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Living (Rose Bengal Stained) Benthic Foraminifera in Sediments off the Southwest Taiwan. Ai-Ping Chiang, Hui-Ling Lin, and Tai-Chun Lin Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN 804. Outlines. Introduction. Study area. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Living (Rose Bengal Stained) Benthic Foraminifera in Sediments off the So
uthwest Taiwan
Ai-Ping Chiang, Hui-Ling Lin, and Tai-Chun Lin Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry
National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN 804
Introduction
Results and discussions
Conclusions
Outlines
Study area
Introduction
•Studies of dead and living benthic foraminifera had shown that the organic carbon content in sediments, is the main factor controlling the distribution patterns and morphologic variations in benthic fauna (Corliss and Chen, 1986; Loubere and Gray, 1990; Jannink et al., 1998; Jorisson et al., 1998; Jorissen, 1999; Dulk et al., 1998, 2000).
•Other studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of the assemblage composition to changes in oxygen levels of the bottom water and within the sediment. As a result, the general contention is that oxygen and food supply are the main factors controlling the spatial and in-sediment distribution of benthic foraminifera. (Jorissen et al., 1995)
Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine what controls the spatial distribution of benthic foraminifera in Kao-ping Submarine Canyon in southwest Taiwan.
Introduction
South China Sea
Introduction
Kaoping Submarine
Canyon
Taiwan Strait
Pacific Ocean
This submarine canyon extends almost immediately seaward from the mouth of the Kao-ping River down to the lower continentalslope over a distance of 240 km (Yu et al., 1993 and Liu, 2002). It eventually terminates in the northwestern corner of the South China Sea basin. This submarine canyon was considered the seaward continuation of the Kao-ping River (Yu et al., 1991).
Kao-ping RiverIntroduction
From: http://140.117.94.1/liu/index.htm
Kao-ping River
3-dimensional view of the sea-floor near the head of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon. The water depths are represented by the color bar.
Introduction
Locations of study area
Kao-ping River
242m
1360m
130m561m
94m440m
362m723m
1126m
Study area
Results and discussions
1 TOC % (total organic carbon)‧
2 Abundance of benthic foraminifera‧
3 Living (stained)/total benthic shells ratio ‧ (for each individual species)
Analysis items
Benthic foraminifera abundance and TOC %
Station N1
Station N2
Station KP1-KP5
Station S1
TOC%0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56
Dep
th(c
m)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.4340.413 27.4Station S2
These results suggest that variations in total organic carbon contents do not preferentially affect benthic foraminifera abundance.
Hess and Kuhnt (1996) used the ratio of living specimens to the total abundance of species to determine the succession of recolonizers, assuming that species with high numbers of dead individuals probably colonized earlier than species with higher numbers of living individuals.
The purpose of Rose Bengal is to stain organisms that were alive at the time of collection. (Hess et al,2001)
Living (stained)/total benthic shells ratio
(for each individual species)
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sta
ined
/ t
ota
l ra
tio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0KP5KP4KP3KP2
Stained/total ratio
KP5 KP4 KP3 KP2 KP1
Distance (km)
01020304050
Y D
ata
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sta
ined
/ t
ota
l ra
tio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0KP5KP4KP3KP2
AmmoniaCibicidesReussella
Bolivinanonion
QuinqueloculinaC.wuellerestorfi
Amphicoryna
Bolivinita spp.
Brizalina
Dentalina
Bolivinita
Bolivinita
Fissurina
Heterolepa
Melonis barleanus
Uvigerina
Bolivina
Bolivinita
Bulimina
Fissurina
Lengena
Lenticulin
a
Melonis barleanus
nonion
Spirillina vivipara
Trioculina
Uvigerina
C.wuellerestorfi
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ined
/ to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N1S1S2N2
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ined
/ to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N1
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ined
/ to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N2
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ined
/ to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
S1
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ined
/ to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
S2
N2 N1
Distance (km)
010203040D
ep
th (
m)
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
S2 S1
Distance (km)
01020304050D
ep
th (
m)
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Stained/total ratio
Total #/g
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30105 110
Sta
ine
d /
to
tal r
atio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
N1S1S2N2
Lenticulina
Lenticulina
Lenticulina
Lenticulina
Melonis barleanus
Melonis barleanus
Nodesaria semicostata
nonion
O.P
Quinqueloculina
Quinqueloculina
R.bifrons
R.bifrons
Spirillina vivipara
Trioculina
Uvigerina
Uvigerina
Uvigerina
Uvigerina
C.wuellerestorfiC.wuellerestorfi
Amphicoryna
Amphicoryna
Amphicoryna
Ammonia
AmmoniaAnomalina
Bolivina
Bolivinita
Bolivinita
BrizalinaBrizalina
Brizalina
Bulimina Bulimina
Boliv
ina
cibicidoides
cibicides subhaidigerii
cibicides subhaidigerii
cibicides
cibicides
Elphidium
Fissurina
Globobulimina affinis
Globobulimina affinis
Heterolepa
Heterolepa
Stained foraminifera aboundance
Stained/total ratio
In view of the higher stained/total ratio and lower dead tests, we are inclined to interpret the appearance of stained benthic foraminifera in the head of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon as the effect of migration, rather than caused by differential reproduction or differential mortality.
What causes the effect of migration?
Arrows in this diagram represent the existence of transport directions according to the McLaren Model analysis plotted over the 3-D bathymetry of the study area. Each line of arrows represents a predetermined orientation of transport. The isobaths are in meters. (Liu et al. 2002 )
Conclusions
This study is the first report regarding the stained benthic foraminifera in Taiwan, especially in the region of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon, off the southwest island. Different from previous studies, the spatial distribution of stained benthic foraminifera seems not to be related with TOC contents in sediments.
The higher stained/total ratio and lower dead tests at the head of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon than adjacent area might be the effect of migration, which could be resulted from complex interaction between tides and currents.
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention