Upload
dangnguyet
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Exhibit CJB 1
Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system showing the boundary (green line) asdefined in the Waikato Regional Plan (Variation 2), and the locations of peripheral wells referredto in the statement of evidence, paragraph 11.3.
Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields asdelineated using resistivity measurements, showing selected deep drill-holes.
??????
Mt Tauhara
N
STATION
WAIRAKEI
TAUHARA
ROTOKAWA
WesternBorefield
EasternBorefield
215
219
223
224
TH3
TH2
TH1
227
302
208
205 218
48
121
229119
213307301
304
305
Lake Taupo
Wai
kato
Riv
er
Wairakei
TH4
Table of Geothermalfeatures at Wairakei-Tauhara
Name RankSteamfeatures Hot Springs
DominantVegetation
Areahectares
1. Te Mihi North C
fumaroles,steamingground
several mixedCl-HCO3-SO4
ProstrateKanuka 6.5
2. Te Rautehuia Streamvalley C
mudpools,steamingground
several mixedCl-HCO3-SO4
ProstrateKanuka 2.3
3. Wairakei ThermalValley C
steamingground,
steam-heated,dormantgeysers
ProstrateKanuka 4
4. Alum Lakes valley C
steamingground,mudpools drained lakes
ProstrateKanuka 8
5. Waiora Hill C
mudpools,steamingground none
ProstrateKanuka 30
6. Karapiti (Craters of theMoon), 6A Tukairangi,6B Karapiti Forest B,D,C
fumaroles,steam gnd,eruptioncraters none
ProstrateKanuka 33
7. Hall of Fame -WaikatoR. D none
warm steam-condensate
Christellaferns 0.1
8. Spa Park, Spa Sights,AC Baths, Kathleen D
weak heatedground
dormantsprings,geysers
ProstrateKanuka ~1
9. Otumuheke Spring, 9ASpa Stream B none
steam-heatedspring
Christella ,Cyclosorusferns 0.5
10. Broadlands RdReserve (Pony Club) B
steam gnd,eruptioncraters acid pools
ProstrateKanuka 31
11. Crown Rd Motor-Cross, 11a Crown Park D
steamingground none
ProstrateKanuka 19
12. Lake Front, 13.Waipahihi Source C none
dilute chloridesprings
Cyclosorusinterruptus 0.3
14,15. Napier highway D
patchessteamingground none none 0.1
Exhibit CJB 3. Table of Wairakei and Tauhara principal surface geothermal areas. Thenumbers refer to mapped locations on exhibit CJB 4.
Exhibit CJB 4. Map of principal thermal features and hot ground areas of Wairakei /Tauhara geothermal ststem.
Exhibit CJB 5. Composite of infra-red images of Karapiti thermal area (May 2000). Hotring fractures around craters and the cool wooden boardwalk (~2m wide) can beresolved in the image.
Karapiti Heat Loss Changes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Heat
loss
(MW
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Hot G
nd A
rea
(km
2)
Total heat loss (MW)Steam Vents (MW)Hot Ground (MW)Area of thermal gnd
Exhibit CJB 6. Changes in natural surface heatflow at Karapiti (representing about50% of current total Wairakei surface heatflow). Estimates have uncertainties of about25%. The area of hot ground approximately doubled and the amount of heat loss iscurrently about five times that prior to Wairakei development.
Waipahihi Source Spring: Chloride-flowrate correlation 1994-2005
y = -27.565x + 400.85
200
250
300
350
400
0 1 2 3 4 5
Flowrate (l/s)Chl
orid
e (m
g/kg
)
Terraces bore-June 2004
Waipahihi Spring-1994-04
Waipahihi Sp.July 2005
Exhibit CJB 7. Waipahihi Source Spring (below Terraces Hotel, southern Tauhara)– inversecorrelation of flowrate versus chloride concentration. This shows evidence of a steady deepchloride water contribution, with dilution by varying amounts of rainfall-rechargedgroundwater explaining the changes in chemistry and flowrate. There is no evidence, here, ofany effects of Wairakei pressure decline on deep chloride water upflows.
Waipahihi Source Spring Chloride and flowrate
0
100
200
300
40082 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
0
2
4
6
8
Chloride(mg/kg)l/s
Exhibit CJB 8. Contour Map of shallow groundwater level surface over Wairakei andTauhara. Gradients imply flow towards the Waikato River and Lake Taupo. Steepergradients occur where an upper aquifer overlaps a lower aquifer.
Wairakei Groundwater Level Changes
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Red
uced
Lev
el (m
-asl
)
0
5
10
15
20
Pres
sure
(bar
s-g)
001/0014/0229/0 - 20m024/0202/0 - 40m016/0Southern Stm Zone
Exhibit CJB 9. Water level changes, since 1953, in representative Wairakei groundwater monitorbores, from west of Alum lakes (202/0), east of Alum Lakes (229/0), through the Western Borefield(24/0) and Eastern Borefield (16/0,14/0) to the Information Centre (1/0). Average south-west steam-zone pressures are also plotted for comparison.
