LSM- 5OCT.1980

Living StandardsMeasurement StudyWorking Paper No. 5

Conducting Surveys in Developing Countries

Practical Problems and Experiencein Brazil, Malaysia, and the Philippines

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LSMS Working PapersNo. I Living Standards Surveys in Developing Countries

No. 2 Poverty and Living Standards in Asia: An Overview of the Main Results and Lessons of SelectedHousehold Surveys

No. 3 Measuring Levels of Living in Latin America: An Overview of Main Problems

No. 4 Towards More Effective Measurement of Levels of Living, and Review of Work of the United NationsStatistical Office (UNSO) Related to Statistics of Levels of Living

No. 5 Conducting Surveys in Developing Countries: Practical Problems and Experience in Brazil, Malaysia, andthe Philippines

No. 6 Household Survey Experience in Africa

No. 7 Measurement of Welfare: Theory and Practical Guidelines

No. 8 Employment Data for the Measurement of Living Standards

No. 9 Income and Expenditure Surveys in Developing Countries: Sample Design and Execution

No. 10 Reflections on the LSMS Group Meeting

No. 11 Three Essays on a Sri Lanka Household Survey

No. 12 The ECIEL Study of Household Income and Consumption in Urban Latin America: An Analytical History

No. 13 Nutrition and Health Status Indicators: Suggestions for Surveys of the Standard of Living in DevelopingCountries

No. 14 Child Schooling and the Measurement of Living Standards

No. 15 Measuring Health as a Component of Living Standards

No. 16 Procedures for Collecting and Analyzing Mortality Data in LSMS

No. 17 The Labor Market and Social Accounting: A Framework of Data Presentation

No. 18 Time Use Data and the Living Standards Measurement Study

No. 19 The Conceptual Basis of Measures of Household Welfare and Their Implied Survey Data Requirements

No. 20 Statistical Experimentation for Household Surveys: Two Case Studies of Hong Kong

No. 21 The Collection of Price Data for the Measurement of Living Standards

No. 22 Household Expenditure Surveys: Some Methodological Issues

No. 23 Collecting Panel Data in Developing Countries: Does it Make Sense?

No. 24 Measuring and Analyzing Levels of Living in Developing Countries: An Annotated Questionnaire

No. 25 The Demand for Urban Housing in the Ivory Coast

No. 26 The C6te d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey: Design and Implementation

No. 27 The Role of Employment and Earnings in Analyzing Levels of Living: A General Methodology withApplications to Malaysia and Thailand

(List continues on the inside back cover)

Conducting Surveys in Developing Countries

Practical Problems and Experiencein Brazil, Malaysia, and the Philippines

The Living Standards Measurement Study

The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) was established by the World Bank in1980 to explore ways of improving the type and quality of household data collected by ThirdWorld statistical offices. Its goal is to foster increased use of household data as a basis for policydecision making. Specifically, the LSMS is working to develop new methods to monitorprogress in raising levels of living, to identify the consequences for households of past andproposed government policies, and to improve communications between survey statisticians,analysts, and policy makers.

The LSMS Working Paper series was started to disseminate intermediate products from theLSMS. Publications in the series include critical surveys covering different aspects of the LSMSdata collection program and reports on improved methodologies for using Living StandardsSurvey (LSS) data. Future publications will recommend specific survey, questionnaire and dataprocessing designs, and demonstrate the breadth of policy analysis that can be carried out usingLSS data.

LSMS Working PapersNumber 5

Conducting Surveys in Developing Countries

Practical Problems and Experiencein Brazil, Malaysia, and the Philippines

Christopher ScottPaulo T.A. de Andre

Ramesh Chander

The World BankWashington, D.C., U.S.A.

Copyright (© 1980The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing October 1980Third printing March 1986

This is a working document published informally by the World Bank. To present theresults of research with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared inaccordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bankaccepts no responsibility for errors. The publication is supplied at a token charge to defraypart of the cost of manufacture and distribution.

The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, whichare those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliatedorganizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of researchsupported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank. Thedesignations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps used in this documentare solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsboundaries, or national affiliation.

The most recent World Bank publications are described in the annual spring and fall lists;the continuing research program is described in the annual Abstracts of Current Studies. Thelatest edition of each is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit,Department T, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W, Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., orfrom the European Office of the Bank, 66 avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France.

VVhen this paper was first published Christopher Scott was a Statistician, World FertilitySurvey, International Statistical Institute, Paulo T.A. de Andre was Head, EconomicIndicators Group, Brazilian Statistical Office (IBGE), and Ramesh Chander was StatisticalAdvisor, Economic Analysis and Projections Department, World Bank.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Scott, Christopher, 1927-Conducting surveys in developing countries.

(LSMS working paper, ISSN 0253-4517; no. 5)"October 1980."Bibliography: p.1. Cost and standard of living-Developing countries-Case Studies. 2. Household

surveys- Developing countries-Case Studies. I. Andre, Paulo T.A. de, 1943- . II.Chander, R. III. Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development. DevelopmentResearch Dept. IV. Title. V. Series.HD6978.S37 1985 339.4'1'0723 85-12220ISBN 0-8213-0032-6

CONDUCTING SURVEYS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:PRACTICAL PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCE IN BRAZIL,

MALAYSIA AND THE PHILIPPINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

I. PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN CONDUCTING SURVEYS ONLIVING STANDARDS, by Christopher Scott 1-23

II. THE BRAZIL 1974/75 NATIONAL HOUSEHOLDEXPENDITURE SURVEY, by Paulo T.A. de Andre 24-43

ANNEX: ENDEF's Questionnaire 44-87

III. RECENT EXPERIENCE IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS IN MALAYSIAAND THE PHILIPPINES, by Ramesh Chander 88-104

ANNEX 1: Extract from Malaysian Fertility andFamily Survey - 1974 - First Country Report- 105-113

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN CONDUCTING SURVEYSON LIVING STANDARDS

I. BACKGROUND

The survey statistician is essentially an engineer, working to design

and implement a product meeting as closely as possible the specifications

of his client, the survey user. Like any other engineer, he finds his client

specifying requirements which are not equally attainable: some can be met,

some cannot be met, and some can be met only if others are dropped. This

situation obliges him to return to his client for a more detailed specification,

including an indication of priorities where requirements conflict. Thus, in

the early stages at least, the role of the survey statistician is to engage

in a dialogue with the survey user/sponsor; together they have to develop a

plan for a product which can be built and which satisfies as closely as

possible the needs of the latter.

This paper is intended as a first statement by a survey statistician in

such a dialogue. I assume that the user is interested in launching household

surveys, primarily in developing countries, for the measurement of living

standards, and I take the user's first statement to be Pyattts paper "Some

Conceptual Problems of Measuring Living Standards".-/ My aim is to draw

attention to some of the practical problems of survey design and implementation

which may feed back either on the formulation of survey objectives themselves,

or on the strategy for fostering such surveys.

1/ Graham Pyatt, "Some Conceptual Problems of Measuring Living Standards orHow Do We Find Out Who is Benefiting From Development?" presented at theInternational Statistical Institute Conference in Manila (December 1979).

II. A FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSION OF SURVEY PROBLEMS

One can identify four sources of difficulty in achieving a survey that

will meet given objectives:

(1) There may be difficulty in matching the conceptual framework

assumed in the survey "objectives" to the real world.

(2) There may be difficulty in achieving a practical design that

meets the objectives.

(3) There may be problems in achieving faithful implementation of

the design.

(4) Respondents may be unable or unwilling to give required information.

This framework will be used in discussing survey problems. Note that

categories (1) and (2) represent design problems and category (3) operational

problems. For convenient reference, the main design features of a typical

survey are listed in Table 1 and the main operations in Table 2. Category (4),

though it may depend to some extent on ingenuity of design or persistence in

execution, ultimately represents a constraint to which survey objectives may

have to be tailored.

Underlying the relatively specific types of problems envisaged in the

above classification there exists a more diffuse constellation of difficulties

which may be termed "institutional/managerial". These are, on the whole, very

characteristic of developing countries and tend to affect all types of surveys,

independently of their subject matter. It is convenient to discuss them first.

-3-

TABIE 1 MAIN DESIGN FEATURE CF A SURVEY

Concepts

Study population

Study variables Includes subclasses for disaggregation

Sample design

Structure of survey Types of interview and their interrelations:main interview, roster, baseline survey,special subsamples, supplementary samples,repeat interviews, community level survey, etc.

Questionnaire design Schedule v. questionnaire, format and layout,choice of questions, wording of questions,language(s)

Field organization

Control and management procedures

Systems design for data processing

Edit specifications

Tabulation specifications

Arrangements for publication, dissemination, archive

- 4 -

TABLE 2 mAIN SUKVEY OPERATONS

Planning

Preparatory work

Pretesting

Recruitment and training of field workers

Field operations

Coding

Manual editing

Data input

Programming

Error detection by machine (cleaning)

Error correction

Imputation and re-coding

Tabulation

Analysis and report

Dissemination

Archive - set-up and maintenance

NOTE Operations are listed above in logical rather thanchronological order. For example, prograrming shouldnormally start as soon as a definitive questionnairehas been achieved.

- 5 -

III. INSTITUTIONAL AND MANAGERIAL PROBLEMS

Three main problems can be detected in the national statistical systems

of the contemporary world: A. The problem of achieving long-term commit-

ment; B. The problem of bureaucratic ossification, and C. The problem of

manpower shortage at the professional level. Let us look at these in turn.

A. The Problem of Long-Term Commitment

Only the simplest surveys can expect to be completed within a period of

two years. In the present context we must envisage surveys which are both

complex and long-drawn-out in the field. From the initial planning for the

survey through the publication of the final report, even three years would

certainly be an optimistic estimate of the time needed for such an effort in

most developing countries. But we need to go further: a one-time survey of

living standards is of very limited value to the economist/planner. What

is needed is a continuous, or at least periodic, program essentially open-

ended in time. In practice, an initial commitment of five years at the very

least and preferably ten is sought.

Very few developing countries can give such an assurance - or to be

Strictly accurate, many can give it but few can live up to the assurance given.

This is often due to political instability: government expenditures may be

cut, or priorities altered, in response to short-term pressures. (Developed

countries differ little from the less-developed in this respect, though the

impact on domestic statistical programs is perhaps greater in the latter.)

Sometimes it will result from personnel changes within the statistical or

- 6 -

planning machines. But perhaps the main cause of instability is linked to

excessive dependence on foreign finance. Particularly in the area of surveys,

many LDC statistical programs depend crucially on external assistance. Some

countries (notably in French-speaking Africa) never do a survey without foreign

finance. Funding agencies tend to work on a project basis, and for them a

project is a single survey. Their resources fluctuate substantially from year

to year; moreover, such agencies generally have an ideological objection to

open-ended projects.-/ The need for almost annual shopping in the foreign aid

market is currently one of the principal factors preventing LDCs from committing

themselves to long-term survey programs. Whether the UN Household Survey

Capability Programme can solve this problem remains to be seen; at least, it

should lengthen LDC survey planning horizons to something nearer five years -

though even this is to assume that it will have more success in securing long-

term commitments from donors than the LDCs themselves have had to date.

B. Bureaucracy

Paradoxically, instability of statistical plans and programs often co-

exists with excessive stability of tenure, of procedures, and of organizational

structures. In the older statistical offices one frequently finds, in the

LDCs as in the developed countries, all the classical symptoms of bureaucratic

inefficiency: reluctance to innovate, failure to promote the more efficient

or to dismiss the incompetent, resistance to the application of incentives

tied to performance, failure even to monitor performance, obsessive attention

to hierarchical status as well as to job demarcation, failure to consult and

1/ They justify this objection on the grounds that the recipient countrywill not ultimately benefit unless it eventually takes over full respon-sibility. Since further project money is nearly always available foranother (often similar) project when the first one expires, the argumentis weak, at least in relation to surveys.

discuss, and even sometimes excessive consultation and discussion. Most

of these defects,which lead to low morale, half-hearted work and poor

performance, can convincingly be attributed to over-stability of the civil

service.

Institutionalization is a fashionable concept but it needs tempering by

the realization that there are good institutions and bad institutions;

increasing the power and prolonging the life of an institution may, correspon-

dingly, be a good thing or a bad thing.

That problems of bureaucracy may outweigh problems arising from insufficient

technical competence has become strikingly clear during the five years'

experience of the World Fertility Survey. This international operation, under

the central coordination of an office in London, has involved the execution

of approximately comparable surveys in some 40 developing countries, making

it possible to compare the performance of a large number of LDCs in an

essentially similar task. Only two of the surveys, namely those of Nepal and

Paraguay, kept strictly to their own timetable as formulated at the outset.

There is a general concensus among the London staff that these two (perhaps

with Ecuador) were among the most efficiently managed surveys of the whole

program. At the other end of the scale, while diplomacy forbids the citing

of country names, it can nonetheless be said that several of the most developed

among the WFS participant countries made serious errors of implementation,

experienced very long data processing delays, or ran into institutional

conflicts which upset the smooth progress of operations. I do not want to

assert that there is a negative correlation between performance and national

- 8 -

development, but if the correlation is positive it is certainly very low.

One likely reason is that well developed statistical institutions are often

obstructed more by their own bureaucratic constraints than small, new offices

are by their technical inadequacies.

C. Professional Manpower Shortage

Of the three "institutional" problems examined in this paper, the shortage

of professional manpower is the only one generally recognized and regularly

discussed with frankness; thus, detailed discussion should not be necessary here.

It is worth mentioning, however, that the manpower shortage, where it exists,

is not necessarily absolute; in some countries (for example, Ghana) there are

many qualified and capable professionals but the government cannot afford to

employ them, which means that there is an effective shortage should the govern-

ment statistical service wish to carry out surveys.

A further point, frequently recognized but worth stressing again here, is

that the skills most seriously lacking in most LDCs are managerial, rather than

technical in the narrow sense. If realization of this is, by now, widespread

it still does not seem to have had much effect on education and training facilities

provided for future LDC executives.

D. Summary of Institutional Issues

There is certainly some degree of conflict between the requirements of

long-term stability and efficiency. There is an inherent tendency for stable

institutions to ossify; however, this is by no means an automatic or inevitable

process. Counter-measures can be taken once the problem is recognized: it is

- 9 -

possible to reward innovation; effective monitoring systems can be set up;

incentives can be provided for hard work; management training can be instituted;

and so on. Countries can take these decisions for themselves if they have the

will.

Whether international institutions can assist depends very much on their

approach. Certainly they should not assume that merely giving money or equip-

ment to an institution which is suffering from bureaucratic inefficiency will

contribute to a cure. And even where greater stability is desirable, they

should not assume that true long-term stability can be assured by providing

financial assistance for a five-year program instead of a two-year project;

removal of support, when it finally occurs, may be no less traumatic after

five years than after two.

IV. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THE REAL WORLD

It would be premature to attempt an exhaustive treatment of problems in

this category. Most of the problems will come to light only after more field

experience has been gained with the specific survey envisioned.

There are, however, two areas in which particularly awkward problems can

already be discerned. These concern the concept of the household and the

question of the evaluation of subsistence production. Each of these constitutes,

in fact, a group of problems.

A. The Concept of the "Household"

There are two main issues here. The first is the definition itself and

the second is the stability over time of the unit so defined and of its income.

- 10 -

The definitional problem is well known. Survey statisticians working in

developing countries are familiar with the cloudiness surrounding the concept

of a household and the resulting tendency of household size figures to vary

from one survey (or census) to another for the same population, depending on

the instructions given to enumerators. The economist speaks of a single

"center of decision" as the criterion for a household but in practice there

are often subsidiary centers: in many cultures, for example, the housewife

has clearly defined areas of responsibility over certain household expenditures.

Again, the. problem of an absent wage-earner who periodically sends, or brings

with him on visits, remittances to his family is common in many areas. Another

problem frequently met in urban areas is that of the group of working men who

pool their resources for meals and rent but maintain their independence as

regards the rest of their budget. Finally there are a few countries, notably

in the Sahel region of Africa, in which there is real difficulty in achieving

any operational definition of a household; here the people lead a largely

communal life in "compounds" of widely varying size (from a nuclear family to

a hundred or more persons) and the concept of household merges into that of

the village.

The survey statistician's response to this situation is to urge the

economist to adopt an analytic framework which is as insensitive as possible

to the particular household groupings imposed by the field worker. If one

interviewer groups a set of individuals into a single household i and another

groups them into two households j and j+l, total expenditure and average

per capita expenditure will not differ in the two cases (unless j buys from,

or sells to, j+l); however, if the distribution of per capita living standards

- 11 -

of households, measured in terms of expenditures, is sought, then consistent

results from the two interviewers will not normally be obtained - in general

the second interviewer's results will make a greater contribution to the

income spread. Thus uncertainty over the definition of household used in the

field may have a substantial effect on the results in terms of income or

expenditure distribution and the problem is not solved by expressing household

income on a per capita basis.

A possible solution is to adopt everywhere a "minimal household" definition:

a household is a group dependent on a single earner, or on two only if they

are husband and wife. If a unit which would normally be regarded as a single

household has to be split to conform to this definition, then all transfers

between the two sub-units will have to be recorded. There would be practical

problems, but there would also be practical advantages in a small interview

unit. The method may be worth testing.

The second problem - instability of household membership over time - may

be more fundamental. In some countries, notably in urban areas, the concept

of a household as an entity enduring over an indefinite period simply does not

correspond to reality. A study in Abidjan ten years ago showed that 40 percent

of individuals changed their address in a year; results of a recent multi-round

survey suggest that this figure has not changed essentially and similar figures

have been reported for other African cities. While a change of address does

not necessarily imply a change of household membership, the two are likely to be

closely related. In a two-round survey in Yaounde in 1964-65, only 68 percent

of the households could be identified for reinterview after a five-month interval.

In rural areas instability seems to be less extreme but may still be considerable:

- 12 -

in a rural survey in Lesotho in 1967-68, 30 percent of the households could

not be maintained in the sample over the year of the inquiry (a negligible

amount of this drop-out was due to refusal in the normal sense).

Not only household membership but also household incomes are inconstant.

The Lesotho survey mentioned above showed a correlation for the same household

(i.e. within the 70 percent which were sufficiently stable to stay in the

sample), between the monthly incomes for the first and last months of the

survey - a time interval of 11 months - of 0.335 if subsistence consumption

was included and 0.373 if only cash income was considered. For a more developed

country in Asia, an unpublished survey recently found a correlation of 0.42

between the monthly and annual income of the same households. Figures of this

kind raise the question whether there is any conceptual significance in

classifying households by their annual income or expenditure in such a society.

For the vast mass of the people there seem to be no "classes" - no rich and

poor - but merely a stochastic process giving rise to people who happen to be doing

well one month even if they do badly the next.

It is useful to look at the matter another way. Imagine an income survey

covering all 12 months of the year for each household in the sample. The mean

annual income from the sample would be just 12 times the mean monthly income.

However, the spread of annual incomes (measured, for example, by the standard

deviation) will only he 12 times the spread of monthly incomes if there is a

perfect correlation in monthly incomes of households from one month to the next.

If the correlation is less than perfect there will be a reshuffling among

households each month and, as a result, the amount they earn over the whole

year will show a reduced spread. If the variance is constant every month and

- 13 -

if the mean correlation between any two months (not necessarily consecutive)

over the year of the survey is r then the ratio of the standard deviation for

annual income to that for monthly income is easily seen to be [12 C1 + llr)] 2.

Various interesting consequences follow. For example, (i) if we were to estimate

annual income by multiplying monthly income by 12, the spread of annual incomes

would be systematically overestimated, and if we required this overestimation to

be less than five percent then r would have to be over 0.9, which is certainly

unrealistic in any LDC; (ii) with values of r such as those found in Lesotho,

e.g.r = 0.5, the standard deviation of annual income will be 8.8 times that of

monthly income. The relative standard deviation of annual income will be 8.8/12,

or 73 percent of the monthly figure.

These effects are not due to seasonal fluctuations (which do not affect

between-month correlations), nor do they disappear if expenditure is used

I/instead of income, although there may be some rise in the correlation.-

The low correlations imply that the spread of incomes falls rather rapidly

with increasing length of the reference period. This, in turn, raises the

question whether a year is necessarily the most appropriate period for measure-

ment of income distribution. A shorter period would show a wider income spread,

reflecting short-term fluctuations in living standards, but the problem of

instability in household membership would be overcome. A longer period would

iron out the fluctuations but would be less meaningful in real terms: what is

meant by the "same" household one year later if household membership has changed?

1/ In the Yaounde survey already mentioned, the correlation for expendituresbetween two months separated by a five-month interval was again 0.5.More remarkably, it was no higher among the wage-earner classes, noreven among the "professional and executive" class within these.

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B. Valuation of Subsistence Production

Most of the issues discussed in this section are well known and the

problem is discussed in Pyatt's paper.-L/ I limit myself here to stressing

the range of factors affecting the price paid for a given good in LDCs and

the surprising range of price variation which sometimes results. Not only

do prices vary widely between town and country (where transport facilities are

poor and the goods are heavy - say bananas or root crops - differentials of

several-fold have been observed in Africa), between seasons, and between

regions, they also vary according to whether the transaction takes place in

the village market, in a market serving many villages, or at the roadside.

Prices not only vary by time of day within a market and according to the

bargaining skill of the purchaser, but they also seem to show wide variations

which are effectively random. An interesting study of variability of prices

in an urban African market was reported in 1965.A/ Each observer recorded,

for each product, three prices on the same day in the same market, the whole

inquiry covering a period of a year. The difference between the highest and

lowest price of the three was expressed as a percentage of the mean of the

three. This measure of variability exceeded 20 percent for most items. For

most vegetables it exceeded 30 percent (average for all vegetables: 40 percent);

for most fruits it exceeded 40 percent (average for all fruits: 55 percent).

The author considered that rural markets would be found equally or even more

variable.

1/ Graham Pyatt, "Some Conceptual Problems of Measuring Living Standards",op. cit.

2/ Republique Federale du Cameroun, Les Prix des Produits Vivriers dans lesMarches de la Zone Cacaoyiere Centre (Paris: Direction de la Statistique,and S.E.D.E.S., 1965).

- 15 -

V. PROBLEMS OF SURVEY DESIGN IN RELATION TO SURVEY OBJECTIVES

If solutions can be found to the problems discussed in Section 4 above,

they will, of course, affect the corresponding features of the survey design -

the household definition and the collection of price data in particular.

These need not be discussed again here.

The remaining major issues of survey design relate to: A. The degree of

accuracy required, and B. The structure of the survey in the time dimension.

