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Sub-
kate
gori
e E
mpi
risc
he M
uste
r
Bew
ertu
ng in
der
Lite
ratu
r
Gr.
1
Gr.
2
Gr.
3
H
G
D
C
B
E
F I
A
Inte
r-ak
tions
-ro
utin
en
1. In
form
elle
Pro
-je
ktko
ordi
natio
n
=> N
eutr
al
Mit
Blic
k au
f die
Fra
ge, o
b eh
er fo
rmel
le o
der i
nfor
mel
le K
oord
i-na
tions
prin
zipi
en In
nova
tions
proz
esse
unt
erst
ütze
n, h
at si
ch in
de
r Lite
ratu
r bis
lang
kei
ne k
onsi
sten
te P
ositi
on h
erau
skris
talli
-si
ert,
da d
ie A
däqu
anz
von
Koo
rdin
atio
nsm
echa
nism
en in
Ab-
häng
igke
it de
s Inn
ovat
ions
grad
s von
Pro
jekt
en v
ariie
rt (v
gl. J
an-
sen
et a
l. 20
06).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2. In
stitu
tiona
lisie
rte
Kom
mun
ikat
ions
rou-
tinen
=>
Posit
iv
Bef
unde
zei
gen,
das
s ins
titut
iona
lisie
rte K
omm
unik
atio
nsm
uste
r, w
ie z
.B. r
egel
mäß
ige
Mee
tings
, die
Gen
erie
rung
inno
vativ
er
Idee
n un
d de
n W
isse
nsau
stau
sch
im A
llgem
eine
n un
ters
tütz
en
(vgl
. Har
gado
n/Su
tton
1997
; Jon
es/C
rave
n 20
01).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3. O
pera
tive
Kom
-m
unik
atio
nsde
fizite
im
Rah
men
der
CPU
-N
utzu
ng =
> N
egat
iv
Rou
tinen
, die
ein
e re
gelm
äßig
e un
d ef
fekt
ive
info
rmel
le K
omm
u-ni
katio
n zw
isch
en d
en O
rgan
isat
ions
mitg
liede
rn e
rmög
liche
n,
unte
rstü
tzen
Inno
vatio
nsak
tivitä
ten,
woh
inge
gen
oper
ativ
e K
om-
mun
ikat
ions
defiz
ite d
ie N
utzu
ng v
on In
nova
tione
n er
schw
eren
(v
gl. H
arga
don/
Sutto
n 19
97; M
cGra
th e
t al.
1996
; Edm
onds
on
2003
a).
X
X
X
X
X
X
Such
-ro
utin
en
1) In
divi
duel
le S
uch-
rout
inen
=>
Neu
tral
Zu
die
sem
Mus
ter e
xist
iere
n ke
ine
eind
eutig
en B
efun
de.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2) B
egre
nzte
r Aus
-ta
usch
zw
isch
en d
en
Kra
nken
häus
ern
des
Kon
zern
s =>
Neg
ativ
Erfa
hrun
gsau
staus
ch z
wis
chen
Unt
erne
hmen
in N
etzw
erke
n st
ellt
eine
wic
htig
e W
issen
sque
lle fü
r Unt
erne
hmen
dar
, zum
al a
uf
dies
e W
eise
impl
izite
s Wis
sen
besc
haff
t wer
den
kann
. Em
piris
che
Bef
unde
zei
gen,
das
s Inn
ovat
ions
proz
esse
von
die
sem
Erf
ah-
rung
saus
taus
ch p
rofit
iere
n (v
gl. D
oz 1
996;
Dye
r/Nob
eoka
200
0;
Zollo
et a
l. 20
02).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3) E
xter
ner W
isse
ns-
aust
ausc
h =>
Pos
itiv
Die
Akq
uisi
tion
von
Wis
sen
aus e
xter
nen
Que
llen
erw
eite
rt di
e W
isse
nsba
sis v
on O
rgan
isat
ione
n un
d er
öffn
et so
Pot
enzi
ale
für
neue
Kom
bina
tione
n bz
w. i
nnov
ativ
e Pr
oble
mlö
sung
en (v
gl. D
osi
1988
; Coh
en/L
evin
thal
199
0). I
n de
r Akq
uisi
tion
exte
rnen
Wis
-se
ns li
egt e
ine
Mög
lichk
eit,
um P
fada
bhän
gigk
eite
n zu
übe
rwin
-de
n (v
gl. K
arim
/Mitc
hell
2000
).
