a n t a g e s a p p e a r g r e a t e s t w hen l i t t l e a d d i t i o n a l research andd ev elo pm en t a r e r e q u i r e d p r i o r t o m a n u fa c tu r in g t h e p r o d u c t o rm a r k e t i n g t h e c o n c e p t . N o t a l l t e c h n o l o g i c a l s p in - o ff s h ou l dbe e x p e c te d t o r e s u l t i n a n o b v i o us e co no mi c a dv a n ta g e,

T e c h n i c a l l y e d u c at e d c i t i z e n s t e n d t o r e co g n iz e t h e p o t e n t i a la d v a n t a g e s of s p a c e e f f o r t s m o st q u i c k l y . However, e v en t h i sc ogn i z a nc e i s d i s c i p l i n e o r i e n t e d . The h a r d w a re - r el a t ed e n g i n e e rh a s i d e n t i f i e d m o s t c l o s e l y w i th t h e s p a ce e f f o r t a nd o t h e rs m a l l g ro u ps o f a p p l i e d a nd p h y s i c a l s c i e n t i s t s ha ve been a b l e

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t o i d e n t i f y a p an oram a of i m p o r t a n t d i s c o v e r i e s an d a p p l i c a t i o n s .But a more common a t t i t u d e among pu re and ap p l ie d s c i e n t i s t s i st h e a c c e p t a n c e o f a p o r t i o n o f N A S A ' s rogram as it r e l a t e s t ot h e i r s p e c i f i c d i s c i p l i n e , w i th s k e pt ic i sm r eg a rd i ng t h e j u s t i -f i c a t i o n o f t h e p ro gram i n g e n e r a l . A s a b r o a d e r s p e c t ru m o fe d u c a t e d t a x p a y e r s i s c o n s i d e r e d , a t t i t u d e s t e n d to war d a f e e l i n gt h a t someone r e a l l y o u g ht t o b e a s s ig n e d t h e t a s k of r e a p i n g t h er e s u l t s o f t h e s e v e ry l a r g e e x p e n d i t u r e s . The p u b l i c seems t o b ed ev el op in g t h e g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e t h a t W e h av e b ee n t o l d t h a t t h es p i n - o f f s a l o n e can b e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s p e n di n g and w h i l ew e may be l ieve i t , o u r i n c r e a s i n g a n x ie t y l e v e l i s s t r o n g l yr e l a t e d t o t h e q u e s t i o n , when?"

A n ot he r a t t i t u d e w hich can b e i s o l a t e d among t h e g e n e r a l U n i t e dS t a t e s c i t i z e n r y c o nc er ns t h e l ack of c om m unic at ion a bou t r e a lf e e l i n g s wh ich t h e a s t r o n a u t s e x p e ri e n ce . The f e e l i n g a l s o seemst o e x i s t t h a t "The o nl y t h i n g of v a l ue t h a t i s r e t u r n e d f r o m t h emoon i s a box o f r o c ks c a r r y i ng w i t h t hem de e p da r k s ec re t s andwho c a r e s ? " When f a s t m ov in g, l e i s u r e - t i m e e n t e r t a i n m e n t i s s oa v a i l a b l e a nd p eo p le a r e so a cc us to m ed t o c o n t i n u o u s e m o t i o n a lh ig h s , th e moon i s t o o a b s t r a c t and t o o f a r away t o rece ive mucha t t e n t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h o u t a d e s c r i p t i o n i n l an gu ag e t h a t h asmeaning on a f e e l i n g l e v e l . To t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , t h e e x c i te m e n tand purpo se of p la c i n g a man on th e moon h a s b een l o s t , h o p e f u l l yn o t i r r e t r i e v a b l y .

When p u b l i c a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e l u n a r c o lo n y i s c ons i de r e d , s om eo f t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n of w h a t c an be done i n t h e f u t u r e i s i d e n t i f i e dw i t h w h at h a s b ee n d on e i n t h e p a s t . I n i t s T e c h n o l o g y U t i l i z a -t i o n S e r i e s ( N A S A SP-5000 s e r i e s ) , NASA has made a g r e a t d e a l ofi n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e t e c h n i c a l com munity. E xam ples o f s u chi n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e Ai r - Pol l ut i on- Moni t or i ng I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n [ 3 ] ,Clean Room Technology [ 4 ] , and F la t*Conduc tor Cable Technology [51 .I n t o d a y ' s w o rl d o f e n v ir o n me n ta l co n c er n , t h e f i r s t ha s o b vi ou sa p p l i c a t i o ns . C l e a n Room T e chnol ogy g i ve s i n f o r m a t i o n w hic h i su s e f u l t o t h e p h a r m a ce u t ic a l , e l e c t r o n i c , c o sm e ti c and o t h e r

