Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lucile A. Carver Mississippi
Riverside Environmental
Research Station:
LACMRERS Douglas J. Schnoebelen
Director
IIHR – Hydroscience and Engineering
Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Iowa
Partners and Collaborators
•USACE: Marvin Hubbell and Karen Haggerty
•USGS, La Crosse: Barry Johnson, Bill
Richardson, Jeff Houser & others
•IIHR—Hydroscience and Engineering: Larry
Weber (Director), and my students Brice Stafne,
Oscar Hernandez, and Carrie Davis(Post-Doc)
•Geosciences: Art Bettis, Adam Ward, & Frank
Weirich, Dave Campbell, Peifang Wang, Hohai
Univ., Lali Ghogheliani, Georgia Institute of
Technology
IIHR - Hydroscience and Engineering
• Originated about 90 years ago
• Staff interested in sediment
transport, river mechanics, ecology, river restoration, basin-scale hydrology, atmospheric sciences, fluid mechanics, bio-fluids engineering experimental and computational methods
• 775 Alumni from 55 Countries
• 60 graduate students
Overview
IIHR - Hydroscience and Engineering
•Fluid Mechanics Group
•Water and Air Group
•Environmental Hydraulics Group
IIHR - Hydroscience and Engineering
Before LACMRERS—Mussels and
the Pearl Button Industry
Mussels were abundant in pre-development times
Early reports suggest mussel beds spanning the entire river width
In the 1800’s mussels were harvested to find pearls
Harvesting intensified with the rise of the pearl button industry, circa 1890
• Mass harvest caused
decline in mussels
on river
• Land donated by
Association of
Button Manufactures
• Purpose - Freshwater
mussel research and
propagation
Pearl Button Industry
Fairport Federal Biological Research
Station was Built in 1914
From the photo at the Fish Hatchery
LACMRERS—A new research station
Lock and
Dam 22
• Built on the 1914 Fish Hatchery Site
• Carver Charitable Trust
• Groundbreaking
• Completion 2001
LACMRERS—Located on Pool 16 (5 miles
upstream from Muscatine, IA) •Colocated with present
DNR Fish Hatchery
•Excellent location on the
river for research
Pool 16
Lucille A. Carver - Mississippi Riverside
Environmental Research Station
Lucille A. Carver - Mississippi Riverside
Environmental Research Station
•Over 7,500 square feet: large classroom with projector, water-quality
lab, sediment lab, field preparation lab, kitchen, shop, laundry/shower
facilities.
•Ability to pump Miss. River water directly to lab for experiments and
monitoring/sampling 24/7.
•24 ft multipurpose pontoon boat for classes, sediment coring, water-
quality
•20 ft and 18 ft tunnel hull boats for hydroaccoustics, sampling,
biology
•Over 1 million dollars in field and laboratory equipment including:
Lucille A. Carver - Mississippi Riverside
Environmental Research Station—Cont. • 10 water quality real time sensors sondes, 10 nitrate sensors
sondes, and 10 turbidity sensor sondes
•Vibra-core coring rig—can collect 10-15 ft continuous cores
•Complete sediment lab with sedigraph, scales, ovens, muffle furnace,
fume hood, camsizer sediment analyzer, sediment gamma ray
detector and moisture analyzer
•Complete water-quality lab with all water-quality sampling equipment,
digital titration kits, meters, spectrophotometer, Turner Fluorometer,
microscopes, pumps/filters, ppb water system, and fume hood
•IDEX unit for rapid bacteria detection
•Submersible fluormeters, complete gw sampling gear and pump,
pressure transducers, other water-quality sondes for field use
The Mississippi River—Why the need for
large river research and education?
The Mississippi River-- Our Nation’s River
2,320 miles long, drainage
basins in all or part of 31 States!
