LINDA LINGLE SANDRA LEE KUNIMOTO Governor Chairperson, Board of

SANDRA LEE KUNIMOTO Chairperson, Board of Agriculture

DIANE L. LEY

Deputy to the Chairperson

LINDA LINGLE Governor

State of Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1428 South King Street

Honolulu, Hawaii 96814-2512 Phone: (808) 973-9600 Fax: (808) 973-9613

July 9, 2003 Docket Number 98-035-3 Regulatory Analysis and Development Branch Policy and Program Development Division Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U. S. Department of Agriculture Station 3C71, USDA Riverside 4700 River Road Unit 118 Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1238 Subject: Docket Number 98-035-4

Importation of Phalaenopsis spp. From Taiwan in Growing Media; Availability of Environmental Assessment and Request for Comments

Dear Sir/Madam: The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) respectfully submits the attached comments on the environmental assessment titled “Proposed Rule for the Importation of Moth Orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) in Growing Media From the Republic of China (Taiwan)” dated April 2003. The proposed rule, if adopted, will not only harm our orchid industry, but will severely compromise our ability to prevent the importation of invasive alien species that will undoubtedly come in as a result of allowing Phalaenopsis in growing media into the U.S. Invasive species will not only damage our orchid industry but will severely damage our native ecosystems and biodiversity, have a significant impact on the listed plants and animals and will threaten our tourism and agricultural industries, watershed and public health. HDOA has serious concerns that the proposed amendment has not gone through the proper rule development and clearance process. Due to the comments received in 1998, APHIS narrowed the scope to Taiwan only and entered into a section 7 consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to assess the potential effects of the proposed action on endangered or threatened species, as required under the Endangered Species Act. However we feel that APHIS did not provide USFWS with sufficient information to make a valid determination.

Comments provided from HDOA, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Ecoregion, and others were not given, summarized, nor mentioned in the “Biological Evaluation of the Proposed Importation of Moth Orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.) Seedlings in Approved Growing Media from Taiwan into the Continental United States.” As this document was the primary basis for making the determination “that the importation of Phalaenopsis spp. from Taiwan, established in growing media, will not adversely affect federally listed or proposed endangered or threatened species or their habitats as a result of this action,” we strongly urge you to reconsider your findings. The Biological Assessment, which was based on the movement of potted phalaenopsis into the continental United States, severely underestimates the potential impact this proposed rule will have on the states, especially Hawaii, Florida, and California. These states not only have the most threatened and endangered species in the United States but also will receive the most introductions of potted phalaenopsis. The department respectfully requests that USDA evaluate the issues we raise with respect to this proposed rule. Sincerely, Sandra Lee Kunimoto Chairperson, Board of Agriculture Attachment

Docket Number 98-035-4 Importation of Phalaenopsis spp. From Taiwan in Growing Media

The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) has reviewed Docket Number 98-035-4, “Importation of Phalaenopsis spp. From Taiwan in Growing Media” to amend “Subpart—Nursery Stock, Plants, Roots, Bulbs, Seeds, and Other Plant Products” to allow the importation of Phalaenopsis orchids in growing media; and “Proposed Rule for the Importation of Moth Orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) in Approved Growing Media From Taiwan” an Environmental Assessment dated May 2003 and offers the following comments. SECTION 1 – BIOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS We have serious concerns regarding the environmental assessment and the proposed importation of Phalaenopsis spp. orchids in growing media. The environmental assessment severely underestimates the potential harm and the likelihood of introduction and establishment of invasive pest species that would be associated with the proposed importation. Hawaii Interception records on orchids from foreign sources indicate that USDA inspection is not always adequate to prevent pest introductions. Appendix A provides a listing of pests found on orchids that were inspected and cleared by USDA inspectors prior to state inspection. Under the preemption clause in the proposed importation, the state will not be allowed to inspect and take appropriate measures to prevent these pests from entering and establishing in the state. As stated in this proposal of importation, all state and local laws will be preempted, prohibiting us from enforcing our mandatory two-month quarantine of orchids from countries south of 30 degrees north latitude nor taking action of pests that may be associated with shipments of the proposed importation even if they deemed harmful to Hawaii’s agriculture, native biota (including listed species), environment, or public health. Because some of these inadvertent pests may not be of significance to USDA, but known to be of harm to listed species or public health, USDA may still not be able to take action because USDA can take action only on pests deemed “actionable” leaving states to suffer the consequences. Because USDA is planning a major review, evaluation, and overhaul of Q37, it would be appropriate to delay any interim changes at this time. It has come to our attention that the agency will soon publish an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to get ideas from stakeholders about how this should be done. It would be beneficial for USDA APHIS to solicit input from the states on this important issue on potted plant importation into the United States.

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SECTION 2 – INADEQUACY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2.1 Lack of Sufficient Information The National Plant Board stated in their report titled “Safeguarding American Plant Resources A Stakeholder Review of the APHIS-PPQ Safeguarding System” that “The major obstacle in the pest risk analysis process is insufficient or unreliable data.” The report goes on to say that “Clearly, APHIS-PPQ cannot predict or manage risk if it is not adequately described.” Our major concern is that this is what has happened in this environmental assessment and that despite our numerous comments to the pest risk analysis process concerning importing plants in growing media, our comments and those of many others in the agricultural and environmental sectors have been largely ignored. The next two subsections deal with two examples of pests that were insufficiently dealt with or not mentioned at all in this environmental assessment. This is not to say that these are the only ones of concern, but to show as examples of what was lacking in the assessment. Within the limited comment period (60 days), not all pests could be explored and surely the responsibility should not be for the states or concerned parties to prepare an exhaustive report. The onus should be with the preparer of the assessment(s). 2.1.1 Snails and Slugs Snails and slugs are easily transported and remain undetected in soil and growing media. Hawaii has 1,100 non-marine mollusks (95% endemic), of which 60 species are either threatened, endangered, or candidates for listing, and about 75+ species of alien non-marine mollusks (Allison, etal, 2003). Taiwan has over 1750 land snails, of which only two were listed in the environmental assessment: Acusta tourranensis and Bradybaena spp. The introduction of alien land snails can be devastating to agriculture and biodiversity. With the exception of Euglandia rosea, most of the pestiferous snails are herbivorous. With 359 plants and 60 mollusks in Hawaii listed as threatened, endangered, or candidates for listing, the introduction of snails and slugs in the families of Achatinidae, Succineidae, Philomycidae, Subulinidae, Veronicellidae, Camanidae, Helicarionidae, and Ariophantidae should be considered in your assessment (Cowie, 2003). As Dr. Cowie has stated in his comments to this environmental assessment. “Succineidae can become horticultural pests. Philomycids and veronicellids are voracious slugs that feed on a wide range of living plants. The veronicellids in particular have been implicated in preventing regeneration of native forest in Hawaii by destroying newly germinated seedlings. Subulinids can probably become horticultural pests but also have been implicated in the decline of native litter-dwelling snails by outcompeting them. Various camaenids, helicarionids and ariophantids are potential garden and horticultural pests in particular, and may have impacts on native ecosystems.” (Cowie, 2003)

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The lack of information on these pests is of serious concern to the states as these animals are able to remain hidden from view from federal inspectors. Even the introduction and establishment of a single species can cause massive destruction to both native species and agricultural operations. For example, Euglandia rosea is responsible for the loss of most of the 15 to 20 endemic species of Achatinella snails, causing the entire genus to be listed for protection. Euglandia rosea, though purposely introduced for biocontrol of pest snails, is a perfect example of what can happen when introduction is made without a critical evaluation of the risks involved. Taiwan and China have exhaustive amounts of mollusca references available, but the environmental assessment only lists four references. USDA earlier made queries to Dr. Cowie through the American Malacological Society to create a list of 15 non-marine molluscan taxa that the US should consider of paramount quarantine importance. Criteria included reproductive rate, body size, interaction with humans, pest status elsewhere, frequency of interceptions, etc. In that list, Cowie suggested that families of Veronicellidae, Ampullariidae, Helicidae, Achatinidae, Hygromiidae, Planorbidae, Milacidae, Enidae, Succineidae, Pleurodontidae, Helicarionidae, Arionidae, Urocyclidae, Bradybaenidae, and Spiraxidae should be considered to be of paramount quarantine importance (Cowie, 2002). Yet only two species were considered in the assessment when there are many species of these families present in Taiwan. The table below list snails that have been introduced inadvertently into Hawaii. In both the biological assessment and the environmental assessment, the preparer views introduction and establishment of pests as very unlikely because of the numerous mitigation measures and safeguarding activities that are associated with the proposed importation. However, the references cited indicate that neither the biological assessment nor the environmental assessment looked in depth at the problem of invasive species, particularly in the hard hit states of Hawaii, Florida, and California. Alien Snails in Hawaii

Family No. Family No. Family No.Achatinellidae 3 Ferussaciidae 4 Polygyridae 1 Achatinidae 1 Helicarionidae 1 Pupillidae 6 Ampullariidae 5 Helicidae 2 Rhytididae 1 Ancylidae 1 Helminthoglyptidae 1 Spiraxidae 1 Arionidae 1 Hydrobiidae 3 Streptaxiidae 12Ariophantidae 1 Limacidae 13 Strobilopsidae 1 Athoracophoridae 1 Lymnaeidae 4 Subulinidae 21Bithyniidae 1 Milacidae 3 Thiaridae 14Bradybaenidae 2 Oleacinidae 4 Veronicellidae 6 Camaenidae 1 Philomycidae 5 Viviparidae 2 Cerionidae 3 Physidae 5 Zonitidae 7 Clausiliidae 1 Planorbidae 3

Number of alien species in family found in Hawaii according to Bishop Museum Alien Snail Checklist Query Results

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Alien non-marine snails replace native snail species by predation and competition. They also cause ecological, agricultural and medical problems (Cowie 2003). Considering the difficulty in controlling snails and slugs, their ability to be introduced and established, and their injurious nature, USDA should take a pro-active stance by preventing the introduction into the country by not allowing potted materials into the US. Reports state that from 1993 to 1998 there were 4900 snail and slug interceptions coming into the U.S. from other countries and that the biggest pathway was cut flowers and plants for propagation (Cowie and Robinson, 2003). Since cut flowers lack roots and plants predominantly come in barerooted (without growing media), the number of slug and snail introductions, detected and undetected, would soar under the proposed importation.

USDA Inspectors are not able to inspect every plant nor can they bareroot nearly enough to detect the presence of the snails and slugs. “Snails and slugs, especially their eggs, are readily transported in soil” (Cowie and Robinson, 2003). Inadequate searches (2% inspection) will not find the egg or small juvenile stages. Egg masses are often laid within the media and will not be visible. And yet with some species only a single animal may be sufficient to start a population because of their hermaphroditic nature, where the species can self-fertilize; and their ability to store sperm (pulmonates), which permits single individuals of cross-fertilizing species to establish populations (Cowie and Robinson, 2003)

To prevent the spread of snails and slugs within the country, more states are adopting regulations that require certification for phytophagous snails or slugs even though inspections and certifications will only minimize the risk of introduction into previously uninfested areas of the US and are insufficient to confirm their absence.

2.1.2 Biting midges Biting midges are members of the Ceratopogonidae family. Adult biting midges are vicious and persistent biters of humans and warm-blooded animals. Their small size (0.6 to 1.5 mm) and narrow wings allow them to pass through ordinary window screens. In fact, Dr. Bradley Mullens states that mitigation measures such as insect screens sized at 0.6mm may not be small enough to exclude all the ceratopogonids. The body diameter of the smallest Culicoides is maybe 0.4mm (Mullens, 2003). They appear more like worms then maggots in the larval stage, and at this stage are aquatic, semiaquatic, or else they live in moist substrates, such as sphagnum. Dr. Mullens also reported that a two-month quarantine may not be sufficient to allow any and all existing ceratopogonids to emerge from soil (Mullens, 2003). Members in this family can constitute a serious economic problem especially in coastal resort areas and in mountain areas. The bites cause itching and, in sensitive people, welts and lesions that last for several days. Taiwan has many species of ceratopogonids. At least 30 Culicoides species are found in Taiwan and 80 more are found in China although there are undoubtedly more in each country as the author does not list current distribution but the country or region that the

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species originated in (Boorman, 2003). Dr. Howarth of Bishop Museum predicts that there are over 50 Culicoides species in Taiwan of which ten to fifteen would become serious environmental or veterinary pests and two or three could become serious nuisances for humans in Hawaii (Howarth, 2003). There are no Culicoides in Hawaii (Nishida, 2002). There are more than 1400 species of Culicoides in the world, of which about 1350 (96%) are obligate blood suckers of mammals, humans, and birds (Mellor, 2000). Bloodsucking Culicoides are implicated in the transmission of human and animal pathogens involving filarial worms, protozoan, and viral diseases of domestic and wild animals, birds, poultry, and waterfowls. However, Mellor states, “it is as vectors of arboviruses, and particularly arboviruses of domestic livestock, that they achieve their prime importance. To date, more than 50 such viruses have been isolated from Culicoides spp. and some of these cause diseases of such international significance that they have been allocated Office International des Epizooties (OIE) List A status.” (Mellor, 2000) OIE List A includes fifteen diseases considered to be the most dangerous to livestock and poultry worldwide. A report titled “Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States” states that “This list includes those that have the potential for rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socioeconomical or public health consequences, and which are of major importance in the international trade of animal and animal products.” The report goes on to state that because of the massive amounts of vessels and aircraft arriving into the US carrying people, animals, and products, the risks of introducing these arthropod-borne diseases are frightening. Various Culicoides species transmit Bluetongue (BLU) virus (affecting cattle and sheep) in different parts of the world. Because there are different serotypes throughout the world, and in China, US remains fearful of the introduction of exotic BLU serotypes even though BLU is considered to be endemic to the US. (Bram, et al, 2002) Hawaii is home to 41% of the nation’s endangered birds. In the Alien Species Biological Assessment for Kahului Airport Improvements Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, 1997, the report referring to Culicoides states, “They are important transmitters of diseases, including blood protozoans (especially the primitive bird malarias), filarial worms, viruses, and other parasites among birds (Kettle 1965; Wirth and Hubert 1989). In addition, they also would increase the spread of mechanically transmitted diseases of birds (e.g. avian pox). Unless the species bite humans (which many do) or otherwise became conspicuous, their impact on endangered birds would go unnoticed until too late.” Two Hawaii case scenarios are found in Appendix B.