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i n d u s t r i e s c on c er n ed w i t h c o n t r o l o f c h em i ca l and m i c r o b i a lc o n t a m i n a t i o n . W ith t h e a d v e n t o f m odern c i r c u i t r y d e s i g n a ndc o n s t r u c t i o n , u n i t - c o n n e c t i n g c a b l e s h av e i n c r e a s e d i n i m p or ta n ce .T r a d i t i o n a l l y u s ed r o u nd c a b l e s a r e s p a c e co nsu min g an d o f t e ni n c o m p a ti b l e w i t h m i n i a t u r i z a t i o n c o n c e p ts . F l a t - c a b l e t ec h n ol o g ypr oduc e d f o r s pa c e c omponen ts i s o f t e n d i r e c t l y a p p l ic a b l e t oi n d u s t r i a l and d o me st ic s i t u a t i o n s .W hile t h e i n d u s t r y t a k e s a d va n ta ge o f t h i s t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o ni n m i n i a t u r i z a t i o n , i n c r e a s e d p ro d u ct q u a l i t y , re du ce d p ro d u c t io nc o s t s a nd , so m et im es , f e a s i b i l i t y of p r od u c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h i s i so n ly r a r e l y a p p ar e nt t o t h e p u b l i c . A c l a n d e s t i n e a pp ro ach t o l u n a rc o l o n i z a t i o n i s i n c o n c e i v a b l e . Go vernm ent-fund u t i l i z a t i o n f o rs h o r t - t e r m , e me rg en cy e f f o r t s s u c h as r e s c u e o f a r c h e o l o g i c a lt r e a s u r e s f rom p o t e n t i a l r e s e r v o i r s p r i o r t o f l o o d i n g may r e q u i r ec o n s i s t e n t l y d e c i s i v e a c t i o n , b u t f o r t h e c ol on y c on ce pt ,l on g -t e r m p u b l i c s u p p o r t i s a n e c e s s i t y . I n o r d e r t o b u i l d an a t t i t u d eo f p u b l i c a c ce p t a n ce o r , b e t t e r s t i l l , p u b l i c d e s i r e f o r t h el u n a r c o lo n y , t h e r e m ust be c o n t i n u i n g c om m uni ca ti on w i t h t h eg e n e r a l p u b l i c . N o s ing le medium w i l l s a t i s f y t h i s r eq ui re me nt .

Some h a v e s u g g e s t e d a r t i c l e s i n t h e d a i l y p r e s s a s w e l l a s a r a n g eo f m a gaz i ne s f rom Sc i e n t i f i c A me ri ca n t o R e a d e r ' s D i g e s t t o T r ueS t o r y . B ecau se t h i s r a ng e i n d i c a t e s a s pe ct ru m o f i n t e r e s t ,i n t e l l e c t and s t y l e , t h e a r t i c l e and s t o r i e s w i l l p r o v i d e t h ev e h i c l e f o r a t t i t u d e d ev el op m en t. P e rh a p s an e ve n more p o w e r f u le d u c a t i o n al t o o l i s t h e medium o f t e l e v i s i o n . U s e can be made ofn e w s c a s t s , d o c u m e n t ar i e s, s p e c i a l s , s e r i a l s , and movies as d i r e c tan d s u b t l e ways o f i n fo r m in g t h e p u b l i c o f w hat t h e s p a c e e f f o r th a s d o n e f o r t h e p e o p l e o f t h e w or ld : A t r a c k r eco rd , i f youp l e a s e . A l o t more s u p p o r t f o r t h e l u n a r c o l o n y w i l l b e f o r t h -c om ing when c o nc r e t e e xam pl es o f s pa c e s p i n - o f f a r e p r o v i d e d f o rt h e p u b l i c t h r o u g h c om mu ni ca tio n w i t h th em a t t h e v a r i e t y ofl e v e l s w h ic h t he y ha ve a l r e a d y c hos e n . And a l i t t l e b i t o fb e l i e v a b l e c r y s t a l - b a l l g a z i n g can b e h e l p f u l as w e l l .

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A n o t he r o f t h e o b v i o u s m et ho ds f o r co n v e yi n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h ep u b l i c i s t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e r a d i o . W hile t h e c h a r a c t e r o ft h i s medium h a s c ha ng ed c o n s i d e r a b l y , t h e r e i s n o d o u b t c o n c e r n i n gt h e num ber o f pe o p l e it r e a c h e s . An o u t l e t w hi ch d e s c r i b e s i t s e l fa s a m u s i c , s p o r t s and i n fo r m at io n s t a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y d e s c r i b i n gm os t o f w ha t r a d i o i s a b o u t . The i n f o r m a t i o n a l a s p e c t may i n c l u d enews r e p o r t i n g o r com mentary, i n d i v i d u a l an d p a n e l i n t e r v i e w s ,an d a u d i e n c e - p a r t i c i p a t i o n t a l k sh ow s. C o n ti n u ed a nd i mp ro ve di n f o r m a t i o n fl o w t h ro u g h t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s i s l i k e l y . I t i s evenc o n c e iv a b l e t h a t m u si c, i n t h e v a r i e t y o f fo rm s it t a k e s ,co ul d be composed and pe r formed i n a m a nne r w h i c h c a us e s i nc r e a s e dpu b l i c a w a r e ne ss a nd p r om ot e s a c c e p t a n c e o f s pa c e e nde a vor s .While it i s m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o i m ag in e ways i n which s p o r t s c ana s s i s t t h e e f f o r t , o ne m i gh t c o n s i d e r em p lo yi ng t h e f e r t i l ehuman i m a g i n a t i o n t o d e v i s e games f o r t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f a l u n a rc o l o n y . T he se m i g h t h a ve t h e ad v a n t a g e o f p r o v i d i n g a b a s i s f o rm a i n ta i n in g ea r t h - r e q u i r ed m u scl e t o n e i n o r d e r t o r e t u r n a f t e rl ong s t a y s on t h e moon.

A more d i r e c t way o f i n d i c a t i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s p a c e a ge nc yd ev el op me nt o f m a t e r i a l s a nd c o n c e p t s u s e d i n d a i l y l i f e w ould b et h r o u g h t h e p l a c e m e n t o f an a r t i s t i c a l l y d es i g ne d s e a l o r s i gn a -t u r e on d e v i c e s p r od u ce d as a r e s u l t of NASA fund in g. G r e a ta d v e r t i s i n g a dv a nt ag e ca n b e g a i n ed f rom t h a t s m a l l e l e c t r o n i cc a l c u l a t o r t h a t f i t s i n th e palm of yo ur hand and s e l l s f o r o n ly$ 1 1 9 . 9 5 , o r from a c e n t r a l c om pu te r f o r t h e u t i l i t i e s i n y ou r homet o c o n t r o l t h e d i sh w a sh e r, s t o v e , c l o t h e s d r i e r and more. Whilem i n i a t u r i z e d m ed i c a l i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n d o e s n o t g e n e r a l l y come i nkn ow ing c o n t a c t w i t h t h e p u b l i c , a w ar en es s on t h e p a r t o f m e d i c a ld o c t o r s c a n make t h e in f o r m a t i o n f lo w i n d i r e c t l y . A lth ou gh al a w c o u l d b e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n w i de sp re ad u s ag e o f t h es i g n a t u r e , some i n d u s t r i e s m i gh t f i n d v o l u n t a r y i m p le m e nt a ti o na dva n t a ge ous .A s a n o t e of c a u t i o n , it s h o ul d b e r ec og n iz ed t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c ebe tw e e n a c c e p t a nc e and r e j e c t i o n of a program which co nt a i n s

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e m o ti o na l ly v o l a t i l e i s s u e s i s n o t g r e a t . The q u e s t i o n ofa c c e p t a n c e i s one o f de g r e e s , t o o much o r t o o l i t t l e a d v e r t i s i n g ,t o o soon o r t o o l a t e . Any s uc h p r og ra m s ho u l d be c onc e i ve d a ndc a r r i e d o u t by t h o s e b e s t t r a i n e d f o r t h e j ob .

REFE-NCES1. C onva i r A e r os pa c e D i v i s i on of Ge ne ra l Dynamics "Rese arch andA p p l i c a t i o ns Modul es Pha s e B St udy , P r e l i m i na r y D e s i gn ReviewB ro ch u re " , Re po rt No. GDCA-DDA72-013, C on va ir Ae ro sp aceD i v i s i o n o f G e ne r a l D ynam ic s, San D i e go , C a l i f o r n i a .2 . C l e v e l a n d , H a r l a n , "The P o l i t i c s o f O u t e r S p a c e " , P r o c e e d i n g so f t h e F i f t h N a t i o n a l C o n fe re nc e on t h e P e a c e f u l U s e s ofSpa c e . H el d i n S t . L o u is , M i s s o u r i , May 26-2 8, 19 65 , NASAP u bl ic a t io n SP-82 , pp . 129-133.3. Lieberman, Alv in and Schipma, P e t e r , "Ai r - Pol l ut i on- Moni t or i ngI n s t r u m e n t a t i o n " , N A S A SP-5072, 1 9 6 9 .4 . U s e l l e r , James W . , "Clean Room Technology", NASA SP-5074, 1 9 6 9 .5. " F l a t C onduct o r C a b l e T e c hno l ogy" , Ma r s ha l l Spac e F l i g h tC e n t e r , NASA SP-5043, 1968.

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C HAPTER 3 ACTIVITIES O F THE LUNAR COLONY

Much h a s b e e n s a i d o f t h e r e s e a r c h p o t e n t i a l a f f o r d e d by manneds p a c e e x p l o r a t i o n . To t h i s t i m e , h ow ev er , s c i e n c e an d h u m a n i s t i ci n t e r e s t s h av e t a k e n a b a c k s e a t i n t h e manned s p a c e e f f o r t t o t h ed ev elo pm en t of t e c hn o l og y and f l i g h t s k i l l s . T h i s h a s f o r t h em o st p a r t b ee n a n e c e s s a r y co ns eq ue nc e o f t h e n ee d t o e s t a b l i s hm a n ' s c a p a b i l i t y i n s pa ce . A s l a r g e r , m ore h a b i t a b l e , m u l t i -manned v e h i c l e s becom e a va i l a b l e , it i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t morepa y l oa d w i l l b e d e v o t e d t o s c i e n c e e qu ip m en t a nd s c i e n c e p e r s o n n e lwho ca n im p le m en t e xpe r i m e n t s a nd / o r make ob s e r va t i o ns f i r s t h a n dT h i s s h o u l d a t some p o i n t i n t i m e a l s o i n c l u d e p er so n s n o tn e c e s s a r i l y i n t h e " h ar d" s c i e n c es .