A. Degree of Accuracy Required

Error - the inverse of accuracy - breaks down conveniently into sampling

error and nonsampling error. One often hears the statement that non-sampling error

is more important than, or greater than, sampling error. This is an oversimpli-

fied, and indeed misleading, proposition. The truth is that sampling error in-

creases the smaller the size of the sub-group of the sample which is being con-

sidered, while nonsampling error generally does not. In choosing the appropri-

ate sample size, therefore, the dominating factor is the degree of importance,

among the survey objectives, of the results for small sub-groups. Roughly speak-

ing, a sample size should be chosen such that, in the smallest sub-groups of im-

portance, the sampling error will not add excessively to the likely level of non-

sampling error.

Thus, as regards accuracy, the survey designer needs to know two things

from the user: the level of error which would be considered tolerable, and

the degree of disaggregation which will be needed in presenting the results.

In particular, regional, ethnic and socio-economic breakdowns should be specified

as part of the survey objectives. A further crucial specification is a com-

- 16 -

bination of the two preceding factors: do certain population sub-groups

require a higher degree of precision than others, or than their size would

normally assure them in an unweighted sample? In the case of household

economic surveys there is one requirement of this nature which is often

stipulated: the user requires a relatively high precision for wealthier

households. Essentially this arises because such households are relatively

rare and would therefore appear only in small numbers in an unweighted sample,

and yet make a large contribution to the total household sector income. As a

result, arrangements are made in many surveys to sample such households with a

substantially higher probability, for example a 4-to-1 differential in relation

to the poorest households. This implies stratification at the household stage,

which in turn implies a more complex household listing operation involving

approximate estimation of income levels in advance of the main survey inter-

views. Moreover, the household sample selection becomes too complex to be

conducted in the field. Altogether, the consequences for survey design are

far-reaching.

B. Survey Structure in the Time Dimension

Most of the survey design issues can be expressed in terms of questions

about the time relationships of the survey. These are listed below and a

brief discussion on each follows.

- Long term aspect: continuous or periodic survey?

- Medium term aspect: full year reference period? For sample as whole?For each household?

- Short term aspect (I): Period of detailed recording (PDR) per household.

- 17 -

- Short term aspect (II): Frequency of interview during PDR. Daily?Weekly?Monthly?

- Miscellaneous: Sample rotation v. renewal.

Return visits to household after an interval.

Retrospective questioning.

1. Continuous v. Periodic Survey

Should the survey be conducted every year or only at intervals, such as

every third or fifth year? This is a question to be settled between the user

and the financer. The answer may well be different for different countries. Some

countries experience large fluctuations in national income from one year to

another. This may be true (a) for near-desert countries, critically dependent on

rainfall and (b) for one-crop or one-mineral countries whose product experiences

wide fluctuations in price on the international market. For such countries con-

tinuous surveys may be highly desirable; unfortunately they tend to be among the

poorest and, hence, the least able to afford such an expensive program.

2. Full-Year Reference Period?

Almost all LDCs are highly dependent on agriculture and therefore experience

wide within-year fluctuations in household income. Thus a full-year reference

period can be regarded as essential for the survey as a whole - at least unless

and until enough data have been collected to show how a reasonably representative

shorter period can be selected for future rounds.

A full-year reference period does not necessarily imply a full year's data

from each household. For certain purposes the full-year estimate can be put

together from monthly samples of different households. The position in relation

- 18 -

to different objectives is approximately as follows:

Totals and means of income/expenditure: Independent monthly samplescan be used to give annualestimate.

Frequency distribution and Each household must be coveredmeasures of dispersion: either for the whole year or

for a time sample (e.g. twoseparate months during the year).

Tabulation of households by annual Each household must be coveredincome against another variable: for the whole year.

The user must decide which of these objectives is essential.

3. Period of Detailed Recording in Each Household

In surveys in which each household is required to give data covering a long

period, such as a year, a distinction is generally made between two types of

record. During a relatively short "period of detailed recording" (PDR) an

attempt is made to record every individual expenditure, or in some surveys

every transaction, made over the period. This is done either by having the

household keep a diary or by arranging frequent visits by an interviewer. The

longer-term data are then obtained either only for larger transactions, using

retrospective questions, or in terms of summary categories such as food, clothing,

etc.

The PDR is typically one month, at least in urban areas where the influence

of the monthly payday is important. In rural areas subsistence consumption is

often measured for one week only, while maintaining the monthly period for

monetary transactions.

- 19 -

4. Frequency of Interviews During the PDR

The frequency of interviews constitutes a controversial issue requiring

further research. In most African surveys interviewers have visited the

household every day, though in some rural surveys the frequency has been every

second or third day. There is some experimental evidence which seems to

indicate that anything less frequent than daily interviewing can lead to a high

degree of underreporting.-/ Outside of Africa the cost of daily interviewing

seems to have intimidated survey statisticians to such an extent that frequencies

of more than one interview per week are hardly ever found. The evidence in

favor of daily interviewing is by no means conclusive, however, and there is

an urgent need for research.

5. Sample Rotation, Return Visits, Retrospective Questioning

Revisits to the same household over a long period cause three problems:

(i) respondent resistance, (ii) definitional problems, and (iii) loss of sampling

efficiency in the estimation of totals.

(i) In most LDCs, respondents are remarkably cooperative, and respondent

resistance (or "fatigue") may not be a very serious problem. (In the

Ivory Coast Rural Survey in 1962-63 a small subsample was interviewed

every day for 12 months!)

(ii) As already noted, household membership is unstable over long periods.

Even if the user is willing to live with the conceptual problem he will

have to give the field workers some criterion for deciding which group

to follow when a household splits in two.

1/ Christopher Scott, "Experiments on Recall Error in African Household BudgetSurveys" (Vienna Conference of IASS: International Statistical Institute,

1973).

- 20 -

(iii) Insofar as there is a low level of consistency in household budgets

over a period of months, the loss of sampling efficiency from repeating,

rather than renewing, household samples will be small.

Retrospective questions covering a year are commonly introduced in house-

hold expenditure surveys if only to provide a larger time sample for measurement

of expenditures on very costly articles - typically vehicles, durable goods and

maybe clothing. Such evidence as exists suggests that data obtained this way

are very inaccurate.

6. General Conclusions on Time Structure of the Survey

All of the above issues need further discussion with the user and many

require further research.

At this stage a reasonable option might well be to arrange two PDRs with

each household, separated by a period of some months, primarily to measure con-

sistency of economic behavior over time, leading to a synthetic estimate of the

annual income/expenditure distribution. If individual households' annual income

is needed for tabulation against other variables, presumably a very approximate

estimate would suffice for this purpose; if so, one could arrange a final end-

of-year single visit with a retrospective questionnaire.

VI. PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION

The problems of implementation are so numerous and varied that detailed

discussion is hardly feasible. Certainly this is a crucial area in survey work,

especially (though not only) in LDCs.

Experience with the World Fertility Survey suggests that there is scope

- 21 -

for substantial improvement in data quality in most LDC surveys through

measures which are entirely feasible, although expensive in some cases.

The most important of these measures are listed below.

- Detailed advance planning of operations.

- Careful pretesting, supported by tape-recording of a limited numberof interviews.

- Use of questionnaires, rather than schedules (though this willpresumably not apply to the listing of expenditure items, whichinevitably involves some kind of schedule).

- Linguistic versions of questionnaires worked out by systematic andcareful study, instead of being left to the interviewer; the resultbeing embodied in a word-for-word questionnaire in the language tobe used at the interview.

- Lengthy training of field workers (three weeks has been the normin the WFS), assisted by tape recorders.

- Close supervision in the field. There are important advantages inthe team approach, with a field editor working in the team andchecking every questionnaire within 24 hours.

- Special attention to data processing (DP) - the main bottleneck inmodern surveys - with participation of DP staff at the surveyplanning stage, and programming to be started as soon as thequestionnaire is finalized.

- Tabulation plan produced in skeleton form before the questionnaireis finalized.

- Constant monitoring at all stages and all levels, with particularattention to those phases which, once committed, cannot be corrected,notably sampling and field work.

- Systematic and explicit arrangements for recording working proceduresand decisions.

VII. ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS OF RESPONDENTS TO PROVIDE INFORMATION

Response error is sometimes misunderstood to be synonymous with interviewer

error. In reality, one component of response error is simply respondent ignorance:

- 22 -

the respondent does not know the answer and guesses. This problem arises

primarily in relation to recall.l/

The only reasonable response to this problem is to eschew the use of

questions requiring knowledge that the respondent does not possess. In the

case of recall error, research is needed to determine the length of time for

which recall is reasonably accurate for the type of item concerned and to

tailor the reference period to this. Similarly, instead of asking illiterate

traders to provide a statement of their monthly profits, the question should

be broken down into elements of which the respondent has knowledge. Again

this needs careful research.

Added to the problem of respondent ignorance is the still more intractable

problem of his or her unwillingness to provide the information required.

Survey workers today are inclined to regard income as an even more anxiety-

causing topic than sex. It seems likely that in most societies we shall have

to abandon any attempt to measure income as such except in the case of wage-

earners. Conceivably the topic might yield to ingenious and long-term

research; in the intermediate term, however, this is probably an area in which

the survey user will have to adjust his demands to the limits imposed by

respondents' goodwill.

1/ Recall lapse is not, however, the only source of the problem. Forexample, error in age reporting, the bane of demographic research,is not primarily due to recall lapse. In most cases the respondentshave not forgotten their age: they never knew it.

- 23 -

VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Surveys on living standards are certainly among the most complex of the

different types of surveys commonly mounted by government statistical services.

The complications increase when the objectives are extended to include measure-

ment of change in living standards and further still when measurement of the

spread of the living standards distribution is included.

Complexity implies problems of survey design, problems in the field, in

data processing and in analysis. Furthermore, there are also a number of

conceptual problems which still await solution. Finally, as if all this were

not enough, there is a response problem: it happens that the central variable

of interest, namely income, is notoriously one of the most sensitive questions

a survey interviewer can ask.

It is as well to recognize these problems from the start. They do not

mean that the task of measuring living standards, and their distribution over

time and between households, is a hopeless one, but rather that it is an

exceptionally ambitious task presenting a series of challenges at all levels.

If progress is to be made in improving the technology of this area, an

intensive effort will be needed over a long period of time, calling on a wide

range of talent and making extensive use of field experimentation. Certainly

quick results cannot be expected: we are a long way from knowing how to produce

accurate multi-country compatible data - but a determined, coordinated,

international attack on the problem is surely long overdue.

- 24 -THE BRAZIL 1974/75 NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY

I. OBJECTIVES

The main purpose of the National Household Expenditure Survey ENDEF

(Estudo Nacional da Despesa Familiar) is to meet social and economic planning

needs of both government and private sectors. 1/ ENDEF's objectives as out-

lined below are manifold.

Due to its broad scope, for the national accounting system, ENDEF was

designed to provide detailed traditional data on household consumption and

income, as well as data on household consumption of own-production (i.e.,

food production for subsistence, home-made articles, home repair services),

private transfers of goods to households, own-home rental, household barter

exchanges, money transfers, and consumer goods withdrawn from own-business/

in-kind earnings.

For the system of short-run economic indicators, ENDEF was to set the

benchmark for the consumer price index for each Brazilian metropolitan area.

ENDEF should also provide detailed regional data for agricultural supply

and distribution policies on household food consumption, food prices and

places of food purchase, and food transformation coefficients required for

regional production-consumption flows' analysis.

For household expenditure analysis, data should cover the broad range of

household consumption decisions on goods and services: food, clothes, housing,

furniture, durables, personal care, home cleaning and maintenance, transport,

taxes, public utility services, social security, transfers, services rendered

by household employees, investments on financial and non-financial assets,

dissaving, product financing and credit. Obviously, a very disaggregated

data basis was sought.

1/ For detailed information on the survey, see "ENDEF: Objetivos, Methodologia eDicionario do Banco de Informacoes", Mauricio T.L. Vasconcellos, DESCO/IBGE.This reference as well as published tables of data are available upon requestto:DESCO/IBGEAv. Visconde de Niteroi 1246? andar 1120941 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

- 25 -

The ENDEF objective regarding household employment and income analysis

was to obtain employment data as well as data on money and in-kind wages and

salaries, rents, interest, profits, dividends, and transfers for each house-

hold member.

For the evaluation of the population's nutritional status and diet, ENDEF

aimed to procure in-depth household data on daily food preparation and con-

sumption, energy and caloric intake, as well as data on individuals' basic

anthropometric measures and daily eating habits. A related objective was to

investigate the population's fertility and mortality rate, in addition to the

usual demographic characteristics.

In short, ENDEF was designed to be a broad, in-depth household survey

aimed at meeting major planning needs.

II. GENERAL PLAN

The ENDEF Survey was an initiative of the Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro

de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE), the Brazilian Statistical Office. Since

1968, IBGE had been conducting an annual household sample survey (Pesquisa

Nacional de Amostra por Domicilios - PNAD) aimed at labor force income and

employment statistics. Its scope was later (as of 1972) enlarged in order to

include additional household data on the physical characteristics of homes,

on fertility, education and schooling, and related statistics required by the

ongoing program on living standards and social indicators. The lack of a com-

prehensive system of statistics on the household sector, both at the national

and regional levels, coupled with the anticipation that the statistics system

would be unable to meet forthcoming data demands for social and economic

accounting, analysis and planning, prompted IBGE to undertake a large scale

- 26 -

effort in that area. Due to limited, small-scale household budget survey ex-

perience in the country, and given the decision to obtain detailed food con-

sumption statistics for nutritionaL-assessment, IBGE established an agreement

with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to obtain techni-

cal assistance.

The ENDEF Survey was planned and implemented by a core multidisciplinary

team made up of FAO experts and IBGE economists, statisticians, nutritionists,

geographers, sociologists, and systems analysts. The definition of objectives

and the design of the questionnaire involved an ite;rative process of dis-

cussions, pilot testing, and evaluations within the core team and with other

IBGE study teams following an initial proposal set forth by FAO experts.

The major methodological characteristics of the national household sample

survey ENDEF are the following: First, it was designed to yield population

estimates at the subregional level. Since ENDEF should also be consistent with

the PNAD data series, it adopted PNAD's regional division of Brazil (see map).

Each of the seven PNAD regions was partitioned into the following sample strata:

one (or more, as the case may be) metropolitan area(s), an urban non-metropolitan

area and a rural non-metropolitan area was not surveyed due to very low popu-

lation density and prohibitive operational costs whereas two urban non-

metropolitan sample areas were defined, one for the North, the other for

West Central Brazil. That way, 22 sample strata were defined for ENDEF:

10 metropolitan areas, 7 urban non-metropolitan areas, and 5 rural non-

metropolitan areas. For each stratum, a random sample of households (in fact,

domiciles) was drawn from the population of households (domiciles) using a

four-stage statistical scheme (see, Section IV).

- 27 -

4RE&iOWAL DrivSiO14 0O: SRP7-!L,

- 28 -

Second, the survey had a 12-month data coverage in each sample stratum to

capture seasonal fluctuations on food consumption, other expenditures, income

and employment.

Third, a detailed and lengthy - 40-page, 60-panel - questionnaire was

designed to account for every good and service consumed at the household. It

is a semi-open, structured questionnaire, from which no prior panel listings

of goods and services were made available to the interviewer. Such a system

favors completeness but poses a heavy burden on product identification and

codification (for more details, see Section III and Annex).

Fourth, data on food purchase, consumption, residue and waste were

obtained by direct measurement, i.e., every food item was weighed. In order

to obtain detailed, accurate statistics, each household was interviewed during

a seven-day period, so that the interviewer would record the daily food data

for each meal (breakfast, lunch, snack, dinner). This required two or three

daily visits to each household just before food preparation (except for food

waste, all food items were weighed before cooking).

Fifth, anthropometric measurements of each household member were made.

That is, every person's weight (kg), height (cm) and left arm perimeter (mm)

were obtained. Each interviewer was equipped with two scales to weigh both

persons and food, and two measuring sticks - one in cm, the other in mm.

Sixth, a food composition table had to be prepared since a comprehensive

one was not available in the country. The main data sources were publications

and technical reports issued by Brazilian research institutes, INCAP, Latin-

American research centers, the FAO and U.S. Department of Agriculture, among

others. In a number of cases, local food manufacturers were able to provide

detailed data on their products' composition, while ENDEF provided data on

- 29 -

ingredients of home-prepared recipes. As expected, the collection of food data

constituted the major effort in carrying out the survey.

The survey was conducted from mid-August 1974 to mid-August 1975. Within

each sample stratum, each interviewer visited a pair of neighboring households

twice or thrice a day, during seven days, after which he took two days off.

This procedure was repeated for 40 periods (=365/9) following a sample rota-

tion scheme for the sample stratum that ensured the collection of seasonal data

while coping with topographic and logistic constraints.

In order to gain public attention and cooperation regarding the survey,

a promotional plan was devised by a private advertising firm stressing the

importance of the survey and the need for cooperation. The slogan "Open your

door to IBGE" was adopted. A nationwide 30-second radio spot was aired from

August 1974 till July 1975 and a 30-second television spot performed by a well-

known actress was broadcasted weekly at prime time through December 1974. In

addition, a poster featuring the actress "opening the door to IBGE" as well as

a written, photo-illustrated brochure conveying the objectives of ENDEF and the

importance of public cooperation for its success were prepared and distributed

throughout the country.

Overall, ENDEF surveyed around 55,000 households (.3 percent of the popu-

lation) and involved about 1,200 field persons, 900 of whom were interviewers

(3/4 females). The refusal rate was 1.6 percent.

III. QUESTIONNAIRE

There are four basic concepts underlying UNDEF's questionnaire. First, a

domicile, i.e., a sample unit, is a private house with one or more rooms, and

is provided with its own entrance. Second, an eating unit (EU) is the set of

- 30 -

persons that share the daily meals prepared in the domicile from the same

stock of food. Third, a budget unit is the set of persons related by blood,

kinship or companionship, residing in the same domicile, that pool their in-

comes and expenses. Thus, an eating unit comprises the members of the budget

unit and other commensals. The latter are classified into boarders (room and

board), employees (domicile residents, full-time employees), visitors (those

temporarily sharing lodging and meals), daily boarders (meals only), part-time

employees (meals only) and guests. Finally, since (full-time) employees or

boarders freely determine their own income allocation, a satellite (budget) unit

is defined for each (full-time) employee or boarder within an eating unit.

Diagram 1 shows the information obtained by ENDEF in each questionnaire

panel. A few remarks are in order. Data on daily food purchase also indiicate

the place of acquisition, i.e. supermarket, store, market, peddler, specialized

store (panel Q04). Those on food consumption include the "product origin",

i.e. market place, own-production/fishing/hunting, barter, gift, in-kind

payment/ withdrawn from own business, "from previous meal" (panel Q06). On

each questionnaire, food price data were used to determine the money value of

food consumption on a day-by-day basis. If on a given day the consumption of

a food item did not match the corresponding purchase on that day (first priority)

or on any other surveyed day (second priority), then the closest eating unit

price data was adopted. The search and matching were done by a computer program

after data processing and cleaning.

Expenditure data on non-food products also indicate the state of the good

(new, used) and form of acquisition (cash, hire purchase, gift, payment in-kind

withdrawn from own business).

- 31 -

Diagram 1: Structure of ENDEF Questionnaire

8. gI i

E AT MG

I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C*At" [FfRT;rit1 |LAIt42 MO.

uiir I l Oc Vz53w0 . a 24 | ORS00 M ORTALi T .

r # lEEKLY EIVENPiTLRES LASTMOWtN EXP P,ITURES LAST 3IAO EjPENItUkE3S:

LEiSURE, NEWSPAPE',, PERSONAL CARE, VRuGS`, PERSONALi4 4OEC uOThSsTRANSPO&T LAU, Ry, HO,^E CLEAmtw )WAPK i SVOES, ZEWLERI,

I I CI6ARAN OTTE LVUt4DRYOST.OF;;hE pHjO BiLL VELArrD 5cRJIreS

. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ QOt

AST 12 tA. exP.: LAsT 12 MO. E-XRP. LAST 12 MO. Elp. LAS 12 Mo EXPR

I IS itNG, GAS, WATER, h OU E MOL D AC QU,.5rnt0 O 4oUsE FURliTUlR,U6,CA E

tLccrRICIT), PROPEtQy EMPLOYEES S4OUSC 'ULBII Ii OLSF TAX LUGGArLj SS1 I '

LAST I12iNO.Z I. _

I IHiCAL 1 R XO.AV1 LAST 12 iO. FXP . LAST JZ YO. FYP: LASr IL '10. ExR :

EDICAL DAOC X-RARS, DOUCAT OIA E I4Cf&ISiTaoW, t II I I HO5titAL, OSCTORS, RENTAL RESPA, *AU#+LtA .NFES,FEE

II [s6LASSF! [TRAVEL SjRPJCCS UrE5,SuIscutiSrrIGN

i I pII 1Q 15 Ql6 RE5T) Q17

IAST J2 NO. EX?.: I LAST 12 rIo. EYP.: LAST tilHo. xpcJtli| | LAsi 121o0. jINCOuE|

I|UgUOCA5,| | IIOGFl1ADE |MRI rHPLOYU4WJ'

tl ~ ~ ~ ___ -_ _ ____

LOAN.S JtRgCS I t 4 ,wO K;p IC011t weRN UJIbR.uS

~ jI | nO~LAST Z iON | LAST 12 Mowr| |LASr l, NO. TtiCOH | LAST J2 MOWN

AGRO SALES A IT AR.TP iEJTSt4TFREST, | F;tANC.IAL

| | tosrS eXCHANG E I DVIDE,JDS ,POFIS, 5 | INv erFAe1r |

I i PSQ22, 22A IS1OTA | | Q24R| S L RE oicVS

S04TU LL i I.22 _ __ __ __ __Q2I

I) hIiTll T LAST iZ ItZ o. lNcoMg LA|ST 42AD CPO. 5rO C K|SATFLLITE uNir SATELT;P UN9IT OF

EI1PLOYP4ENT,.,lJtNc| |R APCISES I | A)' LE 5

WoRKiCuI tvs Q I 1Q327 Q20

- 32 -

Employment data refer to the budget unit (or satellite unit) member's

occupation(s), occupational status, economic activity(ies), working hours,

working months during the last 12-month period. In addition, a record is made

of whether or not the worker (i) has access to social security and (ii) has a

written working contract. For each budget unit member, income data cover wages

and salaries, rents, interest, profits, and transfers. For farmers (usually

small-scale agro-business) information was collected on their yearly receipts

and expenses in order to estimate profits (panels Q22 and Q22-A).

The structural relations of the questionnaire are readily understood with

the help of Diagram 2. It should be noted that the budget unit and the satel-

lite unit(s) serve as analytical units and are generated by an appropriate use

of data obtained at the observational levels 3, 4, and 5.