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Culicoides Species in Taiwan and China TAIWAN CHINA

C. albifascia C. lini C. absitus C. hamiensis C. menghaiensis C. stagetus

C. alboguttatus C. liui C. apiculatus C. hengduanshanensis C. menglaensis C. stellaris

C. alishanensis C. liukueiensis C. besscus C. hirtus C. mihunensis C. stupulosus

C. cheni C. lulianchengi C. bicalvatus C. holcus C. morisitai C. subarakawae

C. dentiformis C. maculatus C. bicultellus C. horridus C. nanpingensis C. superfluthecus

C. duodenarius C. monticolus C. brevipenis C. huayingensis C. nigritus C. suspectus

C. flavitibialis C. sugimotonis C. cassideus C. huochengensis C. nujiangensis C. tianmushanensis

C. formosae C. taiwanensis C. chagyabensis C. incertus C. obscuratus C. turgeopalpulus

C. gentiloides C. taiwanus C. chengduensis C. iphthimus C. opertus C. vespertinus

C. homotomus C. tayulingensis C. clivus C. laimargus C. pallidulus C. wushenensis

C. hui C. tenuipalpis C. combinothecus C. laoshanensis C. paradoxus C. wuyiensis

C. indecora C. tienhsiangensis C. conaensis C. leizhouensis C. pelius C. xinjiangensis

C. kagiensis C. trimaculatus C. corniculus C. lengi C. pseudosalinarius C. xuguitensis

C. lanyuensis C. verbosus C. dunhuaensis C. lingshuiensis C. qingdaoensis C. yadongensis

C. lieni C. elongatus C. longiporus C. qinghaiensis C. yunanensis

C. erkaensis C. longzhouensis C. qionghaiensis C. zhangmensis

C. fluvaitilis C. lui C. ruiliensis C. zhiyingi

C. fretensis C. lungchiensis C. sacrilegus C. zhuhaiensis

C. fukienensis C. marginalis C. shamaensis

C. hainanensis C. marinus C. spinapenis

There is another species of paramount importance in the Ceratopogonidae family that is present in Taiwan. Forcipomyia taiwana is found throughout Taiwan and is one of the most annoying blood-sucking pests in Taiwan. Taiwan-EPA has been subsidizing control programs for major cities in what Taiwan-EPA calls “the serious Forcipomyia Taiwana disaster.” Dr. Frank Howarth, who prepared the ceratopogonids section of the biological assessment for Kahului Airport, has told us that the pest has caused serious problems in both urban and rural areas. Humans are the preferred hosts with over 1000 bites/hour/person. Literature indicates that it prefers moist to wet soil or leaf litter, where larva feed on algae. Dr. Howarth states that Forcipomyia “immatures would survive in moist sphagnum, and the adults could hide well in the most shipping containers.” (Howarth, 2003) 2.2 Lack of Mitigation Measures to Reduce Pest Risk Mitigation measures are determined by the identification of quarantine pests listed in the pest risk assessment. If the pest risk assessment fails to identify pests of quarantine concern due to insufficient information, as in this case, none would be required. For example, the environmental assessment states that “Preshipment treatment measures (i.e. fumigation) are not included as a condition of entry of Phalaenopsis spp. orchids from Taiwan because the pest risk assessment (USDA, APHIS, 2003a) did not identify

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any quarantine pests which required these treatments in order to ensure quarantine security beyond the mitigations listed in 7 CFR § 319.37-8(e).” 2.2.1 Sterilization of Growing Media Bill Callison, CDFA, stated that “Under the conditions that must be met are those for approved media. Growing media comprised of expanded clay pellets, inorganic fibers, vermiculite alone, and certain other media protected against pest or disease contamination might present an inherently relatively low pest risk. However, the same is not necessarily true for peat, sphagnum moss and other organic media. We have found plant parasitic nematodes, insects pests, etc in sphagnum moss from Canada. Thus, if the media are not heat treated, fumigated, or in some other way treated to render them virtually pest free and kept protected from recontamination, there might be significant unmitigated pest risk.” (Callison 2003)

2.2.2 Pre-shipment Treatment Procedures As noted above, preshipment treatment measures are not included as a condition of entry in this proposed importation. In 2001, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Branch prepared a pest risk assessment and pest management study for the importation of Ananas slips and suckers from Costa Rica. Those studies concluded that Forcipomyia could be introduced in Ananas slips and suckers, and that only by dipping the entire plant in a dip containing Aliette, Bayleton, Diazinon, and Thiodan for fifteen minutes could all lifestages of Forcipomyia be effectively killed and other pests and pathogens of significance effectively treated (Plant Quarantine Branch, 2001). Because this pest and Culicoides spp. are known to dwell in moist media, which Phalaenopis prefers, and the proposed screening and automatic doors are inadequate to prevent Forcipomyia and Culicoides spp. from entering the greenhouse, the proposal should require mandatory treatment for these pest species. 2.2.3 USDA Inspection Procedures Callison states that “The requirements also include inspection. This represents one of the fundamental flaws in the whole issue of plant imports: Risk mitigation is most often dependent on visual inspection as the basis for pest/pathogen detection. The problem is that most pest pathogens, many soil borne insects, and nematodes are not detectable visually. Thus, there could well be significant pest risk associated with the importation of bareroot Phalaenopsis plants. The fact that no pest problems have been encountered might well be a function of the weakness of visual inspection as a detection method alone or in combination with other factors such as the limited number of plants shipped, production in areas where the pest pressure is low, and the absence of any quarantine pests in the production area. All of this could well change if the rule

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opens up the market and many more producers in different production areas jump in.” (Callison, 2003) The environmental assessment primarily uses USDA’s records to base their pest risk analysis and this procedure of assuming that only the intercepted pest species are of concern to the particular pathway is one of the major reasons why their pest risk assessments fail. 2.2.4 BAPHIQ Inspection Procedures The environmental assessment states, that “inspection of mother stock is a primary measure to prevent the introduction of pests such as mollusks, insects, and pathogens.” Inspection is only a tool and by no means should it be relied upon as the primary measure especially for those pests such as mollusks or difficult to detect insect and disease pathogens. For these types of pests, a systems approach needs to applied in the greenhouse that encompasses laboratory testing to confirm the absence or presence of pests such as latent viruses or microscopic nematodes and logged pesticide applications to indicate pesticides used, dosage and date of application to lower pest infestations within and surrounding the greenhouse environs. 2.2.5 Control and Eradication Programs for Inadvertently Introduced Pests The environmental assessment states, that “If quarantine pests accompanying Phalaenopsis shipments were to become established in the United States, an eradication program would likely be initiated.” The statement gives a false sense of security. USDA qualifies the statement with the word “quarantine pest.” USDA and not the state would decide whether the introduced pest would be considered a “quarantine pest”. There is no obligation on the part of USDA to initiate or provide resources to the affected state until the eradication is complete. In most cases, eradication programs are very costly and rarely possible. Most successful eradications are short-lived and become permanent control programs funded by the affected state. In the case of snails and slugs, eradication is difficult and normally impossible once the species has become established. “Usually, an invasion of invertebrates such as snails and slugs is only noticed once it has become widespread and population densities are already high. At this stage, eradication is likely to be impossible. Even if a new invasion is detected early and could be eradicated, authorities frequently cannot justify allocation of resources for eradication, often because of lack of information about potential future problems. They will therefore wait until the invasion becomes a serious problem, by which time it is too late. (Cowie and Robinson, 2003) Eradication of ceratopogonids is even more problematic. There has never been a successful eradication program. Chemical pesticide treatments are costly, generally not effective, and applications must sometimes be made in areas of high human activity. In Taiwan, due to outbreaks throughout Taiwan, Taiwan-EPA is soliciting bids to develop

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“2002 Plan for Model Forcipomyia Taiwana Prevention Region in Fenyuan Hsiang”. They have also developed other Forcipomyia programs including the “Forcipomyia Taiwana Prevention Program”, “Comprehensive Prevention Model”, “The Prevention and Remediation for Forcipomyia Taiwana” booklets, cards, video tapes, posters and educational classes. And yet, complete eradication is considered impossible for this pest and most other species in this family. Virtually unseen, these creatures could populate without us knowing until it is too late. If other areas of the world have not been able to control these flies, how could USDA expect to do the impossible. SECTION 3 – FEDERAL PREEMPTION 3.1 Federal Preemption in Plant Risk Protection Act of 2000 The authority for preemption is from the Plant Risk Protection Act of 2000. “Sec. 436 (a) REGULATION OF FOREIGN COMMERCE – No State or political subdivision of a State may regulate in foreign commerce any article, means of conveyance, plant, biological control organism, plant pest, noxious weed, or plant product in order – (1) to control a plant pest or noxious weed; (2) to eradicate a plant pest or noxious weed; (3) prevent the introduction or dissemination of a biological control organism, plant pest, or noxious weed.” 3.2 Affect on Hawaii’s Quarantine System USDA will explicitly undermine Hawaii’s quarantine system and create more gaps in our battle to prevent the introduction of invasive pest species. It is only through our mandatory quarantine that we can intercept difficult to find pest species. An internal feeder such as a borer will not be easily found. As such, the reality is that many of the species that were intercepted by the state after USDA released the shipment would have become the pests of today (Appendix A), because the pests would remain undetected if the state is preempted from inspecting these shipments, subjecting them to mandatory quarantine, and taking appropriate actions when pests were intercepted. 3.3 Federal Preemption in Domestic Quarantines The biological assessment and environmental assessment leaves you to believe that USDA will take measures to mitigate any pest introductions should the pests manage to get through, seemingly placating states for not allowing the state to prevent the introduction of pest species. Realistically, it doesn’t work in that manner. First, if USDA inspectors intercepted the pest at the port-of-entry, USDA wouldn’t need to do control or eradication work in the newly infested area. Secondly, it would remain largely undetected until the population builds to a significant degree as to call attention to the outbreak. If pest species were to invade critical habitats, pest species may never get detected, because of safeguards imposed to minimize human interaction with listed species. To state in the biological assessment and environmental assessment that USDA will do eradication programs if inadvertent pests manage to get through is

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misleading because eradication is very costly and nearly impossible to achieve. It is much more efficient, effective, and economical to prevent the introduction of the pest in the first place. SECTION 4 – IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES 4.1 Impact of Invasive Species on the Hawaii’s Orchid Industry According to Hawaii Agriculture Statistics Service (HASS), one of 45 field offices of the National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS), the Hawaii orchid industry is a major sector of Hawaii’s diversified agriculture with $20 million in annual sales. In order to remain competitive in the orchid industry, growers may opt to import Phalaenopsis spp. orchids from Taiwan. In doing so, the growers will put their operations in jeopardy with the potential introduction of invasive pest species. Pests of minute size (midges) or hidden pests (snails and slugs) would remain undetected until pest populations build within their greenhouse. Because sales between nurserymen are common, pests could spread from nursery to nursery unnoticed. Thrips palmi is a perfect example of this scenario. A few Hawaii orchid growers imported orchid flowers from Asia in order to supplement their sales. Unknowingly, they also introduced thrips with the flowers. Growers in Hawaii often sell products to one another, and in doing so, spread the pest from grower to grower and then to the public throughout the state. Soon a new pest was established and a zero tolerance was established by USDA to prevent the introduction of Thrips palmi to the continental US causing harm to the orchid industry. Similarly, should any pest of quarantine importance be inadvertently introduced into a state and becomes a serious pest, USDA or other states can establish quarantines to prevent spread into other areas. These quarantines can place economic hardship to growers in the affected state. Even if quarantines are not established, the costs of controlling insects, pests, and diseases are high and affect profitability or would affect marketability should they fail to control the pests of concern. 4.2 Impact of Invasive Species on Hawaii’s Endangered Species As a result of a federal court ruling, USFWS was ordered to propose critical habitat designations throughout Hawaii for 245 endangered plant species. Critical habitat designations define areas of land that are considered necessary for an endangered (or threatened) species to recover. It is meant to restore healthy populations of endangered and threatened species within their native habitats so that eventually they can be removed from the USFWS’ s list. (Buck, 2001) Once areas are designated as critical habitats, USFWS has federal regulatory oversight in order to ensure that actions will not likely result in the destruction and negative modification of the critical habitat. Because the proposed designations encompass up to one-eighth of the state, these designations will have far-reaching implications,

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especially if the listed plants fail to recover and remain permanently under federal domain. While it is designed to ensure the survival of endangered and threatened species, the negative impact will be that federal oversight will determine land use in the state. (Buck, 2001) If USDA fails to identify pests in their pest risk assessments that would be detrimental to listed plants and animals as is the case in this risk assessment, and in doing so, allow importations that would increase the likelihood that invasive species will be introduced, establish, and harm listed species or cause more endemic species to be listed, or prevent listed plants to recover, Hawaii, as a state, will systematically lose more rights over its lands under this broad federal authority. 4.3 Impact of Invasive Species on the National Level The impact of invasive species is not unique to Hawaii. It is of nationwide concern and incurs staggering costs. National Plant Board states “North American plant resources are highly vulnerable to the impacts of invasive plant pests, resulting in dramatic economic and environmental effects. Introduced invasive plant pests result in an estimated $41 billion annually in lost production and in prevention and control expenses.” (National Plant Board, 1999). CDFA Secretary Bill Lyons stated that “exotic Newcastle disease situation is costing state agriculture $150 million to $200 million; Mexican fruit fly, $25 million and glassy winged sharpshooter, $50 million.” (California Farm Bureau Federation, 2003). Florida’s Statewide Invasive Species Strategic Plan states that equine prioplasmosis, Heartwater, and other animal and plant diseases have cost the state more that $400 million and $300 million for citrus canker alone. While these comments may push USDA to remove Hawaii from its original proposal, the removal will not spare Hawaii from the movement of pests entering Hawaii from Taiwan, it will just slow it down. Hawaii is an import dependent state with approximately 75% of plant materials coming from California and Florida, and it is unlikely that we can prevent all of the pests from moving through domestic channels. A high percentage of Phalaenopsis spp. orchids will likely be imported into the states of California, Florida, and Hawaii, because as stated in the 1997 federal register rule proposal these states “accounted for 55 percent of the growers and 92 percent of the pots sold in 1996.” Ironically, these three states also have the highest amounts of listed species under USFWS. These are also the areas that the biological assessment determined have the higher likelihood for establishment of invasive pests.

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From USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System 4.5 Potential Impact of Invasive Species on Hawaii’s Tourism Industry The tourist industry is the backbone of Hawaii’s economy, generating over ten billion dollars in visitor expenditures, 21 percent of the State’s tax revenue plus major contributor to county taxes, and provider of one out of five jobs (Hawaii Tourism Authority, 2002). Our tourist industry is largely dependent on Hawaii’s image as a paradise with clean water and safe environment for outdoor activities without the threat of dangerous insects and tropical diseases. However, this proposal to allow Phalaenopsis orchids in growing media can change this quickly and dramatically. Forcipomyia taiwana alone could attack tourists at 1,000 bites per hour per person. Forcipomyia and other biting midges, which are not present in Hawaii, are well known for their painful bites to humans and animals. Millions of dollars have been spent in other tourist destinations to control these flies with dismal results. SECTION 5 - RECOMENDATIONS Although there are propagation and importation procedures that can be employed to mitigate pest risk, none seem to be used in this proposed importation. In light of the problems recently experienced with Geraniums from Kenya and Guatemala, citrus longhorned beetle in bonsai plants, and other pest problems associated with recent rule

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changes, USDA should delay any interim changes to Q-37 pending the review of the plant import regulations anticipated at this time by USDA--especially if what is being proposed now under this environmental assessment is not adequate. References Allison, Allen, Scott E. Miller, Gordon M. Nishida. 2003. Hawaii Biological Survey. On the USGS website at http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/frame/+225.htm. Boorman, John P. T. and Daniel V. Hagan. 2003. A Name List of World Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)*. On the Belmont website at www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/cienews/culicoides_worldlist.html. Bram, Ralph A., John E. George, Robert E. Reichard, and Walter J. Tabachnick. 2002. Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States. J. Med. Entomol. 39(3): 405-416 (2002) Buck, Michael G. 2001. A Critical Time for Hawaii and its Endangered Species. On Department of Land and Natural Resources website at http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/crithab/buckview.htm. California Farm Bureau Federation. 2003. CDFA priorities include pest control. On California Farm Bureau Federation website at http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/2003/03_05_03_a_aa.aspx. Callison, Bill, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division, Pest Exclusion Branch, Plant Administrator, Assistant Director. 2003. E-mail communication with Arnold Hara, University of Hawaii, Beaumont Agricultural Research Center, Entomologist & Extension Specialist, May 19, 2003. Cowie, Robert, University of Hawaii, Center for Conservation and Training, Researcher. 2003. E-mail communication with C. Okada, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Branch, Plant Specialist, May 30, 2003. Cowie, Robert H. and David G. Robinson. 2003. Pathways of introduction of nonindigenous land and freshwater snails and slugs. On the California Department of Food and Agriculture website at www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ppd/Entomology/Snails/pathwayspub.htm. Cowie, Robert, University of Hawaii, Center for Conservation and Training, Researcher. 2003. E-mail communication with the FWGNA Group. On the College of Charleston website at www.cofc.edu/~dillonr/21Jun02.html.

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Downes, J. Anthony and Wirth, Willis W. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. Pages 393-421 in Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 1. J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood, ed. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Edward K. Noda and Associates, Inc. 1997. Alien Species Biological Assessment For Kahului Airport Improvements Kahului, Maui, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii Hawaii Tourism Authority. 2002. 2002 Annual Report to the Hawaii State Legislature. Howarth, Frank, L.A. Bishop Distinguished Chair of Zoology, Research Entomologist, 2003. E-mail correspondence with Neil Reimer, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Branch, Manager, May 29, 2003. Mellor, P. S., J. Boorman, and M. Baylis. 2000. Culicoides Biting Midges: Their Role as Arbovirus Vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2000. 45:307-340. Mullens, Bradley A., Cornell University, Professor of Entomology, Epizootiology of vector-borne diseases of veterinary significance, 2003. E-mail correspondence with Carol Okada, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Branch, Plant Specialist, June 27, 2003. National Plant Board. 1999. Safeguarding American Resources A Stakeholders Review of the APHIS-PPQ Safeguarding System. NatureServe and The Center for Conservation Biology. 2003. Indicator 7: The status (threatened, rare, vulnerable, endangered, or extinct) of forest dependent species at risk of not maintaining viable breeding populations, as determined by legislation or scientific assessment. On the USDA Forest Service website at www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/one_pager/Indicator7.one.pager.pdf. Nishida, Gordon M., ed. 2002. Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist Fourth Edition. Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum Technical Report No. 22. Honolulu, Hawaii Plant Quarantine Branch, Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 2001. Import of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Slips and Suckers from Costa Rica into Hawaii. Pest Risk Management Recommendations Plant Quarantine Branch, Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 2001. Import of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Slips and Suckers from Costa Rica into Hawaii. Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment. Staples, George W. and Robert H. Cowie, ed. 2001. Hawaii’s Invasive Species A Guide to Invasive Plants and Animals in the Hawaiian Islands. Mutual Publishing and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii

14

Statewide Invasive Species Strategic Plan fro Florida 2002. On UC Davis Center for Population Biology website at www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ florida_stratplan.pdf Taiwan EPA. 2002. Major Accomplishments in 2002. On Taiwan EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov.tw/english/offices/j/recent_tasks.htm. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2003. Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS). On USFWS website at http://ecos.fws/tess_public/TESSUsmap?status+listed.