I n l o o k in g f or wa rd t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a l u n a r b a s e and s t i l lf u r th e r t o i t s g ro w th t o a l u n a r c o l o n y , o ne s ee s , p e r h a p s , t h eg r e a t e s t o p p or tu n i t y i n t e r m s o f a t r u l y h et er o g en e o us s t a f f w i t hmany v a r i e d p r o f e s s i o n a l a nd v o c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s . W e a r e p a r -t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e co lo ny a t t h e t i m e it h a s a c h i e v e ds u b s t a n t i a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d i s s up po r t i ng an ongo i ng , t houghsomew hat c o ns t r a i ne d , p rog ra m o f s e r i ou s r e s e a r c h a nd deve lopm e nt .T hi s c h a p t e r ex am in es t h e a n t i c i p a t e d a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e l u n a rc o l ony a t t h i s " t hr e s h o ld " p o i n t i n t i m e i n t e r m s o f t h e s k i l l sand a c t i v i t i e s of t h e r e s i d e n t s .

3 . 1 R E S E A R C H A C T I V I T I E S

3 . 1 . 1 RE SE A RCH P H I L O S O P H Y

The l on g d u r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l u n a r c o l o n y w i l l a f f o r df l e x i b i l i t y i n r e se a r c h a c t i v i t i e s ( t h i s i s n o t t r u e d u r in g t h ee a r l y s t a g e s o f b a s e g r o w t h ) . The a c t u a l ex p e r i m e n t s w hi ch m i g h tb e p er fo rm ed c a n n o t b e a c c u r a t e l y d e f i n e d a t p r e s e n t an d w i l ld ep en d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t on t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o f e a r t h -o r b i t a l and l u n a r - o r b i t a l m i ss io n s . For t h i s r e a s o n f i t i s a d v i s -a b l e t o a v o id a l i s t o f i n d i v i d u a l e x p e ri m en t s w i t h n e c e s s a r y

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equipment i t e m s . R a t h e r , it would be more r e a s o n a b l e t o s t r i v et ow a rd s a r e s e a r c h " f a c i l i t y " w hich would pe r m i t f l e x i b i l i t y i np r og r a m p l a nn i ng a nd be c a pa b l e of r e s e a r ch a c t i v i t i e s i n as y e tunknow n s pe c i f i c s . I n g e n e r a l , it i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e l u n a rc o lo n y s h o u l d b e c a p ab l e o f s c i e n t i f i c an d h u m a n i st i c e f f o r t s o fv a ry i ng d e g r ee s , i n t h e g e n e r a l a r e a s d e s i g n a te d i n F i g u r e 2 . 1 - 1 .P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s h av e a p p ro a ch e d s p a c e - l a b o r a t o r y m i s s i o n s f ro mt h e p o i n t of v iew of r e s e a r c h " f a c i l i t i e s " an d h av e d e f i n e d t h e s ef a c i l i t i e s i n d e t a i l . S p e c i f i c a l l y , " R ef er en ce E a r th O r b i t a lR e s ea r ch a nd A p p l i c a t i o n s I n v e s t i g a t i o n s ( B lu e B oo k) " El] d e f i n e sr e s e a r ch f u n c t i o n s and l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s from t h i s p o i n t o fview f o r f l i g h t w i t h e i t h e r t h e i n i t i a l Space S t a t i o n o r R e s e a r c ha nd A pp l i c a t i ons Modu l e s (RAM) s u p p o r t e d by t h e S pa ce S h u t t l e .The l i s t of equipment i s long and i s a dde d t o a nd upda t e d pe r i o d -i c a l l y . " L i f e S c i e n ce Pa yl oa d D e f i n i t i o n s an d I n t e g r a t i o n S tu d y "[ 2 ] d e f i n e s s p e c i f i c b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a rc h f u n c t i o n s and f a c i l i t i e sf o r e a r t h - o r b i t m i s s io n s g e n e r a l l y s u p p o r t ed by RAM p a y l o a dm od ules a t t a c h e d t o a s p a c e s t a t i o n . S caled -d ow n v e r s i o n s w i t hd e cr e as e d c a p a b i l i t y were s u g g e s t e d t o o p e r a t e i n a s h u t t l e - s o r t i emode.

Both of t he s e p r o j e c t s a r e lonq - r a nge p r og r a ms ( be yond 1 9 8 0 ) anda s s u c h , any p la n n i n g a s t o s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h equipment i t e m s i sd e s t i n e d t o s u f f e r t h r o u gh num erou s r e v i s i o n s and a d d i t i o n s an di n t h e en d t o b e o b s o l e t e by t h e t i m e t h e m i s s i o n i s f lown. But ,s uc h d e t a i l e d p l a n n in g i s n e c es s a ry , f o r w i t h o ut i t n o m i s s i o nw ou ld e v e r b e f lo w n. Some o b s o l e s c e n c e a t f l i g h t t i m e i n t h i s casei s i n e v i t a b l e s i n c e l a b o r a t o r y e q u i p m e n t i s c o n s t a n t l y b e i n gimproved o r r e p l a c e d . The i n t e n t h e r e i s n o t t o d i s co u ra g e b u tt o c a u t i o n t h e reader when examining long a n d d e t a i l e d l i s t s o fl a b o r a t o r y e qu ip m en t i t e m s f o r s p ac e r es e a rc h a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h ef a r f u t u r e .3 . 1 . 2 RESEARCH A R E A S