The final form of the questionnaire was the outcome of a four-round pilot

test, the last of which took place in ten sites spread well over the country

and involved 2,000 domiciles.

IV. SAMPLE DESIGN I'

ENDEF's sample design follows PNAD's four-stage random sampling, except

for some adaptations required by the food data collection.

As mentioned in Section II, the regional division of Brazil chosen for

the ENDEF survey is that of PNAD. The regions are the following:

Region I : Rio de Janeiro

Region II : Sao Paulo

Region III: South - Parana', Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul

1/ For details see Mauricio T.L. Vasconcellos, "ENDEF: Objetivos, Methodologiae Dicionario do Banco de Informacoes," (Rio de Janeiro: DESCO/IBGE), Chap. 1.

Diagram 2: The Structural Relations of ENDEF Questionnaire

oOOI4CiiIEqoo

L J |EAfi UlT I _ _

5ATE.LLdrr 5ATELLITE UD ETE \UNIT I # .UN IT7R= Uw UItL

0F 3 C iARAcTElISTICS O F

PER o,/s Q02.0AL ./ f

0

S ;FOOD SAtELLT bUDGET UNiT BUD6GET F iET UtlT BARTEfI STOCK OFI GR(

R 4 Ex PE NDIruft EPENV4ruREs ACIN rY RVCiElPS O EPEUDiflU' bUIRAl3LES 5ALE 5 COSISY/ QO4 Q27I Q 20,2i126 0 !I Q29t 07t 19,25 0 2 a

A

I. .

; onISUMPTIrOII t Y PER t EAL It"IY ' I1 R06.051

- 34 -

Region IV : Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo

Region V : Northeast - Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte,Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia

Region VI : Brasilia

Region VII: North - Rondonia, Acre, Amazoniz, Roraima, Para,Amapa

West Center - Goias and Mato grosso

Each region was partitioned into metropolitan areas, an urban non-metro-

politan area and a rural non-metropolitan area. For each of the resulting

twenty-two areas - or sample strata - a self-weighted, four-stage random

sample was drawn.

The overall area sampling fraction is given by:

f = P(i). P(j/i). P(k/i.j). P(h/i,j,k)

where i,j,k,h indicare the four selection stages: municipality, census sector,

census subsector, and domicile, respectively. P(k/i,j) denotes the selection

probability of census subsector k conditional on the selection of municipality

i and census sector J.

At the first selection stage, P(i) = 1 was adopted for some municipalities.

They included the state capitals, the core municipality of the metropolitan

areas and all municipalities for which the population 2/ exceeded a certain

population threshold defined for each area. For the remaining municipalities,

P(i) was proportional to its population, to the area's population and to the

number of municipalities selected in the area (which depended on the area's

municipal population threshold).

1/ A census sector is a municipality partition based on the 1970 Census andcontains around 300 urban domiciles or around 200 rural domiciles. Its sizevaries with that of the municipality.

2/ Municipal population data were provided by the 1970 Census.

- 35 -

At the second stage, the conditional probability of selection of a census

sector is proportional to its size. Each selected census sector was subject to

an on-field counting of domiciles.

An appropriate partition of a selected census sector defines a census sub-

sector containing around 50 domiciles. The conditional probability of a census

subsector selection is also proportional to its size (third stage).

Finally, each selected census subsector was subject to an on-field complete

listing of its domiciles. From that listing and given the overall sampling

fraction f, the domiciles were systematically sampled in neighboring pairs

in the fourth stage.

If a selected domicile refused the survey or could not accept it due to

unusual circumstances (e.g., sickness, death, etc.), it was replaced by the

following, closest non-selected domicile in the listing. Whenever replacement

was impossible, an appropriate correction factor was applied to the expansion

factor (1/f) of the successfully surveyed domiciles in that particular census

subsector. Overall, only 5 percent of these cases were impossibilities. Refusal

rates ranged from 5 percent (Brasilia) to .3 percent (Sao Paulo rural) and

averaged 1.6 percent.

In order to obtain a data base appropriate for seasonal analysis of con-

sumption, employment and income - particularly for the consumer price index

weighting structure of metropolitan areas - a sample rotation plan was devised

for each sample stratum. The basic idea was to distribute the sample as uni-

formly as possible within each social and economically homogeneous micro-

region.

The sample size at each sample stratum area and the corresponding approxi-

mate expansion factor (1/f) is shown in Table 1.

- 36 -

Table 1: 3'ample Size and Expansion Factors

interviewed anprox.region/sample stratum domiciles exp. factor

BRASIL 54,323 ---

REGION I -Rio de Janeiro 7,351 ---Rio de Janeiro metrop. area 2,999 505urban non-metrop. area 3,290 130rural non metros. area 1,062 170

REEGIOI' II -Sao Paulo 6,345 ---Sao Paulo metrop. area 3,662 725urban non-metrop. area 1,679 440rural non-metrop. area 1,004 640

REGION III -South 9,643 ---Curitiba metrop. area 1,811 115Porto Alegre metrop. area 1,985 200urban non-metrop. area 2,658 440rural non-metroo. area 3,189 565

REGION IV -M.Gerais & E.Santo 7,186 ---Belo Horizonte metroD. area 2,071 185urban non-metrop. area 2,785 380rural non-metrop. area 2,330 510

REGION V -Northeast 16,014 ---Fortaleza retroD. area 1,916 115Recife metrop. area 2,246 180Salvador metrop. area 2,133 120urban non-metrop; area 3,726 455rural non-metrop. area 5,993 550

REGIOIT VI -Brasilia 2,725 55

PEGION1 VII -North and West Center 5,059 ---Belem metrop. area 1,911 65North urban non-metrop. area 1,464 125West Center urban non-metrop.area 1,684 255

- 37 -

V. FIELD PERSONNEL

A private firm was commissioned to select potential supervisors and inter-

viewers among those who responded to a nationwide, regionally oriented call.

Personal profiles were drawn. The requirements for a supervisor were: female;

age 25 to 35; available for a 1 1/2 year, full-time job; a high school graduate

or higher, with some work experience, preferably a social worker, school teacher,

nutritionist or sociologist; fair looking; able to endure monotonous tasks,

easy-going, serious and dedicated. For the interviewer, the requirements were

the same except for the age range - 18 to 25.

The screening process involved a general aptitude test (G), followed by

a psychological test (P) and finally a personal interview (I). The outcome is

shown in Table 2, where a "%" indicates the passing rate as a percentage of

total candidates.

Table 2: Field Personnel

SuDervisors Interviewers

Candidates 660 29,620

of whom G % 89 c/ 24 %

P % 52 % 8 %

I % 28 % 4Y%

Actual no. of trainees 216 910

% females 64 % 75 %

% males 46 % 25 %

Average age 27 25

Education (%)

elementary or higher 19 % 17 %

high school or higher 53 5% 73 %

college graduate 28 % 10 %

- 38 -

The core planning and implementing team of ENDEF consisted of two FAQ ex-

perts and 23 IBGE's professionals (economists, nutritionists, statisticians,

sociologists, geographers, and system analysts). Since the latter were in-

corporated into the team at different planning stages, the core team held a

3-week training session in April 1974, in order to equalize their grasp of

the survey and to prepare the initial implementation tasks. The first week

was devoted to a seminar on ENDEF's objectives and survey methodology. During

the second week the questionnaire was tested with voluntary households. A

workshop was held during the third week to discuss problems of implementation

as well as to improve the questionnaire and instruction manual.

At regional collection control and checking centers, 29 coordinators were

appointed by IBGE from among its most experienced field personnel. Coordinators

and supervisors were trained on a full-time schedule at nine regional centers

during May/June 1974. At least two core team members were assigned to each

training center. The training consisted of lectures on ENDEF's objectives,

questionnaire, interview techniques and instructions, and on-site identification

of selected domiciles. This was followed by the actual application of the

questionnaire. Each trainee surveyed two urban domiciles during a week and a

rural domicile for one day. The final phase involved feedback discussions aimed

at improving the questionnaire and survey instructions as well as reinforcing

the esprit de corps. An outcome of the training was the final selection of

supervisors.

Interviewers were similarly trained at ten regional centers during

July/August 1974. A revised form of the questionnaire was fully applied during

a week, yielding data on 2,000 domiciles. These data served not only as a final

test for the revised instrument but also to improve the basic structure of the

- 39 -

commodity classification. It was shown, as a result, that it was feasible to

set a load of two domiciles per day, per interviewer.

A selected domicile was initially contacted by the supervisor or inter-

viewer. A successful introductory interview lasted, on average, 18 minutes.

Each visit for food weighting - two or three per day - lasted, on average, 46

minutes (urban areas) or 39 minutes (rural areas). An interview to obtain non-

food expenditure and income data took 44 minutes (urban areas) or 36 minutes

(rural areas).

Field research teams were composed of a supervisor and usually four (no

more than seven) interviewers. In rural areas, where each of a pair of

domiciles is quite apart from the other, the need for a vehicle limited the

team to a supervisor and 4 interviewers, i.e., to 8 domiciles per survey period.

Supervisors and interviewers were paid on a monthly basis, while a per diem

allowance was granted to meet travel expenses.

VI. DATA CODIFICATION, RECORDING ANDCONSISTENCY CHECKING

A survey, with the scale and complexity of an ENDEF, imposes a census-like

operational scheme.. Moreover, the new challenges it presented put a premium on

inventiveness and dedication, as well as on the ability to learn-by- doing.

The rounds of pilot testing proved to be most useful in preparing for the actual

survey and data processing demands.

At the end of each survey period, an initial check of the questionnaire

was made at the regional collection control centers. A feedback report was

issued to the supervisor, follow-up measures were taken by the coordinator, and

the questionnaire was sent to IBGE's central office.

At IBGE, an overall check of the questionnaire was made and inter-panel

consistency verified. The data were codified in terms of a classification

- 40 -

system that had been tested with pilot questionnaires and which allowed for

new code inclusions. Again a feedback report was issued to the supervisor and

correcting measures were taken by the coordinators and core team members to

prevent further repetition of mistakes. After codification, the questionnaire

was ready for recording . The time lag between questionnaire completion and

codification was, on average, one month.

Data recording was carried out by data entry facilities connected to mini-

computers. As a questionnaire's data were entered, a computer program performed

a large number of simple logic and consistency checks. In the event that an

inconsistency was detected, no automatic correction was done; instead, after

an unsuccessful attempt to reenter a datum registered in the questionnaire, it

was recorded, a flag appended to it and a report was issued. The latter was the

input information for the preliminary task undertaken at the cleaning or con-

sistency-ehecking phase. Six months after the field work ended, all data had

already been recorded.

Consistency checking operations on such a large data base were organized

on the basis of two main ideas. First, data checking would be oriented, on the

one hand, by a 100 percent correction of all logical errors and, on the other,

hand, by a statistical analysis of variables generated through a conceptual

(demographic, anthropometric, nutritional, economic) transformation of the

original variables of the questionnaire. Second, all consistency checks - data

plottings, cross-tabulations, computation of descriptive statistics, analysis

of results, identification and check of questionnaires, correction of data base

observations - were to be done by a single, integrated team due to the high

level of interactions among ENDEF's variables.

- 41 -

A processing and statistical software, was utilized and adapted to the

processing demands of ENDEF by a large number of computer procedures specially

developed by IBGE. Training for the use of the processing software was followed

by the actual data cleaning, undertaken by an enlarged core team.

Data checking was done on a regional basis and required a considerable

amount of learning-by-doing in order to develop checking routines. With respect

to the actual routines performed on any regional data, the consistency check of

ENDEF data required 155 activities. The critical path time lapse was on average

293 working days. This data checking phase started in early 1976. The first

tabulated results on food consumption and nutrition for two regions were pub-

lished by mid-1977 and by the end of that year these data for all regions were

made available. The assignment was completed by the end of 1978, when tabula-

tions on household expenditure data for the last region were finished.

VII. ENDEF's DATA BASE

ENDEF's data base is a network of data sets (themes), each of which con-

tains the set of variables that satisfy some organizational, generally analyti-

cal concept. Except for data sets containing commodity codes or food trans-

formation coefficients the themes are regional due to size (no. of observations)

and/or processing cost constraints. The network is organized so as to allow

for ready and flexible access to a theme or set of themes within a region or

across regions. For most of the data sets, the level of observation is at least

one of those of the questionnaire (cf. Diag. 1). Thus, any demand - be it a

data set required for a research project or a set of cross-tabulated data -

can be met quite easily. A large number of computer procedures were developed

so that accessibility would not require computer proficiency.

- 42 -

For any region, there are about 1,400 variables in the data base, 300 of

which correspond to those in the questionnaire. Out of the 1,100 derived

variables, about 500 represent strictly distinct which are the result

of considerable analytical and methodological effort. A dictionary of themes,

variables and algorithms has been prepared to guide ENDEF data users.

Diagram 3 shows the core themes and their relevant interrelationships. As

indicated, for analytical purposes the main themes are:

T02: Resident Persons - demographic, educational, anthropometric and economic(employment and income) characteristics of Eating Unit resident persons

T03: Eating Unit Nutrition - energy and nutrient consumption, ingestion, waste,requirements and adequacies

T04: Budget Unit Expenditures - annual monetary and non-monetary expenditureson food and non-food commodities at nominal and constant prices

T06: Budget Unit Budget - total yearly monetary and non-monetary incomes andexpenditures

T07: Weekly Food Consumption - weekly food product consumption (and waste) bythe eating unit, expressed in grams, kilo-calories and units of nutrients,and money value

T81: Sample - sample control data on all selected domiciles, both successfullyinterviewed or not, and related field events; selection probabilities,correction factors and expansion factors.

D~IAGRAM 3 1DIYI_..I ON~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UMPtiON IEOT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~QFiiI~r

rLE ... SqkHM'.~

SAM 7- 4--~~~~~~~________

I!. . r i E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CP:'. IL~E. PA AT

. ....... COPCOTOt AGRO SALE AC3RO.4C'~

* I I I~~~~WEOE ii _AT _ EIE

F-060 WAStj i4AUi S fC.T1 VIORKT

Q QAE R V. ... * I

YE AKLI/ BO~~~~~~~~~AIN UJi 2DOET UHiT S&SIEN TELLIr uw.

I OuTSIDE RESIDENT

I.~~~..DIi~~~~RE~.......~...

ANNEX: ENDEF's QUESTIONNAIRE

SECRETARtA 0, PLANE&AMEtrrTO DA PREStOiENCtA DA REP;i8LICA

QO:7 FUNDACiO INSTITUTO BRASILEiRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATiSTICA

SUPERINTENDENCIA DE ESTATiSTICAS PRIMARIAS - PNAD. 1974ENDEF

ESTUDO NACIONAL DA DESPESA FAMILIARAl kFrtitagag otstTASAS gm OEODC.C'A AOC OPCOsTO WOST At1) OC$TI ANS DO-S ZXCLU3IVAN INTT A03 FINS DOS LEVAAA MTUS I STA T.s r,coolo, seo AD 084TO0 C01R107)0A0 08 tIVuLGADAS DC t000 A TONROA KEM MO LI4 A* r?J AD PA. TICU).AA 00 lfOirtMAMT ILEI Mt $534 0 14 /1/408)