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Appendix A

Hawaii Pest Interceptions on Orchids After Federal Inspection (1988-2003)

Family/Order Name of Pest NKO? Origin

Acarina Tenuipalpus pacificus N ThailandAleyrodidae Aleurodicus dispersus N GuamAnthicidae Unknown ? TaiwanAnthribidae Abaecerus fasciculatus Y ThailandAnthribidae Araecerus ? ThailandAnthribidae Araecerus sp.prob. fasciculatus N ThailandAnthribidae Araecerus viellardi N ThailandAphididae Sitobion luteum N Australia/ThailandArctiidae Unknown ? TaiwanBethylidae ? (Epyrinae) Y ThailandBlaberidae Pycnosceles indicus N BorneoBlattidae Periplaneta australasiae TaiwanCarabidae Tricondyla sp. Y ThailandCarcinophoridae Euborellia annulipes N BrazilCoccidae Saissetia coffeae N GuamColeoptera Unknown ? ThailandCollembola Unknown ? ThailandCulicidae Aedes albopictus N TaiwanCurculionidae Orchidophilus aterrimus N BorneoCurculionidae Orchidophilus sp.prob. aterrimus N PhilippinesDermestidae Attagenus fasciatus N ThailandDermestidae Attagenus fasciatus N ThailandDiaspidiae Diaspis boisduvalii N ThailandDiaspidiae Diaspis boisduvalii N ThailandDiaspididae Andaspis mackieana N ThailandDiaspididae Diaspis boisduvalli N Thailand/BrazilDiaspididae Furcaspis biformis N ThailandDiaspididae Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus N PhilippinesDiaspididae Pinnaspis aspidistrae N ThailandDiaspididae Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli N ThailandDolichopodidae Chrysosoma globiferum TaiwanFormicidae Camponotus (Colobopsis) sp. ? ThailandFormicidae Camponotus sp. ? MalaysiaFormicidae Monomorium sp. Y ThailandFormicidae Paratrechina bourbonica N PhilippinesFormicidae Pheidole megacephala N ThailandFormicidae Plagiolepis sp. ? TaiwanFormicidae Technomyrnex sp. ? ThailandFormicidae Tetramorium guineense N TaiwanFormicidae Tetraponera sp. ? ThailandFormicidae Unknown ? ThailandGelechiidae ? ? JapanGelichiidae ? ? TongaMuscidae Musca sorbens N Tonga

Noctuidae ? ? TongaPseudococcidae Dysimicoccus brevipes N ThailandPseudococcidae Pseudococcus importatus Y BrazilPseudococcidae Pseudococcus longispinus N PhilippinesPseudococcidae Pseudococcus microcirculus Y Thailand/BrazilPseudococcidae Pseudococcus sp. ? ThailandPyralidae ? ? TongaPyralidae Unknown (damaged) ? TaiwanPyralidae Unknown larvae ? MalaysiaSalticidae Sarinda sp. TaiwanSciaridae Bradysis impatiens N ThailandSciaridae Bradysis sp. ? ThailandFamily/Order Name of Pest NKO? Origin

Sciaridae Bradysis tritici N ThailandSciaridae Lycoriella hardyi Y ThailandSciaridae Sciara sp. ? AustraliaScirtidae ? ? ThailandSuccineidae Succinea martensiana Y ThailandTenuipalpidae Tenuiplapus pacificus N IndonesiaTetranychidae Tetranychus sp. (telarius group) ? JapanTetranychidae Tetrynychus urticae N Austral/Indon/ThaiTineidae Opogona aurisquamosa Y ThailandUloboridae Zosis geniculatus N Canada

Yellow fields indicate pest interceptions on a shipment of 50,000 Phalaenopsis spp. orchids from Taiwan. USDA Inspectors intercepted a snail Bradybaena sp., and 2 pestiferous mites in the first shipment. Pests (shown in yellow) were intecepted by Hawaii Department of Agriculture inspectors after USDA completed their inspection and the pests) were not found.

http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/cienews/culicoides_worldlist.html

A Name List of World Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)*

by John P.T. Boorman, 6, Beckingham Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 6BN, United Kingdom

and Daniel V. Hagan, Department of Biology, Institute of Arthropodology & Parasitology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8042 United States of America

Abstract A total of 1530 species names for Culicoides is listed covering the period 1758 through 1995.

Key words: Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides, name list, taxonomy

*modified and updated after the 1996 article in the International Journal of Dipterological Research 7(3): 161-192.

Arnaud (1956) and Arnaud & Wirth (1964) published lists of World Culicoides up to 1962, listing a total of 916 names. Since that time, numerous new species have been described, but there has been no published work bringing this list up to date. Arnaud (1956) listed 671 names; Arnaud & Wirth added a further 245. The present paper includes all of these and names published up to 1994. It is hoped that the list will serve as a name check list and will serve to prevent homonymy. It has been distributed on disc partly because of its length, and also because users will thus be able to add to or amend their copy as they wish.

The presentation largely follows that of those quoted above; the names given are those proposed for species, subspecies or varieties within the genus Culicoides or which have been moved into that genus, but do not take account of synonymy and generic transfers subsequent to original publication. Nor has any account been taken of the subgeneric placement of the species; partly since the subgeneric classification of the genus is far from satisfactory, and partly because in the majority of cases such placement is open to doubt. The names are arranged alphabetically, followed by the name of the author and the year of publication. The journal title is given in full, following the practice now adopted by many major journals. The country or region from which the type originates is also given where possible, but the status and deposition of the type or syntypes has been omitted. This information can usually be had by consulting the publication concerned. Titles of papers have been omitted, for considerations of space. Finally, where a species has been moved into Culicoides, the name of the genus in which it was

http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/cienews/culicoides_worldlist.html (1 of 152)7/9/2003 1:51:35 PM


originally described is given in square brackets [ ].

The authors would be grateful if users would provide notification of any mistakes, omissions or additions so that the list may be kept up to date. Please send any corrections or changes to Dan Hagan via the addresses above or e-mail, [email protected].

*abchazicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, 263. Azerbajdzhan.

abdominalis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14: 159-326. Canary Islands.

abreui Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1921: 7 Canary Islands.

absitus Liu, C.W. & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-Sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 20. China.

acanthostomus Wirth, W.W. & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 92. Malaysia.

*acastus de Meillon, B. 1947. New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian Region II. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 10: 110- 124. Transvaal.

*accraensis Carter, H.F., A. Ingram & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274. Ghana.

*achkamalicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, Geographical Distribution, Harmfulness, Control and Fauna of the genera Culicoides, Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, 263. Azerbajdzhan. 1964: 3-414.

*achrayi Kettle, D.S. & J.W.H. Lawson. 1955. Sex ratios among British Culicoides. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 30: 70-72. Scotland.

*acotylus Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematic Part. Second Memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*actoni Smith, R.O.A. 1929. Two species of Culicoides which feed on man. Indian Journal of Medical


mailto:[email protected]


Research, 17: 255-257, 1 plate. India.

adamskii Wirth, W.W. 1990. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 92: 242. Aldabra.

*adersi Ingram, A. & J.W.S. Macfie. 1923. Notes on some African Ceratopogoninae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14: 41-74. Kenya.

*aethionotus Wirth, W.W. & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 5 descriptions of three new species of the subgenus Oecata Poey. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50: 121-127. Panama.

*africanus Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6 Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

agas Wirth, W.W. & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 438. Indonesia.

*agathensis Callot, J., M. Kremer & J.A. Rioux. 1963. On the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonids) with one species and one new variety from the Midi in France (in French). Annals de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 38: 121-129. France.

*aitkeni Wirth, W.W. & F.S. Blanton. 1968. A revision of the neotropical biting midges of the Hylas group of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 51: 201-215. Trinidad.

*ajbassovi Shakirzhanova, M.S. 1962. New species of Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from Kazakhstan (in Russian). Trudy Instituta Zoologii. Akademiya Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR, 18: 254-259. Kazakhstan.

*alachua Jamnback, H. & W.W. Wirth. 1963. The species of Culicoides related to obsoletus in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56: 185-198. Florida.

*alahialinus Barbosa, F.A.S. 1952. New additions to the knowledge of neotropical Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) (in Portuguese). University of Recife Thesis. Imprensa Industrial. Recife: 1952: 1-21, 10 plates. Ecuador.

*alambiculorum Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*alaskensis Wirth, W.W. 1951. The genus Culicoides in Alaska (Diptera, Heleidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 44: 75-86. Alaska.



*alatavicus Smatov, Z.S. & N.K. Isimbekov. 1971. New and little known species of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Kazakhstan (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Trudy Instituta Zoologii 4:61-65. (n.n. for fuscus Gutsevich & Smatov, 1966)

*alatus Das Gupta, K.S. & S.M. Ghosh. 1956. On a new bloodsucking species Culicoides alatus, n. sp. (family Ceratopogonidae, order Diptera). Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 4: 162-163. India.

*alazanicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1961. Description of three species of Heleidae from Asia Minor (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR, Seriya Biologicheskikh i Meditinskikh Nauk no.10: 75-80. Azerbajdzhan.

*albertensis Wirth, W.W. & R.H. Jones. 1957. The North American subspecies of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin no. 1170: 1-35. Alberta.

*albibasis Wirth, W.W. & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Malaysia.

*albicans Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Germany [Ceratopogon]

*albidigaster Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14: 159-326. Canary Islands.

*albidipes Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14: 159-326. Canary Islands.

*albifascia Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Taiwan.

*albihalter Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids of the Northern Polar region (in German). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 8: 40-48, 111-120. Germany.



*albihalteratus Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae collected for the first time in Belgium (in French). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Entomologique de Belgique, 75: 413-418. Belgium.

*albipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. France.

*albipennis Smith, R.O.A., & C.S. Swaminath. 1932. Notes on some Culicoides from Assam. Indian Medical Research Memoires, 25: 182-186, 1 plate. Assam.

*alboguttatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from the Philippines and Formosa (in French). Philippine Journal of Science, 18: 557-593. Taiwan.

*albohalteratus Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*albomacula Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Mexico.

*albonotatus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in The National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Asia Minor.

*albonotatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*albopunctatus Clastrier, J. 1960. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 10 Ceratopogonids of the Republic of the Congo (2) (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 38: 258-298. Congo Republic.



*albosignatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*albosparsus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in The National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Ethiopia.

*albovenosus Khamala, C.M.P., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*albuquerquei Wirth, W.W. & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins of biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*alexanderi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to Piliferus and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Massachusetts.

*alexandrae Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 241-246. Azerbajdzhan.

*alexis Meillon, B. De. 1936. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical important from South Africa. Part III. South African Ceratopogonids. Part I. The species recorded from South Africa. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 136-140. South Africa.

*algarum Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany.

*algecirensis Strobl, G. 1900. Spanish Diptera. Part XI. (in German). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 19: 169-174. Spain. [Ceratopogon]



*algeriensis Clastrier, J. 1957. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 2. Some Culicoides from Algeria with spotted wings (in French). Archives de l'Institu Pasteur d'Algerie, 35: 404-444. Algeria.

alishanensis Chen, 1988. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 8: 151. Taiwan.

allantothecus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 121. Malaysia.

*almeidae Cambournac, F.J.C. 1970. Culicoides almeidae (Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae) Sp. N. A new species encountered in Portugal (in Portuguese). Anais da Escola National de Saude Publica e de Medicina Tropical, 4: 251-257. Portugal.

*almirantei Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*altaicus Remm, H. 1972. New species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the South Siberia. (in Russian, English Summary). Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised, 293: 62-90. Siberia.

*alticola Kieffer, J.J. 1913. Chironomidae and Cecidomyidae (in French). Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique orientale, 1911-1912: 1-43. Africa.

*alvarezi Ortiz, I. 1957. New bloodsucking midges representatives of the genera Culicoides (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Venezuela (in Spanish). Boletin Venezolano del Lab. Clin., 2: 161-168. Venezuela.

*amamiensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Ryukyu Islands.

*amaniensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Tanzania.

*amazonius Macfie, J.W.S. 1935. Ceratopogonidae (Dipt.) from the River Amazon. Stylops, 4: 49-56.



Brazil.

ameliae Browne, J.G. 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 543. Colombia.

*amoenus Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomlogica, 6: 1-80. Europe. [Ceratopogon]

*amossovae Remm, H. 1971. On the fauna of Ceratopogonidae of Southern Maritime Territory in living nature of the far east (in Russian, English Summary). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Estonskoi SSR, 1971: 182-220. USSR.

anadyriensis Mirzaeva, A.G. 1984. Chlenistonogie i Gel'minty Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, vyp. 17: 70. USSR.

*analis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*analis Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Diptera (biting Nematocera): Chironomidae Ceratopogoninae (in French). Faune de France, 11: 1-139. Belgium.

*andicola Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*andinus Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*andrewsi Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.



*angolensis Caeiro, V.M.P. 1961. Contribution to a study of the Angolan species of the genus Culicoides Latreille 1809 (in Portuguese). Junta de Investigaciones do Ultramar. Estudios, Ensaios e Documentos, 86: 17-359. Angola.

*angularis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

annuliductus Wirth, W.W. 1981. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83: 150. Panama.

*anophelis Edwards, F.W. 1922. On some Malayan and other species of Culicoides, with a note on the genus Lasiohelea. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13: 161-167. Malaysia, India.

*antefurcatus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*antennalis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

aomoriensis Kitaoka, 1991. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 42: 289. Japan.

apiculatus Yu & Zhang, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 8. China.

*aquilinus Smatov, Z.S., & G.A. Kravets. 1976. New species of midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides) from Kazakstan (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 10: 282-286. Kazakhstan.

arabiensis Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 173. Oman.

aragaoi Tavares & Luna Dias, 1980. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40: 393. Brazil.



*arakawae Arakawa, S. 1910. On a new injurious "Insect" (Ceratopogon Arakanae Mats.) (in Japanese). Konchu-Sekae, 14: 411-414. Japan [Ceratopogon] (as arakanae)

*arboreus Gutsevich, A.V. 1952. Contribution to the fauna of sand flies of the genus Gutz (Diptera, Heleidae) (in Russian). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 14: 75-94. USSR.

*arboricola Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*archboldi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. New genera of neotropical Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 53: 7-14. Dominica.

*arcuatus Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Europe.

*ardentissimus Tokunaga, M. 1940. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae from the Micronesian Islands with biological notes by Teiso Esaki. Philippine Journal of Science, 71: 205-230, 3 plates. Caroline Islands.

*ardleyi Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from the New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. New Guinea.

*arenarius Edwards, F.W. 1922. On some Malayan and other species of Culicoides, with a note on the genus Lasiohelea. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13: 161-167. Somalia.

arenicola Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 79. Laos.

*aricola Kieffer, J.J. 1922. Biological observations on the biting Chironomids with a description of two new species (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 387-392. Austria.

*arizonensis Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from cacti, with a



review of the copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. Arizona.

*arnaudi Hubert, A.A., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Key to the Culicoides of Okinawa and the description of two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 63: 235-239. Ryukyu Islands.

arschanicus Mirzaeva, 1984. Chlenistonogie i Gel'minty Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, vyp. 17: 69. USSR.

*arubae Fox, I., & W.A. Hoffman. 1944. New neotropical biting sand flies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, 20: 108-111. Dutch West Indies.

*asiaticus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instuta Zoologii, 25: 65-77.

*assamensis Smith, R.O.A., & C.S. Swaminath. 1932. Notes on some Culicoides from Assam. Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 25: 182-186, 1 plate. Assam.

*assimilis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*atchleyi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 52: 207-243. Alaska.

atelis Wirth, 1982. The Florida Entomologist, 65: 249. Panama.