Exhibit CJB 10. Water level changes in Alum lakes between 1999 and 2006. Reduced levelchanges are shown in black; decline rate changes (in cm/day) are plotted in colour (at end ofinterval). With time, the peak rates have migrated out from the central lakes (Mudflat, Butterfly) tothe south-eastern lake (W-209) and finally the northern-most Alum lake (Pirorirori). As predicted(Bromley, 2001) the decline rates have reduced and the water levels are now approaching newstable values. These levels are controlled by the underlying steam pressure, and the rate oflateral groundwater inflow into the area of depressed water levels.
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
1999 2000 2000 2001 2003 2004 2004 2006
Wat
er le
vel (
m-a
sl)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8D
eclin
e ra
te c
m/d
ay
W-209 L.Hyd.craterButterflyMudflat W-nPiroriroriW-209 rateHyd-crater rateButterfly rateMudflat ratePirorirori rate
Tauhara Upper Aquifer ^
Taupo Lake-level Aquifer
360
380
400
420
440
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Wat
er L
evel
(mR
L)
THM1 THM2THM3 THM8 shallowTHM5 #374 THM8 deep50ArthurCr THM3/0Geology-THM10 18CumberlandHospital THM11THM9
TAUPOPUMICE
POS
ORUANUIIGNIMBRITE
HUKAFALLS
eruption-breccia
Exhibit CJB 11. Groundwater level changes, since 1965, in Tauhara bores aroundthe Crown Road thermal area, showing local declines in level of upper aquifer (THM1,THM5, THM11), and relatively stable level of the lower (“lake-level”) aquifer. Simplifiedgeology shown at THM10 near RM59. Upper aquifer declines, especially since 1995, haveprobably drained the POS near RM59. See CJB 12 for locations of bores.
Exhibit CJB 12. Location map of bores referred to in exhibit CJB 11 . #1 = CumberlandSt., #2= Golfcourse, #5= Hospital, #6= Taharepa, #8= Arthur Cres. THM9 to 11 aresubsidence investigation bores.
THM5/8-
THM1-
THM3-
THM2-#1-
#5- #8-
#2-
#6-*
*THM9
THM10-11
Exhibit CJB 13. Wairakei location map showing Poihipi West, Te MihiNorth, and Aratiatia external reinjection areas (yellow), in relation to theresistivity boundary (green) and the main production areas (red).
Taupo and Rotorua GPS level changes, relative to Auckland (smoothed 3 month running average)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Heig
ht c
hang
e (m
m)
Taupo-3 month-AucklandRGMK 3month -Auckland
Exhibit CJB 14. Continuous GPS derived level changes near Taupo and Rotorua,relative to Auckland.
-25 0 +25
Exhibit CJB 15. Satellite Differential InSar vertical deformation image (in mm/yr) ofWairakei-Tauhara and surrounding area for 9/5/2004-20/3/2005. Orange areas showrelative uplift and blue areas show relative subsidence. At Taupo airport, rate for thisperiod was +12 mm/yr relative to Auckland. Brown areas have poor coherence betweenthe two images.
Wairakei (P128) Subsidence history matching and prediction0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
181940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Subs
iden
ce (
S, m
etre
s)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Subs
iden
ce r
ate
(mm
/yr)
P128 obs.subsidenceA97*3.15Calc.BoltzmannP128 Rates (mm/yr)Calc.Boltz-rate
Boltzmann functionS=S1(1+(1+exp((T-T0)/T1))-1)where S=subsidence,T=year S1 = 15.45*(T-1952) m. ( for T<1968.8) S1 = 15.45 (for T>1968.8) T0 = 1979.1, T1 = 8.2 years
Exhibit CJB 16. Subsidence history match at Wairakei, comparing calculated andobserved levels and rates, using a modified Boltzmann function. Note P128 is locatednear the centre of the bowl and was first installed in 1966. A97 is located nearby, and itsearly levelling history was used, with appropriate scaling, to extrapolate backwards intime for the P128 record. Observed subsidence rates reveal greater scatter in the 1950’sto 1960’s because rate uncertainties from levelling errors over shorter repeat intervalsare larger.
Crown Rd (RM59) Subsidence history match & prediction0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
Subs
iden
ce (m
) fro
m 1
980
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Subs
iden
ce R
ate
mm
/yr
RM59 subsidenceCalc. Boltzmann function
RM59 short term rate mm/yrCalc.Boltz rate mm/yr
RM59 mm/yr (annual average)
Boltzmann function S=S0+S1(1+1/(1+exp((T-T0)/T1))) where S=subsidence,T=year S0=0.07m, S1 = 0.85m T0= 2005.5, T1= 3.2 years
Exhibit CJB 17. Observed and calculated subsidence levels and rates at RM59, CrownRd, Tauhara. The Boltzmann fit applies from the start of anomalous subsidence rates inthe 1990’s; previous rates are typical of background values (5 to 10 mm/yr) in thesurrounding area. Rates are plotted at the end of each time interval.
Exhibit CJB 18
Wairakei borefield area showing the edge of the subsidence anomaly (green contourline), the 1997 - 2001 subsidence rate contours (white contours in mm/yr), groundwatermonitor bores (red), and Alum lakes including the 2001 hydrothermal eruption crater(blue) located about 2 km west of the subsidence anomaly.