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Exhibit CJB 1 Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system showing the boundary (green line) as defined in the Waikato Regional Plan (Variation 2), and the locations of peripheral wells referred to in the statement of evidence, paragraph 11.3.

Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

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Page 1: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 1

Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system showing the boundary (green line) asdefined in the Waikato Regional Plan (Variation 2), and the locations of peripheral wells referredto in the statement of evidence, paragraph 11.3.

Page 2: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields asdelineated using resistivity measurements, showing selected deep drill-holes.

??????

Mt Tauhara

N

STATION

WAIRAKEI

TAUHARA

ROTOKAWA

WesternBorefield

EasternBorefield

215

219

223

224

TH3

TH2

TH1

227

302

208

205 218

48

121

229119

213307301

304

305

Lake Taupo

Wai

kato

Riv

er

Wairakei

TH4

Page 3: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Table of Geothermalfeatures at Wairakei-Tauhara

Name RankSteamfeatures Hot Springs

DominantVegetation

Areahectares

1. Te Mihi North C

fumaroles,steamingground

several mixedCl-HCO3-SO4

ProstrateKanuka 6.5

2. Te Rautehuia Streamvalley C

mudpools,steamingground

several mixedCl-HCO3-SO4

ProstrateKanuka 2.3

3. Wairakei ThermalValley C

steamingground,

steam-heated,dormantgeysers

ProstrateKanuka 4

4. Alum Lakes valley C

steamingground,mudpools drained lakes

ProstrateKanuka 8

5. Waiora Hill C

mudpools,steamingground none

ProstrateKanuka 30

6. Karapiti (Craters of theMoon), 6A Tukairangi,6B Karapiti Forest B,D,C

fumaroles,steam gnd,eruptioncraters none

ProstrateKanuka 33

7. Hall of Fame -WaikatoR. D none

warm steam-condensate

Christellaferns 0.1

8. Spa Park, Spa Sights,AC Baths, Kathleen D

weak heatedground

dormantsprings,geysers

ProstrateKanuka ~1

9. Otumuheke Spring, 9ASpa Stream B none

steam-heatedspring

Christella ,Cyclosorusferns 0.5

10. Broadlands RdReserve (Pony Club) B

steam gnd,eruptioncraters acid pools

ProstrateKanuka 31

11. Crown Rd Motor-Cross, 11a Crown Park D

steamingground none

ProstrateKanuka 19

12. Lake Front, 13.Waipahihi Source C none

dilute chloridesprings

Cyclosorusinterruptus 0.3

14,15. Napier highway D

patchessteamingground none none 0.1

Exhibit CJB 3. Table of Wairakei and Tauhara principal surface geothermal areas. Thenumbers refer to mapped locations on exhibit CJB 4.

Page 4: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 4. Map of principal thermal features and hot ground areas of Wairakei /Tauhara geothermal ststem.

Page 5: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 5. Composite of infra-red images of Karapiti thermal area (May 2000). Hotring fractures around craters and the cool wooden boardwalk (~2m wide) can beresolved in the image.

Page 6: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Karapiti Heat Loss Changes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Heat

loss

(MW

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Hot G

nd A

rea

(km

2)

Total heat loss (MW)Steam Vents (MW)Hot Ground (MW)Area of thermal gnd

Exhibit CJB 6. Changes in natural surface heatflow at Karapiti (representing about50% of current total Wairakei surface heatflow). Estimates have uncertainties of about25%. The area of hot ground approximately doubled and the amount of heat loss iscurrently about five times that prior to Wairakei development.

Page 7: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Waipahihi Source Spring: Chloride-flowrate correlation 1994-2005

y = -27.565x + 400.85

200

250

300

350

400

0 1 2 3 4 5

Flowrate (l/s)Chl

orid

e (m

g/kg

)

Terraces bore-June 2004

Waipahihi Spring-1994-04

Waipahihi Sp.July 2005

Exhibit CJB 7. Waipahihi Source Spring (below Terraces Hotel, southern Tauhara)– inversecorrelation of flowrate versus chloride concentration. This shows evidence of a steady deepchloride water contribution, with dilution by varying amounts of rainfall-rechargedgroundwater explaining the changes in chemistry and flowrate. There is no evidence, here, ofany effects of Wairakei pressure decline on deep chloride water upflows.

Waipahihi Source Spring Chloride and flowrate

0

100

200

300

40082 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

0

2

4

6

8

Chloride(mg/kg)l/s

Page 8: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 8. Contour Map of shallow groundwater level surface over Wairakei andTauhara. Gradients imply flow towards the Waikato River and Lake Taupo. Steepergradients occur where an upper aquifer overlaps a lower aquifer.

Page 9: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Wairakei Groundwater Level Changes

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Red

uced

Lev

el (m

-asl

)

0

5

10

15

20

Pres

sure

(bar

s-g)

001/0014/0229/0 - 20m024/0202/0 - 40m016/0Southern Stm Zone

Exhibit CJB 9. Water level changes, since 1953, in representative Wairakei groundwater monitorbores, from west of Alum lakes (202/0), east of Alum Lakes (229/0), through the Western Borefield(24/0) and Eastern Borefield (16/0,14/0) to the Information Centre (1/0). Average south-west steam-zone pressures are also plotted for comparison.