*aterinervis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.

*atripalpis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the Maruins or biting midges of the genus



Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*atripennis Shevchenko, A.K. 1972. Description of two new species of blood-sucking biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the Ukraine (in Russian, English Summary). Vestnik Zoologii, 5: 75-78. Ukraine.

*aurantiacus Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Percy Siaden Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. III. Part III, No. XV--Diptera Chironomidae Der Seychellen-Inseln, Aus Der Sammlung Von Mr. H. Scott (in German). Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 14: 331-366, 1 plate. Seychelles.

*aureus Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 9. On the differential characters between Culicoidesparaensis (Goeldi, 1905), C. stellifer (Coquillett, 1901), and C. lanei (Ortiz, 1950). Description of four new species and the redescription of some others less known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistancia Social, 16: 573-591, 8 plates. Venezuela.

*austeni Carter, H.F.A., Ingram, & W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*australiensis Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from Australia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 175-228. New Guinea.

*australis Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1957. The North American subspecies of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin no.1170: 1-35. Louisiana.

*austropalpalis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. (n.n. for palpalis Lee & Reye)

*autumnalis Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological society of America, 52: 617-630. India.



*avilaensis Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1951. Studies on Culicoides. Description of two new species: Culicoides avilaensis and C. discrepans and the male of C. leopoldoi Ortiz, 1951. Redescription of C. limai Barretto, 1944, C. baueri Hoffman, 1925, C. lichyi Floch and Abonnenc and C. pusillus Lutz, 1913 (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 16: 593-605, 5 plates. Venezuela.

*azerbajdzhanicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 206-219 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 41: 121-131). Azerbajdzhan.

*azureus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*babrius de Meillon, B. 1943. New records, and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian Region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6: 90-113. Zimbabwe.

*badooshensis Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

*baghdadensis Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogoninae)). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

*bahiensis Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 3-30, 9 plates. Brazil.

bahrainensis Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 177. Bahrain.

*baisasi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Philippine Islands.

bajensis Wirth, W.W., & Moraes, 1979. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 55: 291. Baja California Sur.



*bakeri Vargas, L. 1954. Two new species of Mexican Culicoides (in Spanish). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 14: 25-32. Mexico.

*balius Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*balsapambensis Ortiz, I., & L.A. Leon. 1954. The Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Republic of Ecuador (in Spanish). Boletin de Informaciones Cientificas Nacionales, 7: 564-590. Ecuador.

balticus Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 41. Baltic amber (fossil sp.)

*bambusicola Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematic Part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*bancrofti Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*barbosai Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton 1956. A new species of salt marsh sand fly from Florida, the Bahamas, Panama and Ecuador: Its distribution and taxonomic differentiation from Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera, Heleidae). The Florida Entomologist, 39: 157-162. Panama.

*barnetti Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Malaysia.

*barrosmachadoi Callot, J., M. Kremer, & B. Molet. 1967. Ceratopogonids (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region and particularly from Angola (Description of new species and forms) (in French). Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 71: 37-44. Angola.

*barthi Tavares, O., & M. Alves de Souza. 1978. On three new species of the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 from Brazil (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese, English Summary). Revista



Brasileira de Biologia, 38: 619-624. Brazil.

*bassetorum Callot, J., M. Kremer, & B. Molet. 1973. Culicoides galliardi and Culicoides bassetorum. New species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 48: 377-386. Lesotho.

*batesi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review if the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*baueri Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Maryland.

bayano Wirth, 1981. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83: 152. Panama.

*beaveri Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

*beckae Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1967. The North American Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 50: 207-232. Florida.

*bedfordi Ingram, A., & W.S. Macfie. 1923. Notes on some African Ceratopogoninae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14: 41-74. Transvaal.

*beebei Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Venezuela.

*begueti Clastrier, J. 1957. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 2. Some Culicoides from Algeria with spotted wings (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 35: 404-444. Algeria.

*belemensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.



*belgicus Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in The National Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Belgium.

*belkini Wirth, W.W., & P.H. Arnaud, Jr. 1969. Polynesian biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 11: 507-520. Tahiti.

*benarrochei Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1952. On the American species of the genus Culicoides Ltir. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) with one spermatheca (in Spanish). Acta Centifica Venezuelica, 3: 125-128. Venezuela.

*bergi Cochrane, A.H. 1973. Two new Nearctic species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 56: 311-18. New York.

*bermudensis Williams, R.W. 1956. The biting midges of the genus Culicoides found in the Bermuda Islands (Diptera, Heleidae), I. A. Description of C. bermudensis n. sp. with a key to the local fauna. II. A study of their breeding habitants and geographical distribution. Journal of Parasitology, 42: 297-305. Bermuda.

bernardae Itoua & Cornet, 1986. Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 24: 244. Congo.

besscus Liu & Yu, 1990. Contribution to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 15. China.

*beybienkoi Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. Heleidae from the Northeast part of Azerbaidzhan (in Russian). Entomologia Sbornik Instituta Zoologii AN Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR, 1: 183-192. Azerbajdzhan.

*biarcuatus Vimmer, A. 1932. Mew species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*bickleyi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert 1962. The species of Culicoides related to Piliferus Root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Maryland.

*biclavatus Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany.

biclavatus Deng & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 27. China.



bicultellus Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 3. China.

biestroi Spinelli & Ronderos, 1991. Neotropica, 37: 86. Argentina

*bifasciatus Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 1: 101-110. Indonesia.

bigeminus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 336. Malaysia.

*biguttatus Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 593-618. Washington, D.C. (Ceratopogon)

*bilobatus Kieffer, J.J. 1912. New Chironomids (Tendipedidae) from Ceylon (in French). Spolia Zeylancia. 8: 1-24. Sri Lanka.

*bimaculatus Floch, H., & E. Abonnenc. 1942. Bloodsucking Ceratopogonids from French Guiana (in French). Publications de l'Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territoire de l'Inini, 37: 1-10. Guiana.

Insects, 3: 52. (n.n. for biclavatus Deng & Yu)

*bipunctatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopgoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*biscapus Kieffer, J.J. 1925. New genera and new species of biting Chironomids (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 3: 405-430. Vietnam.

*bisignatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Africa.



*bisolis Kremer, M., J. Brunhes, & J.C. Delecolle. 1972. Description of Culicoides bisolis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 10: 287-290. Madagascar.

*bisulcatus Gutsevich, A.V. 1959. New species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from the southern region of the U.S.S.R. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38: 675-681. (n.n. for orientalis Gutsevich)

bivittatus Vimmer. MS name. see Kremer, Braverman & Delecolle, 1981: 4.

*blantoni Vargas, L., & W.W. Wirth. 1955. Culicoides blantoni n. sp. (Diptera, Heleidae). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 15: 33-37. Mexico.

*bodenheimeri Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

bolitinos Meiswinkel, 1989. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 56: 30. South Africa.

boliviensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 172. Bolivia.

*boophagus Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from Ethiopia and British Somaliland. Proceedings of the royal Entomological Society of London (B), 6: 73-79. Malaysia.

boormani Giles & Wirth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 365. Malaysia

*borinqueni Fox, I., & W.A. Hoffman. 1944. New neotropical biting sand flies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 20: 108-111. Puerto Rico.

*bottimeri Wirth, W.W. 1955. Three new species of Culicoides from Texas (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal



of the Washington Academy of Science, 45: 355-359. Texas.

*bougainvillae Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Solomon Islands.

boydi Wirth & Mullens, 1992. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29: 1006. California.

*brasilianum Forattini, O.P. 1956. New species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of Sao Vicente, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil (in Portuguese). Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 10: 81-84. Brazil.

*bredini Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. New species of neotropical Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). The Florida Entomologist, 53: 7-14. Dominica.

*brevifrontis Smatov, Z.S., & Z.M. Isimbekov. 1971. New and little known species of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Kazakhstan (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Biol. no.4: 61-65. Kazakhstan.

*brevimanus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoires of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*brevipalpis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

brevipenis Mai & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 42. China.

*brevitarsis Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from Australia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 175-228. Australia.

*bricenoi Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) 6. Culicoides bricenci n. sp.



(in Spanish). Boletin del Laboratorio de la Clinica "Luis Razetti", 16: 442-448. Venezuela.

brinchangensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 190. Malaysia.

*bromophilus Kieffer, J.J. 1922. Biological observations on the biting Chironomids with a description of two new species (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 387-392. Austria.

*brookmani Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of Califorina. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.

*brosseti Vattier, G., & J.P. Adam. 1966. Collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the caves of the Gabonese Republic (in French). Biologica Gabonica, 2: 295-309. Gabon.

brownei Spinelli, 1993. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27: 24. Colombia.

*brucei Austen, E.E. 1909. New African Phlebotomic Diptera in the British Museum (Natural History). Part VI Ann. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3: 280-284. Kenya.

*brunneiscutellatus Zilahi-Sebess, G. 1933. Our bloodsucking Chironomids (in Hungarian). Allattani Kozlemenyck, 30: 146-151. Hungary.

*brunneoscutellatus Zilahi, G. 1934. Contribution to the Bulgarian fly fauna. I. Chironomids (in German). Mitteilungen der Bulgarischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft in Sofia, 8: 152-158. Bulgaria.

*brunneus Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

brunnicans Edwards, F.W. 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. London, British Museum (Natural History). 43. England.



*bubalus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*buckleyi Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from Ethiopia and British Somaliland. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 6: 73-79. Malaysia.

buettikeri Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 179. Oman.

*buhetoensis Takahashi, S. 1941. Notes on some species of the genus Culicoides from Namchcukuo with description of a new species (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 15: 80-85. Manchoukuo.

*bulbostylus Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

*bundyensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

*bunrooensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1955. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

burylovi Glukhova, V.M., & Khabirova, 1977. Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, 20: 52. Tadzhikistan.

*butleri Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. Arizona.

*bwambanus de Meillon, B. 1952. A new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Uganda. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 21: 173. Uganda.



*bychowskyi Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 344. Azerbajdzhan.

*byersi Atchley, W.R. 1967. The Culicoides of New Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 46: 937-1020. New Mexico.

*cacozelus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the State of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*cacticola Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. California.

calcaratus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 157. Malaysia.

caldasi Browne, 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 535. Colombia.

*calexicanus Wirth, W.W., & W.A. Rowley. 1971. A revision of the Palmerae group of the genus Culicoides. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 153-171. California.

*californiensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1967. The North American Culicoides of the Guttipennis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 50: 207-232. California.

*caliginosus Goetghebuer, M. 1952. Contribution to a catalogue of the Ceratopogonidae and Chironomids of Belgium (in French). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 28: 1-4. Belgium.

calloti Kremer, M., Delecolle, Bailly-Choumara & Chaker, 1979. Cahiers ORSTOM. serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 17: 195. Morocco.



cambodiensis Chu, 1986. Entomotaxonomia, 8: 253. Cambodia.

cameronensis Kitaoka, 1983. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 23: 94. Malaysia.

*cameroni Campbell, M.M., & E.C. Pelham-Clinton 1960. A taxonomic review of the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (B), 67: 181-302. Scotland.

*camicasi Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd Note). Species related to C. similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.

*camposi Ortiz, I., & L.A. Leon. 1954. The Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Republic of Ecuador (in Spanish). Boletin de Informaciones Cientificas Nacionales, 67: 564-590. Ecuador.

*canadensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 52: 207-243. Minnesota.

*canariensis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*cancer Hogue, C.L., & W.W. Wirth. 1968. A new Central American sand fly breeding in crab holes (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Los Angeles County Museum. Contributions in Science, 152: 1-7. Costa Rica.

*cancrisocius Macfie, J.W.S. 1946. A new species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Fiji. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 15: 15-16. Fiji.

*candidus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.



*canithorax Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Georgia U.S.A.

*caprilesi Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopgoninae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Venezuela.

*caridei Brethes, J. 1912. Description of a new genus and new species of Chironomidae (in Spanish). Anales del Museo National de Buenos Aires, 15: 451-453. Argentina. (Cotocripus)

*carjalaensis Glukhova, V.M. 1957. Genus Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) in Karelia (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 248-251. USSR.

*carpenteri Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae): I. Descriptions of six new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

carpophilus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 196. Malaysia.

*carsiomelas Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies on Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 4. Description of three new species. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. 50: 100-106. Panama.

*carvalhoi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

casei Grogan & Szadziewski, 1988. Journal of Palaeontology, 62: 809. New Jersey amber. (?Culicoides)

*caspius Gutsevich, A.V. 1959. New species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from the southern regions the U.S.S.R. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38: 675-681. USSR.

cassideus Zhang & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 27. China.



*castillae Fox, I. 1946. A review of the species of biting midges or Culicoides from the Caribbean region (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 39: 248-258. Honduras.

*cataneii Clastrier, J. 1957. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 2. Some Culicoides from Algeria with spotted wings (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 35: 404-444. Algeria.

catherinae Kremer, Delecolle & Braverman, 1991. Israel Journal of Entomology, 37: 151. Egypt (Sinai).

*caucaensis Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*caucoliberensis Callot, J., M. Kremer, J.A. Rioux, & S. Descous. 1967. Culicoides of the Eastern Pyrenees. Description of C. Caucoliberensis N. Sp. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 92: 827-832. France.

*cavaticus Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1956. Three new North American species of tree-hole Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 161-168. California.

ceranowiczi Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 45. Baltic amber. (fossil species)

*certus Das Gupta, S.K. 1962. Some Culicoides of Calcutta and the neighboring areas. Science and Culture, 28: 537-539. India.

*ceylanicus Kieffer, J.J. 1912. New Chironomids (Tenipedidae) from Ceylon (in French). Spolia Zelanica, 8: 1-24. Sri Lanka.

chacoensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 174. Argentina.



*chaetocellaris Kitaoka, S. 1973. Description of four new species and the hitherto unknown males of four species of the Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Amami-Oshima, Japan. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 13: 211-219. Japan

*chaetophthalmus Amosova, I.S. 1957. Some new or little known Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) from Ussuri Land (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 233-247. USSR.

chagyabensis Lee, 1982. Insects of Xizang, vol.2: 169. Science Press, Peking [in Chinese]. China.

*charadraeus Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

charrua Spinelli & Martinez, 1992. Insecta Mundi, 5: 176. Uruguay.

*chateaui Cornet, M. 1969. The Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of West Africa. 1. (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 7: 341-364. Senegal.

cheahi Kitaoka, 1983. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 23: 92. Malaysia.

chengduensis Zhou & Lee, 1984. Acta Entomologica sinica, 27: 222. China.

cheni Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 43. Taiwan.

chewaclae Glick & Mullen, 1983. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85: 378. Alabama.

*chiopterus Meigen, J.W. 1830. Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects (in German). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 6: 1-401. Europe. (Ceratopogon)



*chitinosus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instuta Zoologii, 25: 65-77. Kasakhstan.

*chrysonotus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

*ciliodentatus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Entomology, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*cilipes Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids of Courland (in French). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 40: 275-298. Courland.

*cinerellus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Hungary.

*circumbasalis Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 232. Papua New Guinea.

*circumscriptus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in The National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 16: 31-136. Tunisia.

*citrinellus Kieffer, J.J 1923. Ceratopogonids collected in Constantine Sahara (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 1: 654-683. Biskra.

*citrinus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Cameroun.

*citroneus Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations of the Ceratopogonine midges



of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*claggi Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Insects of Micronesia, 12: 338. Bonin Islands.

*clarkei Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations of the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274. Ghana.

*clastrieri Callot, J., M. Kremer, & Y. Deduit. 1962. New species and new records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Ardennes, from Central France, from the French Jura and the Swiss Jura (in French). Annals de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 37: 153-171. France.

*clavatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. New or little known Chironomidae from the Palaearctic region. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 29: 51-109. Germany.

*clavipalpis Mukerji, S. 1931. On a new species of Culicoides (Culicoides clavipalpis s. nov.), with notes on the morphology of the mouth-parts and male terminalia of an Indian Culicoides. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 18: 1051-1058. India.

clintoni Boorman, 1984. Entomlogist's Monthly Magazine, 120: 164. Scotland.

clivus Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 3. China.

*coarctatus Clastrier, J., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 14. Ceratopogonids of the Ethiopian region (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 39: 302-337. Nigeria.

*cochisensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1967. The North American Culicoides of the Guttipennis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 50: 207-232. Arizona.

*cockerellii Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S.



National Museum, 23: 593-618. Colorado.

*columbianus Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in The National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-364. Central America.

coluzzii Callot, Kremer & Bailly-Choumara. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 95: 710. Tunisia.

combinothecus Yu & Liu, 1986. Acta Taxonomica sinica, 11: 211. China.