|15MG AC | |UNIOACE DA FIDEAAALO

|DIsTrITO LOCALIDEDI Z

rcODio A ARCA DE LISrAGEM NN OC GONTROLE -N NA LlSrAGEtfi - bOt EnIt -

~~~~I I i

SITUACACO - UtI*AA I RURAL 2 PER;oOo oA ErmVISTA.9 -A __ * _ A

7.ftl d.. Widohe NA Alii.A..0 TOTAL OAS UN 0DAD0 DE ORQAMENro

DO GOMICiLIO PRINCIPAIS I SICUNDAARIAS OD DOMICILlc WStRO DDO PEtiOCo TEdRICO

10tfUi DO GRIPE DO DOIWGLIOG:

KIOMI COMPLETO DO PESCuISAoOR:

CONDIgAO DA ENTREVISTA

1 ENTREVISTA REALIZAOA 3 ENTREVISTA NAO REALIZADA TIPO 8:UiNIlDAE 'AGA

NORMiAL I EM CO OfQ6ES 0E SEH NAUITADAS o

INAOEOUADA P4*4 5Et 4A84TA0A I

SuST,riniqO 2 am cot o ruoAo Z [

2 ENTREVISTA NAO R-ALIZADA: TIPO A TrtrORARAMENT9 N1O RISiCUU. 3UtIVADAO OCUPAOA.

AUSERTE TEW11ORARIAUENTI I 40U*ORldSUND0E C POP0* PGA*ND AMHO ANSU48P11.4PESOu.ia

4L....

tC0USA 2 ENTREVISTA NiO REALIZAOA TIPO C

OUTROS (tsPECIFIoUE A1*1XO0 3 OMiOlOA 5

ThA* ErISfUA OR LUSt 6is

PIM&MSUStEIRTE Ko 5COKMOIAL 7

__PORA 0%,(WA t LISTA*9M 9 0

M MOTIVO DA RECLISA N NDOeltrovisto tA A - 2)_

. f*a I .wo0o at MI -if Pe4 l mU V* IST W0 S, M. DC wcTn0

P - ^s7 iW WhrRQ;E LIStAC AS= ,J4i'[)tEF lAtV,GjF. t. , PF:QWW idul1161:D iO . -_ F;lEtT ?'ESW.SAt I t 3t

I | t I |! 1;15i|T i '° 1 '' '4 t'' i I "|2 1: 51

I I t 114 1 4 I 7 69 II' I?I 00E '2E~52 27 10 212;01 SI3 U 03 4i35 837236

- 45 -

FOLHA DE REGISTRO DE MORADORES DO DOMICiLIO PESOUISADO.

NUMERO RELACAO COM O CHEFE DC CONDtCA NUMERO NUMERO

NOME D05 MORAOORES CA DOMICiLIO 1 OU DA U.A. CE CA DAPESSOA N'OS CASOS OE MAIS DE PRESEN- U.A. U.0.UMA I CA--

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

CS

09

10

11

12

13

14

-2-

17

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

OSSERVA;6es:

- 46 -

*iA otC !:::jt-,2 i .t*OS S 0 5 s 'V ASC U.2 ' i b S

I I Cet C "'. Il OCORRENCIA DA NAO ENTREVISrA r:A U.A. NY E NA U.O. Ng

TIPO DE OCORRENCIA

3 z OUTROS ( ESPECIFIQUE)

III AUSENTE TEMPORARIAMENTE _

2 RECUSA

-MOTIVO DA RECUSA (2) C A- i

;COO N^w34t -. " ~ O' g FtSlUS* "- Alltttl tEl: : - l.LJ

OCORRENCIA DA NAO ENTREVISTA NA U.A. Ng E NA U.O. NQ

TIPO DE OCORRENCIA

3 OUTROS ( ESPECIFIQUE)

1 1 AUSENTE TEMPORARIAMENTE-_

2 Z RECUSA

MOTIVO DA sRECUSA (2)C6ODIGO____I

-47 -C2[7 Or- SECRETARIA DE PLANEJAMENTO DA PRESIDENCIA DA REPUSLICA

FUNDACAO INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATiSTICA IBGE

'(UL.....J SUPERINTENDENCiA DE ESTATISTICAS PRIMARIAS - PNAD-1974 ENDEF

ESTUDO NACIONAL DA DESPESA fAMILIAR CS lhNS^SCSS P1S.YOA. C., ORC.OeSCIA S0O O'SIOstO ESrA LII, DhSTI...O0-SE NOLUSGL AS-NYE .0$ PIN"SDOI Lt£ANT..C.NTOS gS7;ATTICOv.solo SEALo CoRS500 Of(4,104 ooE O-L0Ao.S *E MOON . TO.O.. OM OPILIC. A %ITVC.oA a .TIC.,.. 00 -- PO....SV (LEO 0. 0034 otIC/U

CARACTERfSTICAS DA UNIDADE DE ALIMENTACAO PESQUISADAF RCAo 1 F UNJDOC D4A rOEIMIIAAo

F UN14: Ro A QCODI 0 1F ISTRITO | [ LODALIOAD_

[ERDEREGo

r6010 DA iA of LiSrAGIE

FI I1 7 1 1 I I I 1 l l =FXITUACAO1 -rC 0

1000 DTREVISIA

|URBANA F PIIrTUOAL A E DE A / A _

SEC P0sAGEM| M ° Ds1OO p05(0 e [l7 1 000ott10 EL } NA L+TAGeNo 00 'o4 DE 015PEOIslOOTIOUlCOtI ~~~~~I0 DO PEA&OOR ELTROCZ-;

| TsMErT DA UNIOADE Dt | ||M"I:DA UNIDADE | || .- l D U1 O. P....PAL | ||TOT-L DE U.O j

ALImemToAo PsouISADA o AMErO N UA.i || E SLUNOARIAS NA UA SA o 7LITE A U O P

r I ° 00 CMEFE CA UNIORDA Dg ALIMtCTAOLi

F IOYt 00NSPLuo Wf *ESOUISAOO

-OMI coYPs.o 00 SuPIRvisoR -

F"'m "A POlAR ALItWE1?1

IR 00 iCt DC 541 MW Zf{IDC p000 M ICrDF C5f 3;ROO u IOlA CA(0r!J1S? 5100T TOTAL C!t N' SC w c a lrM ill 11 O I U V [fTak ;5jTEhRAL~G0A|SSI ai C'}r )lf< st.IDo 1 15el 1 E li lt iwleli' l ll ! l it D ?*ll llA IZ IEN ICL N i 50(0 0000 PISAIM l 0z

cosr"I'Ll HA 1I I, .A xm D A I7. Is et I 1 1 6 Ii H ITI IIjgI1If.1314 I:IoIIlIi -1 4 41311 -J7 "jtW1112i 51 & tIf SIAD. A I -T.

N! Q COMPOSICAO DA UNIOAOE DE ALIMENTACAO PESOUISADA02? e de Req.. f MEMBROS DA FAMILIA, PENSIONISTAS, EMPREGAODS, AGREGADOS,HOSPEOFS F CONVIVCNTES OUE DORMEM NO DOMICiL.101

UNIADAE OA 00OMICiLIO ANTEAO

Ot3SERVACOES:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TRO Cl bT

FEDERAIqhO OU H RVERELRs^O CO E SOOREROt ,, R O CEDA E O C SOA) DAIS) DE NASCIMEN- N NIAOAE OA FEOt or PESO OAtLTURA

NOMEE E SOBRENADC P^REN0 CHEFE DA VA PRE4'A , i GAL TO i RAO(Ok PA(S) . INST -

Dt^L*ttf"T^CiO Pl"S ONIITZ § COHVIVEttT~~~EENq ,o1 1Rt% RSN P1ZLt iCI T-^tAE': Uf;R *l.

A IP DOD IGLA CCOD SIGLAICOD GLA I COD il. IOtA MOOD SIGLA COD. COD , S S'OLA COD {R

01 CIIEFE I

02

04

05 _____

06 _____

07 ______

08

09

to

12

13

14 ____ ____

116 1_____

0 83 8 AVA C ES

COMJUBI -... a AGREGAGO ... I SIASCU.1L)M Ni I AM.AMA ALASIIAGQ'

REAqO O"0 I .Otl 3 NOSPEGE .... 5 COMGI,;IO A...MTE.... ,,O -S AbSE MCR*U 0jECEEMEWA% -E . t. CENEE GA U.SGAGE PA ERIE 00 AFIM N CONVSSAGG ... * GEGO SilO IUERIM.

Ot ALINNTAgAo PEIIGSIOIISTA . S CCRVIVENI T... PREgstkSA M PRESEMAO GEPTA ITE f MAALIUESTA~~~AG EMPRECAGO .. £ I I 1 ... ULMERCSGE IARTe -mg'S -ITAO =#SO A OACqAg IJ ...AM. A-. I

MOtHER EACTAMTi-M4 CONJUGAL GZPARO -V$-G* ISEO RURAL -. It. a

N'Q

0I3 N 9 deRneg . PRESENCA DOS COMENSAIS DA U. A. QUE DORMEM NO DOMICiLIO

It/IS . 3IE 2 124125 jZ6 2r 12l2s 9zo ; 152 1 1 s6 1sO ]33s140 j 3` SZ142 s140 141 42 .4___ _19

dia: 29dia: 39dia: 49dio: 59dih: 62

dia: 79dio:04 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8. tOTAL1 COhIENSA:~S/01A NA StMA~AA

Co .tNOME DOS COMENtSAIS QUE ------ ------------ -------------

°__.NOHE DOS CIIIE1____S QUE ___________ _____ _:__ _ _ __..___ __ 2, 3cTa 2Ct.5:;ibl -, 5- -0 w DOUEUENODIC 0 S D N _ N__ DORMEM NO OOMICIILIO

A OUkO _1 (AD ps (Convidados, empregados e pensionistas diaristas) TO.)TA"L._ __ .1t :7 ot :: - -

2 _______ 11 - 1 0-- 1f--XX f

I ih &El * 20 1221vxk 13}0 _:

. |~ N A O _ COMEU-. - -.. t... - -

| S E XCOE R~t. E5 rANiTCE... 5

- _ _ __L_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A A LCOAtirD .... ...*0

2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HM..

2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EO{MJIE.

VTISITA ...... VLCTAU9ATE.. 4

- 50 -

N? o 1O "a',A=, I COMPRA DE AUMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.04 (SOMENTE EM DINHEIRO)

151's a ll lit '/a° 2,Z26 12-tIxr s5/ 39/' 1 -

NOME DOS ALIMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E T UNIOAOE VALOR PAGO PESO EM L EARCA

BEBtDAS COMPRADAS M i 1 OEUEDIDI Ccm Cr$) GRAMAS SagLA O

- -_ - - - -

_________________ _ - i4-- -_ _. _ - -_ _

____________________ - t1- -_ ___ - ,__ -_

- -4---t __ __ - ,- -_

- -_-, __ __ .- ___ ___

l~~~~~ -_- T -_ -__ -

- -4- __ _ - _,- -__

_______ _____________ - '~--+ - __ _:-= -; = _

.~~~~~~~ -4- - -I,- -i- _

OBSERVACOE5St CARDA~PIO DO DlA

CAFE:

N9QI00l5t D ESPERDiCIos DE ALIMENTOS DO DIA NA U. A.OS N?dS Req

. REFEICAI PESO DO DESPERDiICO IG) O ESTINOCE-SCRICiO OOS DESPERDiCIOS E,9*

_ M l { ~~~~~~~~SICLA Co, OtUTO YARtA UiOU100 lL D

'r- -I - - -I--- --

LUGAft OEAUS__ - - t-- - - - - I

______ __Ai__ ___I'______ _A___ -T AL _ _ _ -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -UE ttEC O -,- Stt .- - -- ? -I- -A ,,^ At

LUGAR ~ ~ ~ ~ IM DEA'l4 ' E"sOtajU^tr t DESTINO c0ti '' '" ,,.-5. V___EDST AMELE AIEN_O - A *"1--AL -AD- tE-. - -

ESTSEECIAE- -4--tLIA0 -CC-I -9-----L". om.as - S -4

- 51 -

OESCRICAO, ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS OA U.A.06 Ng do Rog,

nm to Ir _i ",Z !4 *"14 /52

DESCRI,cAO DETALHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS _ tfiR- PESO 00 COMPONENTE EM GRAMAS °°l pESO L)OLAO RESIDUO EM

E INGREDIENTES QUE COMPOEM OS CARDApiOS * _RUTO TARA .iOUIDo GRAMAS

- -L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - _- _-==_

7 . = i _- - _- =- -

_ .. ~ ___ __ ____ - 5

- . - _........ ... ..

A. MA0O _$JftAI A . tt 10 _AO4

R3F£IAo LAISCRO O U LwOAft A£ Ut0MSUM, CWMGA~OAMpNMWAO000u4tI~ ... .. . 5. .1..AMTAN * d . ftrOA ...... _. - . = .

INTO £0 I DOA_A.

OB5ERvAcdES~~ * TA0 0W09CUaCmaTOC G. l PALATEIR.A 0.

-52-

N0 DA COMPRA DE AUMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E BESIDAS PELOS MEMSFOS DA LUA.

04 N.ldsReg- ( SOMENTE EM DINHEIRO]

NOME DOS ALIMENTOS,INGREOIENTES E UNIDADE VALOR PAGO PESO EM LUGARE , .. AOWSIA

BESIDAS COMPRADAS V. DE MEDIOA . t Cr) GRAMAS $LA50."R DP- _ MT ; - NAUA_ _

-- 4-- =__,-- _.-

.9/.O 2=12 2 ------ -==__

-- 4-- ------- - -.

--= -- I _-- = _

- 4- L____

t00~ ~ ~~~VEDW AMILATf VA: 4 0:0 1i ,A1 =

I TBE-C_VNT - -___E-LI____EC--r + ___ -_

X~~~~~~~ - t _- - - , - - - _-..

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __S9__ -O A -. _ _ _ - - -

_ _ _ _-AOE5 -ARAPI -O --- IA

. _ ' 6 SISe tRTOTAL LO10 lLA|

15,14T Tf I I_

_ 9 9 1(IA.. TOTAL _

*UffRS~~~~CCAOr2 *s *"1 .. _ I .LUGAR 0E AQUISIsAO: V ENIMAZ I ___ _______ _A. S OESTINO @OiO 0*OOOIOU SF' sr I

- 53 -NO| | 2 DESCRICAO. ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.

DESCRCAO DETAtHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS Rfti- PESO -0 COMPONENTE EM GRAMAS OR9;f5M OQ PESO 00

E INGREDIENTES QUE COMPOEM OS CARDAPIOS BRUTO TARA LiOUIDO . GRAMAS

=.- ___ ==__ _-__

= =_r- _ =- , _____

-= _.~.- = == --- _-

OBSERVAc6Es 99. TOTAL

cud * C I G~~~~~OMPRACO UIMTRS 00 PERIOOO DA PESQUISAC

CAPi 9- I C~[OMPIRAOO OUANTA'! 00 PERi00 OA PEUQUISA- 4 0 A.

A&MOQO *- £ @16H toAA .

*o . . .... . = _a

cx"A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CAA m RA JRAItET No N..:.... . .... ..

.0-00 J =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- 54 -

COMPRA DE ALIMENTOS.INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS DA UA.04 | _ N. 4( Reg_ | SOMENTE EM DINHEIRO) _

NOMI DOS ALIMENTOS,INGREOIENTES t UNICADE VALOR PAGO PESO EM LW42 DE

BESIQAS COMPRADAS .N DE MEDID _ cCr$tl GRANMAS sA:

-- _1-----

osl~~~~ I I .

EIRA_ ~ ~ ~ _ . A.W- A _

I- -- 11 ~~- i-11 ----- 9---

A- -- I I, = _ _ , _ _

~'' DESCRI~AO f9F9

- )I4 ,_

NeOIs,b|seX DESPERDiCIOs~~N DE ALMET SDODIA NA U.A. AA I.SIO IL

.f¢ FEIFE...___PESO__OO___ ____ FL S (POl ) N O S IN

LUCAR OE AOUISICAO: |AA~ ____________ AZt * OETI 7 @ )A L12 F^^tz,,-

- 55 -NQl40 l deDESCRICAO, ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.

lSSl| It | 17 .isCi:v 71Q 2 | 39/44 4 ?/-31

DESCRItAODETALHADA OS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS - ef*I- PESO 001OMPONENT:EMGRAMAs OU D PESODO

E INGREDIENTES QUE COMPOEM Os CARDAPIOS RcUTO 1 -___8RT TARA Lioulco U6 GRAOASu

= -- . _ -

_ . - __ _

OBSERVACOES ~~~~~~~9TOTAL

COMPPAOO OURAPft 0 PERiO* DCOMPRACO ANrIA 00 PENiOCO DA PUOUII . ..C........

AgtIh I.IIMI*L CO WOAS og AIJRMNO ... ......~wwOu...*......1 JAurAS J A 4 IS4QhO IrtocA ....... .. ........

9XTRA 9.4 ~~~~OoACA* . SCIMSMLO......... .............. .M..IZYSA * ~~~~~~ I IlIUMogo.. . ....... I......I- "

_W u nmT .................~ ~ ~~~~~~. ... .......

- 56 -

NQ A s COMPRA DE AUMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS OAU A.04; . d g_ 50(SOMENTE EM DIN HE IRO)

NONE 00 ALIMENTOS,INGREOIENTES £ _ . 0 UNIDADE VALOR PAGO PESO EU LUIriD

8EBtOAS CONPRAOAS _ D 5E hMEDIDArc ( Cr,$ GRAMAS *IRU a

t -i _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ - - - 5 _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ -

- -- I- = t----,-- -=_

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ - _+ - _ , . . _

-_.4- -_ - - -, - _-

- -4 - __ __ - s

t S_ L CO A , _. _

= i - - - -A .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __N _ _ A_ _U _A_r - VA - _ _ _ _ _ A - 01- - - -4 r.

.ALEMOMAA- = - _Et _ _ - -, - - _- -_ _ . - -_--

- + __ __.__

_- -*- _-

.~~~~~~~~~ . 1-- _ - -_ -- - _

-, ~ ~~ --- -=.

OBaSE RVACOES: CARDAPIO 00 OtA:

CAFE:

N90 Ne 1d DESPERDiCIOS DE AllMENTOS DO DIA NA U.A.

Di ICRICO OO DEPERDCIOsr| C31G REFEICA EO 00 =OEPERO(CIO(G) DESTtNO|

. M I ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ SICLA |CDD O tRr ARA LiQURDO z Ct |o

LUGAR~~~ ~ ~ ~ DE i0~O A9AA _________ ___ __ _ STII

%'(N"oOEOO AMBsULANC ______ VA .4 9A| OA^ PMU OPI STA DCLECIMLP4O ISPICUILIZAOO... _ tt * S oU*A oo.Ouy ol @ s4 l*A _UOS. so0.4

- 57 -

N," g^^ de RegDESCR,CAO, ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.

Wir 3 ,,l:'6 a}9/X441 41`152

DESCRiltAO DETALHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS RCfsI- PESO 00 COMPONENT! EM GRAMAS GUL.EM OLE PESO 00_______~ ~ ~IIII 'UA, RESIUOE

E INGREDIENTES QUE COMPOEM OS CARDAPIOS BRUTO TARA LfOUlIOo GRAMAS

= -_-_ ____

_ . -_- . _ __

.SSERvACoEL TOTAL

CAPi C ~ ~ ~ ~(OOMP4AOO DOuIANVI 0 PERi:OG GA PISC1.GA C O --..

Rtft,qAo * A * ft @ft~~~~~g OMPRAO ANTES 00 PEPOG C PG'GA CA4

LANICHI ?u1ClP SEUO I 1404 LUGA 0 nC- ALlMUTMWO, pUgAOCM&o*.ApyAN.A.OcUm o-eJa q *CA 0.4 5

4641T4I* 4. AOUISIQAO TROCA ........ O

iU c.......... . ................ -.-

_- ;Tf.d _U _tiigdtAf

- 58 -

N "DA N COMPRA DE ALIMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS DA UA.04 | | (SOMENTE EM DINHEIRO)

1 I1? I to 29 9/20 | 21/ r. 3. r ! ,. . . ,______NOME COS ALIMENTOS,INGREOIENTES T ! I UNIOADE VALOR PAGO PESO EM LUGAR

E C'Z.skJL* A OUtSSE91DAS COM*PRADAS 9 . § DE MEOIOA Cc$) GRAMAS SeLA o

~~~~~- - -_- - -.

_ I _ --- ,-_-_

- - . _____ 0TAL

_SRAE 5: CA_ OD _A

_ SII T. TI. L_UD _OL

_ _ _~---_--_

=-- =- -=--A = I

_~~~~~~~ IR_L

OBSERVAD 6ES: CARDAPIO DO OIA:

Nd.fl"oCTAM DESPERDiCIOS DE ALEMENTOS OO D-A NA U.A.

DESCRICAO DOS DESPERDICIOS E~:~~~REFE: P!SO 60 soESPER0.E __ __

P UREIRA... __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ p * I *fR P RRAL AN ILl.GAR DE QISCO ARJZ ____________ _ A? * S ESTINO 054A* SV?PAl ffWiU*^^ or

-59 -DESCRICAO, ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.

,5/.s I 3 I I -1.-, vl 2,* 6 lapl 3 59/44 4 i4 51

DESCRICAODETALHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS | PESODOC COMPONENTE EM GRAMAS R oM ESO OO

E INGREDIENTES OUE COMPOEM OS CARDAPIOS I fbRUTO TARA LIOUIDO , .. GRAMAS

_~~I . _

_ ~ -- . -_

OBSERVAc6Es TOTAL

CMRADO DURANTE C PEW 000 CA PESCUISA *COf

_~~~~~*.f -. _

CAFE * C * I ~~~~~~~~~~COUPPACO ANTES CC P4410CCO CA PIOCCSA G A *2

mug~~Ao LAACHE * L * S Oil WOAA CA oLJ~~~MCOauuO, PaCIUMCA"OO.APAN"AC0CUGOLMID ...... AC.AJAMANYA AOUlISI@ TOOCA. . .. ... ........ *

I~~~~~~~~~~CAA _- . _4

iSTRA a I .. IC O 11 _...g. .A. ........O. .... . ...... .....

- 6u -

COMPRA DE ALIMENTOS,INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS DA UA.04T l N. d *C- j(SOMENTE EM DINHEIRO)

MOVE DOS AL)MENTOS,INQREDIENTE E U INIOAOE VALOR PAGO PESO ENI LUGAR EM ~ ~~~~ DE MEDIO c GRAMAS SIL 8E810AS COMPRAOAS _ DMEIA; cr*f I GRNS kAOn

--,-T . TA

_SR ;ECAAP - -D IA

-- F--~AFi

N _ _-d d- ,_

_ II__.t.

I-J - - TOTAL-

-A-F-- _- _I___ ____ A A __ _-

- . _ _ ___ _

- -I - - ,- _______ . _

. l _ _-.--

- -_ -_ _ __

9 9 ! _ T TAL .@ _

OOSERVACOES: CARDiP1O00D DIA:CAFE:

N§C #? DeTa Nd R DESPERDiCIOS DE ALIMENTOS DO DIA NA U.A.

os~~ ~~~ _ERA. __________ . **o

O~~~~ESRICOEDOS DESPRoiCtOSE j_____ VA ?' :0i *0? REFECK F ES D OEPE *DClt ) 3.. ETN£~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ vSTASLI COI -oRTO ESTARLAaLOUIO......... 2. *OSR 04TIMOLXS0 PiIA SO... _

N° 'T.rl DESCRICAO. ORI IEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U.A.06 || N9 de Rg. c

'5Z1. 7 I? s to|-o z'/.'6 _-5; 39/44 1 4s 7/52

DESCRIgAO DETAlHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BEBIDAS Refl-j PESO 00 COMPONENTE EM GRAMAS OR'CAf OU RPEsObUOE

EiGEINEQUCOMPOEM OS CARDAPIOS TARA LIOU)OO ACUIS4 Ao~NGREDIENTES QUE BRUTOoscRA L UDOM 1-GRAM"S

.~~~ ~~~~~ -- _= _ == = -

_w~~~~~~~ - - _- - _-

. DA S._U.S........... - _ _-

JANTAR Acu'SKO TRO - ............ - -_____ --

- - - _ _____ _______

OBSERVACOES TOTAL~~~~OACA

r TA GACO =RENiC a _ccO CA _S- Z .. . .....

*~ _ *EM_E_ _ _-T

CCA . .=-_ _

l~~~~ i ~AICUCmh1TOMN _ _ =.

- 62 -

M. Nil de Reg- COMPRA DE AUMENTOS, INGREDIENTES E BEBIDAS PELOS MEMBROS DA U A.04 l N dcR9_ (SOMENTE EM D1NHEIRO)_IsM ;to .922 WZ6 e / / 9/441