Exhibit CJB 10. Water level changes in Alum lakes between 1999 and 2006. Reduced levelchanges are shown in black; decline rate changes (in cm/day) are plotted in colour (at end ofinterval). With time, the peak rates have migrated out from the central lakes (Mudflat, Butterfly) tothe south-eastern lake (W-209) and finally the northern-most Alum lake (Pirorirori). As predicted(Bromley, 2001) the decline rates have reduced and the water levels are now approaching newstable values. These levels are controlled by the underlying steam pressure, and the rate oflateral groundwater inflow into the area of depressed water levels.

420

425

430

435

440

445

450

455

1999 2000 2000 2001 2003 2004 2004 2006

Wat

er le

vel (

m-a

sl)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8D

eclin

e ra

te c

m/d

ay

W-209 L.Hyd.craterButterflyMudflat W-nPiroriroriW-209 rateHyd-crater rateButterfly rateMudflat ratePirorirori rate

Page 10: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Tauhara Upper Aquifer ^

Taupo Lake-level Aquifer

360

380

400

420

440

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Wat

er L

evel

(mR

L)

THM1 THM2THM3 THM8 shallowTHM5 #374 THM8 deep50ArthurCr THM3/0Geology-THM10 18CumberlandHospital THM11THM9

TAUPOPUMICE

POS

ORUANUIIGNIMBRITE

HUKAFALLS

eruption-breccia

Exhibit CJB 11. Groundwater level changes, since 1965, in Tauhara bores aroundthe Crown Road thermal area, showing local declines in level of upper aquifer (THM1,THM5, THM11), and relatively stable level of the lower (“lake-level”) aquifer. Simplifiedgeology shown at THM10 near RM59. Upper aquifer declines, especially since 1995, haveprobably drained the POS near RM59. See CJB 12 for locations of bores.

Page 11: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 12. Location map of bores referred to in exhibit CJB 11 . #1 = CumberlandSt., #2= Golfcourse, #5= Hospital, #6= Taharepa, #8= Arthur Cres. THM9 to 11 aresubsidence investigation bores.

THM5/8-

THM1-

THM3-

THM2-#1-

#5- #8-

#2-

#6-*

*THM9

THM10-11

Page 12: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 13. Wairakei location map showing Poihipi West, Te MihiNorth, and Aratiatia external reinjection areas (yellow), in relation to theresistivity boundary (green) and the main production areas (red).

Taupo and Rotorua GPS level changes, relative to Auckland (smoothed 3 month running average)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Heig

ht c

hang

e (m

m)

Taupo-3 month-AucklandRGMK 3month -Auckland

Exhibit CJB 14. Continuous GPS derived level changes near Taupo and Rotorua,relative to Auckland.

Page 13: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

-25 0 +25

Exhibit CJB 15. Satellite Differential InSar vertical deformation image (in mm/yr) ofWairakei-Tauhara and surrounding area for 9/5/2004-20/3/2005. Orange areas showrelative uplift and blue areas show relative subsidence. At Taupo airport, rate for thisperiod was +12 mm/yr relative to Auckland. Brown areas have poor coherence betweenthe two images.

Page 14: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Wairakei (P128) Subsidence history matching and prediction0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

181940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

Subs

iden

ce (

S, m

etre

s)

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Subs

iden

ce r

ate

(mm

/yr)

P128 obs.subsidenceA97*3.15Calc.BoltzmannP128 Rates (mm/yr)Calc.Boltz-rate

Boltzmann functionS=S1(1+(1+exp((T-T0)/T1))-1)where S=subsidence,T=year S1 = 15.45*(T-1952) m. ( for T<1968.8) S1 = 15.45 (for T>1968.8) T0 = 1979.1, T1 = 8.2 years

Exhibit CJB 16. Subsidence history match at Wairakei, comparing calculated andobserved levels and rates, using a modified Boltzmann function. Note P128 is locatednear the centre of the bowl and was first installed in 1966. A97 is located nearby, and itsearly levelling history was used, with appropriate scaling, to extrapolate backwards intime for the P128 record. Observed subsidence rates reveal greater scatter in the 1950’sto 1960’s because rate uncertainties from levelling errors over shorter repeat intervalsare larger.

Crown Rd (RM59) Subsidence history match & prediction0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Subs

iden

ce (m

) fro

m 1

980

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Subs

iden

ce R

ate

mm

/yr

RM59 subsidenceCalc. Boltzmann function

RM59 short term rate mm/yrCalc.Boltz rate mm/yr

RM59 mm/yr (annual average)

Boltzmann function S=S0+S1(1+1/(1+exp((T-T0)/T1))) where S=subsidence,T=year S0=0.07m, S1 = 0.85m T0= 2005.5, T1= 3.2 years

Exhibit CJB 17. Observed and calculated subsidence levels and rates at RM59, CrownRd, Tauhara. The Boltzmann fit applies from the start of anomalous subsidence rates inthe 1990’s; previous rates are typical of background values (5 to 10 mm/yr) in thesurrounding area. Rates are plotted at the end of each time interval.

Page 15: Location map of Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system … · Exhibit CJB 2 Map of Wairakei - Tauhara and Rotokawa geothermal fields as delineated using resistivity measurements, showing

Exhibit CJB 18

Wairakei borefield area showing the edge of the subsidence anomaly (green contourline), the 1997 - 2001 subsidence rate contours (white contours in mm/yr), groundwatermonitor bores (red), and Alum lakes including the 2001 hydrothermal eruption crater(blue) located about 2 km west of the subsidence anomaly.