X
X
X
X
Kom
bi-
natio
ns-
1. In
terp
rofe
ssio
nelle
Te
ams =
> Po
sitiv
In
terd
iszi
plin
äre
und
inte
rpro
fess
ione
lle T
eam
s unt
erst
ütze
n in
-no
vativ
e Pr
oble
mlö
sung
en, w
eil a
uf d
iese
Wei
se E
xper
tenw
isse
n au
s unt
ersc
hied
liche
n B
erei
chen
geb
ünde
lt w
erde
n ka
nn (v
gl.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
319Anhang
Anhang
E. P. Piening, Prozessdynamiken der Implementierung von Innovationen, DOI 10.1007/978-3-8349-6121-1,© Gabler Verlag | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2011
rout
inen
C
lark
/Fuj
imot
o 19
91; B
row
n/Ei
senh
ardt
199
5).
2. U
nzur
eich
ende
Pa
rtizi
patio
n de
r A
dres
sate
n
=> N
egat
iv
Stel
lt ei
ne Im
plem
entie
rung
sbar
riere
dar
, da
auf d
iese
Wei
se d
as
Wis
sen
der A
dres
sate
n ni
cht i
n da
s Pro
jekt
ein
fließ
en k
ann
und
die
Akz
epta
nz e
iner
Inno
vatio
n un
ter d
en M
itarb
eite
rn si
nkt (
vgl.
Edm
onds
on e
t al.
2001
; Edm
onds
on 2
003a
).
X
X
X
X
X
X
3. K
ontin
uier
liche
Ev
alua
tion
der A
b-lä
ufe
=> P
ositi
v
Expe
rimen
telle
Ler
nrou
tinen
wer
den
in d
er L
itera
tur r
egel
mäß
ig
mit
Inno
vatio
nsfä
higk
eit a
ssoz
iiert
(vgl
. Eis
enha
rdt/T
abriz
i 199
5;
Har
gado
n/Su
tton
1997
). In
der
exp
erim
ente
llen
Erpr
obun
g un
d A
npas
sung
ein
er In
nova
tion
liegt
ein
e ze
ntra
le V
orau
sset
zung
für
die
Her
ausb
ildun
g ef
fizie
nter
ope
rativ
er R
outin
en fü
r die
Nut
zung
di
eser
Inno
vatio
n (v
gl. E
dmon
dson
et a
l. 20
01).
X
X
X
Diff
u-si
ons-
rout
inen
1. In
form
atio
nsde
fizi-
te d
er M
itarb
eite
r =>
Neg
ativ
Die
Ber
eits
tellu
ng v
on In
form
atio
nen
für d
ie A
dres
sate
n vo
n In
nova
tione
n is
t une
rläss
lich,
um
sich
ihre
Akz
epta
nz z
u si
cher
n (v
gl. K
lein
et a
l. 20
01; H
olah
an e
t al.
2004
). In
form
atio
nslü
cken
in
Fol
ge e
iner
inef
fekt
iven
Info
rmat
ions
verte
ilung
unt
ergr
aben
im
Um
kehr
schl
uss d
ie A
kzep
tanz
von
Inno
vatio
n (L
ewis
/Sei
bold
19
93).
X
X
X
X
X
X
2 (a
). Le
gitim
ieru
ng
durc
h ex
tern
en D
ruck
=>
Neg
ativ
Bef
unde
zei
gen
Unt
ersc
hied
e in
der
Wirk
sam
keit
dies
er Im
ple-
men
tieru
ngst
aktik
en, w
obei
die
Stra
tegi
e, d
ie M
itarb
eite
r von
den
V
orte
ilen
eine
r Inn
ovat
ion
zu ü
berz
euge
n, a
ls w
esen
tlich
eff
ekti-
ver g
ewer
tet w
ird (v
gl. N
utt 1
986;
Kle
in/K
nigh
t 200
5). D
ie S
tu-
die
von
Edm
onds
on (2
003b
) zei
gt, d
ass I
nnov
atio
nen,
die
dur
ch
norm
ativ
en D
ruck
legi
timie
rt w
erde
n, v
on d
en M
itarb
eite
rn w
eni-
ger a
kzep
tiert
und
genu
tzt w
erde
n.
