LS Guide to Course Marking

8/2/2019 LS Guide to Course Marking

1/28


2/28

CONTENTSIntroductionOut of BoundsHazardsGround Under RepairImmovable ObstructionsBall DropsIntegral Parts of the CourseFairwaysPutting GreensHole LocationsTee AreasIndex

313273337414142424243


3/28

WallsSee also Out of boundsWater hazardsbehind grff"nsjunctions with lateral water hazardsSee also Hazard5Waterlogged ground and hazardsWashesWinter rules. See Preferred liesWooded areas

Worm fences. See FencesYardage mark('rSas immovable obstructionspipesplatesshrubssprinkler headstreesYardage posts

50

3, 713.2322181924

4141414135413533, 41

Guide to Golf Course MarkingPrice $5.00, including postageSend check or money order to

Course MarkingP.O. Box 3093Landover Hills, MD 20784


4/28

INTRODUCTIONA well-marked golf course makes for successful tournaments an d enhances general play. The responsibility for defining the course an d providing related LocalRules lies with the Committee. It is not a responsibility that may be discharged in a slack or disorganizedmanner. For this reason, the sele


5/28

OUTOFBOUNDSRule 33-2 outlines the major aspects of course marking. Topping the list are the course an d out of bounds.The course, by definition, rarely councides with thelimits of the dub or golf course property. Conditionssuch as dense vegetation, steep banks and busystreets often dictate the establishment of the out-ofbounds line inside the property limits. Further reduction of the course limits results from the exclusion ofclubhouses, parking lots, practice ranges, recreationalfacilities and maintenance areas, which is usually justifiable for reasons of safety, expeditious play or facil-ity in applying the Rules of Golf.There is no more important aspect of course definition than determining an d marking the boundary ofthe course, the o u t - o f ~ b o u n r l s iine. It is customary tospeak of the complete tie-in of th e course, in otherwords, the absence of gaps in the out-of-bounds lineso that a ball anywhere can readily be determined tobe in bounds or ou t of bounds. To emphasize the carethat should go into the planning an d establishment ofthe course boundary it is worth while to bear in minda version of Murphy's Law: If it is impossible forsomeone to hi t a ball there, someone will.

Once the course ha s been defined, it is wise tospecify the nature of the boundary marking, including an y special features, in the Local Rules sheet.OBJECTS DEFINING OUT OFBOUNDSA. Posts or pipesB. Stakes or pipesC. White lines0. Fences an d railingsE. Cable junction boxesF. Curbs or beamsG. PavementsH. WallsI. TrenchesJ. Streams an d bodies of water

3


6/28

A and B. POSTS,STAKES AND PIPESMaterials and sizesWhile wood or plastic (PVC) are most commonlyused, posts an d stakes may also be of concrete ormetal. For durability an d visibility, 4" x 4" x 4' arerecommended. PVC or other round posts should alsobe 4 inches in diameter and 4 feet in length.ColorAccording to the generally adoJ?ted color code or?ginally d e v i ~ d by PGA professtOnal Warren Orhck,these should be white.lnBtallationPosts should be se t at least on e foot in the ground sothat they rise 2lh to 3 feet above ground. Holes forposts are most easily dug with J?OSl-hole d _ i g g e ~ . Reasonable stability is obtained by ftrmly tampmg sodaround the post, bu t concrete around the base is oftenused for maximum stability. _For quicker installation for ~ h o r t - ~ e r m !;lse modification of the out-of-bounds line, 1 x 2 x 4 stakesor 2" PVC pipe are commonly used. Wooden stakesare usually provided with a pointed e ~ d and_ ma ytreated with a preservative for longer hfe. It 1s advtsable to paint a white ring on the ground around thebase of stakes so that the out-of-bounds line may berestored if for an y reason a stake is displaced. Eithertype of marker should be set as nearly as possible onthe vertical.Identification For unmistakable identification, the letters uOB" ar eoften stenciled on the markers.PositioningEach post or stake should be clearly visible. For sighting and measurements, there should be clear and.. .obsbucted view from one marker to the next. Thediltance between markers should nonnally be 25 to 30!lrds, especially in areas most likely to ~ o r n e _ intoplay. Elsewhere, a distance up to 50 yards tS sabsfac-tory. . .The out-of-bounds hne or any maJor segement ofthe line should be prl'dictable, that is , generallystraight ur with only minor deviations. Occasionally,where the playing area of a hole is abnormally compressed by an irregular propt!rty l i ~ e or natural ~ e a tures, preserving the greatest playmg area pc:tsstblema y justify irregularities in the o u t - o f ~ b o u n d s hne.

4

- ~ U Y L 1 . 1 f : t L.l. l"' VVW . J""'R&} .._,..,____ ___ -- ..... ._ . . . . . . . o . . ~ . , .&. 'V"'V"or 150 yards of the hole. Discontinuing markers in the vicinity of the greenan d at an insufficient distance beyond the green. Nailing stakes to the trunks of trees, making itdifficult to determine the precise line at groundlevel. Use of bands or Jines painted on trees. Failure to correct conditions along the out-ofbounds line where offset measurement of the linemay be required. Such measurements tend to bevery time-consuming.

C. LINESWhite lines produced with marking paint or lime areoften useful in delineating a curved or irregularboundary or between other out-of-bounds markerswhere the status of a ball is frequently in question.When the boundary intersects an area of groundunder repair, a painted out-of-bounds line is n:'oreeffective for terminating the ground under repa1r atthat point than a line for ground under repair ~ a ~ on sighting between out-of-bounds m a r k e ~ s . ~ m ~ n g is also an easy an d satisfactory method of m d t c a ~ g the out-of-bounds line in areas at considerable dJstance from the center line of a hole.Wherever a white out-of-bounds line could be c o n ~ fused with white lines for an y other purpose, theletters "OB" should be painted at appropriate intervals just outside the out-of-bounds line.D. FENCES AND RAILINGSFences are common and often convenient objects defining out of bounds, bu t they also give rise to_pr?blems. The o u t - o f ~ b o u n d s line runs along the ms1deedge of the fence posts at ground level. If the base offence posts is covered on the course side, the fencemay be treated the same as a wall. See W A L ~ ~ l o w .

Stakes are often installed at normal staking mtervals along a fenced segment of the boundary. In suchcases, the Local Rules should specify whether theout-of-bounds line is delineated solely by stakes or bystakes an d each intervening fence post. The latter isusualJy intended and the intervening posts frequently marked with white paint.Worm fences serving as o u t ~ o f - b o u n d s markersmay be used as they are, bu t ~ e y do n ~ t _provide aclear line at ground level. For thts reason, 1t 1s preferable to straighten the boundary by a white line or by

5


7/28

.&, . .a .& '\ , .oO " loL./ H..W . . . . , ; . 1 1 ~ ... .1.1..11 .. V.I . Lal ' \o . &IV. I . ' - F e n c e d ~ i n practice ranges, tennis courts an d otherfactilities often have flexible screens or netting be-tween posts. These can give rise to difficult measurements and rules problems that can be eliminated bysetting out-of-bounds stakes or lines about 6 feetaway from the fence. The fence then becomes anartificial object out of bounds.