Discovery of
Miss. By DeSota
The Upper Mississippi River—A
Major Transportation Route
• Average tow of 15 barges, but up to 40
• Standard barge 195 ft long by 35 ft wide
• Grain export for the Midwest
• 126 million tons of cargo a year on the UMR alone. Billions of dollars for the cargo industry
Upper Mississippi River—A National
Treasure for Wildlife and Recreation
• There are 485 species of fish, mussels, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles
• 1.2 billion dollars in recreation (1990 price level)
Great Floods
of 1993 and
2008 on the
Mississippi
River
Devastation in
the billions of
dollars!
The Upper Mississippi River
1890
Historical River Existing River
Changes over time on the river, how best
to manage now and for the future?
IIHR – Upper Mississippi River
• Upper Mississippi River Basin Navigation and Ecological Sustainability Program (NESP)
• Authorization under the Water Resources Development Act of 2007. Still waiting for full funding.
• Panel charged with developing a science-based adaptive management plan for navigation, ecological and economic sustainability
NESP Science Panel
LACMRERS—“The Best for the Big
River” Large River Research,
Education, and Collaboration:
Lock and
Dam 22
• Research—hydrodynamic modeling, mussels,
sediment, water quality, and hydroacoustics
• Education– undergraduate and graduate, K-12th
grade, and general public
• Collaboration– IDNR, USGS, USACE, USFW, USEPA,
Hohai University. Other stations--Kibbe station, Miss.
River Museum, Great Rivers Station, other schools and
agencies
LACMRERS MISSION
STATEMENT
• LACMRERS will apply IIHR’s established strengths in engineering hydraulics, computational fluid dynamics, and remote-sensing technology to understand river ecology in partnership with researchers in other disciplines, such as agriculture, meteorology, and urban and regional planning.
• LACMRERS will provide an environment and state-of-the-art field experiment facilities for multi-disciplinary education and research on large-river ecosystems;
Cont’d • LACMRERS will coordinate its activities with river-
monitoring stations along the Upper Mississippi and provide avenues for public dissemination of river data; and
• LACMRERS will establish partnerships with government, industry, universities and private organizations to enhance understanding of large-river ecosystems;
• LACMRERS will provide opportunities to area schools and universities to develop and conduct field-based educational programs, including short courses and workshops for industry and government agencies;
LACMRERS—Current Research
•Hydroacoustics
•Hydrodynamic & Water Quality Modeling
•Mussel Research
•Sensor and Real Time Data
•Sediment Coring and Analysis
Multibeam Hydrographic Survey
System
•512 ―beams‖ for detailed
mapping
•Coverage of large areas
•Data for modeling
Multibeam Hydrographic Survey—
Iowa River at Iowa City Bridge Piers
Details of Sediment
Structure for Mapping
and Modeling
Tracking ripples
on tops of sand
dunes!
Multibeam Hydrographic Survey—Iowa
River, Scour Hole and Coffer Dams
Lock and
Dam 22
Coffer Dam
Bridge Piers
Scour Hole
Iowa River
Hydroacoustics and Flooding
Highway 65 bridge south of Des Moines, Iowa during
flooding June 11, 2008.
Photographs by Sergeant Amy Kramer of the Pleasant Hills Police Department
Bridge Scour, Highway 65
Hydrodynamic modeling
•Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Branch of Fluid Mechanics
•Uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems
involving fluid flow (air or water)
•Building block is Navier-Stokes Equations (define any single-phase flow)
•Heavily used in Mechanical Engineering
•2-D and 3-D modeling
Hydrodynamic Modeling
•Fluent --commercially available software
•Building the mesh and defining conditions
•Sensitivity and Validation
•Linking to Water-Quality
•Similarities to GW Modeling
Structured vs. Unstructured Meshes
Structured
Type of mesh Basic Idea Features
Unstructured
Meshed in blocks
Meshed all in one geometry
• Harder to grid
•Typically more efficient
• Easier to grid
• More complex geometry
• Typically not as efficient
Two-dimensional Mesh for Inundation Model
UI Campus Inundation Model: 41,800 cfs
McNary Lock and Dam Forebay Temperature CFD Model Study
McNary Dam-Grid Generation
3-D Model, Mesh is huge over 6 million cells
Hydrodynamic Modeling
•First order principles and physics based
•Discharge, velocities and residence times of
water
•Flow variations as structures are added or
removed
•Particle tracking
Eulerian vs. Lagrangian Framework Flow
Eulerian – Flow field is stored on a grid
Flow
Lagrangian – Solution stored on individual
particles
Grid point where
flow field solution
is stored
Lagrangian water quality sampling to look at how chemicals may degrade or are
processed in the environment.