X
X
X
X
X
X
2 (b
). Le
gitim
ieru
ng
durc
h in
tern
e V
erbe
s-se
rung
en =
> Po
sitiv
X
X
X
3 (a
). O
berf
läch
liche
Sc
hulu
ng d
er M
itar-
beite
r =>
Neg
ativ
Eine
adä
quat
e Sc
hulu
ng d
er M
itarb
eite
r wird
als
ess
entie
lle V
o-ra
usse
tzun
g fü
r ein
e ef
fekt
ive
Nut
zung
von
Inno
vatio
nen
gew
er-
tet,
wei
l Sch
ulun
gsm
aßna
hmen
sow
ohl f
achl
iche
Qua
lifik
atio
nen
als a
uch
die
Akz
epta
nz d
er N
utze
r auf
baue
n kö
nnen
(vgl
. Le-
wis
/Sei
bold
199
3; K
lein
et a
l. 20
01; H
olah
an e
t al.
2004
; Don
g et
al
. 200
8).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3 (b
). St
rukt
urie
rte
Fortb
ildun
g
=> P
ositi
v
X
X
4. K
odifi
zier
ung
des
Beh
andl
ungs
abla
ufs
– Le
itlin
ien
=>
Pos
itiv
Die
Kod
ifizi
erun
g vo
n W
isse
n un
ters
tütz
t die
Her
ausb
ildun
g vo
n R
outin
en im
Rah
men
von
Inno
vatio
nspr
ozes
sen
(vgl
. H
arga
don/
Sutto
n 19
97; Z
ollo
199
8; Z
ollo
/Win
ter 2
002;
M
arsh
/Sto
ck 2
006)
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Punk
te (P
ositi
ve M
uste
r = +
1, N
eutra
le M
uste
r = 0
, Neg
ativ
e M
uste
r = -1
) =>
Gru
ppe
1: [K
H H
: +6
Pkt.;
KH
G: +
5 Pk
t; K
H D
: +4
Pkt.
(Ø +
5 Pk
t.)];
G
rupp
e 2:
[KH
C: -
3 Pk
t.; K
H B
: -3
Pkt.;
KH
E: -
2 Pk
t.; K
H F
: -3
Pkt.
(Ø -2
,75
Pkt.)
]; G
rupp
e 3:
[KH
I: -2
Pkt
.; K
H A
: -2
Pkt.
(Ø -2
Pkt
.)]
Tabe
lle 4
5: O
rgan
isat
iona
le R
outin
en –
Spi
egel
ung
der e
mpi
risc
hen
Mus
ter a
n de
r Lite
ratu
r Q
uelle
: Eig
ene
Dar
stel
lung
320 Anhang
Sub-
kate
gori
e E
mpi
risc
he M
uste
r
Bew
ertu
ng in
der
Lite
ratu
r
Gr.
1
Gr.
2
Gr.
3
H
G
D
C
B
E
F I
A
His
tori
-sc
he
Ent
wic
k-lu
ng
1 (a
). Pe
rson
elle
Unt
erve
r-so
rgun
g de
r CPU
=>
Neg
ativ
Die
Impl
emen
tieru
ng v
on In
nova
tione
n in
Kra
nken
häus
ern
sche
itert
re-
gelm
äßig
an
pers
onel
len
Engp
ässe
n (v
gl. S
olbe
rg e
t al.
1998
; Ho
et a
l. 19
99; S
avitz
/Kal
uzny
200
0; M
cNul
ty/F
erlie
200
2; W
arne
r et a
l. 20
04).
Die
erf
olgr
eich
e N
utzu
ng e
iner
CPU
ist g
rund
sätz
lich
an e
ine
hinr
eich
ende
Pe
rson
alau
ssta
ttung
geb
unde
n (v
gl. B
lom
kaln
s/G
ible
r 200
5).
X
X
X
X
X
1 (b
). Pe
rson
elle
Ent
las-
tung
=>
Neu
tral
X
X
X
2. W
ahrn
ehm
ung
eine
s be
gren
zten
fina
nzie
llen
Han
dlun
gssp
ielra
ums
=> N
egat
iv
Fina
nzie
lle R
estri
ktio
nen
wer
den
in d
er L
itera
tur a
ls z
entra
le In
nova
tions
-ba
rrie
re id
entif
izie
rt (v
gl. S
choo
nhov
en e
t al.
1990
; Dam
anpo
ur 1
991;
Su
bram
ania
n/N
ilaka
nta
1996
; Kle
in e
t al.
2001
; Kat
ila/S
hane
200
5; A
le-
xand
er e
t al.
2006
b).