E. CABLE JUNCTION BOXESAt many courses, part of the out-of-bounds line isconstituted by cable junction boxes since they areconvenient and durable. Where the spacing of theseboxes is greater than the recommended intervals formarkers, additional markers - stakes or posts -should be installed.Use of cable junction boxes and the color of theboxes, especially i f no t white, should be specified onthe Local Rules sheet.F. CURBS AND BEAMSWooden, concrete and asphalt curbs sometimes serveas part of the out-of-bounds line. This may be satisfactory in out-of-the-way places, bu t elsewhere it is preferable to substitute a white line or stakes. This isespecially true if a line of railroad ties or concretebeams make up the curb as these objects tend to shift.Likewise, a row of embedded stones serving as aboundary is better replaced by a white line or stakessince the out-of-bOunds line along the base of thestones is unreliable.G. PAVEMENTSPaved roads bordering or on course property mayserve as the course boundary if they are not likely tocome into play and it is specified in the Local Rulesu.t the inside (course side) edge of the pavementilftnes out of bounds. Where roads frequently comeInto play, it is preferable to white-line or stake theboundary for reasons of safety and for expediency inthe application of the Rules. See also Decision 27120for a recommended local rule for roads dissecting thecourse.The same considerations apply to parking lots andto pa vern ent around clubhouses or other course facilities. As noted above, it is usuaUy preferable to makesuch facilities ou t of bounds.

6

Walls may effectively define any part of the courseboundary. I f they are bordered by dense shrubbery orflower beds, it is preferable to establish the line offsetfrom the waJls. Where the line must be continued bystakes even with the wall, it is advisable to set th e firststake beside the end of the wall.I. TRENCHESTemporary or permanent trenches arc sometimesused to define the boundary. A ball in or beyond thetrench is out of bounds. A ball overhanging the insideedge is in bounds. The drawbacks are that trenchesare generally no t dearly visable from a distance andtheir edges are likely to be or become irregular.J. STREAMS AND BODIES OF WATERWater frequently constitutes part of the boundary of acourse or intersects the course property line. This canbe a blessing or a problem. When a decision on out ofbounds has to be made, the main factors to be takeninto account are the practical consequences for theplay of a hole an d the intention of the architect.Streams atullagoonsWhere a stream or lagoon separates private propertyfrom course property, it can be played as a lateralwater hazard with no physical out-of-bounds line onthe far side. In such a case, a Local Rule must specifywhat constitutes out of bounds as, for example, thewater line on the far side. This approach may also beused in those. cases where out-of-bounds markerscould be installed above the water on the far side bu tthere is no practical access available to players.Alternatively, the stream or lagoon may be markedas out of bounds. This is satisfactory where it does no tdetract from the design of the hole. There are instances where both approaches are used at differentholes bordered by the same stream.lAkes iln.d pcmdsNo provision need be made for out of bounds wherepart or all of a large body of water bordering a hole ison course property, especially if the far side of thewater cannot come into play. The water may simplybe treated as a lateral water hazard. I f the far shoreline might be reached by shots but is indistinct an dvirtuaJJy inaccessible, the hazard may be deemed byLocal Rule to extend to infinity.Lakes and ponds intersected by the course bound-

7


8/28

playing areas and beyond the green. The parts inbounds mav be either water hazards or lateral waterhazards, bu t it may be necessary to provide specialrelief from these hazards where the out-of-boundsline makes it impossible to proceed under the optionsof Rule 26-lb or Ic. See also BALL DROPS.Out-of-bounds markers on the two sides of thehazard should be se t immediately outside the terminal hazard stakes. Neither hazard nor out-of-boundsmarkers should be set in the water.If a relatively narrow segment of a lake or pond is inbounds in an area where it is virtually impossible todetermine whether a ball has come to rest in or out of

bounds in the water, or out of bounds outside tl)ewater, expediency may dictate shifting th e out-ofbounds line so that all of the water is ou t of bounds.When only course property is involved along bothsides of the bout-of-bounds line, the line is occasionally cu t off by using double terminal stakes in such away that the entire lake or pound is left as a ha7.ard inbounds with room for relief under Rule 26-lb or lc.SPECIAL CONDITIONSUNPLAYABLE AREA BETWEENLATERAL HAZARD AND OUT OFBOUNDSI t is not uncommon to find an unplayable or inaccessible strip of land between a lateral water hazard andthe course property line. Typically, it is a naturalwooded area where delineating out of bounds wouldserve little purpose due to virtual invisibility ofmarkers or the fact that nearly any ball hit into thearea would be lost or out of bounds.In ~ . - u c h a situation, instead of establishing an outof-bounds line, it is advisable to mark the lateralhazard only on the course side and provide by LocalRule that the hazard is deemed to extend to infinity.

AREAS DISRUPTING PLAYAlthough in principal it is not desirable to diminishthe playing area of a hole, it is sometimes warrantedby a condition that disrupts the pace of play. Typically, the condition is an area of dense vegetationcoming into play for tee shots. The resulting problemof excessive searches and the failure to play a provisional ball may be alleviated by marking such areas asout of bounds. Sometimes this measure is resorted to8

H : : ; nUWU Vt: ' lll.CIUt:' . t


9/28

following recomniendations may assist markers ofsuch courses in any phase of development:Complete definition of courseWhenever feasible, the entire course should be defined. Where the boundary of the land reserved fordevelopment is indicated by property line stakes orl:abJe junct ion boxes, these may be followed in settingthe out-of-bounds markers for the course. Otherwise,design plans may have to be consulted.Partial definition of course1. If it is not feasible to define the entire course,developed residential property bordering the courseshould be marked as out of bounds.2. I f there is only one dwelling along a given side ofa hole, it may be marked as out of bounds with cutoffsat the ends of the homesite adjoining the course. SeeBOUNDARY CUTOFFS. However, i f the dwellingcould intervene on the line of play following an errantshot, the out-()f-bounds line should be extended so asto preclude this possibility.3. I f two or more isolated homesites are foundalong a given side of a hole, a continuous out-ofbounds line should be marked. Players should not befaced with a checkerboard boundary.