*commatis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*comosioculatus Tokunaga, M. 1956. Notes on Japanese biting midges (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 8: 112-123. Japan.

conaensis Liu & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 19. China.

*concitus Kieffer, J.J. 1923. New or little known Chirinomids from the Palearctic Region (in French). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 42: 71-128, 138-180. Germany.

*confusus Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie, 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*congolensis Clastrier, J. 1960. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 9. Ceratopogonids of the Republic of the Congo (in French

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*conicus Remm, H., & D.T. Zhogolev. 1968. Contributions to the fauna of biting midges (Diptera,



Ceratopogonidae) of the Crimea (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47: 503-513. Crimea.

*conjunctus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Guinea.

*contubernalis Ortiz, I., & L.A. Leon. 1954. The Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Republic of Ecuador (in Spanish). Boletin de Informaciones Cientificas Nacionales, 7: 564-590. Ecuador.

*copiosus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Mexico.

*cordatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids of Courland (in French). Annales de la Societe Scietifique de Bruxelles, 40: 275-298. Courland.

*cordiformis Kieffer, J.J. 1926. Ceratopogoninae, key to the determination of the genera (in French). Sitzungsberichte der Naturforscher-Gesellschaft bei der Universitat Tartu, 4: 96-107. Estonia.

*cordiformitarsis Carter, H.F. 1916. On three new African midges. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 10: 131-138, 1 plate. Egypt.

*cordiger Macfie, J.W.S. 1934. Report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 28: 177-194. Malaysia.

*corneti Kremer, M. 1972. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Ethiopian Region to a faunistic study of the Culicoides of Morocco (in French). Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 84: 81-107. Angola.

corniculus Liu & Qu, 1981. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 6: 419. China.



*cornutus de Meillon, B. 1937. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importanei from Southern Africa and adjacent territories. (Part IV) Ceratopogonidae. 3. The structure of the pharynx and esophageal pump in females of Arden genera of Eiratopogonidae. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 332-385. South Africa.

*coronalis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

*corsicus Kremer, M., G. Leberre, & F. Beaucornu-Saguez. 1971. Notes on the Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of Corsica. Description of C. Corsicus N. SP. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 46: 653-660. Corsica.

*corsoni Ingram, A., & J.W.S. Macfie. 1921. West African Ceratopogoninae. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 15: 313-376. Ghana.

*corti Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with description of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*coutinhoi Barretto, M.P. 1944. On the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809, with a description of three more species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese). Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20: 89-105, 3 plates. Brazil.

*Cova-Garciai Ortiz, I. 1950. Studies in Culicoides. IV. Revision of the American species of the sub-genus Hoffmanni Fox 1948 with the description of two new species (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 15: 437-460 6 plates. Venezuela.

*crassiforceps Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany.

*crassipilosus Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.



*crassus Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. New Guinea.

*crepuscularis Malloch, J.R. 1915. Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10: 305-363. Illinois.

*crescentis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

cubitalis Edwards, 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum (Natural History): 40. England.

cuiabai Wirth, 1982. The Florida Entomologist, 65: 250. Panama.

*culiciphagus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Solomon Islands.

*cunctans Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*cuniculus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

cylindratus Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 16. Japan.

*cylindricornis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*daedaloides Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1958. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.



*daedalus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

daisetsu Kitaoka, 1984. Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Health, 87: 81. (nomen nudum?)

*daleki Smith, R.O.A., & C.S. Swaminath. 1932. Notes on some Culicoides from Assam. Indian Medical Research Memoires, 25: 182-186, 1 plate. Assam.

*dalessandroi Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

*damnosus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*dampfi Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Mexico.

*darlingtonae Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New Neotropical sand flies of the Culicoides debilipalpis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 73: 34-43. Trinidad.

dasyheleiformis Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 36. Baltic amber. (fossil species)

*dasyophrus Macfie, J.W.S. 1940. A report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from British Guiana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76: 23-32. Guyana.

*dasyops Clastrier, J. 1958. Notes on the Ceratopogonids 4. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 36: 192-258. Senegal.

davidi Spinelli, 1993. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27: 30. Colombia.



*daviesi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1968. A new Culicoides species from Guyana (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 51: 251-252. Guyana.

*davisi Wirth, W.W., & W.A. Rowley. 1971. A revision of the Palmerae group of the genus Culicoides. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 153-171. Washington.

deanei Felippe-Bauer & Wirth, 1987. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82: 416. Brazil.

*debilipalpis Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematics part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*decor Williston, S.W. 1896. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Transactions of the Entomological society of London. 1896: 253-446. St Vincent. (Ceratopogon)

*definitus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

defoliarti Atchley, W.R., & W.W. Wirth. 1979. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 52: 527. Arizona.

*dekeyseri Clastrier, J. 1958. Notes in the Ceratopogonids. 4. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 36: 192-258. Senegal.

delfinadoae Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 386. Sabah.

*delta Edwards, F.W., & H. Oldroyd, and J. Smart. 1939. British bloodsucking flies. British Bloodsucking flies. British Museum (Natural History), London. 156 P., 45 plates. Scotland.

*dendriticus Boorman, J. 1976. Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Southern England: New records, a new species and notes on two species of doubtful British status. Entomologist's Gazette, 27:



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*dendrophilus Amosova, I.S. 1957. Some new or little known Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) from Ussuri Land (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 233-247. USSR.

*denisae Clastrier, J. 1971. Two new Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from French Guiana (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 46: 285-294. French Guiana.

*denmeadi Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*denningi Foote, R.H., & H.D. Pratt. 1954. The Culicoides of the Eastern United States (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Public Health Monograph no. 18: 1-53. Saskatchewan & Wyoming.

denisoni Boorman, 1988. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 63: 152. Rhodes.

*dentatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56. Cameroun.

*denticulatus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to Piliferus root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Wisconsin.

*dentiformis McDonald, J.L., & L.C. Lu. 1972. Female Culicoides of Taiwan with descriptions of new species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 9: 396-417. Taiwan.

*derisor Callot, J., & M. Kremer. 1965. On several Nematocerous Diptera from var, with the description of new species of Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 40: 329-339. France.

*desertorum Gutsevich, A.V. 1959. New species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from the Southern regions of the U.S.S.R. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38:



607-681 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 38: 607-613). Turkmenistan.

*dewulfi Goetghebuer, M. 1936. New contribution to the understanding of the Ceratopogonids and Chironomids of Belgium (in French). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Entomologique de Belgique, 76: 319-326. Belgium.

*diabolicus Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Panama.

diamouanganai Itoua & Cornet, 1986. Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomlogie Medicale et Parasitologie, 24: 237. Congo.

*dickei Jones, R.H. 1956. New species of Culicoides from Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 25-33. Wisconsin.

*dicrourus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 5. Descriptions of three new species of the subgenus Oecacta Poey. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50: 121-127. Panama.

*dieuzeidei Vaillant, F. 1958. Two new Ceratopgoninae from Algeria (Diptera) (in French). Bulletin de la Station d'Aquiculture et de Peche de Castiglione (N.S.), 9: 265-274. France.

diffusus Spinelli, 1993. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27: 34. Brazil.

*digitalis Remm, H. 1973. Ceratopogonidae. Results of the Zoological Research by Dr. Z. Kaszab in Mongolia (Diptera) (in German). Reichenbachia, 14: 171-186. Mongolia.

*dikhros Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*dileucus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. New and little known Chironomidae from the Palaearctic Region. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 29: 51-109. France.



*diminutus Barbosa, F.A.S. 1951. A change of specific name in the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 53: 163. (n.n. for wokei)

*discrepans Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1951. Studies on Culicoides. Description of two new species: Culicoides avilaensis and C. Discrepans and the male of C. leopoldoi Ortiz, 1951. Redescription of C. limai Barretto, 1944, C. baueri Hoffman, 1925, C. lichyi Floch and Abonnenc and C. pusillus Lutz, 1913 (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 16: 593-605, 5 plates. Venezuela.

*dispar Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institute Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

*dispersus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instuta Zoologii, 25: 65-77. Kasakhstan.

distictus Kieffer, J.J. 1916. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 492. Sweden.

*distigma Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomid inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*distinctipennis Austen, E.E. 1912. Notes on African blood-sucking midges (Family Chironomidae, subfamily Ceratopogonidae), with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3: 99-108. Nigeria.

*distinctus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta, 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

divisus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 198. Malaysia.

*dobyi Callot, J., & M. Kremer. 1969. Description of Culicoides dobyi n. sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 62: 610-613. France.



*doeringae Atchley, W.R. 1967. The Culicoides of New Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae0. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 46: 937-1020. New Mexico.

*dominicanus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. A review of the Culicoides nigrigenus group, with two new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Entomological News, 81: 141-151. Dominica.

*dominicii Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera. Ceratopogonidae). 7. Culicoidesdominicii n. sp. and key for the recognition of the Venezuelan species (in Spanish). Novedade Cientificas. Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de historia Natural La Salle. Ser. Zool. 5: 1-12, 2 plates. Venezuela.

*donajii Vargas, L. 1954. Two new species of Mexican Culicoides (in Spanish). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 14: 25-32. Mexico.

*donatieni Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomids inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*dovei Hall, D.W. 1932. A new biting Culicoides from saltmarshes in the Southeastern states. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 34: 88-89. Georgia, U.S.A.

*downesi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to Piliferus root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Ontario.

*drenskii Zilahi, G. 1934. Contribution to the Bulgarian fly fauna. I. Chironomids (in German). Mitteilungen der Bulgarischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft in Sofia, 8: 152-158. Bulgaria.

*dryadeus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1972. A new oriental species of Culicoides breeding in tree rot cavities (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 62: 41-42. Malaysia.



duartei Tavares, O., & Luna Dias 1980. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 40: 395. Brazil

*dubitatus Kremer, M., C. Rebholtz-Hirtzel, & J.C. Delecolle. 1975. Description of a new species: C. dubitatus n. sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the Ethiopian region (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 13: 233-236. Angola.

*dubius Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*duddingstoni Kettle, D.S., & J.W.H. Lawson. 1955. Descriptions of two species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) new to science. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 24: 37-47. Scotland.

dukinensis Mirzaeva, 1985. Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, 18: 98. Siberia.

*dumdumi Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

dungunensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 125. Malaysia.

dunhuaensis Chu, 1983. Entomotaxonomia, 5: 28. China.

*dunni Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*duodenarius Kieffer, J.J. 1922. Notes on some Chironomids from America and New Zealand. (in French). Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 68(192): 145-148. Formosa.

*dutoiti de Meillon, B. 1943. New records, and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6: 90-113. Transvaal.



*dycei Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*dzhafarovi Remm, H. 1967. On the fauna of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) in the Caucasus (in Russian, English Summary). Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised, 194: 3-37. Azerbajdzhan.

*dzhafarovi Callot, J., M. Kremer, B. Molet & A. Bach. 1968. New species, new localities of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of Morocco. Gynandromorphism of C. circumscriptus parasitized by a Mermithid Nematode (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 43: 93-104. France.

*eadsi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New neotropical sand flies of the CulicoidesDebilipalpis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 73: 34-43. Texas.

*edeni Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1974. A new Florida sandfly related closely to Culicoides haematopotus Malloch (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 57: 23-26. Florida.

*edwardsi Goetghebuer, M. 1921. The Chironomidae of Belgium. (in French). Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8(4): 1-208. Belgium.

*edwardsi Goetghebuer, M. 1933. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae of the Belgian Congo (in French). Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region: 24: 129-151. Egypt

*edwardsianus Goetghebuer, M. 1933. Catalogue of the Ceratopogonids of Belgium (in French). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Entomologique de Belgique, 73: 363-372. Egypt.

*efferus Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Peru.

*effusus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera:



Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*egypti Macfie, J.W.S. 1925. A new blood-sucking midge from Singapore. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15: 349-351. Egypt.

*ejercitoi Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*elbeli Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Malaysia.

*eldridgei Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

elemae Pappas & Pappas, 1989. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62: 228. Nebraska.

*elongatus Chu, F.I., & S.C. Liu. 1978. A taxonomic study of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Yunan, with descriptions of five new species (in Chinese, English summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 20: 79-90. China

*elutus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*engubandei Meillon, B. De. 1937. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance from southern Africa and adjacent territories. (Part IV) Ceratopogonidae. 2. Records and species from South Africa. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 332-385. South Africa.

eoselficus Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 43. Baltic amber. (fossil species)

*epactius Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea, and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.



*equatoriensis Barbosa, F.A.S. 1952. New additions to the knowledge of neotropical Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) (in Portuguese). Novos subsidos para o conhecimento dos Culicoides neotropicas (Diptera Heleidae). Impresa Industrial Recife - Pernambuco: 1952: 1-21, 10 plates. Ecuador.

*erairai Kono, H., & H. Takahashi. 1940. A revision of the Culicoides-species of Saghlien and Hokkaido (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 14: 69-77. Japan.

erikae Atchley & Wirth, 1979. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 52: 532. New Mexico.

*eriodendroni Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the gold coast with descriptions of new species pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

erkaensis Yu & Zhang, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 9. China.

*erythrogaster Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipediae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*esakii Tokunaga, M. 1940. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae from the Micronesian Islands with biological notes by Teiso Esaki. Philippine Journal of Science, 71: 205-230, 3 plates. Caroline Islands.

*esmoneti Salm, A.J. 1917. Description of Ceratopogon blanchardi n. sp. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 41: 106-108. Indonesia.

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*eublepharus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*evansi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*excavatus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the royal Entomological society, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*eximius Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*expallens Remm, H. 1973. Ceratopogonidae results of the Zoological Research by Dr. Z. Kaszab in Mongolia (Diptera) (in German). Reichenbachia, 14: 171-186. Mongolia.

*exspectator Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

fadzili Kitaoka, 1983. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 23: 97. Malaysia.

*faghihi Navai, S. 1971. Culicoides from southern part of Lut Desert, Iran with two new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 31: 199-206. Iran.

*fagineus Edwards, F.W., H. Oldroyd, and J. Smart. 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum (Natural History), London: 156 P., 45 plates. England.

*fairchildi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 4. Description of three new species. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological society, 50: 100-106. Panama.

*farri Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. A review of the Culicoides nigrigenus group, with two new



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*fascipennis Staeger, R.C. 1839. Systematic study of the Diptera found in Denmark up to the present (in Danish). Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 2: 549-600. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*fenestralis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*fernandezi Ortiz, I. 1954. On two new bloodsucking flies of the genus Culicoides (Nematocera, Ceratopgoninae) (in Spanish). Archivos Venezolanos de Patologia Tropical y Parasitologia Medica, 2: 221-226. Venezuela.

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*festivipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1914. Twelve new Culicoi species (in German). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 231-241. Germany

*fieldi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 9. Two new species related to Leoni Barbosa and Reevesi Wirth. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 51: 45-52. Honduras.

*filariferus Hoffman, W.A. 1939. Culicoides filariferus, new species. Intermediate host of an unidentified Filaria from Southwestern Mexico. Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 15: 172-174. Mexico.

*filicinus Gornostaeva, R.M., & T.A. Gachegova. 1972. A new species of midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Culicoides filicinus, sp. n., from Western Sayans. (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 6: 522-530. USSR.

filiductus Wirth, 1981. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83: 155. Panama.



*filipalpis Remm, H. 1976. Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the upper Cetaceous Amber of the Khatangta Depression. Palaeontological Journal, No. 3: 107-116. (fossil species)

*firuzae Dzhafarov, S.M. 1958. New species of biting flies Diptera, Heleidae from Nakhichevanskoi Assr (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR, 14: 245-248. Azerbajdzhan.

*fittkaui Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*flavescens Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 6: 111-118. Malaysia.

*flavidorsalis Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 245. Papua New Guinea.

*flavidorsum Shevchenko, A.K., & A.S. Lisetskii. 1969. Bloodsucking biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in the reservation "Kedrovaya Pad" of the maritime territory (in Russian, English Summary). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 48: 1412-1415. Maritime Territory, USSR.

*flavidus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1959. Culicoides flavidus, a new species of the genus Culicoides Kieff. (Diptera, Heleidae) form Transcaucasia (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38: 470-471 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 38: 421-422). Transcaucasia.

*flavimaculinotalis Tokunaga, M. 1940. Biting midges from the Micronesian Islands (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) with biological notes by Teiso Esaki. Tenthredo, 3: 166-186, 1 plate. Caroline Islands.

*flavimanus Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*flavipes Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze,



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*flavipluma Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany.

*flavipulicaris Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, Geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

*flavipunctatus Kitaoka, S. 1975. Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 15: 192-200. Nansei Islands.

*flavirostris Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*flaviscriptus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 252. New Britain.