The l u na r c o l ony s hou l d

e

b e c ap ab le o f s c i e n t i f i c and h u m a n i s t i c1 5


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e f f o r t s i n t h e g e n e r a l a r ea s d e s i g n at e d i n F i g u r e 2.1-1. D ur i ngt h e g ro wth o f t h e l u n a r b a s e , t h o s e a r e a s wh ich c o n t r i b u t ee x p l i c i t l y t o t h e v i a b i l i t y o f t h e b as e and gro wth t ow ar ds e a r t h -independence w i l l rece ive emphas i s . A t t h e c ol on y t h r e s h o l d t i m e ,it i s e x p ec te d t h a t t h e c o lo ny would a l s o s u p p o r t s e r i o u s e f f o r ti n n on s up p or t a nd i m p l i c i t s u p p o r t a r e a s .T a b l e s 3 . 1 -1 t h r o u g h 3.1 -6 p r e s e n t a c o m p i l a t i o n of l i k e l y r e s ea r c ha c t i v i t i e s f o r a number o f t h e d i s c i p l i n e s r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e2 . 1 - 1 . T h i s l i s t i s a n a d a p t a t i o n fro m s e v e ra l s o u r c e s [l, 2 , 31w i t h some o r i g i n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h i s s t u d y . I t i s n o t a ne x h a u s t i v e l i s t and it l a c k s s p e c i f i c i t y i n ' p l a c e s ( e .g . , t h e L i f eSc i e nc e s a r e m uch l e s s s p e c i f i c t h an S e l e n o l o g y ) , b u t it d o e s s e r v et o d e m o n s t r a te t h e l a r g e n umber of l i k e l y re s ea r ch a c t i v i t i e s ,anyone of which could employ much t i m e a n d p e r s o n n e l i f t h e s e w e r ea v a i l a b l e .

Table 3 .1-1

A n t i c i p a t e d R es ea rc h A c t i v i t i e s - AstronomyE xte nd t h e s p e c t r a l a nd /o r s p a t i a l r a ng e and g r e a t l y

im pro ve t h e r e s o l u t i o n of o b s e rv a t io n s i n

S o la r Ast ronomyRadio AstronomyS t e l l a r Astronomy (X-ray, gamma-rayo p t i c a l , u l t r a v i o l e t , i n f r a r e d )

1 6


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Tabl e 3.1-2

Ant i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Physi csPur sue i nvest i gat i ons i n t he f ol l ow ng areas:

At mospher i c Magnet ospher i c andCometary Physi csMet eoroi d Sci encePl asma Physi csChar ged- Par t i cl e Mot i onPar t i cl e Physi csEl ect r omagnet i c Wave Pr opagat i onHeat Tr ansf erBi ophysi csVacuum Deposi t i onPhysi cal El ectr oni cs

Sol ar Wnd Sci ence

Tabl e 3. 1- 3Ant i ci pat ed Resear ch Act i vi t i es - Physi cal Chem st r y

Per f or mexper i ment s i n t he f ol l ow ng areas of i nvest i gat i on:Cr i t i cal - Poi nt PhenomenaGas- Sur f ace I nt er act i onsOper at i onal Char acter i st i cs ofFl ame Chemst r y and React i onQuant umEf f ect sGaseous React i on Ki net i cs i nHi gh VacuumLOW Vapor - P ressure Chem st r yCr yst al Gr owt h

Chem cal LasersChem st ry

1 7


41/528

T a b l e 3 . 1 - 4

A n t i c i p a t e d R e s e a r c h A c t i v i t i e s - S e l e n o p h y s i c sP ur su e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s :

P h y s i c a l S t a t e and Composi t ionIn te rna l Dynamics of t h e MoonMass D i s t r i b u t i o n and F i g u r eE arth -Moon Me cha n i c al I n t e r a c t i o n sMagne t ic H is to ry of t h e Moon

of t h e L un ar I n t e r i o rof t h e Moon

T a b l e 3.1-5

A n t i c i p a t e d R e s e a r c h A c t i v i t i e s - S e l e n o l o g yP ursu e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s :

P h y s i c a l , M i n e r a l o g i c a l , a ndC h em ic al P r o p e r t i e s o f L un arM a t e r i a l sType, Form, S t r u c t u r e , D i s t r i b u t i o n ,R e l a t i v e Age o f L un ar F e a t u r e sO ngoing a nd E x t i n c t S e l e n o l o g i c a lP r o c e s s e sSe l e noc h r ono l ogySe l e n o l og i c Mapping ( S u r f a c e andM o r p h o l o g i c D i f f e r e n c e s Between F arL o c at e G e o l o g i c a l l y F a v o r a b l e S i t e s

S u b s u r f a c e )and N e a r S id e of t h e Moonf o r F u t u r e I n v e s t i g a t i o n a nd /o rC o l o n i z a t i o n

1 8


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Table 3.1-6

A n t i c i p a t e d Re se ar ch A c t i v i t i e s - L i f e S c i e nc e sI n v e s t i g a t e e nv i r on m e n t a l l y i nduc e d cha nges a nda d a p t a t i o n s o f f u n c t i o n s i n t h e f o l lo w i n g a r e a s :C a r d i o v a s c u l a r P a r a s i t o l o g y B o t a n yCardiopulmonary B i o c h e m i s t r y H o r t i c u l t u r ePs yc ho l ogy Arcad ian Rhythm Mi cro bio log yNeurology D e n i s t r y G e n e t i c sP h y s i o l o g y Pharmacology Or thopedic sN u t r i t i o n O p t o m e t r y P e d i a t r i c sPa t ho l ogy B e ha v i o r a l Sc i e nc e E c ol ogy

C l e a r l y , n o t a l l o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s w i l l b e p u r s u e d c o n c u r r e n t l yo r w i th t h e same e m p h as i s. R a t h e r , t i m e - s e q u e n c i n g a nd a l l o t m e n tp r i o r i t i e s w i l l h av e t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d a nd t h e n p o s s i b l y r e v i s e don t h e b a s i s o f t h e e x p er i m e n ta l r e s u l t s .