4. Where the boundary of a hole is without dwellings, any street that could possibly come into playshould be marked as out of bounds.STRUCTURES ENCROACHING ONCOURSEIt is not uncommon that privately owned structuresand other objects encroach on golf course propertywhere the property line and course boundary are thesame. Wherever such objects may complicate play inany way, it is recommended, at least as a temporarymeasure, that they be marked as out of bounds. Suchmodification of the out-()f-bounds line has no legalimplications regarding the property line.INTERNAL OUT OF BOUNDSInternal out of bounds is the term generally used foran artifidal boundary within the course. Such boundaries are often established between parallel holes,although sometimes only the tee area or green ofanother hole is involved.The main justification for internal out of bounds is

10

bounds is a l ~ used to preserve the integrity of a hole'The internal boundary should be no longer thanneeded to serve its intended purpose. For durabilityand as a visible reminder, it is preferable to use whitestakes with a double stake cutoff at both ends. Awhite line is also acceptable, bu t should have stakedcutoffs. See BOUNDARY CUTOFFS. In an y case, internal out of bounds should be noted on the LocalRules sheet.Because of difficult questions of fact as to the location of a ball in water, an internal out-of-bounds lineshould not cross a water hazard except when thiscannot be avoided.TUNNELSTunnels for traffic on the course usually pass underroads or streets, which are normally out of bounds. Inthis case, the tunnels and their entrances should alsobe out of bounds. This may require a deviation of theout-of-bounds line along the road involved. For tunnels not passing under public roads or streets, seeBALL DROPS.

11


10/28

....

-

HAZARDSGENERALThis section is devoted primarily to water hazardsan d lateral water hazards. Marking related to bunkersis covered at the en d of the section.Prior to 1950, the Rules of Golf made no mention oflateral water hazards. The definition Hazards referredonly to "water" or "water hazards." Since then, waterhazards have been those on or intersecting the line ofplay of a hole while lateral water hazards have beenfor the most part those situated off or alongside theline of play, sometimes also referred to as "parallelwater hazards." At the present time, this distinctionis becoming blurred.Physically as well as technically, hazards representthe most difficult aspect of course marking. The problem is complicated by the trend-setting practice at thehighest level of. American golf of treating virtually allwater hazards as lateral water hazards. In Great Britain and preponderantly in the United States, hazardsare sti1l identified an d marked in accordance with thecurrent definitions of hazards. Consequently, theaverage golf course has both water hazards and lateral water hazards an d this is proper as long as thesedefinitions remain in force.Of course, reasonable arguments can be made forthe all-lateral-hazard ("all-red") approach. Its possibleadvantages and disadvantages may be summarizedas fo1lows:Advantages Simplifies marking. Provides more options for player. Eliminates partitioning of hazards. Eliminates mixed identification of a hazard at differ-ent holes Contributes to more expeditious play. Reduces need for Ball Drops. Reduces stroke-and-distance penalties. Simplifies rulings.Disadvantages Does not conform with the Rules of Golf. Diminishes the integr ity of certain holes. Complicates rulings. Is too permissive.

13


11/28

disadvantages two to one, It s obvaous ma t most orthem relate to expediency and, possibly, permissiveness. This cannot be said of the stated disadvantages.The question of th e integrity of a hole, typically onewith water guarding the green, is the most controversial point . If it is held that a hole requiring a shot overwater has nut bel:!n acceptably played when the ballfails to dear the hazard, then permitting a drop on thegTt?"en side of the hazard is not acceptable. Consequently, the hazard would be treated as a regularwater hazard.If, on the other hand, it is held that loss of distanceshould not be penalized when the ball has carried thehazard bu t comes to rest in the hazard, there is noreason why the hazard should not be identified as alatt-ral water hazard. The USCA has to some extentsanctioned this approach. Decision 33-2a/10, for example, authorizes marking the water behind an island green as a lateral water hazard. As for loss ofdistance under the water hazard rule, former Deci-sion 52-6 contained the following statement:

"The water hazard Rule is not intended to require that a player necessarily lose distance asweU as a penalty stroke."Furthermore, in the discussions preceding the reorganization of the Rules in 1984, the USGA, along withthe R&A, unsuccessfully sought a means of eliminating the distinction between water hazards and lateraJwater h a ~ c u d s If lhe effort had proved successful, itwuuld have resulted in much the same relief procedures available under the "all red" system.At more and more courses, hazards that would beconventionally marked as regular water hazards arebeing marked as lateral water hazards. When this isdone, the Committee should ensure that similar hazards are marked in the same way.Ultimately, the decision comes down to the basicquestion whether or not a relief drop on the greenside of a water hazard guarding the green is in keeping with the spirit of the game.Whatever the Committee policy, all hazards on thecourse should normally be marked. In addition to theobvious types, the following should be treated ashazards: Drainage tracks with crushed-stone beds re-sembling French drains. . Streamways with artificially surfaced banksand beds. Streamways filled with rubble to control scour.

14

r.mergency ara1nage ancnes In p n m ~ p1aymgareas. Shallow drainage strips cut with a sod-cutter inprime playing areas. Unplayable areas no t encompassing hazards.Actual marking should always be preceded by acourse survey indicating the types of hazards andeven the margin position in questionable situations.A number of factors enter into resolving these marking questions. Major goH organizactions in the UnitedStates consider that relief under the hazard ruleshould not compound the penalty . Allowance istherefore made for situations such as unplayable liesfollowing relief, inadequate space to drop behind thehazard (Rule 26-lb), the absence of relief other thanstroke and distance and the possible need for BallDrops.OBJECTS DEFININGHAZARDSYellow stakes or lines are recommended for waterhazards.Stakes and Pipes.1" x 2" pointed wooden stakes 2 or 3 feet inlength.1" or PVC pipe 2 or 3 feet in length. Such

pipes are often installed in plastic sockets foreasy removal an d replacement.Red stakes or lines are recommended for lateral waterhazards. Dimensions of stakes and pipes are the sameas those for water hazards.Yellow and red marking paint is available in s p r a y ~ type cans. Applicators, or "guns," are usually available from the paint supplier.Ibsts or post-and


12/28

aenne me nazara. tn tnts case, staKes snouta oe set tooutline the major irregularities or indentations of thehazard margin.Lines alone may be used. A line is superior tostakes with respect to relief procedures, bu t much lesssatisfactory in indicating the presence and configuration of a ha7.ard. For this reason, both stakes an d linesare recommended for important competitions. Whenboth are used, stakes are assumed only to identify thetype of hazard while lines are assumed to define .themargin. If possible, stakes should be se t on the lme,but in no case outside the line.For durability and ease of course maintainence,plug-type markers are sometimes used. Their positioning should be the same as that of stakes. Asmargins tend to change, plugs should be checkedperiodically to ensure that no part of the ~ r d . extends outside the line between plugs. In Importantcompetitions , it is desirable to supplement plugs withstakes.MARGINSRule 26, which deals with water hazards, does not saywhat constitutes the margin. Actually, the marginmay be natural or artificial.A natural margin may be the water line, ~ h e break

in the ground forming the edge of a basm or thedividing line between aquatic an d nonaquatic vegetation bordering the hazard.An artificial margin might be an artificial object suchas a bulkhead or an artificially surfaced bank. Once acourse has been marked, however, the only meaningfu l artificial margin is that represented by a yellow orred line or the line between stakes outlining the natu-ral limit of a hazard unless the margin is otherwisespecified by Local Rule.LINING AND STAKINGFor clear-cut natural margins, the line is normallytraced about three feet from the hazard. This permitsa reasonable stance in most instances following. adrop.When bulkheads or artificial embankments are partof hazards guarding a green, the line is only aboutone foot from the edge of the bulkhead and may bealong the edge of the bulkhead i f the bulkhead isadjacent to the putting green or a bunker. .It is recommended that holes on the outer SJde of

16

...