NONE DOS AIJMENTOS.INGREDIENTESt g T ODn | § UNtOADE _UNIOADE VALOR PASO PESO EM LUGAR

8ESIDAS COMPRADAS M DE MEDIOA t cr$) GRAbAS s $IOLAI

~~~~~~TO L_ I

_~~~~~ -t -_

NO~~ Ni Di _ .

: ' 110--4--

. = ~~~--1---= =

- -_ e _

OBEVCESCRO CARiP1 OEPEO1 ESTIA

ol :5eIciO DSUDPERM tt5 ,_11RFIA1PSSpO EAR0COt0DETNF""A~~~~~~~ *i _1 IrT *A.A i UUD AN-L I

LUGAR DE AQUIStCAo: A' AMBUA ATE At S 42 DESTINO U.C.° Lx ttVt"DCOOR SuAT VA *:4 1A;.C* A DU1*& f.NIUA- Dt .-- 4 -- sY*dlctclwtd22 twicl2u2s -- tt e 9-bOl"A' e LTe DIA A --- O9.*A- 30. 4

OESCRICAO, ORIGEM E PESO DOS ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS PELOS MEMBROS OA U.A.

DESCRICAO DETALHADA DOS ALIMENTOS,BESIDAS fi- PESO 00 COMPONENIE EM GR9AMAS L9uEAtE SESOb EoM

E INGREDIENTESQUECOMPOEMOS CARDAPIOS |RYRUD TARA | LiOU I0 A GRAMAS

_ - _ _ _ .- _. - -

fTV~~~~-4 - -__0z _

Z - X r - w -

OBSERVAC6ES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TOTAL

Mr CoWRO OUAANT 0 P(RIOO VA "6QS * cmSSPZASGAA

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _AA .l (

r AIZ i C * O.IRACO A.I't 00 PCRIOOO CA PtS4IISA *G.ALMOCO A* Mum htAoEaO &A~I.Aa9t .j 0)41 * L * S 041 WGAR CC r£UAC A@. =

JMTAR La J 4 AouisK4Ao TRtOGA . U .......... *....TI I . . . .. =.=._..

£Xh I 1 I IEIOC WG~gCWAT1i4 . . 9 A _ = 7

. _ . = 1ftI

- 64 -

N9 O DESPESA COA AOUISIsAO CE PRODUTOS NAO COMESTIVEIS E COM SERVICOS.07 N? de Re DURANTE 0 PERIODO DA PESOUISA

14/IS la 1T IS/IS1 to/25 zr/31 3t / n 40

EXEMPLOS DEPRODU- DESCRICA0 DETALLHADA 00 ! 1 7 V 7 UNIDADE DE VALOR Pm

TOS E SERVIrOS PRODUTO ADOUIRIOO OU 00 SERVI;O Q i c n: ;0 MEDIDA PAGO ISI

___ - - - - 1 - - _ 4 -

ARTIGOS P/ FUMANTES _ _ - _

CIGA;RO. -C.ARUTO,PUOPARA CACHIIMO,FLUIOO _ _ _ ! - _ _ _t PEOtA PARA ISQUEIMON,

OESPESA ____ _ _ - ; _ _

COM LEITURA INFOR-

MATIVA E RECREATIVA _ - _-_ - T _- __

JORYAL. FOTOCOVELA,RE. _ -_* _VISTA,ROMANCE,ETt.

OESPESA OM RECREAgAO | -_ _ - -_

CINEMA, FUTESOL.CIRCO, _ _ _ _ _TEATRO,SIIUCA, ETC.

DESPESA OOM TFtANSPORrE -_ - -_ -_

TREM,ONISUS, SARCA, - -_. _-_I_TX&XIPt0ASIO,tSTAC OIIA.MENTO,GASOLINA,OLIO _ _ _ - - -

PARA4 MOTO*, LAVASEM DECARRO, ETC. _ _ _

OAAN1~MkIMAIS--- _

ALPISS fttEII£NTE 0E 61.RA3SOL.ETO.

DESPESAS COM SERVICOSTINTURARIA, LAVA4DERIA _ -

OUTRAS DESPESAS ______ _

FI1AS OE TELAPONE, LOTES _ _ _ _ - -_

ESPORTI'VA, ETC.

.~~~~~~~~~~~ ____ - -=- -_ =-

_ _ ~~~~~~ _ _~- -

OBSERVACOESe TOTAL

MENTO A vilSTA VI I

rORMA DE AOU1S5CiO ,,A AO D60 O R

'RETIRADe DO REVOCID OU RECEIMMENTO CM SENS-... RN

- 65 -

NO DESPESAS DOS MEMBROS DA U.O. COM HIGIENE E CU!DADOS PESSOAIS, COMUNICACOES,

08 ° MEDiCAi'AENTOS,E LIMPEZA E MANUTENCAO DO DO.MICILlO NO ULTIMO MES._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f .. - _ .

1 - ~~VAO foFORMA Cf.

EXEMP¶.OS DAS T Wm VAO NO SiIODESPESAS DESCRICAO DETALHADA E D: 30 roAVA PERiODO

ARTIGOl PAR h,GIZNE I CUIOAD0S PISIGAIS

CREME OE.lTAL,SAROMETE,VA LGS,O' ESOD ORPA.TE.ESCS - __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

VA CE DFYTt E CE SELD_._LOCAO. SOAVPOO. CREMES, __

rIXArCO COS-E-TICOS,PAPELPIWCNIcE , ETC

SEYVIGOS PESSOAIS ___ ______ ____

CORYE E LINHeA DE CAELO,PENTEACO.- VCUAE DEPIJ-

LACiD. MISSUGN.SAuNA.PINTURA CECASELO, ETC G _ =

REMEDIoS. ALGOD&O, GAZE ES PAGARAD#O,trE R. UACU OXI-

GENADA. ETC

UATERIAIS CE LIMPEZA _ t

SASlo, DETERSENTE,ERA, _ _ - _ _

DCSINFETANTE, SAPOLEGO SA __

TA PARA LIMPEZA, PALMA DEAGO, ESPONJA,VASScURA. Ro- - _ -

GO, ESCOVA. NSETIGIDA I RA-*TIOA. LATA DE IDX. PANO - - _ _ _

DC CAO, £SPAAAADOM, SEPE- _ -_ . -

LENTES, £TC...

ARTtS DE PAPEL __._._____.______

COPo E PRATO,LENCO E TCA.LINA,GUARDANAPO,ENVELOPE _ _ - _E PAPEL Of CARTA,CTC - j -

wnSPEs COMI CDNUNICA- pes-~~~~~~~ _ L _ - - -

CONTA MENSAL DE TELEPCNEC _-CARTAS, TELEGRANAS,TELEX,SELOS POSTAIS. ETC _ - _ _ -

GOMSIJST(vaI

OUEROsENE, CARVAo. LEMMA, ____

ETC.

OUTNOS ANYIGOS

FLORES NATURA3S C ARTlP. _ 1 - - _QAIt, VELAS, ETC.. ___

99 TOTAL

PMAAURO 'A VI_TA .A.. VI${P"AAAERTO A PRAZO..-PR.g1OBMgA at A isA oA9Ao.......... .99 T

RETIRACDO W0 ucao ou0RSEEUUENT &* lES Rll: 4

- 66 -

NWO DESPESA DOS MEMBROS DA U. 0. COM ARTIGOS DE VESTUAR10 E DE CAMA E09 Nt de FtR .,MESA NOS OLTIMOS TRES MESES C..) DE - -I - .

lIPS 101 |E^ "a "@ . rEXEMPLOS DAS DESPESAS TVALOR NO ESTADO FORA s

(Incs.cor seo pore h"e'e| DESCRIICAO OETALHAOA s PERiomyllwr ou crsonqo) , Cr ) SIG,A 'a .LA I.

ARTIGOS DEVESTUARIO - - - -_ -_

TERNO.CAMISA,CRAVAYA,CALCAPALETC CUECA, EIA,LE ,4C _ . _ _ - _ _CAL-A,CAPA IPERMEAVEL_SJETER ETC VESTCDOS LDHCO N GI CURTO,SAIA,LUSA,ANAOIJA,SIL" .OCALAINHA, MAIOS, C -_ _ -_CSAASTLIA.MEIA, S,IRT.ETC,,FRALOA.bABADOR,CALgA-L7ICA, CA.ISETA. MACACAOC.

ARTIGOS DE COURO _ _ - - _ -E OUTROS - - _ _ _ _

SAPATO, S&NDALIA,CHINELO, -

CHAeE4. LUVA SUARDA CHI__ABOLSA, CARTEIRA, PASTA,CIN ........ TO,ETC.

,JOIA5, ENFEITES _ __ . - - _ _ _E ADORNOS._ i __ _ _ _

LOdI0o PU SCEINA,9RINCO,ANtL.COLAR ALIAHA.CoR. - - _ _RENTE 8 IROCHC, ETC.

ARTI GS DE CAMA.MESA E BANHO -_ _ _ -_

LENCOL COLCA, MAA rACO_iEPToR, FROiAlNHTOALA DE0_OANHO,MAO. ROSTo C MESA, __I__________

CORTINA PAtA SANHEIROGUAROANAPO , PAN* 00 PRI- ....L... ETC.I

mCA*FSEPARAC~AO DE _ _____

TEC1OO LINNA, ACULNA RENM __ _ - _ _CA, SOTAO, FECHO ECLAIR.

ETC _ _ - - _ _

SERVICOS DE CONFEC-CAO E REPARACAODE _ _ - - - _ROUPAS E CALCADOS. . _ .__ . _ - _ _ -ALFAIATE, COSTUWEIRA SA -PATUIIO, ETC _______ _

OBSERVACO£E: S9 TOTAL

(+) NO CsO OK CoMPRA Ol AOAMGENTO A PRAZO OA ESTEJA UN1O REALIZAOO, PREENCNA a u4ADRo IIC IC It 4ES0o CC| ADO NVO . N1So CA0C Of 15T00 FEICTOEM CASA,POIENCHA OQUADRO NtIS 1 COMPRAOO USA00.U 2NO CASO OEtRQOCA`. PEENCHA 0 OQUAORO t 253

EORMA PAAAITCA 'A *IDE PAMENTO PZO_ _ _ _ 2

ACUISIqIO oCUciC , o .4 RETIRACO 0O NEOOC10 OU RECEIS.M.TO CM KS Room.4

- 67 -

N"O DESPESAS DOS MEMBROS DAUO COM MORADIA,SERVICOS PUBLICOS10 N C Req NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES(+H 0E -A..

5/b 19tl ZZ/26 T I I 44 }$ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~33 3 14GIVALOR DA NO FM

EXEMPLOS OAS DESCRI(AO DA DESPESA E SPE PE|RODO c.As,,;AcOCC$) 7'7SA'DESPESAS 01 I - Q' t)x2) LA

ALUGt. CONOOU MI8O -

POSTO FPREDIAL.uA EES _ - __

GOTO. (O.PRA CE TELEFONE

AILUS4tCt.DE SC AR ME EN'R - __ -___ _ _ __ __

C4A ELETAtCA,SAS.E1C = = _

OBSERVACOES 99TOTAL

N'O DESPESAS DOS MEMBROS DA UOL COM EMPREGADOS DOMESTICOS (inclusive dioristos)

|1 ! de Reg NOS ILTIMOS DOZE MESES DE. - A.

EPS"OaGoA. A, eC O=ZI- - I I I I

E!HEIRA . IAVAOCIA RA

SSASAEIRA, MO'ORISTA,

GOVERNA1NTA, M!OROMO,

JANOWEI RO, CASE!RO,

ACCUPANNANTE, ETC. -_

OBSERVAC6ES: 199 TOTAL--- =-.------

Nt DESPESASDOSMEMBROSDA U.O.COM AQUSIC. GDE TERRENOS ECASAS, CONSTRU -12 N2 de Reg. COES. REPAROS E REFORMAS DE IMOVEIS NOS bLTIMOS DOZE MESES .... ,

AOUIStgAO * | | i i i i |- CMA.APAftTA)l&NT0.S;n0FAZENDA.CMACARA,TEMOE - I -

NO,[TC.

CONSTRUCAO.REFORMA I , -I I I I IAPtLIACAO CACASA,TELMAOO. - | * _| _______ -

MATE eALOCCTRUCAO C - -

0(0*80 C.'^}i), TUOC.Q 8.0C1-| I || || ||W. PllA E PA,CAM T - -

E~TC. __-__

OBSERVACOES: TOTALI

(. No 90s0 de compro au pogomnto a Prato quo wa1 undo fS

tIM0140 ,nproCho 0 qUcAro NI 1. 0000* SE A0UEIAO j 00*4*0 00-3NSTINAce Do ueeiimo ou "Clowcb0W to Imes-...0

- 68 -

Ng O DESPESAS DOS MEMBROS DA U.Oam MOSILIARIO E EQKIPAMENTOS DOMESTICOS3 N X Rea NOS CLTIMOS DOZE MESES D1 E CE.- A_._A____ --__

I/I. If/20 21/Z 208/29 3) / St '4

T .~~~~ NO ESTADO SI

DESPESAS DESCftC4D OETALHAOA E Cc VAL PERIODOD S | O (Cr$) ISILA s6LaSi

IdVETS PARA SAL.A 0C __ART_E ISTARN ETC .--- -

Ii. C30FA, POLT1oNA,mSA, | . -CADEIRA, ARmAmio,ARCA, EST_ATE, ESCRIVANINHA,PUf6.ALUO- | - _FADA,ETC-

MOVEIS PA3A OQUATO =

CA.A, MESA DE CABECEINA.T6MOCA. PENTIACEIRA,SENO............ COL.CIIO LA SNTt, ORTOtO_ICO.ETC I,TRAVESSEIRO, RIDE,-- - -CERCADOCCANRINNO CE 381,

REVSlilE4ETO DE PISO _ __ _ _

F0oRACA0,TAPtTE,VITMIFICA- _ -_ _CAo, ETC

PE;AS DECORATIVAS -_ _ _ _

Co RI.A VEPEZIAKAILUSGT -- ..RE*....,. ANAi.LR, ETCGGADRO,TAPE;AR.A.F . -LM_,_AELCGIO,ETC- - - -- -

APARELHOS ELETRICOS

GELADE,RA,NAGUIINA DE LAVAN,ASPIRADOR,EMCERADEIRA,U1E - - -_ _ _ _

0EIRA,L!QUIDIF^ICAON MD LII__AQCE CAFE,GRELMA,FERtO ELI- - - - _-_ _-_TRICO,TORRADEIRA,9ARSE-AOSECADOR DE CABELO. ETC _ _ _-"A UINA FOTOGRAFICA,PROJE-TOD CE LIDES E FILMES,EC n - -_ _ -TELIVISAO. NADIO.TOCA OISCO,

GRAVADOR,AMPLIFICADOR,C4-XA DE SOM.VENlILAN,R AMCO14ICIONADO, CIUVEIRO ELt-TGICO, AOUINA DECosTURA,OS ESCREVER,OE CALCULARIr _ _ATrl,OS PARA 0OPAEt=NHA

EATEPFA( FANELAFPAIGIDEIRA*CMALEIRA, ETC 1,FI.TRO,ES-PREMEDOR DE FRUTA, FACAo, - -_ _ -

TAiUA DE CARNE,ARIODOR DELI'A,DE GARRAFA, OGAO. _A _ _

CUEINOfGANFO,FACA,COLHER),AFARELIIO DE JANTAR(PRATO _ - - - _RASC, FUNDO, DE SOBREMESA,E. -.. ),PIREX,COPO,TRAVESSA _ - - - _JOG9 DE CHA, DE CAFt ,GARRW

E AGiUA, ETC. _ - - _

AR GS PARA FECRIEACAO ___

GINASTICA E GRINOUEDOS

ARTIGOS CE CACA, PESCA, _ - _ _CAMPING, GINASTICA,TENIS,rUTEEOL, ETC... - -

EOUIPAUENTO OC VIAGEN

VA ISE,MALA.MALETh.SC _ - - - -_FRASOUEIRA, Etc...

FERRAME NTAS _ - - _ - _

INSTRUMENTOS MUSICAIS, _ _DISCOS a ITA_S.

VIOLAo, eUITARRA, PIANO,ACONDEA0 ,tTC... - -. _ _

CONSERTO DE MOVEIS I _ _ - _ _

ARTIGOS COMESTICS_COMPRA E TRATAMCNTO DCE - -_ - _ -

ANIMAIS DONESTIC03.

OSSERVACOES: 99 TOTAL

(-) hO CASO Of C.nMPA OIJ PNGWaENTOAPRA20OU.E ESTEJA SENOO REALIZACO PRIENECHA 0 QuAORO N 910 E T5A00 COMADO NOVO N * INO CAGO OE ANTIGOFEITOEM CASA,PNEENCHA 0 OGUARO N21 1 COMPRACO USADO U.2NO CASO OE'NC , PREENCHA QOUAORO t 23S

DE f PAGMENTO A PRAZO pit: I

A-UIGI 1O COADA O0 D1, ETINAGO CO NEGOCIC OU RECEOIMN[NO EN 11N5..RRi -4

- 69 -

N2 0 DESPESAS DOS MEMBROS DA U.O. COM ASSISTENCA MEDICA

14 N9 de 9eq NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES (-) A.DE; ..... _. . _..... A . ..... . . . . . . .

{e 1t2/. .c 33iftiX

TIPO DAS VALOR NO ~"DESPESAS OESCRI,AO DETALHADA E PERIa cO

SERVICOS HOSPITALA- .__ _ _ _ ,

RES E OE U30BORATO-RIO. ___ - - _ .

RAIO X, IETc. .. _ _.

SERVICOS DE ESPECIA ^

LISTAS. _ _ :,_ _

MEoI:S, DOtTNrb:;.f FNfER- _ -. -

MEINR.S.PARTEIRAS. ETC

MATERIAL DE TRATAUEN _______

TO. . _ _ _

ANTIWS ORTOPtODCC.S_ _ . - - _

OCLOS, LENTES CE CONTATO_,

DENTACURA POSTIiA, ETC .. - _ _-. .

CURANDEIRO OU CURIO-

SAS

OBSERVACOES: 99 TOTAL

Ng 0 DESPESA DOS MEMBROS DA U.O. COM EDUCACAO151 N

91d Re. NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES (- +) OE_-___ _ A_

MATERIAL ESCOLAR

UWVRO,CADZNNO. LAPSA. CANE. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TA, SORNtACHA, RNtUEA,CQN- -

PAtiO. PASAT, ENREWOEiRA, _ - -

RTC.___T = _

UNIF ORME _ _ __

PAGAMENTOS . _ _ -

NENSLICDOC. MAThtICULA,

ALlmr(mAVAAULA AIIrrCLLAR

INTERAIAT0,ThANSPORTI 6tA-__

LA,t ETC

ASSINATURA OE PERliO _

DICOS E REVISTAS TEC- _ _ _ - _

NICAS, _

COMPRA DE LIVROS TEC=NICOS. d _ = _

OSSERVACOES7 99 TOtAL

(+) No coso de comoro ou de pagomento do swv.co a proto, au* *stop undo riobZOizo Pri*ncho C nuodm N2

1C

*aWENfO A PAO C*.JbSI;Ao ) .... __________E __- ___ _ _- am ° .

I Ptt*b'AODO 0 WGOCIS OUl PECENIN!NVO E1M tINS.. iit

- 70 -

N5 Ol DESPESAS DOS MEMSROSDAU.O.COM VEICULOS E VIAGENS EXTRAORDINARIAS6 N9 de RIg NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES E -) DE. _. __ . _ ._ A. _ ._ _ ..--------_

IA/li ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~33/SI Is* 1 | 1*sT21 2l2s 1Ind1 $sSsVALOR NO FORA DEEXEMPLO OAS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I;ESTADO UE SEMPEO SAS DESCRICAO DETALHADA PE tRiONO AOU

OESPESAS D~~~~~~~~~~~~SCRI~~~~~~AO ~~M (Cr$) SILA 0SIGLA C

ff^ma a AULL Dt vaimu- 1 1 5 r 11 11 IUT'MOVEL, MOT0O ICLTA_,

'~--.A, ATE. ETC

MANUTtN;Ao D - -= - _

PNEUS.BATERIA,REPAROD0 VEi-C,,4C PSFiTURA,COISEI ......... TO DE CA*ROCEtIA,ETC_ _

RIEIS7RO DE VfiCULO,TAXADO.iAlIA,SEGURO. EMPLAC -_MEkTO,mILTAS,tTC

VIAGCENS EXTRAOMOINARIAS

INCLUIR OESPESAS DE TRANS _PC.TE, ESTASIA E ALMeITAcAoSU14DO io REEiOLSAOS, - _ - -E LOcA Oc DE CASA POW TIM_

OBSERVA ES: . 9 TOTAL I

tQi 01DESPESAS DIVERSAS DOS MEMBROS DA U.O.17 N d Reg NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES (+) D __A …

CER1.6.1AS FAMMAIRES ____

CASAAMNTO,COMUNHAO, ANIVI-sAsIo, DATISMO, FUNEtAL,ETC.

SERVI0os DE PRO MSSMONAIS __

ADSO-UADO!T -EPCAANoTE, ETC

TRANSFEI&NCIAS

REMESSA DE DISHEIPO A PAmLu _ _ _ _'ES f ESADA E A OU1TOS,PEJ.6ES. PAGAMENTODE A1LO__ETC_vOSTs,TAxES I CONTIlJI. -_ I -_ _ -COGE PAVE PREA s tNCIA SOCIuLI', Ps.ASE, wpOsTo sOEe__SERAl;o, DE REND&A,SC J__cAL_ETCREsISTRO E rAxAs PAWA 6U -

ACoS DE CLASSI,ETC... -_ - __ _-_

CONTR1IUlgO6tS A _ i

CCAT0.ASStClAqQC1SULU, -T ...........J....... _ i -_ -

OAGANIZA;OES PlLAXTI6MCfSE IELIOCSAS.EIC. - _ _ - _

OIVEWSCS

MU3ANCAS ASSINATURA DJORNAIS i RtVISTAS NAOTECNICAS, PESENTtES(NATAL, _ANIVERSARI0,CASAMENTO.M -_ - - -_ALSOGUL. DE CAIXA FOITE,TA- ____________________________XA DE RENOVAgAo DE CARTAODE CREDIT,TC i__...

O sP!SAS COM PRiTICAS RELI_

os - ._-_._---_. _BANCARIOS t N"IPOTECAIIO | ___

l _ +- . _ _1 =-

OBSERVAg6ES; 99 TOTAL

(4.) No 105O 8. Compro ou pagaimento do' 3*r.io a pros. sUe *%t*I. sendO PAMOAMENTO A VI3TA.. Vl:1roolizada, preoncho 0 "uadro Nt 18 NIOtA ! SPAANAENTO A PIAZO PR:2j coMP-AaoD lOV - U N N DOACU.DI . oCEl.00:3ESAO co PUADO USADO u U52 RETIPIADO DO mE6d~'O CU WECIIMEOIT

EM BENS. .RN:4

N'OI COMPRAS OU PAGAMENTOS A PRAZO QUE ESTEJAM SENDO REALIZADOS PELOS MEMBROS DA U..O.

I8 N9de Reg. | ; ncluir ompristimos boncr;rios * port.culorset DE..

_ .. _, . ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ........ .....

WI1 19 24 2. ./1 32 /4 1 5/4I 4 /4 14

DATA DA VALOR TOTAL PRESTA50ES VALOR PAGO NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MEZES

DESCRI4;;AO DETALHADA 00 OBJETO OU SERVICO T COMPRA PAGO DESDEC VALOR DA (EM Cr$ ) EsTAooQUE ESTtJA SENDO PAGO A PRAZO m 0D A T NUMERo A LcMPAGA ENTRADA PRESTACOES TOTAL

A N C$ PAGAR C4 IC2) ()+()SIO~LAjOC

.~~~~~~~~~~~~- -I- - .. _- ------.-. -. _ .~.-.-..- _-._ _ _- |_ -. __ __~- . __. T_._-_ _.___-- ___ _ __

.~~~~~ ~ _._ -_ ____-_ _ _ _ .- __-_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ . . .. -. .j -- ------------ 1- - -...--.-----.-- - .----.--- -- -------- ---

- I _. - .- _ . __-- ~ -_

OBSERVACOdES: 99TOTAL TOTAL .TOTAL

-r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

IL-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

N'O DESPESA DA U.O. COM OBJETOS FEITOS EM CASA19 N9de Reg. NOS ILTIMOS DOZE MESES

*s 9/s 1,/20 21170 29/19 s s'3s 03/ 0 SS ER VACOE S

.O O T . , CGUSTO PREcO DEDESCRICAO DO 0OaJETO T..b DOlo r AERA ECD

DESCRI~~~~~AO ~E GOOIGO zw MERCADOMATERIAL

. . ..0 (Cr5) (cr$)

-. .. I _ ----------

_._~~~~~~ -- I-- __' __ -_ .-

__ _ ._ . . _ _ .~~~ _ _ _---r- - -'----

._~~~~~~ -. . _ .. ., - -___ .r --.------

99 TOTAL9

EsrA)oO Comprado Novo a N : 1Comprodo Usodo a U 5 2

5%'

I. OCUPACOES NAO AGROPECUARIAS

EMPREGAOOS PFRCFISSIONAIS LIBERAIS PESSOAS ESTABELECIDAS COM NECOCio PESSOAS NA o ESTABELECIDAS OUE________________________________ ________________________________ __________________TRABALHEM____POARACEONTRAC PRA PRIAI

10. tMPREGADO PARTICULAR COM EMPREGADOIIS Eo EM PREGADOS 40. CONTA PHOPHIA SdZINHO

II. EMPREGADO PU8tLICO 20. EMPREGADOR 30.EMPREGADOR 41. CONTA PROPRIA COM MEN8ROS FAM MAOIIEMUNERADDS

SEM EMPREGAOOS SEm EMPRECADOS 42. CON TA PIIOPRIA COu AUX EVENT.

21. CONTA PRdPRIA 5021NNO OU COMO SOtlO 31 CONTA PROPRIA SOZINRIO OU COMO SOCIO

22.CONTA P95PRLACOWi MEMBROs GA FAM. NAO REMUNER 32.CONTA PfdPRIA COM MEM8ROS rAM NAo REMUNERA-

Ragoolm as .nfl'o.ff.s P.S 4.u.adeo 20. 20A Rqgistrse qnomoE w. qo 20 m 20 d,8 20 . 20 . C R..d,25 oll ptnto. 20. 2OG flgsIr. W-Clr .. Ite quqdrZ 0 208

NK; d . ... CARACTERiSTICAS E RENDIMENTOS DOS MEMBROS DA U.O.20 N9 de R_g. ..... . NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES DE_....................._DE A.

m/aS .9/24 |223 II4h6 27/28 29/30 53 !32 IO 54 15 !5 IS6 15T |39$95 40 ' 42 4544 !4 45 t49 4TS1 re5/5

MESES DE TRABALHO Sim.=1 N0o 0T N 381~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I R.",1,T'.rlio 0. Total dOS

. a NOME DOS MEMBROS 3 -d

0OCUPAVAo CLASSE DE ATIVIDADE J11,CEI,t .Ct,0 Fip:pdiIfnenttl':

E DA U. . _

Iz ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z " -

99 _TOTAL_ ._ . _ . . - --- - --- -- 1 - -

99 _ : ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OTAL .___._.___

O8EfVCf~

OUADRO N5' 20-A RENDIMENTOS DOS ASSALARIADOS EMPREGADOS PARTICULARES ou PIBLICOS) DA U.O.

NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESESDE .A

NOME: P03190 NA OCUPAAo: COI NOME: POSICAO NA OCUPAgAO: COD NOME: POsIlio NA OCUPACAO: COC

Ocupoqdao _______ _ Ocupqccod _ _ Ocupaqao-

Tipos de Rendimentos Valor do N4 de Tol nope Tlpos de Rendimentos Valor do N9 de Totol nope Tipos de Rend.mentos Valor do N2de TotIl nope-

(Especitique) ~receblmento recebi- rreienorcet ioodeo.nno ee). id_Especi__que____Cr_ (Cr o ) *Es pecifique) rcebirnento rmentosm riodo.t Especiiue) e e e °C r

________ ..___________ _ __ _____. _ _____________________ (C _mno (C U __.__________________ .___ _ _$ mno. r~

RENDIMENTO DO :LT-AO MES RFNDIMENTO - -ILTI NO -S - RENDIMENTO o- -LTI-O MS

Total do Rondimerito Brulo Cr5 Total do Rendimenlo Gruto Cr $ Total do Rendimento Bruto Cr$

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I.

TIPOS DE AENDIMENTOS: OMESERVAR TESM

Solarioa vencimlalo, ordenado, soldo,soldrio tomilia, tfmpo de iervi;o,

13Wsoldrio, ovntagom de cargo, risco

de vido, grotificocdo,premio ouparticipaq6o not lucros,horos st-troordindrias, liconqo ou erleas *mdinheiro, indvnizoqdo trobolhisto aoutros povoentos, gorgetos. atc.

INOME POSICAO NA OCUPAqlo: coO NOME: PosIr(O NA OCUPAcio: C NOME- POSlIAO NA OCUPAcAO ICODOcupaodo: Ocupoq6o: Ocupocdo:

Tipos do Rendimentos Vntor do N9de T9lal no 1 p Tipos do Rendimenlos Volor do Ne Tpt.ol no peV ripos de Rondimealos Volor do UNoe lotol no pe-Tiposde Rn(jimntos rec elorbr, oTpsd Rniets vcetlmenlo reo!bi. rioao. rio eRnietsrecemc-nlno rece:. Orco

tspe6ifique (Cr$) (Cr) Espocitique ) (Cr$) menlo$ (Cr4) (Especifique) (Cr$) memo- (Cr4)

RENOIMENTO DO tLTIMO MES REN8IMENTO 00 ULTIMCO MES RENDIIfE NTO OO ULTNAO tJES

Total do Rondimento 8ruto Cr - Tolot do Rendimenlo Bruto Cr$ Total do Rend,menlo Bruto Cr.

_ * - - .. ^ _ . Ift . , . _: -.$1. ._ -a

- 74 -QUADRO-208 RENDIMENTOS DOS PROFISSIONAIS LIBERAIS E OAS PESSOAS NAO ESTABELECIODAS COM

NEGOCIO DAU.O. NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES DE -------------

NOME: NOME:

OCUPACAO: OCUPACAO:

POSICAO NA OCUPACAO COO: POSICAO NA OCUPACAO: COD:

LLTIMO Idis ESTIMATIVA ULTIMO vEs ESTTIIATIVA

DISCRIMINACAO DE TRASALHO NO PERiODO DISCRIMINACiO DL TRABALHO NO PERiOOO(Cts ) {Cii) (Cr$) CrS

RECEITA 00 EXERCICIO DA RECEITA 00 EXERCICiO DAPROFISS1 0 (Especifique) PROFISSAO Especifique)

------ ----

TOTAL TOTAL

NOME: NOME:

OCUPACAO: OCUPACAO:

POSICAO NA OCUjPACAO: COD: POSICAO NA OCUPACAd: COD:

.28 O~~~~~~~~~LTIMO MIS ESTIMATIVA ULTIMO MidS ESTIMATIVA28 - 0~~ISCRIMINACAO OE TRABALHO NO PERiODO 0ISCRIMINAqAO DE TRAGALHO No PtR(OOO

(Cr$) (Cr$) (Ct$) (Cr*)

RECEITA 00 EXERCI'CIO DA RECEITA 00 EXERCI'CIO DA

PROFISSAO (Especitique) PROFISSAO IEspecilique)

.~ .~

---------_ ' .- ' ==

-- ~------

TOTAL TOTAL

OBSERVACOES:

- 75 -OUADRO N° 20 C RENDIMENTOS DOS MEM8ROS DA U.O. ESTABELECIDOS COM NEGOCIO

NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESESDE,..... .......A .........

NOME NOME:

OCUPACAO: OCUPACAO

POSICiO NA OCUPACAO. COD: POSICAO NA OCUPACAO: COD:

ULTIMO MES ESTIMATIVA ULTIMO MES ESTIMATIVAOISCRIMINACAO DETRA8ALHO NOPERIODO DISCRIMINACAO DE TRABALHO NO PER1000

I Ct (c.$. c$) (C,$ (Cr$)

RETIRADA CONTRATUAL RETIRAOA CONTRATUAL

RETIRADA POR CONTA DE LUCROS RETIRADA POR CONTA DE LUCRO$

OUTRAS RECEITAS 00 NEGOCIO OUTRAS RECEITAS 00 NEGOCIO

(especitique) esoecifique

T _T L T_ T A L

NOMEN O ME

OCPAAo C PA.-

- - -_ -_

[~~~~~~~~~~ r$ Cr $ )Cr r

TOTAL TOT A L

NOME: NOEME

OCUPAC*AO: OCUPAC,AO:

POSICAO NA OCUPACAO: COO: POSICAO NA OCUPACAO: COO:

ULTIMO MES ESTIMATIVA ULTIMO MES ESTIMATIVAOISCRIMINAC-AO OE TRA13ALHO NO PERioDO DlSCRIMINACi40 DE TRABAu4O NO PERtOCO - 29 -

____ ___ ___ ___ __ C r$) (Cr$) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Cr$) (C.r )

RETtRAOA CONTRATUAL RETlRADA CONTRATUA:L

RETIRADA POR CONTA OE LUCROS I ...... .RETIRAOA POR CONTA DE LUCROS ..

QUTRAS RECEITAS DO NEGOCIO .OUTRAS RECEITAS 00 NEGOCIO(eipecitiquc ) C especRitque

__== _T - . _~- - .

l T-- |~ ._

, I

TO TAL . TOTA Lr

035£R vA5 Es:

Il-OCUPAC6ES AGROPECUARIAS

THABALNADORES RURAIS EMPAITIROS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROPtilETARIOS, POSSEIRlOS, COND6miNo , ARRENDATARIOS, PAFlCEIROS IMEEIFtOS,THA8ALHADONES flURAIS EMP REITEIROS Rscios, FOSSEIROS E ASSEMELHADOJ

50- MENSAL COM EMPREGADOS COM EMPREGADOS COM EMPREGADOS

51 -QUINZENAL 60-EMPHEGADOR 70-EMPRFGADOR 80- EMPREGADOR52-SEMANAL SEM EIMPREGADOS SEM EMPREGADOS SEM EMPREGADOS53- DIARIO 61- CONTA PROPHIA S07IN11 OU COMO SOCIO 71- CONTA PROr'RIA SOZIN1o OU COMO SOCIO 81- CONTA PROPRIA SOZINHO OU COMO SOCIO54 -PoR TAREFA 62- CONTA PRtPRIA COU ME MBROS DA FAMiLIA 72- CON TA PFROFRIA, COM MEMDROS DA FAMiLIA 82- CQNTA PROPRIA COU MEMBROS DA FAMiLIA54 - PoR.TARE_A NAO REMUNERADOS NAO REMUNERADOS NAO REMUNERADOS

RECISTRE AS MNfORP4AC8Es t05 QUADROS 21 21 A RECGISTRE AS INFOAMAV6ES NOS QUADORS 2I S 21 , REGISIRE AS INFORMA5SES N05 QUADROS 2122 . 22 A ReGISTRE ASINFORMACOES NOS GUADROS t,It2* It A

N9e146 CARACTERiSTICAS E RENDIMENTOS DOS MEMBROS DA UNIDADE DE ORCAMENTO NOS UiLTIMOS DOZE MESES

1- N?.d* Reg. VE/ |2,.-o:-;} 5|55|55 5 5|9l|¢|24 4 4 ;____ t/,

17/16 131c J1Al24/26 ?TI/S ~9/SO II 32113334153516 37 so I35 40141 142 .11 I..1451 I..6 3/50 59/64

. O NOME DOS CLASSE DE I We MESES OE TRA8ALHO SIM: I NAO=O TOTAL DOS TOTAL DOSj N OME DOSCLSEDT 2 MEMBROS DA OCUPAiAO ATIVIDADE S o * REN91MENTOS |REe nTSoE UNIDADE CE AJIJ , MIIFO LIRN

- ==.-- -- T -+-1.---- 1 ---

-_-_ = = i= - X X-t---- ---

_ O- - --- - - - - ---L99 O8SERVACwES TOtAL l

- 7 -

QUADRO 21-A REMUNERACAO DOS TRABALHADORES RURAIS DA U.O.NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES DE.A.