The l u n a r c o l o n y c a n d i d a t e e n d e a v o rs m u s t be w ei ghe d a c c o r d i n gt o a l i s t of c r i t e r i a t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h t h ec o lo n y g o a l s . On t h e s e b a s e s , t h e c a n d i d a t e w ou ld b e a c c e p t e do r r e j e c t e d as c ol on y a c t i v i t i e s . The f o l l ow i n g i s a l i s t o fc r i t e r i a , g ro up ed a c co r d in g t o t h e i r r e l a t i v e i m po r ta nc e, w hichr e f l e c t

1.

2 .

3.

t h e c o l o n y g o a l s :

N on j eopa rdy o f l u n a r c o l ony .Degree of r e l i a n c e o n u n iq u e l u n a r en v i ro n m e nt .U t i l i t y i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t , m a i n te n an c e an d en han ce me nto f l u n a r c o l o n y .C o n t r i b u t i o n t o wa rd m ans' u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h i m s e l f a n dt h e u n i v e r s e .U t i l i t y t o wa rd en ha nc em en t o f q u a l i t y of l i f e on e a r t h .C o n t r i b u t i o n t o o v e r a l l s p ac e p ro gram .D egree of i n t e r e s t t o h u m a ni s t ic an d/ or s c i e n t i f i ccommunity.High p r o b a b i l i t y o f o b t a i n i n g m e an in g fu l r e s u l t s .D i v e r s i t y of s pe c t r um of a l l e x p e r i m e n t s .R e l a t i v e c o s t .D i v e r s i t y of s u b j e c t a r e a s s e r v e d by a g i v e n e x p e r i m e n t .A v a i l a b i l i t y of p h y s i c a l r e s o u r c e s at l u n a r s i t e .Manpower requi rements .T i m e- s ch e d u li n g a n d d u r a t i o n .

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3.1.3 R E S E A R C H PERSONNEL

F or p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d r e a s o n s a n d l a c k o f t i m e and f a c i l i t i e s , a ne x h a u s t i v e l i s t i n g o f l a b o r a t o r y eq ui pm en t i t e m s i s n o t g iv en i nt h i s r e p o r t . Such a d e s c r i p t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t a nd s h o u l d b ea ss em b le d a l o n g w i t h s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n s . The a p pr oa ch t h a t i st a k e n h e r e i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h and s u p p o r tp e r s on n e l r e q u i r e d f o r a c o n t in u o u s , t ho ug h c o n s t r a i n e d , s e r i o u sr e s e a r ch e f f o r t i n t h e many a r ea s d e sc r ib e d i n t h i s c h a p te r .

A number of i n d i v i d u a l s i n d e v e l o p m e nt a l , d e s i g n , a n d s u p p o r tp o s i t i o n s w i l l a l s o b e i n vo lv ed i n r e s e a r ch a c t i v i t i e s o r t h es u p p o r t of r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s ( e .g . , m a t e r i a l s c i e n c e , fo odt e c h no l o g y , an d p h y s i c a l e l e c t r o n i c s ) . I n many cases , it i s n o tp o s s i b l e t o s t a t e wi th c e r t a i n t y which pe r so n and how much ofh i s t i m e w i l l b e i n vo l v ed i n r e s e a r c h . P e rs o n ne l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e sh av e n o t b e en d e f i n e d a d e q u a t e l y enoug h t o a l l o w t h i s . F or t h i sr e a s o n an d f o r t h e s a k e o f c o m p l e t e n es s , t h e l i s t o f r e s e a r c hand d i r e c t r e s e a r c h s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l i s n o t p r e s en t e d s e p a r a t e l yb u t i n c l u de d i n t h e l i s t of a l l c o lo n y p e r s o n n e l i n T a b l e 3.1-7.(Note t h a t o u r co lo ny p o p u la t io n t o t a l s 1 7 8 i n d i v i d u a l s , w h i c h i sa n um ber of n o u n i q u e s i g n i f i c a n c e . )

I t i s e xp ec te d t h a t t h i s d e f i n i t i o n o r r e s e a r c h p e r s o n ne l w i l la l s o u nd er go many r e v i s i o n s . I n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t s c i e n c ep e r s o n n e l a r e somew hat m ore p r om i ne n t t h a n t h e s p e c i f i c e qu ipm e n ti t e m s t h e y em plo y, s i g n i f i c a n t ch an ge s i n p e r s o n n e l w ould r e s u l tfrom ch an ge s i n n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s . I t wo uld c e r t a i n l y b eu n re a so n a bl e t o assume t h a t t h e r e would n o t b e s i g n i f i c a n t c han ge si n n a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s and p r i o r i t i e s o v er t h e n ex t 20 y e a r s o rmore.