..

vary depending on contours of the hazard, although~ h e y should no t be greater than 50 yards. Placementshould also take into account defining the hole fromthe player's perspective, bu t an excessive number ofstakes should not be used, especially where they aremost likely to be struck.Painted lines show up best on closely mown grassor in light rough. In high grass and weeds a carelesslypainted line is not reliable. In such areas, s t a ~ e s arebetter suited. Stakes are also better for margms onbare ground as painted lines wash out quickly onsuch a surface.Hazards often have sections or parts that rarelycome into play. To conserve paint, it is sufficient touse a dashed line rather than a continuous one.

I t is recommended that lining be done on foot.Exception may be made for long stretches of dear anduncomplicated margins where marking ~ a y be donefrom a cart moving slowly enough that lines are notblurred or indistinct.COMMON PROBLEMSTh e question of arbitrary deviation of the markedmargin of hazards arises when one or more of thefoJJowing conditions may be present: . . Pockets of high grass and weeds not w1thm the

natural margin. Trees an d shrubs on the normal marking line. Erosion furrows on the lower parts of slopes. Dense tree lines, typically along lateral hazards. Irregular bare ground not within the naturalmargin. Seeded or sodded areas adjacent to the hazard. Earthwork along or on both sides of the hazardmargin.

Th e above justify some modification of the g e n ~ r a l marking policy to avoid unreasonable lies after rehef,particularly as regards vegetation. Where the grounditself is particularly bad but in an area for r e a s o n a b ~ y good shots, it is better to adhere to the normal margmand to mark as ground under repair only that partoutside the margin.Confusion often surrounds the marking of slopesbordering hazards. This is sometimes due to a loosereading of the USGA recommendation to mark alongthe point where the ground breaks down to form abasin. Although not applicable in every case, the

17


13/28

Slopes of less than 4S' gradient should no t beincluded in the hazard. Steep slopes. even when turfed, should be included in the hazard. In many instances, thiseliminates the question whether or not a baJJhas rolled into a hazard from outside the hazard. Flat-top embankments, such as around man-made reservoirs, should be marked along thetop inside edge of the bank. River banks should be marked along the turf orrough edge at the top of the bank.What to avoidWhenever the margin is established at greater thannormal distance from an obvious natural margin, asfor a streamway or basin within a larger basin, specialcare must be taken so that players will be alert tobeing in a hazard even though the area may no tappear to be a hazard. In such areas, slakes as well aslines should be used.Cart paths running along the margin of hazards,typically lateral hazards, should no t be included inthe hazard. ln some such situations, a Ball Drop orseries of Ball Drops is a useful way of eliminatingsuccessive relief procedures.Parts of cart paths inundated by hazard overflowshould not be marked as part of the hazard.

Cart paths occasionally pass over or through shallow, often dry, offshoots or spurs of larger hazards.The part of the path within the margin of such ahazard is normally included in the hazard by linesacross the path.~ r l o g g e d ground bol'dering hazards du e to wetperiods or following hazard overflow should no t beif.lduded in the boqfd. T& do so often res&ietS pnmeplaying areas and results in unreasonable penalties,e.g. hazard relief instead of free relief for an embed-ded ball.Hazard stakes or other markers should no t be affixed to trees because this makes it difficult to deter-mine the margin at ground level.Paint on trees should not be used to define hazardsbecause this makes it difficult to determine the marginat ground level.When a hazard margin is adjacent to a tee area,stakes are not desirable. Lining is more appropriate.When changing the identification of a hazard, theprevious stakes should be repainted with the desiredcolor or replaced. The change should be indicated on

18

color. Double or divergent lines are to be avoided inany case. In extreme cases, it may be ne


14/28

When an area played as through the green ischanged to .t hazard, its margins should be dearlymarked and the change specified in the Local Rules.DRAINAGE DITCHESDespite the widespread misconception that drainageditches should be (.Unsidered ground under repair,drainage ditches are by definition water hazards and,with few exceptions, should be treated as such-

Exceptions Trenches tl' a l l ~ v i a t e drainage problems in areas where ha;!ards are neither intended nor desirable. Relief drain5 for water in bunkers. Shallow sod-c:-utlt>r strjps to relieve excess water in prime playing areas.

HAZARDS AND OUT OF BOUNDSOften a stream or lake constitutes part of the courseboundary. The water may be r't"tained as part of thecourse or it may be marked as nu t of bounds. In mostcases, it is preferable to mark the water as a lateralwater hazard unless in so doing overall play is excessively disrupted.When the iar side of the hazard is private propertyand cannot be marked, it is usually necessary to specify by Local Rule that a baiJ outside the natural marginof tht" wateT on th l l t =L tU t : " l l l i J lllltJll '" ' '>ILIIt:: lU U. . ,L . . , lUUi tCwhether a ball is in the ha?ard nr out of bounds, itmav be advisable to mark the segment as ou t oibounds.JUNCTIONS OF HAZARD MARGINSWITH OUT OF BOUNDSAt points where hazard margins mL-et the out-ofbounds line, there should be an out-of-bounds postwith a hazard stake set immediately inside it.When this is done, the status of a all is most easilvdetermined. Otherwise, inaccurate lines, especiall)when extended beyond the out-of-hounds line mayresult in delay an d confusion ur, worse yet, improperprocedure by players.HAZARDS MARKED ON ONE SIDE-In many instances, a lateral water hazard m t ~ y bemarked on on e side onlv. Oce tu ef-fective marking an d is largely inaccessible to playersan d markers. Under such conditions, it is frequentlydifficult to ascertain whether a ball playro into thearea is lost in the hazard proper or not.For these reasons it is most reasonable to m


15/28

l" l . lliLlC:cUU Uld . l f i C U d . U ~ J : ; l l l le Ul p l a yto a point short of the green where itcrosses the fairway. A lakt: or pond on the line of play witha densely vegetated streamway orswampy area extending away fromthe line of play . A pa r 3 with a lake only skirting thegreen but requiring a tee shot overwater.Those parts of the hazards on the line of play aremarked as water hazards, the others as lateral waterhazards. At any point marking the junction ofa waterhazard an d a lateral hazard, a yellow an d a red stakeshould be set side by side even when stakes have notbeen used to define the hazard margins elsewhere.In the case of water hazard sections, care should betaken to ensure that reasonable relief is availableunder Rule 26-lb at the sides of such sectioiU,Bridges at hazard junctions should be marked entirely as part of the water hazard or the lateral waterhazard, normally the latter in view of their usuallocation off to the side of the best playing area of thehole. .HAZARD DIFFERENTLY IDENTIFIED ATANOTHER HOLEIn the case of a body of water identified as a waterhazard at one hole and played as a lateral hazard atanother hole, the entire hazard should be marked as awater hazard and provision made by Local Rule that itis to be played as a lateral water hazard at the otherhole. In such cases, it is not authorized to mark thesame hazard partly as a water hazard and partly as alateral hazard.