X
X
X
X
X
3 (a
). St
rukt
urel
le Im
ple-
men
tieru
ngsb
arrie
ren
=>
Neg
ativ
Org
anis
atio
nsst
rukt
uren
stel
len
eine
wic
htig
e Ei
nflu
ssgr
öße
in In
nova
ti-on
spro
zess
en d
ar (v
gl. K
imbe
rly/E
vani
sko
1981
; Dam
anpo
ur 1
991)
. Da
oper
ativ
e R
outin
en in
die
Stru
ktur
en v
on U
nter
nehm
en e
inge
bette
t sin
d, is
t so
woh
l ihr
e Ef
fekt
ivitä
t als
auc
h W
ande
lbar
keit
an d
ie z
ugru
nde
liege
nden
St
rukt
uren
geb
unde
n (v
gl. D
ougl
as/J
udge
200
1; H
owar
d-G
renv
ille
2005
; Pe
ltoko
rpi 2
008)
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
3 (b
). St
rukt
urel
le V
orte
ile
=> P
ositi
v X
X
X
4. A
ktiv
e Ü
berw
indu
ng
von
stru
ktur
elle
n Pr
oble
-m
en =
> Po
sitiv
Die
Übe
rwin
dung
stru
ktur
elle
r Bar
riere
n w
eist
Ans
chlu
sspu
nkte
zum
Ph
änom
en d
es „
path
-bre
akin
g ch
ange
“ au
f, w
obei
die
se „
Dur
chbr
echu
ng“
eing
efah
rene
r Pfa
de m
it In
nova
tions
fähi
gkei
t ass
oziie
rt w
ird (K
a-rim
/Mitc
hell
2000
).
X
X
X
X
5. E
rfah
rung
mit
ver-
glei
chba
ren
Ver
sorg
ungs
-st
rukt
uren
=>
Posi
tiv
Erle
icht
ern
eine
Ada
ptio
n an
Inno
vatio
nen
(vgl
. Pen
ning
s/H
aria
nto
1992
), da
loka
le L
ernp
roze
sse
verlä
sslic
here
und
letz
tend
lich
auch
bes
sere
Er-
gebn
isse
ver
spre
chen
(vgl
. Ahu
ja/L
ampe
rt 20
01; A
iman
-Sm
ith/G
reen
20
02).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6. G
erin
ger E
influ
ss fr
ühe-
rer I
nnov
atio
nspr
ojek
te
=> N
egat
iv
Inno
vatio
nspr
ojek
te p
rofit
iere
n vo
n Er
fahr
unge
n, d
ie O
rgan
isat
ione
n im
R
ahm
en d
er B
ewäl
tigun
g ve
rgle
ichb
arer
Akt
ivitä
ten
gesa
mm
elt h
aben
(v
gl. P
enni
ngs/H
aria
nto
1992
; Kal
e et
al.
2002
).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lern
-ba
rrie
ren
1. W
ahrn
ehm
ung
eine
s be
gren
zten
Ent
sche
idun
gs-
spie
lraum
s =>
Neg
ativ
Führ
t zu
begr
enzt
en P
robl
emlö
sung
s- b
zw. L
ernp
roze
ssen
und
stel
lt ei
ne
Inno
vatio
nsba
rrie
re d
ar, w
eil a
uf d
iese
Wei
se d
ie k
rank
enha
ussp
ezifi
sche
K
onfig
urat
ion
von
Inno
vatio
nen
ausb
leib
en k
ann,
die
für e
ine
effe
ktiv
e Im
plem
entie
rung
erf
orde
rlich
ist (
vgl.
Wes
tpha
l et a
l. 19
97; W
alst
on e
t al.
2001
).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2 (a
). G
erin
ger H
and-
lung
sdru
ck –
Ext
erne
St
imul
i =>
Neg
ativ
Sow
ohl d
ie Im
plem
entie
rung
von
Inno
vatio
nen
als a
uch
die
Her
ausb
ildun
g vo
n R
outin
en im
Allg
emei
nen
setz
en e
inen
gew
isse
n Pr
oble
mdr
uck
und
die
Eins
icht
ein
er V
erän
deru
ngsn
otw
endi
gkei
t vor
aus,
die
die
Bet
eilig
ten
zum
Han
deln
brin
gen
(vgl
. Nel
son/
Win
ter 1
982;
Sch
roed
er e
t al.
1989
;
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2 (b
). In
trins
isch
e Im
ple-
X
X
X
321Anhang
men
tieru
ngsa
nrei
ze
=>
Posi
tiv
Ger
sick
/Hac
kman
199
0; G
ilber
t 200
5). I
ntrin
sisc
he Im
plem
entie
rung
san-
reiz
e fö
rder
n di
e A
kzep
tanz
von
Inno
vatio
nen
bzw
. die
Ber
eits
chaf
t der
M
itarb
eite
r, ih
re A
rbei
tsro
utin
en a
nzup
asse
n (v
gl. E
dmon
dson
200
3b).