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3 . 1 . 4 COMPUTER SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Many f u n c t i o n s o f t h e l u n a r c o l o n y w i l l r e q u i r e l a r g e am ou nts o fc om pu te r s u pp or t . T a b l e 3.1-8 p r e s e n t s a l i s t o f c o lo n y f u n c t i o n swhich would be expec ted t o r e l y q u i t e h e a v i l y on c om pu te r s u p p o r t .

T a b l e 3.1-8

A n t i c i pa te d Colony Fu nc t i ons Which Re ly on Compute r Su pp or t

L i f e - Suppor t C on t r o lE nv i r onm e n t a l Mon i t o r i ngE xpe r i m e n t C on t r o l a n d D a t aA n a l y s i sS i m u l a t i o nP r o c e s s C o n t r o l a n d M o n i t o r i n gCommunication MediaV e h i c l e C o n t r o l

A c q u i s i t i o n

( P e r s o n a l an d G e n e r a l )

L i b r a r y A c q u i s i t i o nMonetary ExchangeDra f t ing and MappingI n f o r m a t i o n S t o r a g e a n dS c h e d u l i n gS u p p l y I n v e n t o r yE duc a t i onT e s t i n gE n t e r t a i n m e n t

P r o c e s s i n g

These many needs w i l l r e q u i r e a c o n f i g u r a t i o n of s e v e r a l t y p e s o fcomput ing sys tem s . These can be c a t e g o r i z e d a s

S p e c i a l p u r p o s e , l u n a r - b a s e d m i ni co m p ut er s ( l o c a l ) ;G e n e r a l p u r p o s e , l u n a r - b a s e d m i n i c o m p u te r s ;G e n e r al p u rp o s e , e a r t h - b a s e d c om p ut in g c e n t e r sS p e c i a l d ev e lo p m en t, l u n a r -b a s e d c o n t r o l s y st e m s ( l o c a l ) .

T h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s a ss em b le d on t h e b a s i s t h a t r e a l - t i m ec o n t r o l an d m o n i t o ri n g m u st b e do ne a t t h e l u n a r c o lo n y . I na d d i t i o n , many j o bs n o t r e q u i r i n g l a r g e f a c i l i t i e s w i l l a l s o b er u n l o c a l l y . L a rg e c o m p u t a ti o n a l n e e d s , a s w e l l as some sma l le ro n e s , w i l l be s e r v e d by e a r t h - ba s e d c ompu ti ng c e n t e r s . T h i s w i l lre q u i r e a number of up and down te le m e t ry l i n k s be tween compute rsa n d / o r s t o r a g eW e b e l i e v e t h ea t t h e p r e s e n t

f a c i l i t i e s .ab ov e c o n f i g u r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t s y st emt i m e i n terms o f c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s a nd co mp ut er

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nee ds . However, computer hardw are i s c ha ng i ng a t s uc h a phenom enalr a t e t h a t i n t w en ty y e a r s o r more t h e b e s t choice may w e l l be ana l l moon-based f a c i l i t y .

3 . 2 L UNAR C OL ONY SUPPORT A C T I V I T I E S

A community i s more t h a n a n a s se m bl ag e o f p e o p l e l i v i n g i n p r o x i m i t y .I t i s a n i n t e r d e p e n d e n t s t r u c t u r e o f w o r k e r s, c o ns um er s, s e r v i c e s ,and goo ds. No community an d, f o r t h a t m a t t e r , n o n a t i o n , i st o t a l l y s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t i n a l l o f t h e s e . However, a communitydoes c o n t a i n many d i v e r s e t a l e n t s and a b i l i t i e s s uc h t h a t a l lf o u r of t h e s e a s p e c t s a r e r ep r es e nt e d t o g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r degrees .Communities which a r e s e p a r a t e d from e ac h o t h e r a nd f ro m l a r g e rurban a reas by r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e d i s t a n c e s m us t b e e ve n morei n d ep e n de n t t h a n o t h e r s .A l u n a r c o l o n y i s a community w i t h a h i gh d e gr e e o f s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y .I t must b e a he t e r og e ne ou s comm unity r e p r e s e n t i n g a w i de r a nge o ft a l e n t s and a b i l i t i e s . To b e t r u l y a c o l o n y , it must be moret ha n a s c i e n t i f i c in s t r u m en t . I t m ust o f f e r s e r v i c e s t o enhancet h e q u a l i t y of l i f e and t h e f i n e a r t s t o s t i m u l a t e i t s s o u l . As p i r i t of p i o n e e r i n g and a d ve n tu r e w i l l d r a w i t s c i t i z e n s t o g e t h e rand i n s t i l l a s t r o n g i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e c o lo n y. Thec a p a b i l i t y mu st b e p r e s e n t t o su pp or t t h e many complex s y s t e m si n v ol v ed i n l i f e s u p p o r t a nd m a n u f a c t u r i n g . R e s ea r ch an d r e s e a r c h -s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l m u s t b e p r e s e n t t o c a r r y on t h e co mp lex p ro g ra mof r e s e a r c h e x p e ri m e n t at i o n an d o b s e r v a t i o n i n s i t u .