The same applies to hazards fronting the men's teesbut beside the women's tee. A Local Rule shouldspecify that the water hazard is to be played as alateral water hazard from the women's tee.

ISLAND AN PENINSULAR GREENSWater surrounding a green or guarding the front,back and side of a green is sometimes marked as alateral water hazard. In Decision 33-2a/10, however,the USAG recommends marking the water in front ofthe green as a water hazard and that behind the greenas a lateral water hazard. Alternatively, the sameDecision suggests the possibility of marking the water .22

I1

I]

oou ues m me nazara tne opnon or aroppmg a oau ma Ball Drop.The latter practice is recommended here in view ofthe fact that it is less confusing an d it provides moreequitable relief for aU misplayed shots.Depending on conditions, the Ball Drop may belocated on the ramp leading to the green or outsidethe water surrounding the green.Water present only behind a green is normallyplayed as a lateral water hazard even when playedand marked as a water hazard at another hole. Whenthis is intended, it should be indicated by Local Rule.OBSTRUCTIONS AND HAZARDSArtificial objects involving hazard margins fall intotwo basic categories:1. Objects that span the hazard, such as bridges.2. objects that lie athwart the hazard margin asnormally marked, such as pumphouses andpipes.

As a general rule, bridges should be included in thehazard. Usually, any part of a bridge not in contactwith the ground below is included. Bridge ends andartificial approaches that extend outside the normallimit of the hazard need no t be included as part of thehazard.

Earthen an d turfed bridges are a different matter.While often defined ll s part of the hazard, it is usuallypreferable to leave their playable surface as throughthe green in order to preclude unsuspected violationssuch as touching the ground or removing loose impediments in a hazard.Structures situated athwart a hazard margin are

customarily included in the hazard, particularly whenthey are in out-ofthe-way places and deviation of thehazard line around them is relatively small .Structures that extend well outside the normal hazard margin in an area frequently in play should not beincluded as part of the hazard. In such cases, themargin may be marked so that it intersects the obstruction. The same holds for exposed pipes crossing

the hazard margin.DAMS AND SPILLWAYSEarthen dams should be marked along the top edge ofthe bank. When such dams have a concrete or masonry face, the line should normaUy be about 3 feetfrom the artificial surface.

23


16/28

ennre1y mciUaea m tne nazaraCULVERT ENDSCulvert and pipe ends, with or without headwalls,are common on golf courses. Even though these areindicative of drainage installations, they need no talways lx marked as part of a hazard.

Culvert ends immediately associated with dearcuthazards should be marked as part of the hazard. Also,w h ~ n ~ c ~ l v e r t e n ~ with a distinct teeder or dischargeb.asm IS Situated m close proximity to a hazard. theculvert end an d its basin should be marked as aseparate hcUard or tied into the nearby hazard.Where culverts have been installed merely to prevent water accumulation in prime playing areas, theexposed ends are better marked as immovable ob strutions, even when a small hole or pool is presentbl."'ow the end of the pipe. It should be noted thatconditions at opposite ends of an underground pipemay be ttuite different. At one en d the ground may bedry and relatively flat, at the other en d the pipe ma yopen into an obvious stream way and is clearly part ofa hazard.Pipe ends at the sides of a cart path where the pathl ~ r o s ~ e s a s h a l l ~ w grassed depression .ue normallytied mas part ot the cart path.HAZARDS IN WOODED AREASThe mi'!rking u{ h a z ~ r d s situated in wood:;; prf'senls avariety of problems. In deciding how to treat suchhazards. tht> following factors need to be taken intoaccount: Effect of marking on play. Location of woods relative to normal play. Location and extent of haL.ards in woods. Density of trees and undergrowth.Most commonly, bu t not necessarily, such hazardsare lateral watE-r hazards. Typically, they are streamscutting through woods or draining a wooded ravine.They may also be small ponds or streams with extensive branches.. W h ~ n trees and undergrowth arc relatively light, itIS preterable to mark along the natural margins of thehazards. The same applies to streams with relativelydean margins along the perimeter of a wood. Ineither case, the wooded area as a whole should not bemarked as a lateral hazard along its perimeter atanother hole. To do so would create a h.uard within ahazard.

24

entire area as a''hazard, especially when the area isge1_1erally inaccessilble to players and markers an drehef procedures and lost-ball p e n a l t i ~ s would be oth-ewise too complicated and severe. .It is also justifiable to mark as hazards woods containing streams or ponds where these are unlikely tocome to play. When a hazard such as a streamwav extends into aremote part of the woods, the marking may be cut offby double stakes ahout 3 feet apart in line with theapparent direction of the stream. Cutoffs are sometimes indicated by painting arrows on the ground,bu t for sighting and visibility, stakes are more effec-tive. Dense low-lying scrub arear. with persistent casualwater giving the appearam:t> of swampland are best

marked as lateral water hazards.The head of a wooded ravine encompassing a hazard at the edge of the course is best marked as a lateralwater hazard. An exception may be made where onlva very n a ~ r o w section of the ravine is on course property and so situated that it is frequently impnssii:lleto determme whether a ball lost in the area is in or ou tof bounds. In such situations, it mav be advisable tomark the area as ou t of bounds. FAIRWAY STREAMSFairway streams and drainage ditches along the l i n ~ of play are normally marked as lateral water hazards.CLIFFS AS MARGINSIn most cases where a stream or lake closelv followsthe contours of a cliff, the hazard margin on the cliffside should be established along the top of the cliff. Ifthe body of water and the cliff diverge as, for example, near a pu.tting green, stakes at the top and bott ( ~ m ~ f the chff best serve to mark the change ind1rectmn of the hazard margin.UNMARKED MARGINSIf b e c a ~ s e of remoteness or any other reason hazardsor sections of hazards are left undefined, a Local Ruleshould be written to indicate what constitutes themargin as, for example, the water line or the naturalbreak of the ground outside the water line.

25


17/28

Ground abnormally altt"fed or under repair within theconfines of a hazard should not normaJJv be markedas Kruund under repair. An exception may be madewhen ground conditions within th e hazard are normally conducive to play from the hazard.In marking the margin, even when the abnormalcondition extends outside the h a ~ r d line, the usualhazard line should be maintained as nearly as possible. That part of the condition outside the margin maybe markt>d ~ r o u n d under repair.

BUNKERSUnder the Kules, bunkers are deemed to have definitemargin!>. Traftic an d natural processes frequentlyrender margins indistinct when bunkers are situatedin do!>e proximity to th e following: Watl'r hazards Lateral water hazards Unpaved cart paths Ground under repair So-called "Pinf' Valle\' areas" or waste areas.In such cases, the margin should be defined to theextent necessary by using a colored paint o t h ~ r thanwhite, VPIIow or red. A Local Rule should indicate thepresence of such margins an d specify that the defining line itself is part of the bunker.