3 (a
). Ze
itdru
ck a
ls Im
-pl
emen
tieru
ngsb
arrie
re
=>
Neg
ativ
Die
Bef
unde
zum
Ein
fluss
von
Zei
tdru
ck si
nd a
mbi
vale
nt. E
iner
seits
ist
unte
rlegt
, das
s Zei
tdru
ck m
it ei
nem
Ver
harr
en im
Sta
tus q
uo v
erbu
nden
ist
(vgl
. Ger
sick
/Hac
kman
199
0; R
ycro
ft/K
ash
2002
). Ze
itdru
ck k
ann
alle
r-di
ngs a
uch
zu e
inem
Ver
lass
en b
ewäh
rter H
andl
ungs
mus
ter f
ühre
n un
d so
di
e Im
plem
entie
rung
von
Inno
vatio
nen
erle
icht
ern
(vgl
. Zel
lmeh
r-B
ruhn
19
99).
X
X
X
X
3 (b
). Ze
itdru
ck a
ls V
orte
il =
> Po
sitiv
X
X
X
Beh
ar-
rung
s-te
nden
zen
1. V
orbe
halte
der
Mita
r-be
iter =
> N
egat
iv
Stel
len
insb
eson
dere
dan
n ei
ne B
arrie
re d
ar, w
enn
die
Mita
rbei
ter d
en
Nut
zen
der e
inzu
führ
ende
n In
nova
tion
als g
erin
g ei
nsch
ätze
n. S
o fü
hrt
eine
neg
ativ
e N
utze
nwah
rneh
mun
g in
sges
amt z
u ei
ner „
schl
echt
eren
“ N
utzu
ng v
on In
nova
tione
n (v
gl. K
lein
et a
l. 20
01; R
epen
ning
200
2).
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2. A
ktiv
e W
ider
stän
de d
er
Adr
essa
ten
=> N
egat
iv
Impl
emen
tieru
ngsp
roje
kte
in K
rank
enhä
user
n sc
heite
rn re
gelm
äßig
, wei
l Ä
rzte
ode
r Pfle
ge ih
re b
ewäh
rten
Han
dlun
gsm
uste
r geg
en V
erän
deru
ngen
ab
schi
rmen
(vgl
. Par
é et
al.
1997
; Sic
otte
et a
l. 19
98; I
barr
a et
al.
1998
; Pa
ce e
t al.
2002
).
X
X
X
3. K
onfli
kte
zwis
chen
den
B
eruf
sgru
ppen
=>
Neg
ativ
K
onfli
kte
in U
nter
nehm
en fü
hren
tend
enzi
ell d
azu,
das
s bew
ährte
Han
d-lu
ngsm
uste
r ode
r Res
sour
cena
lloka
tione
n be
ibeh
alte
n w
erde
n (v
gl. N
el-
son/
Win
ter 2
002)
.
X
X
X
X
X
4. V
ariie
rend
es B
ehan
d-lu
ngsv
erha
lten
von
Ärz
ten
=>
Neg
ativ
Ist m
it ei
ner h
ohen
sequ
enzi
elle
n V
aria
nz v
erbu
nden
, die
die
Her
ausb
il-du
ng o
pera
tiver
Rou
tinen
ers
chw
ert (
vgl.
Bec
ker 2
005)
.
X
X
X
X
X
Punk
te (P
ositi
ve M
uste
r = +
1, N
eutra
le M
uste
r = 0
, Neg
ativ
e M
uste
r = -1
) =>
Gru
ppe
1: [K
H H
: +2
Pkt.;
KH
G: +
1 Pk
t; K
H D
: +1
Pkt.
(Ø +
1,3
Pkt.)
];
Gru
ppe
2: [K
H C
: -6
Pkt.;
KH
B: -
7 Pk
t.; K
H E
: -9
Pkt.;
KH
F: -
9 Pk
t. (Ø
-7,7
5 Pk
t.)];
Gru
ppe
3: [K
H I:
-10
Pkt.;
KH
A: -
9 Pk
t. (Ø
-9,5
Pkt
.)]
Tabe
lle 4
6: P
fad
– Sp
iege
lung
der
em
piri
sche
n M
uste
r an
der L
itera
tur
Que
lle: E
igen
e D
arst
ellu
ng
322 Anhang