*flaviscutatus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. North Borneo.

flaviscutellaris Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 132. Malaysia.

flavisimilis Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

flavisomum Mirzaeva, 1984. Chlenistonogie i Gel'minty Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, vyp. 17: 67. USSR.



*flavitarsis Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni

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flavitibialis Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 42. Taiwan.

flaviventris Goetghebuer, M. 1910. Revue Mensuelle de la Societe Entomologique Namuroise, 10: 96. Belgium.

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flavivenula Lutz, A. 1937. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 32: 418. Brazil.

flinti Wirth, W.W. 1982. The Florida Entomologist, 65: 251. Panama.

*flochabonnenci Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1952. Culicoides of Venezuela redescription of 10 species and the description of some sexes not known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 17: 257-279, 13 plates. Venezuela.

*florenciae Messersmith, D.H. 1972. A new species of Culicoides from Colombia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 74: 165-169. Colombia.

*floridensis Beck, E.C. 1951. A new Culicoides from Florida (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 34: 135-136. Florida.

*flukei Jones, R.H. 1956. New species of Culicoides from Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 25-33. Wisconsin.



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*flumineus Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 6: 111-118. Malaysia.

*fluvialis Macfie, J.W.S. 1940. A report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from British Guiana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76: 23-32. Guyana.

*folatilis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratpogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*foleyi Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomids inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*footei Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1956. Three new North American species of tree-hole Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 161-168. Virginia.

*forattinii Ortiz, I. 1961. Description of a new species of Culicoides (C. foratiinii sp. n.) of the subgenus Oecacta Poey, 1851, from Venezuela (in Spanish). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 10: 211-215. Venezuela.

fordae Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 133. Malaysia.

*formosae Kieffer, J.J. 1912. H. Sauter's Formosa Expedition. Tendipedidae (Chironomidae) (Dipt.)(in German). Suppl. Ent., 1: 27-43, 1 plate. Taiwan.

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*foxi Ortiz, I. 1950. Studies in Culicoides. V. Information on a new species and list of the males whose genitalia are known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 15: 461-465. Puerto Rico, Venezuela.

*fragmentum Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*franclemonti Cochrane, A.H. 1974. Two new species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from North America. The Florida Entomologist, 57: 127-135. New York.

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*freitasi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

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*fukienensis Chen, C.S., & L.L. Tsai. 1962. The bloodsucking midges (Ceratopogonidae) of Fukien (in Chinese, English Summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 11: 394-400. China.



fukudai Wada, 1990. Tropical Medicine, 32: 56. Japan.

*fulbrighti Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*fulvithorax Austen, E.E. 1912. Notes on African blood-sucking midges (Family Chironomidae, subfamily Ceratopogoninae), with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3: 99-108. East Africa Protectorate. (Johannseniella)

*fulvus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

*furcillatus Callot, J., M. Kremer, & C. Paradis. 1962. Culicoides furcillatus n. sp. and Culicoides setcsus Gutzevich, new Ceratopogonids Diptera for the fauna of France (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 55: 771-776. France.

*furens Poey, F. 1851. Memoirs on the natural history of the island of Cuba, accompanied by Latin summaries and abstracts in French (in Spanish). Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de las Isla de Cuba, acompanadas de sumarios latinos y extractos en Frances. Habana 463 pp., 34 plates. Cuba. (Oecacta)

*furensoides Williams, R.W. 1955. Two new species of Culicoides of Cheboygan County, Michigan (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 57: 269-274. Michigan.

*fuscicaudae Macfie, J.W.S. 1947. Ceratopogonidae from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 16: 69-78. Sudan.

*fuscus Goetghebuer, M. 1952. Contribution to a catalogue of the Ceratopogonids and the Chironomids of Belgium (in French). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 28: 1-4. Belgium.

*fuscus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S.Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan



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*fusipalpis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*gabaldoni Ortiz, I. 1954. On two new bloodsucking flies of the genus Culicoides (Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Spanish). Archivos Venezolanos de Patologia Tropical y Parasitologia Medica, 2: 221-226. Venezuela.

*galindoi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). I. Descriptions of six new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

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*gambiae Clastrier, J., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 14. Ceratopogonids of the Ethiopian region (2) (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 39: 302-337. Gambia.

Garciai Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 304. Malaysia.

gedanensis Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 46. Baltic amber. (fossil species)

*gejgelensis Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, Geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) (in Russian). Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

*gemellus Macfie, J.W.S. 1934. Report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 28: 177-194. North Borneo.



*geminus Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Three new species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 31: 469-472. Malaysia.

*gentilis Macfie, J.W.S. 1934. Report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 28: 177-194. Malaysia.

gentiloides Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 41. Taiwan.

*germanus Macfie, J.W.S. 1940. A report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from British Guiana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76: 23-32. Guyana.

*gewertzi Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides on Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*gibsoni Wirth, W.W. 1952. Two new species of anthropophilic Culicoides from Guatemala (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of Parasitology, 38: 245-247. Guatemala

*giganteus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*gigas Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Canada.

*ginesi Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 9. on the differential characters between Culicoides parensis (Goeldi, 1905), C. stellifer (Coquillett, 1901), and C. lanei (Ortiz, 1950). Description of four new species and the redescription of some others less known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 16: 573-591, 8 plates. Venezuela.

*glabellus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 9. Two new species related to Leoni Barbosa and Reevesi Wirth. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 51: 45-52. Panama.



*glabrior Macfie, J.W.S. 1940. A report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from British Guiana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76: 23-32. Guyana.

*glabripennis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*glabripennis Goetghebuer, M. 1948. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) (in French). Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G.F. de Witte, fasc. 55: 3-21 (n.n. for nudipennis)

*gladysae Kettle, D.S., M.M. Elson, & A.L. Dyce. 1976. Culicoides gladysae sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Eastern Australia, with descriptions of its Larva and Pupa and a re-examination of C. mykytowyczi Lee and Reye and C. moreensis Lee and Reye. Journal of the Australian Entomological society, 15: 173-182. Australia.

*gluchovae Mirzaeva, A.G. 1974. A new species of midges, Culicoides gluchovae, sp. n. from Transbaikalia (in Russian, English). Parazitologyia, 8: 27-29. Buryat ASSR

gluschenkoae Glukhova, 1989. Fauna SSSR, vol.3 part 5a: 200. USSR.

*goeldii Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*goetghebueri Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Byukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. (n.n. for setiger Goetghebuer)

*gorgasi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.

gornostavae Mirzaeva 1984. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 63: 371. (n.n. for sanguisuga Gornostaeva)

gouldi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 139.



Malaysia.

*gracilipes Vaillant, F. 1954. Two new Ceratopogonids with Madicolous Larvae (Diptera) (in French). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 21: 227-231. French Alps.

*grahambelli Forattini, O.P. 1956. A new Culicoides from Panama (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 35-36. Panama.

*grahamii Austen, E.E. 1909. New African Phlebotomic Diptera in the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3: 280-284. Africa.

*gregsoni Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomlogist, 52: 207-243. British Columbia.

*grenieri Vattier, G., & J.P. Adam. 1966. The Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the caves of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) (in French). Annales de Speleologie, 21: 711-773. Congo (Brazzaville).

griffithi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 307. Thailand.

*griseidorsum Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Tunis.

*griseolus Zetterstedt, J.W. 1855. Diptera of Scandinavia, classification and description (in Latin). Diptera Scandinaviae, 12: 4547-4942. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*griseovittatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogonidae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.



*grisescens Edwards, F.W., H. Oldroyd, & J. Smart. 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum (Natural History), London. 156 P., 45 plates. Scotland.

*guadaloupensis Floch, H., & E. Abonnenc. 1950. The Culicoides of Guadeloupe. Description of Culicoides guadeloupensis n. sp. (in French). Publications de l'Institut Pasteur de la Guyanne et du Territoire de l'Inini, 203: 1-5. Guadeloupe.

*guamai Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maruins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

guarani Ronderos & Spinelli, 1994. Revista de la Sociedade Entomologica Argentina, 53: 48. Argentina.

*guerrai Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New neotropical sand flies of the Culicoides Debilipalpis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 73: 34-43. Trinidad.

*guineensis Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Guyana.

*gulbenkiani Caeiro, V.M.P. 1959. Culicoides gulbenkiani, a new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 28: 155-167. Transvaal.

*gutsevichi Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. (n.n. for orientalis Gutsevich)

*guttatus Coquillett, D.W. 1904. A new Ceratopogon from Brazil. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 12: 35-36. Brazil. (Ceratopogon)

*guttifer Meijere, J.C.H. De. 1907. Studies on South East Asian Diptera I. (in German). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 50: 196-264, 2 plates. Indonesia. (Ceratopogon)



*guttipennis Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 593-618. Ohio.

*guttipennis Meijere, J.C.H. De. 1905. Nova Guinea. Results of the Dutch scientific expedition to New Guinea. Resultats de l'Expedition Scientifique Neerlandaise a la Nouvelle-guinea en 1903, sous les auspices de A. Wichmann, Chef de l'Expedition. Leide. 1: 67-97, 1 plate. Papua New Guinea.

*guttularis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.

*guyanensis Floch, H., & E. Abonnenc. 1942. Bloodsucking Ceratopogonids from French Guiana (in French). Publications de l'Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territoire de l'Inini, 37: 1-10. Guyana.

*gymnopterus Edwards, F.W. 1926. Diptera Nematocera from the mountains of Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 3: 243-278, 2 plates. Borneo.

habereri Becker, T. 1909. Culicoides habereri n. sp. A bloodsucking gnat from the Cameroons (in German). Jahrescheft de Vereins fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, 65: 289-294, 2 plates. Cameroun.

*haematopotus Malloch, J.R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10: 275-543, 23 plates. Illinois.

hainanensis Lee, 1975. Acta Entomologica sinica, 18: 433. China.

haitiensis Delecolle, Raccurt & Rebholtz, 1986. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, 3: 108. Haiti.

*halobius Kieffer, J.J. 1914. Twelve new Culicoid species (in German). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 231-241. Germany.



halonostictus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 431. Thailand.

*halophilus Kieffer, J.J 1924. Some new biting Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur, 2: -391-408. Norway.

hamiensis Chu, Qian & Ma, 1982. Acta Entomologica sinica, 25: 109. China.

hanae Braverman, Delecolle & Kremer, 1983. Journal of Medical Entomology, 20: 677. Sinai.

*haranti Rioux, J.A., S. Descous, & J. Pech. 1959. A new tree-hole Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides haranti n. sp. (Diptera, Heleidae) (in French). Annals de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 34: 432-438. France.

*hawsi Wirth, W.W., & W.A. Rowley. 1971. A revision of the Palmerae group of the genus Culicoides. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 153-171. Washington.

hayakawai Kitaoka, 1984. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35: 301. Japan.

*hayesi Matta, J.F. 1967. A new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Honduras. The Florida Entomologist, 50: 75-77. Honduras.

*hegneri Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*heliconiae Fox, I., & W.A. Hoffman. 1944. New neotropical biting sand flies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 20: 108-111. Venezuela.

*heliophilus Edwards, F.W. 1921. Diptera Nematocera from Arran and Loch Etive. Scottish Naturalist: 1921: 59-61, 89-92, 121-125. Scotland.



*helveticus Callot, J., M. Kremer, & Y. Deduit. 1962. New species and new records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Ardennes, from Central France, from the French Jura and the Swiss Jura (in French). Annals de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 37: 153-171. Switzerland.

hengduanshanensis Lee, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 88. China.

*henryi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*hertigi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.

*herero Enderlein, G. 1908. 2. Ceratopogoninae. New Ceratopogonines from South Africa (in German). Denkschriften der Medizinisch - Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 13: 459-461. Namibia. (Ceratopogon)

*heterocerus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. New and little known Chironomidae from the Palaearctic Region. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 29: 51-109. Germany.

heteroclitus Kremer, M., & J. Callot. 1965. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 40: 333. France.

*hewitti Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*hiemalis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*hieroglyphicus Malloch, J.R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference



to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10: 275-543, 23 plates. Arizona.

hildae Cornet & Nevill, 1979. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 46: 179. South Africa.

*himalayae Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Chironomids (Tendipendidae) of the Himalayas and Assam (in French). Records of the Indian Museum, 6: 319-349, 1 plate. Kurseong, Himalaya.

*hinmani Khalaf, K.T. 1952. The Culicoides of the Wichita Refuge, Oklahoma. Taxonomy and seasonal incidence (Diptera, Heleidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 348-358. Oklahoma.

hinnoi Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 33. Laos.

*hirsutus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*hirtipennis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*hirtipes Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-364. Central America.

*hirtius de Meillon, B., & M. Lavoipierre. 1944. New records and species of biting insects from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 7: 38-67. Transvaal.

*hirtulus Coquillett, D.W. 1900. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. IX. Entomological results (3): Diptera. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science, 2: 389-464. Alaska. (Ceratopogon)

hirtus Xue & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 30. China.



*histrio Johannsen, O.A. 1946. Diptera. Some new species of Nematocerous Diptera from Guam. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 189: 187-193. Guam.

hitchcocki Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 176. Peru.

*hoffmani Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from Western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. Trinidad.

hoffmanioides Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 173. Malaysia.

hoguei Wirth & Moraes, 1979. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 55: 293. California.

hokkaidoensis Kitaoka, 1984. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35: 303. Japan.

holcus Lee, 1980. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 5: 85. China.

*hollandiensis Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 226. West Irian.

*hollensis Melander, A., & C.T. Brues. 1903. Guests and parasites of the burrowing bee Halictus. Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods hole, Massachusetts, 5: 1-27. Massachusetts.

*homochrous Remm, H. & D.T. Zhogolev. 1968. Contributions to the fauna of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the Crimea (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47: 826-842. (Translation in Ent. Rev. 47: 503-513). Crimea.

*homotomus Kieffer, J.J. 1922. Notes on some Chironomids from America and New Zealand. (in French). Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 68(192): 145-148. Taiwan.



*horneae Foote, R.H., & H.D. Pratt. 1954. The Culicoides of the Eastern United States (Diptera, Heleidae). Public Health Monograph 18: 1-53. New York.

*hornsbyensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

horridus Yu & Deng, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 9. China.

*hortensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*horticola Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the knowledge of the Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematic Part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*hostilissima Pittaluga, G. 1911. A new bloodsucking fly from the West Coast of Africa (Spanish Guinea): "Oecacta Hostilissima", N. SP. (in Spanish). Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Biologia, 1: 29-32. Africa. (Oecacta)

*housei Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of New species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*huambensis Caeiro, V.M. 1961. Contribution to a study of the Angolan species of the genus Culicoides Latreille 1809 (in Portuguese). Junta de Investigaciones do Ultramar. Estudios, Ensaios e Documentos, 86: 17-359, 58 plates. Angola.

huayingensis Zhou & Lee, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 293. China.

huberti Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 35. Laos.



*huffi Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*hui Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1961. New species and records of Taiwan Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 3: 11-26. Taiwan.

*humeralis Okada, T. 1941. Biting midges collected from the northeastern District of Honsyu, Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, 15: 13-31. Japan.

huochengensis Ma & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 47. China.

*husseyi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New species and synonymy from Florida Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 54: 73-78. Florida.

*hyalinus Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*hylas Macfie, J.W.S. 1940. A report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from British Guiana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76: 23-32. Guyana.

*hysipyles Meillon, B. DE. 1936. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance in South Africa. Part III. South African Ceratopogonidae. Part II. Some new and unrecorded species. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 141-207. South Africa.

*ibericus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) (in Spanish). Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan..

ibriensis Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 181. Oman.



*ignacioi Forattini, O.P. 1957. Culicoides of the neotropical region (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese). Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 11: 161-526. Brazil.

*iliensis Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instuta Zoologii, 25: 65-77. Kasakhstan.

*imicola Kieffer, J.J. 1913. Chironomidae and Cecidomyidae (in French). Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale Insects Dipteres 1911-12. Diptera 1: 1-13. Africa Orientale.

*imitator Ortiz, I. 1953. On a new species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) near to C. Horticola Lutz 1913 (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 18: 807-812. Venezuela.

*immaculatus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*imperceptus Das Gupta, S.K. 1962. Some Culicoides of Calcutta and the neighboring areas. Science and Culture, 28: 537-539. India.

*imperfectus Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*impressus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Tunis.

*impunctatus Goetghebuer, M. 1920. Ceratopogonidae of Belgium (in French). Memoires du Musee Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8: 1-116. Belgium.

impusilloides Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 178. Brazil.



*inamollae Fox, I., & W.A. Hoffman. 1944. New neotropical biting sand flies on the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 20: 108-111. Puerto Rico.

incertus Yu & Zhang, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 10. China.