26

GROUND UNDERREPAIR

GENERALIn the definition Ground Under Repair only two exampiPs are given: material piled for rt>moval andholes made by a greenkeeper. Everything elst> is coven.-d by the catchall provision: "any portion of thecourse so marked by order of th e Committee . . "~ p p r o a c h e s to the treatment of ground under repair range from the "find it an d hi t it" school toyear-round "winter rules." Of course, most Commitlt>es an d golf organizations pursue a polic\' betweenthese extremes. Such policy is usually based on four factors:I. What is fair or unfair.

It is a widely us' that goixlshots should not be penalized and bad shots should:'ot rewarded. Applying this prim:ipl!:!, bad are


18/28

4. Conditions covered bv Local Rule.Certain common or \\:idesprt-ad conditions classified as ground under repair are sometimes moreeffectively dealt with by Local Rule than by marking. Typical examples include: French drains. Flower beds. Fire-ant nests. Aerification holes.MATERIALSs ~ c a u s e it is easv to usc and offers no physical interference, marking p a i n ~ is used to mark most groundunder rE-pair. White is the recommended color. Onputting greens, some coursl' superintendents rccommend using lime or a thin mixture of flour and waterinstead of marking paint.Stakes are sometimes used to define large artas orto inhibit traffic over areas of ground under repair.Th e USGA recommends orange stakes. Whitestakes an ' satisfactory an d fret1uently used. Whateverthe color, it should lx> indicated in a Local Rule.Recommended sizes:I" x 2'' wooden stakes 2 feet in length.

2" PVC pipe 2 feet in length.LINING AND STAKINGIn order to avoid excessive and inconsistent marking,a preliminary survey of ground under re_ra.ir shouldprf"lid procedures are only complicated by lines that closely outline irregular contours ut th e condition being marked. Genera11yspeaking, the line should be 6 to 12 inches_oulsidc theedge of the area being markl"d. Dashed hnes shouldnot be used.As a general rule. when tw o or more bad spots liewithin a foot or so of each other, it is recommendedthat thev bt markl'd as one rather than individually.S i m i l a ~ ! \ , where many bad spots are present in aparticuli:u are


19/28

AREAS OVERLAPPING FAIRWAY CUTIt is trequently a question how to mark a bad areaextending from fairway into th e rough. Basic considerations are the nature of the damage, the extent ofth(' d t ~ m a ~ l ' in the rough and whether the generalmarking policy e f f c c t i v c l ~ widens the fairways. .In such cases, it i!' r ~ o m m e n d e d that the roiJowmgbe markt>d in their ~ ~ n t i r e t y : Small art>as. Areas extend ing only a few f ~ t into the rough. Severe discrete damage such .ts a newly closed

trend1.Whcn a largl' arl'a of rough is involved, it isacccptable to mark only that part within the (airway orwithin the limit for marking ground under rt'pairelsewht>rt> on the course.AREAS NOT AMENABLE TO MARKINGDamaged areas on a part of the course are sometimestoo numerous ur extensive tor effective marking.Common causes are silting and erosion Jue to flnoJing. grass die-nut and aerification.One snlutilln is a Local Rule authorizing "prt'fe rredlies" pr s ~ d a l rdicf at a given hofc. A guide to such aLm:al Rult' is supplitd in Appendix I of the rule btX1k.For acrifkatitm holt's, see lJecision 33-8132.Alternati\'elv, it is Sa. When this is done, stakes s h o u l d ~ set .1t the corners and '-"Onnected bv a white line. AL(Kal Rule is nl'cessarv to indicate the location of thearea and the p r o ~ r relict procedure under Rule 25 oras otherwise specified.RESIDUAL LINESWhere lint'S fmrn cl previous marking have becomeindistinct, it is usually advisable to paint over them. Ifold markings are not suitable dul to a changt' in theextent of the condition being marked or a change inmarking policy. considl'ration should be given to thefollowing measurt>!i: Tracing over the old m a r k i n ~ if it is not grosslyunsuitable. Providing a Local Rule to the effect that old lines

delinedting ground under repair are to be disregardcd.

30

FRENCH DRAINSFrench drains are trenches or holes f i lkd withcrushed stone or other fill material. They


20/28

As a general rule, cart paths with no surfacing material should not be marked as ground under repair. Itis recommended that exception be made for severelydamaged or depressed paths in prime playing areas.The marking of such conditions can usually be restricted to primt.> playing areas.FALLEN TREESIn prim' playing areas, faHen trt.>es or branches thatcould unfairly affect play should be marked as groundunder repair. The same applies to areas covered bytrees in the process of being removed.OPEN STORAGE YARDSOpen areas used for the storage of course equipmentan d supplies may be marked as ground under repair.The Committee may make a LoC"al Rule prohibitingplay from such areas.REFUSE DUMPSIt is recommended that refuse dumps be marked asgwund under repair if they are likely to come intnplay.GROUND UNDER REPAIR ON PUTTINGGREENSThe marking oi greens is undesirable both estheticallyan d from a procedural standpoint. It can be avoidedby usc of Local Rule for conditions such as lhe following: Edging grooves. Aerification holes. Damage by birds feeding on grubs. Hoofprints. Raised or sunken hole plugs.For examples of such Local Rules, see lJecision33-8i24 (Edging grooves) an d Decision 33-8/32 (Aerification holes).Individual damaged areas should be marked asground under repair. When the damage is partly onthe putting green an d partly off the green, the areashould be marked as a whole. If the perimeter of thegreen is not discernible, it should be established usinga color other than white. This fadlitates application ofthe appropriate relief procedure under Rule 25-1.

32

IMMOVABLEOBSTRUCTIONS

GENERALCommon immovable obstructions such as paved carti;>aths, buildings an d fences on the course are notnormally defined by marking. ~ r k i n g may also bedispensed with by Local Rules in cases such as thefollowing: Yardage posts. Utility poles. Stiles. Guy wires. Exposed mat."i in bunkers. Stakes serving to mark internal out of bounds atanother hole.Du e to. their special nature or location on thecourse, certain obstructions should be delineated bystakes and/or lines. Under the Orlick system, blackstakes or lines are recommended. White stakes andlines ar e also suitable for this purpm;e. A Local Ruleshould indicate the identifying color in any case. Recommended stake sizes are 1" x 2" for wooden stakesor 2" diameter for PVC pipe.Stakes are normally se t at the comers or salientparts of the obstruction. When necessary, theyshould be set far enough away from the obstruction toeliminate physical interference at any point. Linesused alone or between stakes should be applied ac~ o r d i n g l y .

SPECIAL CONDITIONSCART PATHSIn addition to paths with adjacent ground under repair, covered under the following topic, several conditions involving cart paths require marking or clarification by Local Rule.Where deterioration renders the sides of pavedpaths irregular or indistinct, straightening the edge ofthe path by lining is recommended.Where path width is altered by the spread of surfacing material. it is recommended to mark that partof the displaced material forming a continuous sur-face as part of the path.