Are you watching the flow move past you or are you riding a parcel of fluid?
If you are watching the fluid move past you – Eulerian
If you are sitting on a parcel of fluid/fish – Lagrangian
Individual particles
(e.g. fish)
Coupling Hydrodynamic Models
with Water-Quality Current Models • Control volume analysis
• Complicated environmental
parameterization
• 1D or 2D hydrodynamics
• Limited ability to resolve hydraulic
features
Our Objective • Represent the multi-dimensional nature of
nitrogen cycle processes
• Minimize estimation and/or measurement
of biogeochemical parameters
• Resolve local hydrodynamic features, 3-D
modeling
• Better represent and simulate the
relationship between hydrodynamic and
nutrient cycling processes
• Numerical simulations to be used in
project development and planning
process
Water-Quality and Nutrients • Nutrient loading from
agricultural runoff impacts aquatic ecosystems thru
– Eutrophication
– Gulf Hypoxia
– Human health concerns
– Major concern locally and worldwide
N.N. Rabalais, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium
Total
Nitrogen
Total
Phosphorus USGS, both
Encyclopedia Britannica
Nutrient Conceptual Model Nutrient Loading
•Concentration
•Loading
Geomorphology •Sediment Composition
•Resuspension
•Bed Movement
Hydrology •Volume
•Duration
Nitrogen •Nitrate (70%)*
•DON (15%)*
•PON (15%)*
Phosphorus •Particulate
•Dissolved
Nutrient Dynamics
Microbial Processing-
Oxidation & Reduction •Denitrification
•Nitrification
•Anammox
Macrophytes •Habitat Suitability
•Growth Rate
•Flow Resistance
•Nutrient Uptake
Algae •Habitat Suitability
•Growth
•Transport
•Nutrient Uptake
Biogeochemical Condition
(site specific)
Pool-Scale Nutrient Budgeting
Basin-Scale Management
Gulf Hypoxia Mitigation
*From James et al. 2008
Backwater-Wetlands and Nutrients
• Riparian wetlands are natural
environments for nutrient
processing and uptake
• Engineered systems to mitigate
excessive nutrient loading
W.J. Mitch and J.G. Gosselink
Peoria Journal Star
Project Location- Round Lake
Round
Lake
UMR Main
Channel
Lock & Dam 7
La Crosse, Wisconsin
I-90
Hydrodynamic Model
Development • Bathymetry - USGS Bathymetric Survey (Rogala, 1998)
• Water surface profile - Trimble R8 RTK GNSS (IIHR)
• Discharge - RD Instruments Streampro and 1200 KHz Rio Grande
ADCPs (IIHR)
• Computational Mesh- 325,000 element, Structured Mesh
Unsteady Hydrodynamic Solution
• Fluent commercial CFD software
• Single dominant flow path
• Max velocity ~0.4 m/s in channel
• Lateral recirculation and stagnant zones
Numerical Particle Tracking
• Track 5,000 neutrally- buoyant particles from inlet to outlet
• Analyze reaction time as a function of particle residence time profile
• Random walk function accounts for turbulent dispersion – Calculates instantaneous velocity of a particle using
stochastic tracking, based on turbulent kinetic energy
Nitrate Transport and Reaction
• Three-dimensional species
transport
• Fully-coupled surface denitrification
reaction at the bed
• Investigation of two individual
reaction models
– 1st order decay
– Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics
Nitrate Transport and Reaction
• Proof of concept and model sensitivity
simulations
• Initial and inflow concentration of 1.25 mg/L
• Representative of fully-mixed condition
following a flood event
Predictive Capabilities
Comparison- Nitrate Concentration