A t t h e c o lo n y t h r e s h o l d t i m e , a l l o f t h e ab ov e f u n c t i o n s w i l l b ep r e se n t i n a l i m i t e d w a y . It i s e x p ec t ed t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h a nddevelopment a n d b a s i c l i f e - s u p p o r t p ro gr am s w i l l be b e s t d e v e l o p e d ,b u t s t i l l c o n s t r a i n e d . A c om ple te l i s t i n g of a l l c ol on y p e r so n n e lwas g i v e n i n T a b l e 3.1-7 o f t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . The f u n c t i o n so f t h e many p e r s o n n e l a r e m o s t l y s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y fro m t h e i ro c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s . However , there a r e some assumptions andf u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s n o t e xp r es s ed by t h e t a b l e t h a t s h o u ld

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be made c l e a r .T he pe r s onne l a re l i s t e d i n a l o g i c a l pa , t te rn w i th r e l a t e df u n c t i o n p l a c e d i n p r o x i m i t y a s f a r as p o s s i b l e . C olo ny a d m i n i s-t r a t o r s a r e l i s t e d f i r s t , f ol lo we d by f o od - se rv i ce p e r so n n e l ,t h e n p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s , s y st e m s s u p p o r t , an d r e s e a r c h an d r e s e a r c h -s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l . A s t r i c t l y l o g i c a l p a t t e r n i s n o t c l a i m e db e c a u se some p e r s o n n e l f u n c t i o n i n s e v e r a l a r e a s a nd somef u n c t i o n s a r e n o t s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o any o t h e r s .I t i s e xp e ct ed t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a number of fam ily u n i t s amongt h e colony pe rso nn e l . However, a t t h e c o l o n y - t h r e s h o l d t i m e , itw i l l b e n e c e s s a r y t o r e q u i r e t h a t b o t h a d u l t members of t h ef a mi ly f i l l p o s i t i o n s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e l i s t o f c o l o n y p e r s o n n e l .I t i s n o t a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t number o fc h i l d r e n i n t h e c ol on y a t t h i s t i m e (n o c h i l d o r e d u c a t i o n a ls e r v i c e i s p r o v i d e d ) , b u t t h i s d o e s n o t r u l e o u t th e p o s s i b i l i t yt h a t t h e r e may b e a few. C h i l d re n a r e i m p o r t an t t o t h e h e a l t ho f t h e c om mu nity , a n d , i f t h e c o l o n y c o n t i n u e s t o grow i n nu mb er,some growth may come ab ou t by c h i l d b i r t h .

NO a t t e m p t w i l l be made here t o i d e n t i f y a p o l i t i c a l s ys te m w hichs ho u ld g ov ern t h e l u n a r c ol on y , e x c e p t t o s t a t e t h a t it s h o u l dno t be a ssumed t o b e a m i l i t a r y t y p e o f s t r u c t u r e . The t y p e o fgovernment w i l l b e c r i t i c a l t o s u c c e s s and c o n se q ue n tl y s h ou l d b ec ho sen by t h e c o lo n y i t s e l f . F u r t h e r im p et us i s g i v e n t o t h i sp o i n t by t h e s t r o n g h op es o f many t h a t t h e l u n a r c o l on y w i l l bean i n t e r n a t i o n a l e f f o r t . A t t h e l u n a r - b a s e s t a g e , t h e a dm i ni s-t r a t i o n s h o u l d b e c ho se n by t h e e a r t h s p o n s o r s b u t , a s t h e b a s eg ro ws , t h e g ov ern me nt s h o u l d s h i f t i n t o t h e h an ds o f t h e c o l o nyi t s e l f , r e f l e c t i n g i t s d e g re e o f s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y .

S e c r e t a r i a l s e rv i c e s w i l l b e m in i ma l p a r t i a l l y b e c a u s e o f n umberc o n s t r a i n t s b u t p r i m a r i l y b e ca us e it i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t a newt e c h n i q u e f o r p e r s o n a l c o mm u n ic at io n s, m e m o s , r e p o r t s , f i l i n g ,e t e . , w i l l b e d e v e l o p ed in d e p e n d e n t of t h e u s e of p a p e r . T h i s

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wi l l l i kel y be a semaut omat ed pr ocedur e w t h comput er assi st ance.

The syst em s moni t or s ar e cont r ol consol e oper at or s. The r eactorpower syst ems wi l l be moni t or ed her e as w l l al l t he l i f e- suppor tsyst ems and, wher e appr opr i ate, some of t he manuf actur i ng oper at i ons.Tug l aunchi ng and l andi ng w l l al so be cont r ol l ed f r omt heseconsol es. At t hi s t i me, al l col ony syst ems w l l be nom nal l ymoni t or ed and cont r ol l ed i nt er nal l y t o t he col ony w t h l i t t l eear t h backup abi l i t y. The communi cat i ons syst emwi l l be housedi n t hi s same l ocat i on so t hat t he syst ems' moni t ors can workcl osel y w t h t he communi cat i ons t echni ci ans and gi ve backupsuppor t dur i ng l ow act i vi t y t i me per i ods when t he communi cat i onst echni ci ans ar e of f dut y.

The l unar col ony w l l be i ndependent i n f ood suppl i es. Per sonnelar e i ndi cat ed f or f ood pr oduct i on, pr ocessi ng, pr epar at i on andser vi ng. I n addi t i on, l i m t ed housekeepi ng (i ndi vi dual s w l l ber esponsi bl e f or t he cl eanl i ness of t hei r own l i vi ng uni t s andi mmedi at e wor k ar eas) and l aundry f aci l i t i es w l l be avai l abl e.The l aundr y

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