33


21/28

- ~ C l ) l l l C ' I I l : ' t \I I OJ LJ . IU. U.J I I J ; ,U I IQL I " " "U palll:"f II lO Y J I IU I f\.II;""Uas part of t h ~ path. E x p u ~ c d surfaces of old or abandunl're any doubt could arise, their status

~ h o u l d bt made dear by a l.ocal Rult.Cart paths with parallel barriers such as fences or

p o s t - a ~ ~ - r o p e systems present a similar problem. Astwo dtfterent obstructions side by side complicaterelief procedures, it is usuallv advisable to issue aLocal Rule to the eftect that the'barrier is deemed to bepart of the c.ul path .OBSTRUCTIONS BORDERED BYGROUND UNDER REPAIRImmovable ubstructions ,ut_> trequently adjacent to orsurrounded by conditions that could bt> marked asground under repair. A cart path with damagedground alongside oral the en d of the path is a wellknown example. A similar situation occurs around~ r a t e s , irrigation val\'CS, sprinkler heads, drinkingfountains and other installations. Marking th eground_ undt>r repa_r by tying into or enclosing theob'\trutJon m,1y easlv lt>ad to confusion in the interpretation of interfen.ncc and relief under the Rules. Itis therefore recommended to pro . de a local Rulestating t h ~ t white-lined areas tying into or enclosingan obstrutton h,we the same status as the obstruction.An example of sm:h a Local Rule for cart paths is!ound in Decis ion 33-8/25.A n < ~ ~ of ~ r o u n d under repair situated n(ar an obstruction but not adjoining it should not oc tied intothe obstruction.

STRUCTURES IN CLOSELY MOWNAREASPumping installations, transmission-line towers an dsimi Ia r objects in closely mown areas should bem _ a r ~ e d sn that ~ h y s i c . a l interference at any point ist.'hmmated. Markmg the obstruction is also advisablewhere any sofety hazard exists, as when a ball lieswithin the confines of a structure such as a transmission-line tower. In addition, consideration should begiven to the usc of a Ball Drop in a safC' position notnearer the hole. See also BALL DROPS.

34

As a general rule, tr.'es an d shrubs- including thoseserving as yardage markers - shuuld not be markedas obstructions. The same rt>strktion applies to thetrees with trunks protected bv paper or t t ~ x t i l e wrappings or plastic sleeves.Exception is made for new seedlings or other smalltrees and shrubs that need tt'mporary protection. inmost cases, these are indicated nr supported by s t a k ~ s or stakes and wires. When no stakes or supports arepresent, it is recommended that tht!y be provided.Larger trees ar e also frequently suppt,rted by guywires or cables.In an y such case, a Local Rule should be providedstating either that the tree togther with its supports isan immovable obstrudion or that onlv lht> stakt's an dwires are obstructions. As for relief, reft>rence shouldbe made to Rule 24.Artificially surfaced tree wells rna\' be marked asimmovable obstructions or defined as" intt.>gral parts ofthe course at the discretion of the Commitlcc.TWO OBSTRUCTIONS AS ONESeparatt small obstructions within a few inches or afew feet of each other are more effectively marked ar. asingle obstruction.When large obstruclil)ns art.' situated so close toeach other that relief from on e mav result in interferl'nce by th e other. a situation ariSes that t h ~ USGAhas termed the "yo-yo effect," which ma y rl:!quire theprocedure set out in Decision 1-4/B. As playt'rs art'generally unfamiliar with this procedure, it is advisable to avoid the problem by marking the obstructionsas one.BRIDGE APPROACHESBridge a p p r o a c h e ~ an d bridge ends such as concreteslabs that are not within the c o n f i n ~ s of a water hazard should bt> treated as immovable obstmrtions. Assuch, they normally require no marking providedthat a hazard line excluding them from the ha.ard ispresent.CULVERT ENDSCulvert ends and headwalls not situated in a ha7.ardshould be marked as obstructions. W hen found at th(sides of a cart path they are normally . ied into thepath.

35


22/28

In major c o m p ~ l i t i o n s , temporary obstructions suchas scoreboards, bleachers and tents interfere withnmmal play and justify a Local Rule providing freerelief nut only for physical interference but for i n t e r ~ vention as well. The Local Rule almost universallvadopted is that found in Appendix I of the RulesGolf. For ~ x p t > d i e n c y , temporary immovable obstructions in congested areas may be enclosed by a whiteline and Ball Drops may also be used. See also BALLDROPS.

3h

BALL DROPSBall Drops serve a useful prupose when it is notpossible to proceed exactly in conformity with theRules or to do so would be unnecessarilv time-consuming or unfair. Usually, providing om'or two BallDrops is sufficient for a given situation, but o c c a s i o n ~ allv a series of Ball Drops is needed. Their use may bewi'thout penalty or entail a one-stroke -p'nalty depending on the rule invulvt'd.

A Ball Drop is normally a white circle or rectangleapproximately 12 to 15 feet in diameter. The wordsBALI. DROP should be printed inside the forwardedge or the area. Ball Drops should n . A course boundary or unplayabJe area parallelwith the line of play intersects or borders awater ha7.ctrd so that relief under Rule 26-lb isnullified. Use of the Ball Drop in such casesmay be made contingent on a ball entering thewater hazard between distinctivelY colored

stakes defining a segment of th h a ~ r d margin. A protective fence or screen nt.ar the normalline of play of a hole. A cart path within a few feet of an out-ofbounds fence with an unplayablt.> arta betweenthe path an d the fence. A long strip of fairway ground under repairbordered by rough.

SPECIAL SITUATIONSCART PATH ALONGSIDE WATERHAZARDWhen a cart path parallels the margin of a watt>rhazard {or lateral water hazard), relief from the haz-

37


23/28

- - ----- . . . . . . . >J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,' " - ........ __ . . . . t""""' . ' ...... _subsequent relief trom the path. Doubl> relief procedures can be avoided by providing a st"rit'S of BallDrops along the path an d a Local Rule p(rmitting thep l a y ~ r whose ball art.'r Ball Dmp no t nearer the hole. ISLAND GREENSJsland grt>ens are normally accompanied by at leastone Ball Drop for balls that fail to reach- or remainon - tht: green or its surround. l.lt>pending on thehazmd identification and the e x t ~ n t of water sur-

38

tee side ~ f t h ~ h a z ~ r d , on ground ' ~ x > h i n d tht.> hazardor on the ramp leading to the green. A Local lsem:e of spectators. ln such conditions, th e establishment of Ball Drops may grcatlvsimplify th e problem. The Local Rule should beworded or amended so as to authorize (lptionaluse ofthe Ball Drop.