RECESIMENTO EM DINHEIRO RECESIMENTO EM PRODUTOS AGROPECUARIOSNOME _

DA -X SALARIO POR0 2 Z SALARtO D UNIDADE PREDO POR VALORPESSOA GE , UNIDADE DE -O5-° TOTAL DE UNIDAOE ESTIMADO

Z X IC) Q TEMiPO OU t,,,2 (Ct$) PRODUTOS S MEDIDA DE MECI-ITEPOR TAREllTfl 2 MEDIDA DA, (Cr4)

OBSERVArOES:

GUADRO 21-B REMUNERACAO DOS EMPREITEiROS DA U.O. _ 31 -NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES DE A.

| O RECEBIMENTO EM PRODUTOS AGROPECUARIOS RECEBIMENTO

DESCRIqAO DAS TAREFAS ~ ~ ~ ~UNIDADE PRKcO POR VALOR DNERO DESCRICAO DAS TAFEFAS DESCRICAO DOS DE UNIDADE (ImpVrtanciO

PRODUTOS z MEDIDA DE MEDI- ESTIMADO- _________ ,_________=___ _ _ _ ________________MEADA (Cr$)

OBSERVACOES:

N! Q RECEITAS DE EXPLORACAO RUIRAL NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES

22 N° de Reg DE. ......A .....

luIC t/tsa 15/24 .-7229 252/S 52/31 s./r, 5t7/,2 O8SERVAC Sj

7 Lkl ~~~~~UNIDADE PRECO PESO EM VALORTIPO DE RENOIMENTO DA oESCRICAO OETALMADA DOS PRO- T ,NI DE PR10 PEG5 EM TALOR

EXPLORACAO RURAL OUTOS VENDIDOS t C 3If4 DA (Cr) $ 5 QUmAmOos DINHEIRO, I tI) VEL (Cr$)

1. CEREAIS E DERIVADS .D.

AftIOZ .MILHO. 1Rf6O.C[VA.DA,CENTE10, ETC. _ __ ._ .- _ .___ _ __

2. TUEERCULbS: _ _ _ - _ _.. _ _ _ __

MAIIIOCA IAIPIU),SATATA .__ _ . _ __ __ . _ __ _ _

DOCC,SATAIA INGLESA, ETC.

3. LEGUMINOSAS: ___ - ._______ . _______

FEIJA0,IrAVA.LEUTIL.A*SOJRVILIKA, ETC. _ . _ -___ _ __ _ _

4. HORITALICAS E FLORES __ ___ _ ______.

ALFACE,TOMATL E.BEINGLt ______ __A___ _ -

PIPIIIO,CEDOLA. ALIIO,CIU.

CHu.COuvE, RtPOLhO.AtA -_ - _ _ -_ .

f TC... _ __ _ .____ -

5. FRUTAS: _____ _ . ____ . ___-

ASACACXI. BANANA,,LARANI IJ

LIMAO,MANGA. ABACAlT, . _ ._. _ __._ _ . __

E TC. - ___ .______ _ _'0_

6. PLANTAS INDUSTRIAl. - - _ _ . _ .

CArl, CACAU. CAll DE 41uCA# -__ - - _ _

AZEITONA. CAJU. ANECIDOIM.MA&1014A, SISAL JUA C, AcO-. _ ; - _ - __

0AF, lusO.ETC. I - _ _. _ _

7. CRIACAO DE GADOOE E | _ _ _ _ __

PrC)UEN0S_A5JIMAIS.S. DERIVADOS DA - - - __ _ _

PRODUCAO ANIMAL: . ._ _______ - ___ -

CARNEILEITE, DUEIJO, LA, ICOtRRO. BANDA. MAIITEA, -QA

OSsOS. PELEIs,OVOS,CC, |A __, __ _ _ _ _

ME.L. F. TC

9.EXTRACAO VEGETAL ____ . _ _ . - _ _-

10. CACA E PESCA ._____

It .APICULTURA.AVI- _ . _ __* ____

CULTURA, SERICICUL ,_.________'____.

JUftA, ETC.

12. OUTROS: |__ _ _- _ = _ ._

9g9 TOTAL -

QUADR022-A DESPESAS OORRENTES E INVESTIMENTO EM EXPLORACAO RURAL NOS CJLTIMOS-DOZE MESES

EXEMPLO DAS OESCRICAO DETALHADA DA DA DESPESA OBSERVACdES:

DESPESAS DESPESA EM DINHEI-

RO

1. INSUMOS PARAAGCUNCLTURA

SEMENTE , MUDA.AOUDO ,fE*TIWZANTE,IN-SETICIDA, HERSICIOA.CE-SINFETAhTE, ETC. __._.

2. UTENSiLIOs

FtARAGECS(ARAOO.ETC.)

PEQUENOS IMPLEMENtOS( ENXADA. FOICE , ETC) .

3. COMBUSTNVEIS E __ . _.

LUHRIFICANTES

I PARA TRArOR fOI*(A MO-?T"I. [IC I

4. ALUGUEL DE MOVEISE MAQUINARIAS

5. REMUNERAcAo DO- TRABALHO

(DIARISTA, NENSALISTA. EM-_.PREITEIRO. ETC.)

6. ANIMAIS DE TRAHA-LHO.RE ENGORDA E CRIACAo

C OU PRA ALIUEN TSAO.

MiDICAME NTOS E VETERINA ._._ . _ _

RIO. ___

7. TRANSPORTE E FRETE

i3. COMeR4A,t IJ§UE.LRF4OAM'EtNTQ~EPAQ-.CERIA DE TERRAS

9 IMP TQ _ .10. CONSTEI_O E REPA

ROS DEBENFEITORiAEgkMtLHORAMENTOS -___________ ___

II. COMPRA DE MAOUINAS.EGUIPAMENTOS E .VEiCULOS

12. REPARO DE MAQUi-NAS EQUIPAMENTOSE VEiCULOS

TOTAL

C-.4-.

23 N2 de Reg _ TROCA DE PRODUTOS OU PAGAMENTO DE SERVI.OS EM BENS DA U.O. NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES. . _ . _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DE - A______.__

'Wcs } /?s 09/ 24 2tra 5 0/43 t4 4 5/15 517i2 6'VI4

§ i . S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UNIDADE UNIDADE,,oI ~~~~~~~~~DE PESO DE PESO VALO1 SAiDA t MEDICDIC. j N4EDA (kg) ENTRA A cd"sQ MEDIDA (kg) ESTIMADO D

4 ' .___ ; _ . *. __. ___ . , _~~~~ .___.__

SAI.A -. PES EN _,__ '_7 -- - ---- _ _ -,- _ _

- 4 -- - - - _~~~~~~~-------

_;____ __............

__ ____.______ .____

_ _ _ ~ ~ __ - _.__ ._- ___ _ ~_ _ _' _ ~~~-~ _. . _- ~I __I=

~~_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ -- ' + . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l--7 i 1

~.=,_ ._ _ < - . - _ .- --- - _- _- -__ ..=l

______i_ _ I --, .___ _ __ . __._ _. , _09

OBSERVA96ES: 99 TOTrAL TOTAL_____

- 81 -

Ns 0 OUTRAS RECEITAS DOS MEMBROS DA U.O.24 N9de Reg NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES DE _.___________A _

Il/St . 21.21 ' a:Z 31/52 _ _ ___

-XEMPLOS DAS . VALOR VALOR NO

RECE I TA S DESCRICAO DETALHADA P i C-;, UNITARIO f PER0D0O

1. REM= AS -

ALUSUEIDE CASA, TERRAS, . i

AMMIAIS,CARRoSJ1'.JUROS,DIVIOEMOOS, SOtn1FCA __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - - ..

9OES,1lWCRO DE .EGOCIO ETC

RECCITA OE PE(RIONISTA

Z.VARI&CCO PATRIMCI4WAL

VERDA5 EXCEPCQ#4AI5 De TER.RA. CASA, JOIA, ANTI6UIOAOE - _ _. - -

IETC...

S. TiIANSFEREHCIA

AP0SENTA0CRfA P(EN$SI,ME. ----- 4--

SADA, PRESEITE EM D9HEIRO, -

MERAHqAALEGAO.PTAP0ST_, L.0_

TERIA . ETC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - .. . _ _ _ _ _

OBSERVACOES 99 TOTAL

N1O OUTROS INVESTIMENTOS E DINHEIRO GUARDADO PELOS MEMBROS DA U.O.'S NO de Reg - NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES

2~5 DE_ _--------------__ _ _ _ A-A

11/20 2 29/30 132 33 /SR

I'.1 g o VALOR NO

DESCRICAO DETALHADA FINALIDAOE , PERiODO.,IA < Z~ tC o . ___________________________ _ c: (Cr$)

99 OBSERVAgOES TOTAL

Is N9 de Reg-_ UNIDADES DE 0RCAMENTO SATELITE2' N CARACTERiSTICAS E RENDIMENTOS DOS PENSIONISTAS E EMPREGADOS DA U.0. NOS ULTIMOS DOZE MESES OE A.

'7 /l. 2 , _ 1/21 24/?6 .' .:2 I1 -1 2T I _ 145 1 . _ 4 |/2 63 / 531at9/*4

0 n . . 2 o UMESES DE TRA8ALHO SIM*1 NAO .O RENOIMEN1O TOTAL.OOSNOME ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ RENCOMENTOS OUTNAS

EOE .o I T ~ AIb.M, 0 NE a OOS PENSIONISTAS OCUPACAO CLASSE DE ATIVIDADE < cONS00 RENo OTAS

_ e EEMPREGAOOS DAU.O. t o'O2 a a c . I5 P RLT O RECETAs'O W 00L.o OL IO MI

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ t - .h. -- t - - - . -.

_ ~ ~ ~~ __ _- _-.. -. _.-. _ _ _ -t _ - - - -. .. .~- - - -

_ _ _ _ _ _ -t-- - - - -_-+-. -.

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r _ _c _cr _ce .I t_

_~~~~~~~~ - -. -__ -==_t__ - _ ..........:

99 OSERVACOES: TOTAL

-~. -

GASTOS DETALHADOS EM ALIMENTACAO (RESTAURANTE, EXTRA, PENSAO) E EM MORADIA DOS PENSIONISTAS E EMPREGADOSDA UO._

NOME DA PESSOA PESQUISADA NOME DA PESSOA PESQUISADA NOME DA PESSOA PESQUISADA NOME DA PESSOA PESQUISAOA OBSERVAC6ES:

TIPO DE DESPESA i ml| TIPO O DE DESPESA DEstim1otivt DE DESPEEsSimti Estimaoivam posl(Cr jmenlol (Cr4 TIPOD DSPESA jmensaf(t) TIPO DE DESPESA mensal (Crij

I ____ _ ____ __ _;_ __ TOTA ___ __ __ __

TOtAL TOTAL.. tOTAE ............ T - 0

trronscrevo as totOis para a quodro N? 27

N! l DESPESA DOS EMPREGADOS DOMESTiCOS E PCNSIONISTAS DA U.O.27 N9 c. Poo NOS OLTIMOS DOZE MESES. DE. --------- A___________

| --- -I I I ! -- i tv[l~~~~71,1 p1- W1" 33f34 I...+F T& -- -- I 3/34_

NUMtO OA PESOA |OMtO DA PESSOA NRO DA PESSOA | O DA PESSOA

TIlP O DAS Nomt . . .. - NOME ...... ...... NOME .... . NOME ..... ......

DESPESAS I - , .r7 'IALOR - VALOR NO. VALOR VALOR NO VAL OR NOVALOR hO A .I ~VALOR N.O

MENSAL 'i'PtR000 AENSAL DOPEPOW J£NSAL E PERiOW MEPSAL | j PFRIO

{Crsl V fsCt) tC* I v (C's) :C-4 ,,' (Cts) i C,s l; I C

AUMENTACAO,MORADIA 01 01 I0

RECREAtAO 02 002 02

TRANSPORTE 03 03 03 03

CUIDADO PESSOAL 04 04 04

MEDICAMENTOS 0 05 0 05

VESTUARIO 06 06 06 06

ASSISTtNCIA MEOICA 07 07 07 07

VEICULOS 08 08 08 08

COMPRA DE IMOVEIS 09 09 09 09

MOBILIARIO E APARE- tO tO __LHOS ELE TRICOS.tootoo

EDUCAVAO it I II 11

OUTRAS DESPESAS . 12 12 12

- - - -------- -- ------ - -

TRANSFERiNCIAS 13 -13 13 3.----- - - . -1-- -

-ISERVAC~ES. TOTAL 99 9 I I

OBSERVACOES . TOTAL _I i9- i 99 I= 99 _

- 84 -

NO INVENTARIO DOS BENS DUR4VEIS DA U.O.N tA d. Re,.

9X20 _ _ 29tX4|~~~~39 140 41|4 4P43/494t46|t 19/2C2Vi.940 4 ?42471

QOUANIl0A- CAN IA-T Es~~~~~ Aoui* ANO DE I . - ADOUI- ANO DE

T . -. tRDA PORW AOUISI TRAO L EOR. ATUIASNIVApOE E OISIA

MI ESPECIFICACAo 6 NI ESPECIFICA AO

A X. o Z

2 3 1 2 3

APARELHO DE AR CONDICION. 01 FOGAO A QUEROSENE __

APAR. DE JANTAR COMPLETO 02 FOGAO ELETRICO 16

ASPIRADOR DE PF 03 GELADEIRA 17

AUTOMOVEL 04 GRAVADOR 18

_ ATEDEIRA ELETRICA 05 LIQUIDIFICADOR 19

BATERIA DE COZINHA COMPL. 06 MAOUINA DE COSTURA 20

_ ICICLETA 07 MAQUINA DE LAVAR 21

CASAS E APARTAMEJNTOS 08 MOTOCICLETA 22

ENCERADEIRA 09 RADIO 23

FAQUEIRO COb'PLETO 10 RA oLA,VITRoLA OU ELETROLA 24

FERRC ELETRICO 11 RELOG.IO DE PULSO 25

FILTRO DE AGUA 12 TELEVISAC 26

FOGAO A GAS 13 TERRENOS,SiTIOS E FAZENDAS 27

_ FGAO A LENHA 14 _ _ _ VENTILAOOR 28 _

_ NO PARA MULHERES DE 15 ANOS E MAIS MORADORAS NA U.A.29 NY de Reg.

IS/ISl = i- 3I'324hz;5 Ts3~3/3l9/S4M/14373e/4O M43434 1451 !46 47/46 49/00 SI/U IF7 FIlMOS 4ASCIDOS VIVOS FILNOS NASG1005 VIVO$ HOS 0OZE ULTII4S

MIs's

0 .

NONfE CA PESSOA _ | tOTAL SESAL j 195 VlVOS FILHOS FALECIOOS DATA OONASIMENTO StEi | | V 0 FALECIMAENTO |POAR.O0

Z|*|H M | Mi|r| T N H N 4| D.. Mi A. .. ... US4R:14 | D..eaol |Mi, A. Sn- GLC D|

M.. Si. - - - - -I

|txo Hetet" AINDAVIVO LOCAL D I ^ f 5 IA f tAA SLL0I

L *.S" a li5 .HL0 o.,...1. pt tsw .0. a

NO MORADORES DA U A FALECIDOS NOS LLTIMOS DOZE MESES30 1I de R69.

1t7'1* IS _ _ j | 19 |20| IO 124/Cfj 0 27 112 1 82424/O|I1 ..27 | 5 j&;4i/DNIj i? f-

| * | NOuE | DR1LACAO COL E |.4A|r O ATA Co 90 | nATA, DO FAL0CIMEN-

|c. |C S| ¢GLA lcde |1 I^ S.GL4C.. | IA I uES |ANFO |' -is | uS *0

F--1_ L I 14~~XH--I I-LI- I 49NONE CHIVE 04 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~ CEO

. N. I A::AI * Al ft r5(A ° * RELA;AO 4M U FIISCI.) -Ag,.0

40 ,

014 *03 C9EFCODA UA. ftm a.4 .......P f L la .

l

- 85 -

OBSERVAXOES SOBRE A UNIDADE PESQUISADA

-39 -

COOPeRACAO DA UNIDADE PESQUISADA

ENTREVISTA OBSERVACOES:

REALIZADA o

PREENCHIMENTO a -RENQUADROSDE:

__ _: _i _

ALtMENTAqAo

DES PESAS

RENDIMENTOS

N! 0 ~~~CONTROLE DO AVANCO DO TRABALHO DE CAMPO(PREENCHIMENTO DO CADERNO, ENVIO E RECEP(:AO) DA CRiTICA,3) '~sRe CODIFICACAO, DIGITACAO, TABULA~AO, E DA CORREcAo DA INFORmACAo

1'/2 293 4i1!3 5/OBSERVA~OES:

I ) DTRABDO NOME OA PESSOAo TiPO DE ATIVIDADE E ;OOMsAno .RUBRIICA

C) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M,

0 Prnw odma do enlrevisto

UnOli, dia 00 entrovisto

!n Romesso do mateirial ao Supetvisor

OBSEAVAVOiES

Folho do Coloto SECRETARIA DE PLANEJAMENTO DA PRESIDtNCIA DA REPUnLICA

FUNDACAO INSTITUTO BRASltEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATiSTICA

SUPERINTENDENCIA DE ESTATiSTICAS PRIMA:RIAS * PNAD .1974 C4rESTUDO NACIONAL DA DESPESA FAMILIAR-ENDEF|

Rogi6o: ...........................Unidado do Fodoraco50 L.... . Localidodo:.

Munaicpio ............ ...... Situocoo .. N- do Porodo: . .

N! . N-d4Ordom N. Data do Entrovisto Rosulhodo Tido dp o

Sotor f no Listagom Sn dio Ultimo ddo do Oeorrancia Quosdeon&ios Nome do Posquisador Rosponsivel polo domic;lio<~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ -_ Entrovisto C, C2 C,

(1) (2) (3O (4) (5) (6) (7) (a) (9) _ (10_ (1)) (12) 63) (14) (15t

N?da Supervis6o: Nsmoro de Posquisadoros do Suporvisooa...... Data:____/__ ___

Assinotura.

Nme do Superviso .. . . ..

- 88 -

RECENT EXPERIENCE IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS IN MALAYSIAAND THE PHILIPPINES

I. INTRODUCTION

The decades of the 1950's and 1960's saw the attainment of political in-

dependence by a large number of developing countries. Invariably the political

leaderships, assuming charge of the destinies of these newly independent enti-

ties, were committed to launching programs for economic and social development

aimed at uplifting the conditions of their people. Efforts to realize these

aspirations and hopes took the form of setting up five-year national economic

development plans. The formulation of these plans required a wide variety of

data - national accounts, balance of payments estimated, demographic data,

estimates of the labor force, household consumption expenditure patterns and

price indices. Decisionmakers were and continue to be anxious about the avail-

ability of data needed for micro level planning. They need answers to questions:

who are the poor? Who benefits from development? What are the disparities

between regions? What infrastructure is needed and where? Few of these newly

independent nations had the statistical infrastructure or the technical resources

to rapidly provide decisionmakers with the data needed for meaningful planning

and answers to the gamut of questions.

Even in countries where it was recognized that statistical development

was an urgent and high priority activity, constraints imposed by budgets, and

the lack of trained manpower prevented any radical solutions. The painful task

of developing a modest statistical capability took time and called for massive

investments in sampling frames, a trained professional cadre, a core of inter-

viewers, coders and data processing staff. No more than a dozen developing

countries have built up such a capability.

Heavy demands made upon struggling small statistical units, often inade-

quately staffed and with severely limited budgets, imposed burdens that these

- 89 -

offices could not bear. Nonetheless, a few statistical offices were able to

make limited progress and satisfy the main needs of planners and decisionmakers.

In most instances, the limited successes were associated with technical inputs

provided under multilateral and bilateral technical assistance programs. However,

no permanent capabilities were developed, except in a few cases, because of the

problems arising from the loss of trained statistical manpower to other agencies

within the national system and sometimes to the international community.

Although these newly established offices covered a wide range of statisti-

cal activities, efforts in the household survey field were largely directed at

canvassing household budget or expenditure surveys and labor force enquiries;

in a few cases, multipurpose surveys were attempted. Most surveys were patterned

on the models prescribed by the ILO as well as the experience of the U.S. Census

Bureau and the Indian National Sample Survey. In many instances these models

were not appropriate for the conditions prevailing in the particular countries

since cultural patterns, administrative arrangements and the statistical

structure varied and their full adoption was often difficult.

The U.N. Statistical Office and the specialized agencies have been active

in formulating guidelines, basic concepts and definitions, classifications, and

have prescribed these for global use. However, these efforts have been criti-

cized on grounds that the guidelines have been broad in nature and have not pro-

vided adequate and practical assistance to statistical offices at an early stage

of development. A further criticism voiced by developing country statistical

offices is that global recommendations, in many instances, do not take into

account the situation in developing countries, not the least of which is duality:

Such recommendations are more appropriate for developed countries. The System

of National Accounts in its full version, promulgated in the late 1960's is

- 90 -

considered too formidable by many developing countries. On the other harLd the

Provisional Guidelines on Statistics of the Distribution of Income Consumption

and Accumulation of Households are viewed as too general and, therefore, of

little help.

The past decade has witnessed considerable activity in a large number of

developing countries in the field of household surveys. While a number of

countries have developed a strong capability for canvassing surveys, there still

remain about 80 developing countries which require assistance in developing

a permanent and effective capability. It is this situation that the U.N.

National Household Survey Capability Programme hopes to address over the next

decade. However, it has been recognized that even in the group of countries

where a modest capability already exists, the ability to collect, process,

analyze and publish survey results in a speedy manner continues to be relatively

weak.

The above review is necessarily general and attempts to provide a global

view. Of course, individual country experiences differ. Considerable progress

has been made in a number of the so-called middle income countries, Latin

America, and the East Asia and Pacific region. Progress in Africa has generally

been much more limited.

The rest of this paper will examine the experience in conducting household

surveys, especially household income and expenditure surveys, in two countries

which have a fairly long history in this field and therefore, a seeming capa-

city - Malaysia and the Philippines, An attempt will be made to present certain

lessons which may have a bearing on a future program of surveys.

- 91 -

II. THE EXPERIENCE

Since the late 1950's both the Philippines and Malaysia have conducted a

large number of household surveys covering income and expenditure, labor force,

fertility, housing and household production. These inquiries have been carried

out in response to the need to develop data sets for addressing policy issues

as they have emerged. For example, in the mid 1960's in Malaysia, prior to the

initiation of a program of family planning, a baseline survey to assess know-

ledge, attitudes and practice was carried out. The surveys were also carried

out with the objective of providing inputs into macro planning, e.g., household

expenditure data for improving estimates of private consumption, and labor force

surveys to develop an overall employment policy.

In the sections below we review the experience of the Philippines and

Malaysia in the field of household surveys, particularly income and expenditure

surveys.

III. THE PHILIPPINES

The Bureau of Census and Statistics, later renamed the National Census and

Statistical Office (NCSO), conducted income and expenditure surveys in 1957,

1961, 1965 and 1971. Beginning in 1971, the quarterly labor force survey

collected data on earnings of wage and salary earners. Following the 1975 Census

of Population, the NCSO carried out a household sample survey designed to gather

data on the economic activities of households, work force characteristics, house-

hold income, receipts and costs of operating family enterprises. Income parti-

culars covering salary and wage receipts, both in cash and in kind, and net in-

come from other activities were sought in considerable detail. The questionnaire

used in the survey was extensive and perhaps longer than optimal. The survey

- 92 -

attempted to collect data on a great number of topics of interest to a variety

of agencies.

The 1975 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) followed the Phase II

Census and represented a subsample of the households which were covered in the

Phase II exercise. Particulars on household incomes were not collected in the

FIES but were obtained for the subsample of households from Phase II; the

survey, therefore, collected only fresh data on expenditures. The question-

naire was comprehensive and elicited detailed expenditure information on all

food, and non-food consumption items including services. Information on taxes

paid and contributions to social security programs was also collected. In

addition, an inventory of household appliances, tools, etc., along with

acquisitions during 1975 was obtained. Households were asked to report purchases

in cash and to value own produce, exchange, etc., for all food and non-food

items of expenditure. While the previous week was used as the reference period

for food items, for all other expenditures the previous 12 months (1975) were

used as the reference period.

In early 1979 an experimental survey was launched as a joint undertaking

of the NCSO and the National Tax Research Center. The survey is designed to

obtain income and expenditure data using a somewhat different approach, namely

the "diary" method. Households selected for interview are required to maintain

a record of all expenditures and receipts, and field enumerators collect this

data. In addition, basic information on household composition and characteristics

is obtained by interview.

- 93 -

IV. MALAYSIA

The earliest household survey conducted in what was then the Federation of

Malaya was the 1957/58 Household Budget Survey. This survey was designed to

provide data for the computation of weights for use in constructing retail price

indices. While the information on cash expenditure was collected in detail,

there is some ambiguity as to how own-account consumption was estimated. Only

broad information on income was collected in order to calibrate households.

In 1967 the Department of Statistics launched an ambitious multipurpose

continuous household survey called the Malaysian Socio-Economic Survey of House-

holds. The data collection covered incomes in highly aggregated form without

computation for non-cash incomes. In 1968/69 a Family Budget Survey was con-

ducted in Sabah following a similar survey in Sarawak in 1967/68. Both these

surveys were confined to the urban areas of the two states.

Income data were collected in Peninsular Malaysia as part of the Post

Enumeration Survey to the 1970 Census of Population. In 1973 a nationwide house-

hold expenditure and income survey was launched; however, in East Malaysia the

survey was confined to the principal towns. Details of this survey are presented

in P. Visaria's Poverty and Living Standards in Asia and in M. Wahab's Income and

Expenditure Surveys in Developing Countries: Sample Design and Execution I' and

are, therefore, not repeated here.

In 1976/77 the nationwide Agricultural Census included questions aimed at

eliciting detailed income data from approximately 10 percent of Malaysian house-

holds; however, no data have been released from this survey.