Validation with field samples
• Collaborate with USGS
UMESC to collect field data
used to identify site-specific
reaction parameters and
calibrate/validate the model
• Data collected compared well
to model
• Next Steps: • Apply modeling framework to different
aquatic environments
• Incorporate of aquatic plants on nutrient
dynamics and hydraulics
• Pool wide modeling
Aquatic Macrophytes
• Incorporate macrophyte influence
– Hydrodynamics
• Flow Resistance
• Transport
– Nutrient Uptake
• Delivery
• Growing Cycle
• Couple with ecological modeling framework (e.g. IIHR mussel dynamics model) to address
– Macrophyte Habitat Suitability
• Depth
• Bed Shear Stress
• Substrate Characteristics
– Macrophyte Growth
• Temperature
• Nutrient Load
• Photosynthesis
Linking Water-Qualtiy and CFD
Modeling • Nutrient removal is controlled by both delivery and reaction
• CFD can be used simulate the relationship between delivery and reaction
• Initial model results demonstrate similar patterns in hydraulics and nitrate
concentration to those observed in the prototype
• Future efforts will consider spatial heterogeneity in flow resistance and
reaction rate
Freshwater Mussel Research
Lock and
Dam 22
Higgins eye, Hickorynut, Butterfly,
Monkeyface, etc.
Higgins eye mussels
(federally endangered)
Giant floater and threeridge covered by
zebra mussels - July 2004
Freshwater Mussel Reproductive Cycle
Mussel Bed Study Area
• Located in Navigation Pool 16 of the Mississippi River (42 km)
• Adult mussels filter 15 to 45 liters per day
• Three Mississippi River reaches contain 61 to 212 million mussels
Mussel Bed Morphology • Mussel density studies displayed mussels tend to prefer areas of
the mussel bed that are less prone to siltation†
• Multi-beam sonar infers lower flow velocities (thus more siltation)
on the upstream side of the bed than those in the middle of the
bed†
†Young, 2006
Characterization of Mussel Bed in Buffalo, Iowa
Mississippi River Sensors
Lock and
Dam 22
• Real Time Monitoring
• Nitrate
• DO
• Turbidity
• Temperature
• pH
• Specific Conductance
Mississippi River Sensor Network
Lock and
Dam 22
Water quality monitoring network – Water quality probes
– Data logging and telemetry system
• Campbell Scientific CR1000 data
logger
• AirLink Communications Raven CDMA
cellular modem
• NP12 rechargeable battery and charge
controller and solar panel
– Real-time monitoring and control software
is used to remotely manage the sensor
network
• Sampling rates can be increased to
capture greater temporal resolution
during significant events
• Customized alarms with email
communication to efficiently monitor
network operation
Odessa Update - Sensor Sites (4)
Inlet
River
Schafers
Access
Outlet
Large-Scale Monitoring Network to
Support Nutrient Model Development
Sediment Coring
Education
Summer Course (3 week intensive)
•Lectures twice a week (M & W) for 3 hrs each
•Field and Lab twice a week all day (T & Th)
•Project with Written and Oral Presentations
•Connecting the Classroom and the Field Water quality sampling and qa/qc
Hydroacoustics
Pesticides
GW/SW Interaction
Geology/Sediment/Coring
Water quality and quantity Class
Education
68
Summary
• LACMRERS
Collaboration/Coordination
• Modeling—Flow and Water-Quality
• Numerous Common Areas of Interest
• Opportunities for Graduate Research
Projects
• Class and Short Course Opportunities
68
Thank You!