39


24/28

INTEGRAL PARTS OFTHE COURSE

Under Rule 33-2, the Committee is also responsibl"for defining integral parts of the course. As thesefeatures are often easily confused with immovableobstructions, a Local Rule should be issued to alertplayers to their location an d the fact that they are notobstmctions. While rarelv marked, there is no reasonwh y this should not be done. If marking is desirable,a color other than black or white should be used.Typical examples include: Earthen bridges. Retaining waUs. Artificially surfaced banks. Wooden or other barriers at the margin ofbunkers .With respect to the wooden barriers. it is recommended that they be deemed by Local Rule as"through the green" rather than as part of the bunker.Temporary dividers such as planks in place duringconstruction or repair of bunkers should be deemedto be obstructions.

FAIRWAYSWhen conditions are deemed by the Committee Lojustify adoption of a Local Rule for "preferred lies''throughout the COUI'S(' or at spPcific holes , it is sometimes necessary to line the limits uf fairways or otherclosely mown areas. For this purpose, marking paintother than white is recommended.An example of a Local Rule for "preferred lies" is t


25/28

The perimeter of putting greens is no t always discernihle . This may be du e to wear, grass die-out or onJyslight differences in t"lltting heights for greens an dcollars. ln order to expedite play an d eliminate unnec-essary violations when the ball is not on the puttinggreen, it is suggested that the perimeter of suchgreens be outlined with a distinctively colored marking paint. A Local Rule should indicate the presenceof such grcl'ns and statE" that the line itself is deemedto be part of the putting green.

HOLE LOCATIONSTournament hole locations ("pin placements") arenormally predetermined according to a stereotypedsystem. As an aid to the person cutting cups for theday's play, it is customary to spot in advance the holelocation on each green . I f time does not permit thisbefore play begins, it should be done on the daypreceding play. Indicating hole locations usually consists in hand application of a small spot of spraypaint . In multiday 'vents, a different colored paint foreach da y is recommended. Alternativt>ly, coloredwide-headed tacks or smaiJ wire- shafted flags may beused.

It is not advisable to spot in on e operation holelocations for all days of a multiday competition.

TEE AREASAs in the case of hole locations, the playing length of ahole is usually predetermined for tournaments. Tofacilitate the placement of tee markers before play, itis expedient to indicate the intended position ufmarkers by suitable small paint marks on the tee or bya mark to the side of the tee. For muJtiday events, theteeing grounds to be used may be indicated by nu-merals or one or more dots or bars representing daysof the tournament . Where tee signs are not present or are located atsome distance from the teeing ground, it is advisableto indicate holes of the course by conspicuous holenumbers painted on the back en d or side of the tee.This is particularly important where two or more teesare situated in the same general areas.

42

INDEXAerification holesAnimal damage. See Ground under repairAnimal holes. See Ground under repairAreas disrupting playand uut of boundsArtificially surfaced banksBall dropsbunker bordering lateral hazardcart path parallel to hazardcommon usesdangerous obstructionsdescriptionelevated pipelinesfencesground under repairha7.ards

island greenstemporary obstructionsBanks, artificially surfaced . See Artificiallysurfaced banks

Page28

8, 20814, 16, 4123, 37-39

383737JY3739373837, 383839

Bare spots 29 .Barriers. Cart paths; See Integral parts


26/28

rauwer oeas 7, 28, 19curbs 34 French drains 28, 31ground under repair adjacent to 34inundated 18 Grates 34rregular sides 33 Ground under repair 27-32nsurfacl.'d 32 adjoining hazards 31liffs 15, 25 and hazards 26lubhouses 3 animal damage 29Committee responsibility ] animal holes 29Course 1,3 cluster marking 28ncroaching structures 10 common conditions 29facilitit.s excluded from 3 dashed lines 28imits 3 fairway-rough overlap 30roads on, or intersecting 6, 9 fallen trees 32vs. course propt!rty 3 holes 29, 31Course boundary. See Out of bounds large blocks 30ourse property 3 lines 28ourse survey I, 15, 28 lining 28racked grou-nd 29 local rules 28rosswalks 29 marking materials 28ulvert ends 24, 35 marking policy 27, 30Curbs 3, 6, 34 overlapping hazard margin 31See also Cart paths; Out of bounds p i ~ s defining 28utoffs 9, 10, 25 putting greens 32See also Out of bounds refuse dumps 32residual lines 30ams 23 rock outcrops 29evelopment courses 9ruts 29rainage ditches 20, 25 seeded areas 29mergency 15 signs 29rainpipes 24 sodded areas 29nd cart paths 24 special conditions 30rinking fountains 34 stakes defining 28rop areas. Se(' Ball drops staking 28wellings 10 track an d tread marks 29tree stumps 29mbankments 16 tree wells 29, 35rosion furrows 29 Guy wires 33xcavations 29

Hazards 1.3--26airway streams 25 accidental 19airways 41 and ball drops 37efining 41 and cart paths 18allen trees 32 and obstructions 23ence posts 5 an d out of bounds 20.25ences 5, 15, 33, 34, 37 an d waterlogged ground 18ut-of-bounds 37 an d wooded areas 24rotedivt' 37 barriers 15takes added Lo 5 basins within basins 18orm 5 changing identification of 18ire-ant nests 28 conditions excepted 15, 2344 4S


27/28

dividedinappropriate markingisland greensjunctions \vith out of boundslines defininglininp,marginsmarking pol icyobjects definingoverflowpeninsular greenspipes definingp l u ~ s definingposts defining-same hazard differently playedseasonalsegments ofslopes ofs t a k e ~ definingstakingunmarked

211822211516161315182215151522198, 20171515, 1625

Sec also Water hazards; Lateral water hazards;BunkersHole locationsHole numbers. St>e Tee areasHoles. See Ground under repairllomesitcsImmovable obstmctionsball drops

combined markirtgground under repair bordering

42

10n.-363435343333internal out-of-bounds stakes for another holelineslocal rules

mats exposed in bunkerssafety hazardsstakes forstakingtemporaryIntegral parts of the courseand local rulesartificially surfaC of the courseSee also Immovable obstruc tionsOrlick, WarrenOut of boundsand course facilitiesand hazardsbodies of water ascable junction boxes as

complete tie-in47

7

16161525191925152122212025

3

1296

29

2341

4, 333-1137, 20, 2173, 63


28/28

cutoffsfences asinappropriate marking otinternallagoons asJakt-s aslineslocal rulesmarkers. Set:' objects definingobjects definingpavements aspipespostsroads asspecial conditionsstakesstreams astrenches aswalls as

Parking lotsPavementsSee also Ou t of boundsPin placements. See Hole locationsPipelines. See Ball dropsPipescrossing hazard margindefining hazards. Hazards

0 ,3, 55103, 73. 73, 5333, 63 ,4

3, 4683, 43, 73, 73, 736

3, 1. 23. 3923det1ning out of bound s. See Out of boundsSee also Yardage llldrkersPlates. See Yardage markersPondsPosts. See Cart paths; Fenct:' posts;Out of bounds; Yardagc postsPreferred liesProtective fenl-es. See FencesPumphouses

PumpsPutting greensand ground under repairperimeter marking

RailingsRangesRavinesRecreational facilitiesResidential pr

Documents

LS Guide to Course Marking