1/ LSMS Working Papers No. 2 and 9, respectively (forthcoming).

- 94 -

V. LESSONS

Without being exhaustive and at the risk of generalizing let us attempt

to draw some lessons from the experience of both the Philippines and Malalysia

in carrying out household surveys designed to collect income and expenditure

data. We discuss the relevant issues under the following broad headings:

sampling, questionnaire design, field operations, coding and data processing,

analysis and publication.

A. Sampling - In both the Philippines and Malaysia the recent surveys have

used a multi-stage stratified sample design. A key feature of this approach in

both countries was the use of a multipurpose sampling frame already in place.

In the Philippines the sampling frame had been constructed on the basis of the

previous census. The Malaysian authorities, on the other hand, had developed

frames of households at considerable expense prior to the 1970 Census. While

the 1970 Census has been used to refine the frame, the problem of updating is

common to both countries. Although care is taken to update house listings, the

listings do not completely capture all shifts in population caused by rapid

urban gruwth and renewal. Administrative records are often utilized for updating

but these are not comprehensive. Moreover, in the rural context, such records

are not available and migration affects the 7'up-to-dateness" of the frame.

Relisting localities is expensive and should be done periodically, but time and

budgetary pressures preclude the availability of up-to-date listings. All of

these factors affect completeness of frames and impinge on the quality of the

final sample selection.

Clearly, much more needs to be done and sufficient resources must be pro-

vided to keep house lists updated. At the very least, new listings should be

made just before the launch of a survey.

- 95 -

B. Questionnaire Design - Both the Philippines Phase II Census, the FIES

and the Malaysian Household Expenditure/Household Income Surveys (HES/HIS) were

designed to meet a number of user requirements, Data were being collected

principally for the calculation of weights for consumer price indices, estima-

tion of household private consumption in the national accounts, estimates of

elasticities, and an assessment and identification of households in poverty.

The questionnaires in both instances, and indeed in most surveys, were designed

by committees of users and statistical offices. Users press on the statisti-

cal offices to add topics of special interest to the questionnaires thereby

adding to their length; questionnaires are therefore longer than optimal

leading to respondent fatigue and, in some instances, outright hostility. A

further consequence of these pressures is reflected in inevitable delays during

the processing stage. Some users, eager to "piggyback", tend to wish for the

incorporation of topics which are sensitive and often call for an opinion. At

the collection stage, respondents in many cases are unable to provide meaningful

answers to questions which are often beyond their comprehension. An analysis

of such data is difficult since questions arise about the validity of the data

itself. Indeed, respondent hostility in response to these types of questions may

well affect other data being collected. While considerable attention is focussed

on the content of questionnaires by these committees, little attention is paid

to the design of the tabulations that result from the survey. Consequent delays

in processing the data weaken its validity for analysis.

We observed earlier that international guidelines, concepts and definitions

are not specific and leave much to the discretion of the survey authorities at

the country level. The lack of specific detailed procedures is reflected in

what countries do, For example, in the Philippines the valuation of subsistence

- 96 -

incomes and own account consumption was left to respondents. Little is known

about the underlying prices that were used. On the other hand, in the Malaysian

case these computations were the responsibility of the interviewer, but the

available guidelines were not very specific. The interviewer was asked to use

"local" prices. Regarding the definition of "household", both countries used

the standard "cooking pot" concept as recommended by the United Nations. The

Philippine survey measured family income, and excluded the incomes of domestics,

while expenditures included all expenditures by members of households which by

definition included domestics. In the Malaysian survey a similar approach

appears to have been taken.

It should be further noted that the Philippines used a schedule for re-

cording information on incomes and expenditures whereas the Malaysian authori-

ties used detailed questionnaires. The latter approach left little to the dis-

cretion of the interviewer, and also enabled the incorporation of probing

questions. The alternative approach adopted in the Philippines depended upon

the interviewerts honesty in following the instructions given to him to obtain

and record responses. Survey statisticians have argued and indeed will continue

to argue the merits and demerits of the two approaches. The ultimate objective

is to minimize biases. What is required is a well-designed set of experiments

which could evaluate the two alternative methods. Ideally, both approaches

should be tried out in the pretests and pilot enquiries preceding a survey.

We observed that reference periods used in household surveys for collect-

ing income and expenditure data differ. The Philippine survey used a previous

week reference for obtaining information on food consumption, a previous year

reference for expenditures on non-food items, and for income. The extent to

which this approach introduced biases from recall lapse, as well as an inability

- 97 -

to capture seasonal variations in food consumption remains indeterminate. In

the Malaysian survey all sample households were visited on alternate days at

which time their expenditures were recorded. During the last visit in the

month, information on incomes earned during the month was sought. A further

Visit in early 1974 was designed to obtain information on expenditures on con-

sumer durables during the past year and on incomes earned during the previous

year, There is some evidence that there was an element of respondent fatigue

in the later alternate-day visits and the final visit: A degree of annoyance

must have been felt by respondents because of the repeated visits. The extent

to which these procedures improved or otherwise affected the quality of the

data cannot be fully assessed.

There is clearly a need to undertake experiments which would test the

appropriate reference periods for the different items that are being measured -

income, expenditure on food, non-food items, consumer durables, and employment.

C. Field Operations - By and large, on the basis of information avail-

able, the field operations in both countries were well organized. A core of

experienced interviewers supplemented by temporary field workers 57as utilized,

and the degree of supervision was adequate. Both countries developed elaborate

training manuals and intensively trained their field staff. The problem of

conducting interviews in local dialects, particularly in Malaysia was satis-

factorily overcome by translating survey documents and employing interviewers

proficient in the dialects in use. It is significant that both countries have

had considerable experience in canvassing surveys and, over the years, have

built up an effective machinery for managing field operations.

- 98 -

D. Coding and Data Processing - The manual processing of survey forms

is a massive task and requires a well-planned approach. To the extent that

this phase is adequately handled, it will reduce the problems of editing and

data consistency in the final tabulations. In both countries elaborate pro-

cedures exist for coding and editing completed survey questionnaires. Annex II

provides a flow chart showing what was done in the Malaysian Fertility arnd

Family Survey. It will be noted that manual checks for completeness and con-

sistency are carefully developed and supervised. Quality control procedures

are used to further check the output of coders and checkers. While the

Philippines has used survey schedules which call for extensive coding of data,

the Malaysians have tended to use pre-coded questionnaires, thereby reducing

the workload at the pre-computer processing stage. However elaborate, manual

processing does not eliminate the need for computer edits for ensuring the

consistency and validity of the data.

Both the NCSO and the Department of Statistics have computer hardward

facilities which are fairly advanced. Data capture and verification do not

constitute constraints. Both institutions are able to rapidly punch the data

and to create magnetic tapes for further processing and preparation of tables.

On the other hand, the statistical offices in both countries face critical

problems in computer processing and the generation of tables: Inadequacy of

trained staff - both systems analysts and programmers - and the rapid turnover

of available personnel have severely affected speedy data processing. Staff-

ing is the most serious and pressing problem faced by these organizations

due not only to a severe personnel shortage but also to the lack of experience

and training of the available staff. Loss of experienced staff, in turn,

- 99 -

has arisen due to lower levels of pay in the government than in the private

sector, Moreover, pay within the government sector for computer personnel is

fixed at levels which are lower than those for other professions. Hence,

career prospects for computer personnel are, to say the least, unattractive.

These problems are further compounded by overall personnel policies developed

by administrators who place a low premium on the needs of the statistical

agencies. In Malaysia, for example, computer staff are transferred to other

agencies at critical stages of a particular project.

While these problems are severe in themselves, the ability to overcome

them is limited. The agencies have not been able to obtain and utilize

standardized edit packages for cleaning the data which is largely the result

of neglect on the part of international interests and more so of machine

vendors. Furthermore, in-house development of generalized edit packages has

not been possible because of staff shortages and the continuous changes in the

design of questionnaires often dictated by changes in user requirements.

This has resulted in the need to develop ad hoc edit routines for each and every

survey requiring processing, a significant task for which these institutions

are ill-equipped,

In both countries the computer edit phase of processing survey data has

been the most critical single element in delaying the production of survey

results. For example, in late 1979, the 1975 Philippine survey had yet to be

fully processed. Similarly, only partial results have been published from the

1973/74 Malaysian Income and Expenditure Survey despite external assistance

for processing, It should be noted that tools for tabulating edited data appear

to be more readily available. While computer packages such as COCENTS and SPSS

are available and are used for generating tables, the overall processing

functions are adversely affected by problems with editing. Long delays in the

- 100 -

generation of data are due, in part, to inadequate planning and the ineffective-

ness of management in the computer units of the two institutions. Systems staff

are unable to influence the overall design of a project because they are not in-

volved in projects at a sufficiently early stage. This approach tends to reduce

efficiency and undoubtedly causes projects to be less-than optimally designed.

Communication between the subject-matter staff and systems analysts is weak and

not formalized, and an ad hoc approach is common. This phase of operations is

further characterized by inadequate pre-planning on the part of subject-mratter

staff; edit and tabulation specifications are, thus, frequently changed iLn mid-

stream. These changes impose on computer staff an additional burden necessita-

ting redesign and reprogramming. Finally, users of data, although admittedly in-

volved in a "learning-by-doing" process, do not always seem to profit by

experience since they continue to make demands for additional or special tabula-

tions, which if previously anticipated could be generated with ease. All of the

above demands, while legitimate, are disruptive and have a significant impact on

the orderly processing of data. The turnover of staff in mid-stream, alluded to

earlier, coupled with the absence of adequate documentation results in the need

to restart a project when staff changes occur. In summary, therefore, it is

not surprising that weak management and coordination of the data process:ing opera-

tion within the statistical offices as well as unplanned and ad hoc user requests

have taken their toll. This is clearly demonstrated by the long delays experi-

enced and the large backlog of surveys requiring processing in both countries. It

should be noted that this phenomenon is common to a large number of statistical

offices in LDCs in general.

E. Analysis and Publication - A full evaluation of the data gathered

through the surveys reviewed above has not been undertaken by the statistical

agencies of the two countries. It is pertinent to mention here that estimates

- 101 -

of sampling error and variance are seldom calculated and published. Users of

data in the Philippines have also expressed reservations about data quality:

Estimates of incomes and expenditures are generally viewed as understating the

levels when compared to national accounting aggregates. Similarly, in the

Malaysian case P. Visaria V estimated that the per capita income based on the

1973/4 survey was almost 33 percent short of per capita GDP. Of course, the survey

estimates refer to personal income and are not really comparable with GDP per

capita estimates. In the expenditure estimates, however, the discrepancy was

not as large - the gap was only 15 percent. Estimates of savings are weak and

do not stand up to scrutiny.

Comparisons of data obtained from different surveys over time is often

made difficult by changes in the concepts and methodology used. In his work on

Malaysia, Visaria has concluded that the observed differences for a number of

key variables are larger than would be expected even in a dynamic economy

over a relatively short period of time.

It should be remarked that, generally, statistical offices do not evalu-

ate the data gathered in any rigorous manner. Time pressures and the general

lack of technical competence explain this particular state of affairs. In

defense, one should note that users also lack sophistication in being able to

interpret calculations of sampling errors since their interests are largely in the

data themselves.

The publication of survey results also experiences long delays. Typing

of tables (because computer output cannot be directly used owing to inadequacies

1/ Pravin Visaria, 'Incidence of Poverty and the Characteristics of the Poorin Peninsular Malaysia, 1973" Working Paper No. 4, July, 1980.

- 102 -

in tabulations) as well as the writing of descriptions of procedures, metho-

dology, underlying concepts and principal results are all time-consuming and often

contribute to the delays associated with final publication. Moreover, there is

often a reluctance in statistical offices to make available the results without

the accompanying write-ups, causing still further delays which inevitably frus-

trate users. After a lapse of four to five years the eventual availability of

the data to users reduces its value, since users have little interest in data that

are viewed as historical.

VI. CONCLUSION

The preceding brief review of the Philippine and Malaysian experience in

conducting income and expenditure household surveys is revealing. It pinpoints

the strengths and weaknesses of the statistical system and its ability to

handle particular aspects of survey operations. While it is most inappropriate

to generalize on the basis of the experiences highlighted in this paper, we will,

nevertheless, identify a number of major areas where constraints exist in. most

developing countries, irrespective of the state of statistical development. In

addition we suggest the appropriate steps to overcome them.

The existing guidelines, concepts and definitions need considerable re-

finement. An elaboration of these, with practical examples geared to the needs

of LDCs, should be a high priority. The Living Standards Measurement Study

should focus on what information is to be collected, how it is to be collected,

and provide detailed guidelines. Definitions and concepts that are ultimately

recommended to countries should be tested. To this end, model questionnaires

need to be developed, tested, and evaluated before countries are asked to take

- 103 -

on the task of data collection. These tests should explore the alternatives in

sampling design, questionnaire layout, reference periods, and the use of the

diary method for recording incomes and expenditures versus the somewhat more

traditional approach based on recall. The agenda for action in this area of

work is considerable and is accompanied by a need to carry out a variety of small

scale tests.

A second set of issues is concerned with the role of data users. User

needs must be identified with some precision, while users themselves must

attach priorities to their multifold needs within the overall constraints of

budgets, capabilities of statistical offices and their own ability to utilize

the data. Are users content with periodic collections and infrequent updates?

Do users need extremely detailed tabulations for small areas? Are users pre-

pared to pay the price for good data? These and other questions must be posed.

The answers will undoubtedly vary from country to country and will be dependent

upon the needs, overall priorities and degree of sophistication of the decision-

makers.

Statistical offices, in turn, need to formulate medium-term plans for

statistical operations. These plans must be realistic and take into account user

needs, while determining what is practical in terms of the resources available

and the existing capability. Regarding specific survey operations, proper

planning and management are essential prerequisites. Equally, the evaluation of

data, the computation of estimates of standard error, and an appreciation of

various biases (respondent, and interviewer) should all receive greater attention.

Post enumeration checks, even on a limited scale, could provide valuable in-

formation towards the design and execution of subsequent surveys.

- 104 -

We have referred to the data processing constraints at some length earlier.

We noted that the time-lags associated with processing of surveys was clearly

unacceptable. The constraints are so severe that statistical offices are, in

fact, littered with unprocessed surveys. These problems are not associated with

computer hardware but with software, particularly for editing and cleaning sur-

vey data. Staffing difficulties are likely to preclude the early development

of in-house capacities to address these sets of problems in many LDCs. While

in the longer term such capacities must be developed, in the short and medium

terms, there is a need to intensify the international effort to develop appropri-

ate software packages and to provide the necessary training for the utilization

of such packages. It is only through a concentrated effort at the international

level that this most severe of constraints will be overcome. The Living

Standards Measurement Study may well consider this an important item on its agenda.

-105- Annex I

EXTRACT FROM MALAYSIAN FERTILITY AND FAMYILY SURVEY - 1974 - FIRST COUNTRY REPORT

3.3 Organization and Execution of the Survey

The organization and execution of the survey was the responsibility of the Department of

Statistics, assisted by the National Family Planning Board. The Desarment of Statistics has over the ye3rs

gained considerable survey experience. In particular, the Department was involved in the condact of the

first KAP Study in 1966/67. In 1970 the Department was responsible for the Post-Enumeration Survey

(PES) which had, as a basic component, quesstions on knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning.

This considerable experience with Fertility Surveys placed the Dapartment in a favourable position to

undertake the project.

Organizationafly, the Department of Statistics has 11 divisions which deal with various areas

of statistical activities. There are 56 professional Statisticians in the Department, currently depioyed in the

various divisions. The Malaysian Fertility and Family Survey was conducted by the Field and Samppling

Division, a division responsible for all. sampling and field operations done by the Department.

The Fietd and Sampling Division has 9 Regional Operational Centres spread throughout

Peninsula Malaysia for the conduct of various sample surveys. These centres are basically responsible for

the field operations in the respective areas. Although the enumerators attached to the centres were not

used in the MFFS these centres provided back-up administrative support. In addition, they. also assisted in

solving several operational and logistical problems such as hotel accommodations for the field staff, arrange-

ments for transport, and providing local knowledge in certain difficalt or inaccessible areas. In addition to

