7/31/2019 Lophotrochozoa: A Study Guide
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CLADE CLADE PHYLA CLASS SUBCLASS SPECIES
LOPHOTR
OCHOZOA
ACOELOMATEBILATERIA
Animalsfr
om
Chapter8
PLAYHEMINTHESDiverseclassoftriploblastic
flatworms.
TURBELLARIAFreeliving;aquatic;ciliated;predators;haverhabdites,orglandsthatlaydownmu
custoassistwithmovement;Haveyolkglandsseparatefromovaries;haveaciliat
edepidermisthatrestsonabasementmembrane;
mesodermformsparenchyma,
whichare
filler
cells
derived
from
muscle
cells;
incomplete
digestive
systems
that
can
rangefromsimpletohighlybranched;haveviscidglandswhichattachtosubstrates
andassistinmovement;
tegumentscellsaresyncytial,ornotseparatedbymem
branes;haveflamecellsusedforosmoregulation;haverheoreceptorstodetectcur
rent;havestatocystsandocelli
No
specific
examplegiven
TREMATODAThinkflukes;allareparasitic;theypossessananteriorholdfastdevice;theyhavea
nonciliated
syncytial
tegument;
their
life
cycles
are
typically
comprised
of
two
or
morehosts;canbeasexualorsexualdevelopment.
TheSchistosomeflukeisone
example.
Chlonorchis
sinensis
(Chineseliver
fluke)
MONOGENEAConsideredvertebrateectoparasites;lifecycleiscompletedononehost;eachbears
alargeposterioropisthaptor,oradhesiveorgan.
Theyareparasitesthatliveonfish
gills,feedingonepithelialcells,mucusandblood;severalgenerationsareboxedin
sideoneanother(Russiandoll);canreproduceasexually,sexually,orviapartheno
genesis
Gyrodactylus
CESTOIDEATapeworms;haveauniquebodythatisdividedintoscolex,neck,andstrobili(which
iscomposedofmanyproglottids);theyliveintheintestinesandshedeggfilledpro
glottidsoutwithfeces;eggdevelopswithinahydatidcyst,whichcanbedangerous.
Taeniasolium(PorkTape
worm)
ACOELOMORPHAThe
outgroup
for
all
bilateral
animals;
free
living
or
parasitic;
they
have
acellular
ciliated
epidermis,
asimple
gut,
and
ra
diallyarrangednerves;consideredbasaltoprotostomesanddeuterstomes.
Nospecific
examplegiven
MESOZOAHavenogermlayers;arebelievedtohavedescendedfrommorecomplexlophotrochozoans;minuteandciliatedpara
sitesand/orsymbiontsforinvertebrates.
Nospecific
examplegiven
NEMERTEARibbon
worms;
burrow
in
marine
sediment;
some
have
aproboscis
used
for
feeding;
complete
digestive
tract
enable
in
gestionandegestiontooccurconcurrently;largeduetoclosecirculationandcontractilevessels(noheart);bodyplan
similartoturbellarians.
Carinoma
Baseodiscus
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MOLLUSCAContinued
GASTROPODASnailsandslugs;exhibittor
sion,ortheprocessinwhich
thedigestiveandneuralsys
tembecomelooped;some
haveanoperculumgrowing
offfoottosealshell;have
osphradiathatsensewater
quality;exhibit
coiling,
or
the
shiftingoftheshelltobetter
distributeweight;mostsen
sorystructureslocatedante
riorly;opencirculationsys
tem;
OPISTHOBRANCHIATheseguysarethecom
monseaslugs;theylack
gillsbuthavecerata,which
areprojectionsfromtheir
bodiestoincreasesurface
area
(for
gas
exchange);
somecanincorporate
cnidocystsfromeaten
anemones.
Nospecific
examplegiven
PROSOBRANCHIAMarinesnailandslugs;gills
infrontoftheheart;sepa
ratesexes;majorityof
gastropodsbelong
to
prosobranchia;someare
terrestrialsnail.
Conches
Cones
Cowries
Limpets
Murexes
Periwinkles
Volutes
Whelks
PULMONATATerrestrialslugsandsnails;
mantlecavityishighlyvas
cularizedandactsasa
lung;theyhavepneu
mostomes,whichare
openingsintheirmantle
cavities;operculumcover
thepneumostomes.
Nospecific
examplegiven
CEPHLOPODAClasscontainingsquid,octopodes,cuttlefishandnautilus;
mostspecies
have
areduced
shell,
with
the
exception
of
thenautilus;footismodifiedintotentaclesusedforcap
turingprey,movementandreproduction;tentacleshave
suctionscupsprovideaholdfaststructureforpredation;
havecomplexeyes;largebrainsaidinginsensorypercep
tion,memoryanddecisionmaking;octopodescanbe
verysmart(rememberOtto?);matingoccursaftercourt
ship,whenthemalepassesaspermatophoreintothe
femalesmantlecavity;dioecious;Octopodesaresem
elparous,meaning
their
offspring
are
produced
in
asingle
groupafterwhichtheparentdie;
NautilusUsegasinshellfor
buoyancy;havea
siphunclethatperfo
rateseachseptum.
Feedon
small
inver
tebrates.
SquidMantlemodified
withstriatedmuscle
tobringinandexpel
water.Haveapen,a
remnantofashell;
movefoodbyperi
stalsis
Octopus
Havechromato
phores,allowing
themtochange
color;noshells