the Regional Operational Centres, the NFPS's State Offices were used, especially for temporary storage

of the completed questionnaires in the field.

3A The PreTest

Intensive work for the implementation of the survey began in April, 1974. After three pre-liminary drafts, a final draft 'of the questionnaire was prepared for field testing. The professional staff

frm the Department of Statistics and the NFPB were trained witn the draft questionnaire. Translators

-106 - Annex I

were also called in to translate the crucial words so that interviews could take place in the various languages

in a standardized form. Among other things, the pilct testing of the questionnaire aimed to provide some

idea of the length of the interview, feedback on the sjitability of questions, the flow of the sequence of

questions, and the adequacy of the translations. The pilot was done in purposively selected areas since

time constraint did not permit a random selection. The areas chosen were Seremban and Port Dickson.Seremban was chosen particularly because it was near to Kuala Lumpur and away from other work pro-blems in the office, and hence enabled the staff to devote full time to the field problems. Furthermore,

Seremban had convenient accommodations (i.e. Rest House) so that discussions could be held at night aftereach day's field work. With the help of the professional staff a large number of interviews were done in

Seremban Town, Lukut Town, and Port Dickson Town, as well as in the rural areas between these towns.

At the end of each day the staff went through their intervie.vs and made notes about the

particular cases they had covered, the problems faced, the questions which proved to be difficult, and

those that did not seem to flow well with the order of questioning. The time involved in each interviewwas averaged and found to be slightly more than an hour. The experience gained from the pilot test helpeda great deal in pin-pointing the parts of the questionnaire that needed modification. Special attention was

paid to ensure that interviews were done with different types of respondents so that all skip patterns couldbe tested.

Based on these field trials, the questionnaire was further mcdified and certain questions

reworded or rephrased into two or more separate questions, in order to make the flow continuous and the4questions more easily understood. Some questions were dropped to reduce the time of interview.

At this stage the first draft of the Instruction Manuals were prepared. The three separate

sets of instructions prepared were:-

Supervisor's Instruction Manual - PKKM/MFFS - 3

Interviewer's Instruction Manual - PKKM/MFFS - 4

Organizational, Administrativeand Financial Instructions - PKKM/MFFS - 5

Other documents necessary for field work were also prepared at this stage, viz.:-

- Thank-you Card

- Introduction Letter

- Appointment Letter

- Query Letter

fSome of the documents used are shown in Appendix 2. --

- 107 - Annex I

The final version of the questionn3ire was then translated into Malay, Chinese and Tamil.

This translated questionnaire was then tested in and around Kuala Lumpur, as time was running short for

extensive field testing. Two to four days were spent on testing the final questionnaire and this was once

again modified, but this time not many modifications were necessary. Arrangements were then made to

get the final version of the questionnaires typed and printed. The second draft of the Interviewer's

Instruction Manual was done, based on the final questionnaire; and finalized after further discussions with

all the professional staff involved in the survey, as well as with others competent in this area of work.

3.5 Field Operations and Staff

Eight to ten professional and sub-professional permanent staff were utilized in field opera-

tions, consisting basically of Statisticians and Statistical Officers,/Research Officers. They made up the

core of the staff needed for field control and were termed as Headquarters Supervisors. Below them there

were four categories of staff, namely:-

- Field supervisors;

- Field checkers;

- Field clerks;

- Field interviewers;

- Field scouts.

These were temporary employees recruited for the duration of the survey. Since the exact

responsibilities of each is given in detail in the various manuals, we will only describe them very briefly here.

Five field supervisors were appointed for this project; all females and recent university

graduates. Their basic responsibility was to ensure that the interviews in the field proceeded satisfactorily

and standards were maintained.

Eight field checkers were selected from among the interviewers because of their higher

quality and aptitude for meticulous and detailed work, especially in checking completed questionnaires.

They were also used to support interviewers in the field as and when necessary and to help with random

field checks.

About eight clerks were recruited for this survey; they were responsible for administering

the control and flow of forms in the field as well as for assisting in the checking of the completed question-

naires.

About 50 field intervievers were recruited; they were all females and their job was to ensure

timely completion of the interviews.

- 108 - Annex I

The last category of staff employed on this project were the field scouts. They acted asescorts as well as enumerators to help locate the selected living quarters in the sample areas. The fieldscouts w ere mairniy former field interviewers who had worked with the Department of Statistics in earlier

surveys, and therefore were familiar with some of the areas where the intervievs were being undertaken.They also acted as escorts when interviews had to be canvassed either at night, or in remote areas, especially

in rural areas.

A team was made up of 1 field supervisor. 2 clerks, 2 field checkers, 4 scouts, and 12 to

14 interviewers

Recruitment of the temporary staff took place at variou. centres thrcuGhout Peninsalar

Malaysia. Applicants were obtained from the Employment Exchanges of the Ministry of Labour and

Manpower.

The intervievers were initially given an aptitude test followed by personal irrterviews con-ducted by a panel of three professional officers. During the interview soecial attention was paid to

ensure that all the interviewers.wherever possible, were multi-lingual or at least bilingual. All of them wereexpected to have some knowledge of English since the training was to be conducted in it. The availabilityof multi-lingual interviewers made it feasible to deploy them in different situations hence increasing the

degree of flexibility in the field. The interviewers were recruited roughly in proportion to the number oflanguages required in the field. In the case of Chinese interviewers it was necessary to have control on thedialects spoken since this is an important consideration when doing field work in Peninsular Malaysia.

The basic organizational structure for the conduct of this survey is shown in Appendix 3and a list of the staff is qiven in Appendix 4.

3.6 Training,

The training of the permanent professional staff, semi-professional staff, and field super-visors was done between 15th and 27th July. 1974. Considerable time was spent in translation practice androle playing interviews. It was intended to use the supervisors as leaders during the training of interviewers.

The training of interviewers, field checkers, clerks and field scouts wascarried out over aperiod of 3 weeks, from 29th July to 17th August, 1974. Compared to previous surveys done in PeninsularMalaysia. certain novel practices were adopted. The trainingwas held away from Kuala Lurnpur in a towncalled Klang; it was organized as an inservice training in that trainers and trainees stayed together in thesame place. There were very compelling reasons for such a decision: staying together during the trainingperiod would facilitate timely commencement of the day's work and also ensure greater interactionbetween trainers and trainees. This interaction would be useful in solving many of the problems throughinformal discussions; moreover, the supervisory staff would have an opportunity of studying the inter-

viewers at close range and this would help them in dealing with inter-personal pmblems at a later stge.

Anne% - 109 -

The field interviewers were divided into four teams for field work according to languageproficiency, field experience, and the type of respondents they wo->.ld be interviewing. Most of the staffarrived one day before training startee (28th July); a few arrived tater and, for them, extra effort wasput into training them to mrake up for the few days they had missed.. The four groups vere briefed on theactivity to follow on the next three weeks. Each interviever was given a bag containing the necessarystationery items and training documents. They were then asked to complete all administrative formalities,like filling in their personal particulars. Each interviewer was asked for two photographs in order to preparethe identification cards to be used in the field. They were then sent by mini vans and cars to a hostel inKlang.

The training sessions started in the morning, there w*.s a break of four hours in the afternoon,followed by evening sessions beginning at about 4.30 p.m. until 9.C0 p.m. Occasionally it was necess2ryto go beyond this hour. The trainers and trainees-were encouraged to have informal discussions as andwhen necessary during their free time. Generally this approach proved to be successful. However, it mustbe said that in spite of the original schedule of three weeks of training, it was necessary to extend thetraining for an additional period of 3 to 4 days.

In addition to the formal lectures, considerable time was spent in group discussions inwhich the supervisors dealt with 6 or 8 interviewers, to clarify any questions or doubts arising from theformal lectures.

Simple homework exercises were given at the end of each day. The objective of these exer-cises was to ensure that trainees read the instruction manuals carefully, understood certain importantdefinitions, and became familiar with the skip pattems in the questionnaire. The completed homeworkexercises were collected and marked the following day. They were then returned to the interviewers, anda classroom discussion of the exercises followed,

Much of the training time was spent in translating the questionnaires into the various dialectsand languages. This was thought to be vital since in practice the interviews would be done in the vemacularlanguages.

After one week of training the interviewers were given a few cases each to interview as apractice exercise in and around Klang Town. Since this was their first attempt, they were asked to inter-view in pairs. This was done by pairing a weak interviewer with a good one so that the former could learnfrom the latter. The completed interviews were then checked by the supervisors and other officersattending the training and any errors, conceptual or otherwise, were discussed with the interviewers. Thepractice interviews proved to be very useful in that they gave the interviewers an insight into the mnethod offollowing the skip pattems, as well as a chance to ask questions based on their experience. Three exercisesof this kind were carried out during the entire training.

- 110- Annex I

Before the survey proper, some interviews were taped and played back to the interviewersduring training. They were in different languages (Malay, Chinese - several dialects, and Tamil) and carewas taken to ourposively select cases which would give rise to different types of skip patterns in the

questionnaire. Recording of the interviews was done in and around Kuala Lumpur by well-trained officers

from Headquarters.

During training films were shown on family planning and methods of contraception. A talkon family planning was given at the beginning of the training by a female doctor; this helped the inter-

viewers, especially those fresh from school, who were shy and embarrassed at the beginning but later turneclout to be inquisitive and willing to learn. The objective in introducing these components into the training

was to familiarize the trainees with family planning concepts and to enable them to have a good grasp of

the subject matter embodied in the questionnaire.

Before the training the supervisors carried out a number of mock interviewss which weretaped for future use. These interviews were designed to cover the questions which could not be covered inpractice interviews in the field. A few mock interviews were also conducted during the training.

Three tests were administered throughout the training to ascertain the level of understandingof the interviewers. An oral test was also administered to determine the interviewers' ability to ask thequestions correctly in their respective dialects. As a result of these tests it was possible to separate the veryweak interviewers, who were then taken as a separate group and re-trained on areas which they did notunderstand. The rest of the interviewers proceeded with actual interviewvs in and around the are3 when,

the training was being held.

Immediately after the completion of training each team was allocated the workload for thefirst phase. For each phase of the survey and for each team doing field work, a plan of movement withitentative dates was prepared in the office using the knowledge of the experienced field staff of the!Department of Statistics. These plans were to be followed by the teams, with some degree of flexibility.

In the event that they fell behind this schedule, they were to inform the Survey Director immediately fornecessary action such as redeployment of interviewers from-other teams.

3.7 Quality Control and Evaluation of the Data

Quality checks were introduced at several phases of the surveY. After the completion of aninterview, every interviewer was expected to spend time checking her questionnaire; once she was satisfiedthat the data were correct, the completed questionnaires were then passed on to the checkers and field

supervisors who went through them with the interviewers as a preliminary edit. -Any major omissions at

this point were pointed out to the interviewers and appropriate action taken. If there were minor omisslt,nsin the questionnaire, the queries were left with the respondents requesting them to post the replies in self-.

addressed envelopes, free of postage costs, left behind for this purpose. After the preliminary edits,

acceptable questionnaires were checked the following day in detail using the detailed edit instructions.

Annex I

These detailed edit checks were done by the field checkers, clerks, field supervisors, and headquarters

supervisors. Any major omissions at this stage were referred to the interviewers the same evening or the

following day, for a revisit to the field, if necessary. The accepted schedules were then sent to the Head-

quarters in Kuala Lumpur, or kept in store at one of the State N FPB Of fices or at the regional centres of

the Department of Statistics. Figure 3.1 provides a schematic presentation of the flow, of questionnaires.

The headquarters supervisors, field supervisors, and field checkers also did random field

checks. The cases for random checks were determined in three ways:-

(a) By identifying weak interviewers and checking their interviews in he

field;

(b) by isolating doubtful intervie.vs during the editing of complezed ques-

tionnaires; and

(c) by simply picking households at random.

In each case, the field supervisors, field checkers, or the headquarters supervisors went back

to the household and re-asked selected questions.

In addition to the checks mentioned earlier, the field supervisors and the headquarters

supervisors followed certain interviewers to the field periodically to observe at first hand the quality of

interviewing. This kind of check was done especially during the first and last two weeks of the survey

since it was felt that in the early phases errors could be introduced due to lack of understanding whereas at

the end of the su;vey they might arise from over confidence. A further check in the field was done thrcugh

the recording of selected interviews.

In addition to the random checks by the field supervisors, headquarters supervisors, and

field checkers, periodic ana regular field checks were done by the professional staff from Kuala Lumpur.

This was done by Statisticians going from Kuala Lumpur to the centres from time to time to check the

data and help in solving some of the problems. If during the field check it was found that the interviewers

were not up to standard, immediate action was taken and in sonme-instances their services were terminated.

The entire field oper3tion of the M F FS was divided into two phases. Each phase covered 4

geographical areas, each area under the charge of a team consisting of one or more headquarters supervisors,

one field supervisor, clerks, field checkers, field interviewers, and field scouts. The areas covered in the first

phase were determined on the basis of operational considerations. Since the survey was being done in late

August and early September, it was imperative that the interviews be completed in those areis likely to be

affected by the monsoon. Hence, during the first phase of the survey the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

and the southem and northem parts of Peninsular Malaysia were covered. These areas were also mainly

mral. The total duration of the field work in the first phase was approximately six weeks.

- 112 -Annex I

RGURE 3.I - FZOW CHfARr OF .fFFS QC'ES27O.VNARESS

Supenisor A ssiqns CascsTo Field ntrenfiewer

And Field Scouts

Field Work Random Field Cieck- Of(Taping Of Certain l Weaker lntcrriewers

Interviewsl Throzuc/h Field Obscnations

Field Inrenriewer | Rando,m Field Checks BR CheckLs Ow n Completed Suipervisors And OthterSchedules Officers

Preliminary C1ecks By |RacndomnFicld C' eckss B 1aer);tiupef sor htirSw w SupervisotTAt, nd Other _

hield Intocn-tex er Present Officers

Reassigned Asye

r I I ~~~Randomn Edit Of ecks By|Detaile Check SuersosAd te

ftodof'lMaster

Control Book

I Despatch To

I r.Q.I

- 113- Annex I

After the first phase was completed, all the teams reassembled in Kuala Lumpur for de-

briefing and clarification of doubts. After 2 days of debriefing and 2 days of rest the teams began the

second phase of field operations, which took another 5 to 6 weeks and durirg which the teams covered the

remaining parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Most of the field work was comoleted by early December, 1974.

A debriefing session had been planned for field supervisors, checkers, field interviewers,

and field scouts after both phases of field work had been completed. The basic objective was to obtain

their reaction to problems faced in the field on all aspec4s of the survey, from the understanding of the

questionnaire to operational difficulties such as transportation, accommodation, etc. However, because

no financial provision had been made for this, and in view of the pressing need to start the coding of the

data, the debriefing was not possible at that time. It was eventually held on 9th June, 1975. Unfortunately,

by this time a large part of the staff had already left or had been terminated, and although artempts were

made to have as many of them as possible present, only around 50 percent of the initial staff turned up for

the debriefing session.

The session was held in Kuala Lumpur at the Language and Literacy Auditorium. The

field staff were divided into groups of about 6 to 8 with either a Statistician, a Statistical Officer, or a

Research Officer acting as discussion leader for the group. Each discussion leader was provided with a

prompt-list of the possible areas of difficulties. Free discussion was encouraged and the prompt-list was

used only when the group did not respond.

LSMS Working Papers (continued)

No. 28 Analysis of Household Expenditures

No. 29 The Distribution of Welfare in Cote d'Ivoire in 1985

No. 30 Quality, Quantity, and Spatial Variation of Price. Estimating Price Elasticities from Cross-sectional Data

No. 31 Financing the Health Sector in Peru

No. 32 Informal Sector, Labor Markets, and Returns to Education in Peru

No. 33 Wage Deterninants in Cote d'Ivoire

No. 34 Guidelines for Adapting the LSMS Living Standards Questionnaires to Local Conditions

No. 35 The Demand for Medical Care in Developing Countries: Quantity Rationing in Rural CBte d'lvoire

No. 36 Labor Market Activity in C6te d'Ivoire and Peru

No. 37 Health Care Financing and the Demand for Medical Care

No. 38 Wage Deferminants and School Attainment among Men in Peru

No. 39 The Allocation of Goods within the Household: Adults, Children, and Gender

No. 40 The Effects of Household and Community Characteristics on the Nutrition of Preschool Children: Evidencefrom Rural CBte d'Ivoire

No. 41 Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Peru, 1985-86

No. 42 The Distribution of Welfare in Peru in 1985-86

No. 43 Profits from Self-Employment: A Case Study of Cote d'Ivoire

No. 44 The Living Standards Survey and Price Policy Reform: A Study of Cocoa and Coffee Production in Coted'lvoire

No. 45 Measuring the Willingness to Pay for Social Services in Developing Countries

No. 46 Nonagricultural Family Enterprises in Cdte d'lvoire: A Descriptive Analysis

No. 47 The Poor during Adjustment: A Case Study of Cote d'Ivoire

No. 48 Confronting Poverty in Developing Countries: Definitions, Information, and Policies

No. 49 Sample Designs for the Living Standards Surveys in Ghana and Mauritania / Plans de sondage pour lesenquetes sur le niveau de vie au Ghana et en Mauritanie

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