*indecora Kieffer, J.J. 1912. H. Sauters Formosa Expedition. Tendipedidae (Chironomidae) (Dipt) (in German). Suppl. Ent. 1: 27-43, 1 plate. Taiwan.

*indianus Macfie, J.W.S. 1932. Some new or little-known Ceratopogonidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural history, 9: 485-499. India.

*indistinctus Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

*inexploratus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

*inflatipalpis Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.

*infulatus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*iniquus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. (n.n. for molestus)

*inmaculatus Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.



*innoxius Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

*inornatipennis Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*inornatithorax Das Gupta, S.K. 1963. Ovulation and oviposition in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 16: 27-32. India.

*insignipennis Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Three new species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 31: 469-472. Malaysia.

*insignicornis Kieffer, J.J. 1913. Chironomidae and Cecidomyidae (in French). Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale 1911-12. Diptera 1: 1-43. Africa Orientale.

*insignipennis Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Three new species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 31: 469-472. Malaysia.

*insignis Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the knowledge of the Ceratopogonids of Brazil third memoir. Additional notes and description of species that do not suck blood (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*insinuatus Ortiz, I., & L.A. Leon. 1954. The Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Republic of Ecuador (in Spanish). Boletin de Informaciones Cientificas Nacionales, 7: 564-590. Ecuador.

*insolatus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. Mexico, Baja California.

*insulanus Macfie, J.W.S. 1933. Ceratopogonidae from the Society Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 6: 75-80. Tahiti.



insularis Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 18. Japan.

*intermedius Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*intermedius Okada, T. 1941. Biting midges collected from the Northeastern District of Honsyu, Japan. Journal of the college of Agriculture of the Tokyo Imperial University, 15: 13-31. Japan.

*intermedius Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

*interrogatus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*inyoensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. A new Nearctic species of the genus Paradasyhelea Macfie (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 45: 97-100. California.

iphthimus Zhou & Lee, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 295. China.

*iranica Navai, S. 1971. Culicoides from Southern part of Lut Desert Iran, with two new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 31: 199-206. Iran.

*iraqensis Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

*iriartei Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Venezuela.



*iriomotensis Kitaoka, S. 1975. Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 15: 192-200. Nansei Islands.

*irroratus Goetghebuer, M. 1948. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) (in French). Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G.F. de Witte. 55: 3-21. Zaire.

irwini Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 180. Chile.

isechnoensis Glick, 1990. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27: 108. Kenya

*isioloensis Cornet, M., E.M. Nevill, & A.R. Walker. 1974. Note on the Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the group of C. milnei Austen, 1909, in east and south Africa. Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomlogie Medicale et Parasitologie, 12: 221-229. Kenya.

*jacksoni Atchley, W.R. 1970. A biosystematic study of the subgenus Selfia of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Kansas University Science Bulletin, 49: 181-336. New Mexico.

*jacobsoni Macfie, J.W.S. 1934. Fauna Sumatrensis Bijdrage No. 75, Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 77: 202-231. Indonesia.

*jamaicensis Edwards, F.W. 1922. On some Malayan and other species of Culicoides, with a note on the genus Lashiohelea. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13: 161-167. Jamaica.

*jamesi Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from Western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. Montana.

*jamnbacki Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to Piliferus Root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Michigan.

*japonicus Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.



*javae Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogoninae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture 1: 101-110. Indonesia.

*javanicus Salm, A.J. 1917. Description of Ceratopogon Blanchardi N. SP. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 41: 106-108. Indonesia.

jefferyi Kitaoka, 1983. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 23: 96. Malaysia.

*jimmiensis Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 229. Papua New Guinea.

*jonesi Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from Cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. Texas.

*jouberti Huttel, W., N. Huttel, & P. Verdier. 1953. Comments on two Culicoides new to Gabon (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 28: 98-107. Gabon.

*judaeae Macfie, J.W.S. 1933. A new species of Culicoides from Palestine. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 27: 79-81. Palestine.

*juddi Cochrane, A.H. 1973. Two new Nearctic species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 56: 311-18. New York.

*judicandus Bezzi, M. 1917. Studies in Philippine Diptera II. Philippine journal of Science (D), 12: 107-161, 1 plate. Luzon Island.

*jumineri Callot, J., & M. Kremer. 1969. Description of a new Culicoides, C. jumineri (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) found in Tunisia (in French). Bulletin de la societe de Pathologie exotique, 62: 1112-118. Tunisia.



*jurensis Callot, J., M. Kremer, & Y. Deduit. 1962. New species and records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Ardennes, from Central France, from the French Jura and the Swiss Jura (in French). Annals de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 37: 153-171. France.

*kabyliensis Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomid inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*kadenensis McDonald, J.L., T. Bolinguit, & L.C. Lu. 1973. Female Culicoides of Okinawa with descriptions of new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10: 633-648. Okinawa.

*kagiensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Taiwan.

*kaimosiensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

kaluginae Remm, 1976. Palaeontological Journal, 10: 347. (fossil species)

*kamrupi Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. (n.n. for albipennis)

*kanagai Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*karagiensis Smatov, Z.S., & N.K. Aldabergenov. 1973. A new species of Ceratopogonidae from Mangyslak, Culicoides karagienses sp. n. (in Russia). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Biol. no. 5: 24-26. Kazakhstan.

*karajaevi Dzhafarov, S.M. 1961. Description of three species of Heleidae from Asia Minor (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR. Seriya Biologicheskikh i Meditinskikh



Nauk, no. 10: 75-80. Azerbajdzhan.

karakumensis Gutsevich, A.V., & Molotova. 1973. Fauna SSSR. Insects, Diptera, 3, part 5: 180. Turkmenistan.

karenensis Glick, 1990. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27: 162. Kenya.

*kasachstanicus Shakirzjanova, M.S. 1963. Bloodsucking flies of Kazakstan (Diptera, Heleidae) [in Russian]. Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instituta Zoologii. 120pp. Kazakhstan.

*kasachstanicus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instituta Zoologii, 25: 65-77. Kasakhstan.

kasimi Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

kelantanensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 344. Malaysia.

kelinensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 99. Tibet.

kepongensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American

Entomological Institute, 44: 346. Malaysia.

*kerichoensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*khalafi Beck, E.C. 1957. Two new species of Culicoides from Florida (Diptera: Heleidae). The Florida Entomologist, 40: 103-105. Florida.



*kibatiensis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*kibunensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.

kiefferi Goetghebuer, M. 1910. Revue Mensuelle de la societe Entomologique Namuroise, 10: 96. Belgium.

*kiefferi Patton, W.S. 1913. Culicoides kiefferi, n. sp.: A new Indian blood-sucking midge. Indian journal of Medical Research, 1: 336-338, 1 plate. India.

*kii Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.

kinabaluensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 211. Sabah.

kinari Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 44. Laos.

*kingi Austen, E.E. 1912. Notes on African blood-sucking midges (family Chironomidae, subfamily Ceratopogonidae), with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3: 99-108. Sudan.

*kintzi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

kirbyi Glick & Mullen, 1983. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85: 380. Maryland.

*kirgizicus Glukhova, V.M. 1973. The new species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera,



Ceratopogonidae) from Central Tien Shan. (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 7: 111-115. Kirghiz SSR.

*kirovabadicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

kisangkini Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 47. Laos.

*kitaokai Tokunaga, M. 1955. Notes on biting midges of Japan (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 7: 1-8. Japan.

*kivuensis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*klossi Edwards, F.W. 1933. XX. Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 17: 223-296. Borneo.

*knowltoni Beck, E.C. 1956. A new species of Culicoides from Florida with additional distribution data for the genus (Diptera: Heleidae). The Florida Entomologist, 39: 133-138. Florida.

*kobachidzei Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Georgian SSR.

*kobae Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd note). Species related to C. Similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.

kolymbiensis Boorman, 1988. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 63: 154. Rhodes.



komarovi Mirzaeva, 1985. Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny sibiri, no.18: 99. Siberia.

*komiensis McDonald, J.L., T. Bolinguit, & L.C. Lu. 1973. Female Culicoides of Okinawa with descriptions of new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10: 633-648. Okinawa.

*koreensis Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Korea.

*korossoensis Huttel, W., & N. Huttel. 1952. A Ceratopogonid new to French Sudan attacking man (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 45: 472-474. French Sudan.

kotonkan Boorman & Dipelou, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 35. Nigeria.

*krameri Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

*kribiensis Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Cameroun.

krombeini Giles, Wirth & Messersmith, 1981. Proceedings of the Entomological society of Washington, 83: 542. Sri Lanka.

*kugitangi Ataev, K. 1976. A new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Tirkmenistan (in Russian, English Summary). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Biol. no. 3: 79-81. Turkmenistan.

*kumbaensis Callot, J., M. Kremer, J. Mouchet, & A. Bach. 1965. Contribution to the study of the Ceratopogonids (DIPTERA) of kumba (Cameroon). Description of C. Kumbaensis N. SP. (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 58: 536-548. Cameroun.



*kuraiensis Remm, H. 1972. New species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the South Sobaria. (in Russian, English Summary). Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised, 293: 62-90. Siberia.

*kurektshaicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 206-219. Azerbajdzhan.

*kurensis Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 206-219. Azerbajdzhan.

kurotake Kitaoka, 1984. Bulletin of the National Institute of Animal Health, 87: 94. Japan.

*kusaiensis Tokunaga, M. 1940. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae from the Micronesian Islands with biological notes by Teiso Bsaki. Philippine Journal of Science, 71: 205-230, 3 plates. Caroline Islands.

*kuscheli Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1978. Two new species of neotropical Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 54: 236-240. Chile.

*kyotoensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo. 1: 233-338. Japan.

kyushuensis Wada, 1986. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 37: 146. Japan.

*lacicola Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*lacteinervis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.



lacustris Ronderos, 1989. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 48: 116. Argentina.

*lahillei Iches, L. 1906. On five new Diptera of the Chaco Austral (in Spanish). Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura, 6: 262-273. Argentina.

*lahontan Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 52: 207-243. California.

*lailae Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomlogie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

laimargus Zhou & Lee, 1984. Acta Entomologica sinica, 27: 221. China.

*lamborni Ingram, A., & J.W.S. Macfie. 1925. New Ceratopogonidae from Nyasaland (Dipt.) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15: 283-288. Malawi.

*landauae Kremer, M., C. Rebholtz-Hirtzel, H. Bailly-Choumara & J.C. Delecolle. 1975. Fourth contribution to a faunistic study of the Culicoides of Morocco (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Description of C. landauae n. sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Redescription of C. faghihi Navai and a form of C. subfascipennis Kieffer (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 13: 205-214. Morocco.

*lanei Ortiz, I. 1950. Studies in Culicoides. II. Diptera, Ceratopogonidae Culicoides lanei n. sp. of Panama (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 15: 431-433, 1 plate. Panama.

*langeroni Kieffer, J.J. 1921. New observations on the biting Diptera of the tribe Ceratopotoninae. (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 1: 262-268. Tunisia.

lansangensis Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 58. Laos.

lanyuensis Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 39. Taiwan.



laoensis Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 37. Laos.

laoshanensis Yu & Zhang, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 11. China.

lasaensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 100. Tibet.

*latifrons Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*latifrontis Shakirzhanova, M.S. 1962. New species of Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from Kazakhstan (in Russian). Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, 18: 254-259. Kazakhstan.

*latipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.

*leanderensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australia species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*leechi Wirth, W.W. 1977. A new Culicoides biting midge from California (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 53: 53-55. California.

*leei Tokunaga, M. 1960. Notes on biting midges 1. Akitu, 9: 72-76. New Britain.

leizhouensis Lai & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 69. China.

lenae Glushchenko & Mirzaeva, 1970. p.37 in: Cherepanov, A.I.(ed.). New and Little-known Species of Siberian Fauna. Part 3. Institute of Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch "Nauka". Irkutsk. [in Russian]



lengi Yu & Liu, 1990 Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 10. China.

lenti Tavares & Luna Dias, 1980. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40: 396. Brazil.

*leopoldi Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 9. On the differential characters between Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi, 1905). C. stellifer (Coquillett, 1901), and C. lanei (Ortiz, 1950). Description of four new species and the redescription of some others less known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 16: 573-591, 8 plates. Venezuela.

*leucostictus Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Percy Siaden Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. III. Part III, No. XV--Diptera Chironomidae der Seychellen-Inseln, aus der sammlung von Mr. H. Scott (in German). Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 14: 331-366, 1 plate. Seychelles.

*lichyi Floch, H., & E. Abonnenc. 1949. On the Ceratopogonids from Venezuela. Description of two new species: Culicoides lichyi and Lasiohelea danaisi (in French). Publications de l'Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territoire de l'Inini, 196: 1-5. Venezuela.

lieni Chen, 1979. Chinese Journal of Microbiology, 12: 99. Taiwan.

*limai Barretto, M.P. 1944. On the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809, with a description of three new species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese). Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20: 89-105, 3 plates. Brazil.

*limonensis Ortiz, I., & L.A. Leon. 1954. The Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Republic of Ecuador (in Spanish). Boletin de Informaciones Cientificas Nacionales, 7: 564-590. Ecuador.

*lineatus Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-364 Papua New Guinea.

*lingensis Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus



Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.

*lingshuiensis Lee, T. 1975. Biting midges of Kwangtung and Kwangsi China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae. Acta Entomologica sinica, 18(4): 433-436. China.

lini Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 46. Taiwan.

*litoreus Amosova, I.S. 1957. Some new or little known Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) from Ussuri Land (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 233-247. USSR.

*litus Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*liui Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Hubert. 1961. New species and records or Taiwan Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 3: 11-26. Taiwan.

liukueiensis Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 47. Taiwan.

lobatoi Felippe-Bauer & Quintelas, 1994. Memorias do Institito Oswaldo Cruz, 89: 25. Brazil.

*loisae Jamnback, H. 1965. The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Scientific Service Bulletin Number 399: 1-154. New York.

longicerus Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 19. Japan.

*longicollis Glukhova, V.M. 1971. On interspecific relations, variability and specific composition of bloodsucking midges of the Nubeculosus group of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Russian, English Summary). Parasitologiya, 5: 499-511. Ukraine.

*longidens Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Ryukyu Islands.



longior Hagan & Reye, 1986. Journal of the Australian Entomological society, 25: 340. Australia.

*longipalpis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*longipennis Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae) (Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

longiporus Chu & Liu, 1978. Acta Entomologica sinica, 21: 86. China.

*longiradialis Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

longzhouensis Hao & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 40. China.

lopesi Barretto, 1944. Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20: 99. Brazil.

*lophortygis Atchley, W.R., & W.W. Wirth. 1975. Two new Western Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) which are vectors of Filaria in the California Valley Quail. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53: 1412-1423. California.

*loughnani Edwards, F.W. 1922. On some Malayan and other species of Culicoides with a note on the genus Lasiohelea. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 13: 161-167. Jamaica.

loxodontis Meiswinkel 1992. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 59: 147. South Africa.

*luganicus Shevchenko, A.K. 1972. Description of two new species of blood-sucking biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the Ukraine (in Russian, English Summary). Vestnik Zoologii, 5: 75-78. Ukraine.



*lugens Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Natal.

*luglani Jones, R.H., & W.W. Wirth. 1958. New records, synonymy, and species of Texas Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 31: 81-91. Texas.

lui Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 10. China.

lulianchengi Cheu, 1988. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 8: 152. Taiwan.

*lungchiensis Chen, K.C., & L.L. Tsai. 1962. The bloodsucking midges (Ceratopogonidae) of Fukien (in Chinese, English Summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 11: 394-400. China.

*lupicaris Downes, J.A., & D.S. Kettle. 1952. Descriptions of three species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) new to science, together with notes on, and a revised key to the British species of the Pulicaris and Obsoletus group. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society (B), 21: 61-78. Scotland.

*lutealaris Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

*luteipalpis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

luteolus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 100. Malaysia.

*luteoscutellatus Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.



*luteosignatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogonidae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*luteovenus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Mexico.

*lutzi Costa Lima, A. DA. 1937. Key to the species of Culicoides of the neotropical region (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 32: 411-422. Brazil.

*lyrinotatus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 5. Descriptions of three new species of the subgenus Oecacta Poey. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50: 121-127. Panama.

maai Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 312. Sarawak.

macclurei Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 348. Malaysia.

*macfei Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416, 8 plates. Thailand.

*machardyi Campbell, M.M., & E.C. Pelham-Clinton, 1960. A taxonomic review of the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (B), 67: 181-302. Scotland.

macalli Tavares & Ruiz, 1980. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 75: 29. Brazil.

macintosh Cornet & Nevill, 1980. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 18: 383. South Africa.



*mackayensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*mackerrasi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*macrostigma Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.

*macrostoma Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoires of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*maculatus Shiraki, T. 1913. Investigations on general injurious insects (in Japanese and English). Taiwan Sotokofu Noji Shikenjo, 8: 286-297. Taiwan.

*maculatus Zilahi, G. 1936. On the Heleidae of the Balaton District (in Hungarian). Arbeiten des Ungarischen Biologischen Forschungs-Institutes, 8: 196-206. Lake Balaton.

*maculipennis Macfie, J.W.S. 1925. A new blood-sucking midge from Singapore. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15: 349-351. Singapore.

*maculiscutellaris Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Pacific Insects, 1: 249. West Irian.

*maculithorax Williston, S.W. 1896. On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1896: 253-446. St Vincent. (Ceratopogon)

*madagascarensis Meillon, B. DE. 1961. The Madagascan Ceratopogonidae. Revista de Entomologia de Mocambique, 4: 37-64. Madagascar.



*magnesianus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*magnificus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

*magnimaculatus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*magnipalpis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

*magnipictus Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopgoninae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*magnus Colaco, A.T.F. 1946. Some Culicoides of the Transvaal (in Portuguese and English). Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical (Lisbon), 3: 217-266. South Africa.

*mahensis Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. III. Part III, No. XV--Diptera Chironomidae der seychellen-inseln, aus der sammlung von Mr. H. Scott (in German). Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 14: 331-366, 1 plate. Seychelles.

*majorinus Chu, F.I. 1977. New species and records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Tibet, China. Acta Entomologica sinica, 20: 99-105. Tibet.

malariologiensis Perruolo Lanetti, 1988. Boletin de la

Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 28: 28. Venezuela.



*malayae Macfie, J.W.S. 1937. Three new species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Malaya. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 31: 469-472. Malaysia.

*malevillei Kremer, M., & M. Coluzzi. 1971. Description of Culicoides malevillei n. sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). (in French). Parasitologia, 13: 415-419. Italy.

mamaensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 101. Tibet.

*manchuriensis Tokunaga, M. 1941. Biting midges from Manchuria (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 15: 89-102. Manchuria.

manikumari Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 103. Malaysia.

*marcleti Callot, J., M. Kremer, & M. Basset. 1968. Culicoides marcleti n. sp. and new localities of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonids) from the Mediterranean region and particularly from Algeria (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 61: 271-282. Algeria.

*marginalis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*marginalis Chu, F.I., & S.C. Liu. 1978. A taxonomic study of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Yunan, with descriptions of five new species (in Chinese, English Summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 21: 79-90. China.

*marginatus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*marinkellei Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopgoninae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.



marinus Yu & Zhu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 70. China.

*maritimus Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany.

*marium Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematic Part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*markevitshi Shevchenko, A.K. 1969. New and scarcely known species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, no. 3 1969: 47-52. Ukraine.

*marksi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*marmoratus Skuse, F.A.A. 1889. Diptera of Australia PT. XI - The Chironomidae. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 4: 215-311. Australia. (Ceratopogon)

*marshi Wirth, W.W., & F.S Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

*martinezi Wirth, W.W., & F.S Blanton. 1970. The genera of neotropical Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). The Florida Entomologist, 53: 7-14. Trinidad.

mathisi Giles & Wirth, 1983. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85: 36. Sri Lanka

*matsuzawai Tokunaga, M. 1950. Culicoid flies from Kyushu, Japan (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 1: 64-67. Japan.



*mayeri Goetghebuer, M. 1935. New or little known Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae from Europe (sixth note) (in French). Encyclopedie Entomologique (b), 8: 3-14. Germany.

mcdonaldi Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 224 (n.n. for monticolus McDonald & Lu)

*mcdowelli Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*mcmillani Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*meeserellus Meillon, B. DE. 1936. Entomological studies. Studies of insects of medical importance in South Africa. Part III. South African Ceratopogonidae. Part II. Some new and unrecorded species. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 141-207. South Africa.

*megacanthus Palmer, A.R. 1957. Miocene arthropods from the Mojave Desert, California. Geological Survey Professional Paper 294-G: 237-280, 5 plates. California. (fossil sp.)

*megaforticeps Kitaoka, S. 1973. Description of four new species and the hitherto unknown males of four species of the Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Amami-Oshima, Japan. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 13: 211-219. Japan.

*meijereri Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Observations on the Chironomids (Dipt.) described by J.R. Malloch (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1919: 191-194. (n.n. for guttipennis)

*meinerti Kieffer, J.J. 1915. On Danish Chironomids (in German). Entomologiske Meddelelser, 10: 280-297. Denmark.

*melanesiae Macfie, J.W.S. 1939. The Diptera of the territory of New Guinea X. Family



Ceratopogonidae. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 64: 367-368. Papua New Guinea.

*melleus Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 593-618. Florida. (Ceratopogon)

mellipes Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 179. Malaysia.

menghaiensis Lee, 1980. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 5: 87. China.

*menglaensis Chu, F.I., & S.C. Liu. 1978. A taxonomic study of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Yunan, with descriptions of five new species (in Chinese, English Summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 21: 79-90. China.

*mesghalii Navai, S. 1973. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Persian Gulf area of Iran. PT. I. Two new species C. mesghalii and C. shahgudiani. Bulletin de la societe de Pathologie exotique, 66: 195-204. Iran.

*mesopotamiensis Patton, W.S. 1920. Some notes on the arthropods of medical and veterinary importance in Mesopotamia, and on their relation to disease. Part IV. Some Mesopotamian Nematocera of economic importance. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 8: 245-252, 1 plate. Iraq.

*mesostigma Remm, H. 1971. On the fauna of Ceratopogonidae of southern Maritime Territory in living nature of the far east (in Russian, English Summary). Living Nature of the Far East. p. 1971: 182-220. USSR.

*metagonotus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

*micheli Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd Note). Species related to C. similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.



*micromaculatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogonidae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*micromaculithorax Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae)). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

*micropunctatus Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 1: 101-110. Indonesia.

*midorensis Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*miharai Kinoshita, S. 1918. On the bloodsucking Culicoides from Korea (in Japanese). Dobutsugaki Zasshi, 30: 155-160. Korea.

*mihensis Arnaud, P.H, 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

mihunensis Chu, 1983. Entomotaxonomia, 5: 29. China.

*milnei Austen, E.E. 1909. New African Phlebotomic Diptera in the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3: 280-284. Africa.

minasensis Felippe-Bauer, 1987. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82: 147. Brazil.

minimus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 251. Malaysia.

minipalpis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 351. Malaysia.



*minor Tokunaga, M. 1941. Biting midges from Manchuria (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 15: 89-102. Manchuria.

*minutissimus Zetterstedt, J.W. 1855. Diptera of Scandinavia, classification and description (in Latin). Diptera Scandinaviae, 12: 4547-4942. (Ceratopogon)

*minutus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

miombo Meiswinkel, 1991. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 58: 161. Malawi.

*mirsae Ortiz, I. 1953. New contribution to the knowledge of the external morphological characters of the American females of the genus Culicoides Ltr. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) with one spermatheca, description of two new species of Venezuela: Culicoides transferrans (C. oublepharus Ortiz 1952) and Culicoides mirsae (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 18: 797-806. Venezuela.

mirzaevi Glukhova, & Khabirova, 1977. Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, 12: 50. Tadzhikistan.

*mississippiensis Hoffman, W.A. 1926. Notes on Ceratopogoninae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 28: 156-159. Mississippi.

*miyamotoi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.

*mohave Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entom logy, 9: 95-266. California.

*mojinaensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.



*molestus Skuse, F.A.A. 1889. Diptera of Australia PT. XI - The Chironomidae. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 4: 215-311. Australia. (Ceratopogon)

*molestus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*mollis Edwards, F.W. 1928. Nematocera. In: Insects of Samoa, IV (6)--Diptera, pp. 23-102. Samoa.

*mongolensis Yao, W.P. 1964. A new species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Heleidae) Culicoides mongolensis sp. nov. (in Chinese and English). Acta Entomologica sinica, 13: 287-291. Mongolia.

*monoensis Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.

*monothecalis Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

montanus Schakirzjanova, 1962. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademiya Nauk Kazakhstoi SSR, 18: 258. Kasakhstan.

*montanus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 52: 207-243. Utah.

*monticola Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*monticolus McDonald, J.L., & L.C. Lu. 1972. Female Culicoides of Taiwan with descriptions of new species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 9: 396-417. Taiwan.

*montivagus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of



several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*moreensis Lee, V.H., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

*moreli Clastrier, J. 1959. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 6. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 37: 167-197. Senegal.

*morisitai Tokunaga, M. 1940. Biting midges from Japan and neighboring countries, including Micronesian Islands, Manchuria, North China and Mongolia (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Tenthredo, 3: 101-165. North China.

*mortivallis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New Western Culicoides of the Stonei group. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 459-467. California.

*mosulensis Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae)). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

motoensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 102. Tibet.

*moucheti Cornet, M., & M. Kremer. 1970. Description of Culicoides mouchti n. sp. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) found in Chad, Mali and Senegal (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 63: 266-272. Chad.

*mulrennani Beck, E.C. 1957. Two new species of Culicoides from Florida (Diptera: Heleidae). The Florida Entomologist, 40: 103-105. Florida.

*multidentatus Atchley, W.R., & W.W. Wirth. 1975. Two new western Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) which are vectors of Filaria in the California Valley Quail. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53: 1421-1423. California.



*multiguttatus Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire. (Forcipomyia)

*multimaculatus Taylor, F.H. 1918. Studies in Phlebotomic Diptera, No. 1. New species of Simuliidae and Chironomidae. Australian Zoologist, 1: 167-170. Australia.

*multinotatae Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. New Ireland.

*multipunctatus Malloch, J.R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occuring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 10: 275-543, 23 plates. Illinois.

*murphyi Clastrier, J., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 14. Ceratopogonids of the Ethiopian region (2) (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 39: 302-337. Nigeria.

murrayi Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 338.Indonesia.

murtalai Boorman & Dipeolu, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 41. Nigeria.

*musajevi Dzhafarov, S.M. 1961. Description of three species of Heleidae from Asia Minor (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR, seriya Biologii, 10: 75-80. Azerbajdzhan.

*muscicola Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Diptera (biting Nematocera): Chironomidae Ceratopogoninae (in French). Faune de France 11. Dipteres Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae 11: 1-139. France.

*musilator Kremer M., & J. Callot. 1961. Culicoides musilator n. sp. and species of the Odibilis group from the French fauna (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 36: 689-699. France.

*mykytowyczi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X.



Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*mystacinus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*nadayanus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Asia Minor.

*nagahanai Tokunaga, M. 1956. Notes on Japanese biting midges (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae). Scientific Reports of the Saiko University of Agriculture, 8: 112-123. Japan.

nagarzensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 98. Tibet.

nakanoshima Kitaoka, 1984. Bulletin of the national Institute of Animal Health, 87: 81. (nomen nudum?)

nairobiensis Glick, 1990. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27: 131. Kenya.

nampui Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 28. Laos.

nanellus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71: 564. California.

nanpingensis Yu & Song, 1986. Acta Entomologica sinica, 11: 209. China.

*nanulus Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.



*nanus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*narrabeenensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

nasuensis Kitaoka, 1984. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35: 303. Japan.

*nattaiensis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

navaiae Lane, 1983. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5: 534. Saudi Arabia.

*nayabazari Das Gupta, S.K. 1963. Report on a collection of Sikkim Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 16: 33-43. Sikkim.

*neavei Austen, E.E. 1912. Notes on African blood-sucking midges (family Chironomidae, subfamily Ceratopogoninae), with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3: 99-108. Africa.

*neghmei Vargas, L. 1955. Culicoides neghmei n. sp. (in Spanish). Boletin del Laboratorio de Clinica "Luis Razetti", 1955: 673-676. Mexico.

*neglectus Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*neoangolensis Kremer, M. 1972. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Ethiopian region and particularly of Angola (2nd note) (in French). Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, no. 84: 81-107. Angola.



*neofagineus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the Pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomlogist, 52: 207-243. Arizona.

*neomelanesiae Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. (n.n. for melanesiae Tokunaga)

*neomontanus Wirth, W.W. 1976. New names for North American Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological society of Washington, 78: 15 (n.n. for montanus Wirth & Blanton)

neopalpis Tokunaga, Pacific Insects, 4: 483. Papua New Guinea.

*neoparaensis Tavares, O., & M. Alves de Souza. 1978. On three new species of the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 from Brazil (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese, English Summary). Rev Brasil Biol, 38: 619-624. Brazil.

*neopulicaris Wirth, W.W. 1955. Three new species of Culicoides from Texas (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 45: 355-359. Texas, Mexico.

neoschultzei Boorman & Meiswinkel, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 192. Oman.

*newsteadi Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.

*nibleyi Hubert, A.A., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Key to the Culicoides of Okinawa and the description of two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 63: 235-239. Ryukyu Islands.

*niger Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.



*niger Dzhafarov, S.M. 1960. Fauna of blood sucking Heleidae (Diptera) of Bottomland Forest in the Kure Plain, in Azerbajdzhan (in Russian, English Summary). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 39: 1180-1185. Azerbajdzhan.

*nigeriae Ingram, A., & J.W.S. Macfie. 1921. West African Ceratopogoninae. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 15: 313-376. Nigeria.

*nigrigenus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

*nigripennis Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

nigripes Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 353. Thailand.

nigritus Fei & Lee, 1984. Acta Entomologica sinica, 27: 345. China.

*nigroannulata Goetghebuer, M. 1932. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae. (in French). R\Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 4(7): 5-7. Celebes.

*nigrosignatus Kieffer, J.J. 1901. Synopsis of the European representatives of the group Ceratopogon, with a description of several new species (in French). Bulletin de la societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 9: 143-165. Germany.

*nigrum Tokunaga, M. 1941. Biting midges from Manchuria (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 15: 89-102. Manchuria.

*nilogenus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Sudan.



*nilophilus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales dela societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Sudan.

*nilotes Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Chironomids from Egypt (Diptera) (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 8: 244-314. Egypt.

niphanae Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 316. Thailand.

*nipponensis Tokunaga, M. 1955. Notes on biting midges from Japan and Korea (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 7: 1-8. Japan, S. Korea.

*nitens Edwards, F.W. 1933. XX. Diptera Nematocera from Mount Kinabalu. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum, 17: 223-296. Borneo.

*nitidulus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoires of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*nivosus Meillon, B. DE. 1937. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance from southern Africa and adjacent territories. (Part IV) Ceratopogonidae. 2. Records and species from South Africa. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 332-385. South Africa.

*nobrei Caeiro, Contribution to a study of the Angolan species of the genus Culicoides Latreille 1809 (in Portuguese). 1961. Junta de Investigaciones do Ultramar. Estudios, Ensaios e Documentos, 86: 17-359, 58 plates. Angola.

*nocivum Harris, T.W. 1862. A Treatise on some of the Insects Injurious to Vegetation. ed. 3: 640 pp. New England. (Simulium)

*noshaquensis Tokunaga, M. 1955. Notes on biting midges from Japan and Korea (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Kyoto University Scientific Expedition to Karakorum and Hindukush, 7: 1-8. Afghanistan.



*notatus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*novaguineanus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 223. West Irian.

*novairelandi Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. New Ireland.

*novamexicanus Atchley, W.R. 1967. The Culicoides of New Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 46: 937-1020. New Mexico.

*nubeculosus Meigen, J.W. 1830. Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects (in German). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 6: 1-401. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*nudipalpis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675. Philippine Islands.

*nudipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomid inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*nudipennis Goetghebuer, M. 1933. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae of the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 24: 129-151. Zaire.

nujiangensis Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 59. China.

nukabirensis Wada, 1979. Tropical Medicine, 21: 204. Japan.

nunomemoguri Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 18. Japan.



*nuntius Cambournac, F.J.C. 1970. List of species of the genus Culicoides (Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae) encountered in Portugal (in Portuguese). Anais da Escola National de Saude Publica e de Medicina Tropical, 4: 249-250. Portugal.

nyakini Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 49. Laos.

nyungnoi Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 24. Laos.

*obnoxius Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Venezuela.

obscuratus Ding & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 54. China.

*obscuripennis Clastrier, J., & W.W. Wirth. 1961. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 14. Ceratopogonids of the Ethiopian region (2) (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'algerie, 39: 302-337. Gambia.

*obscuripes Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*obscurus Tokunaga, M., & E.K. Murachi. 1959. Insects of Micronesia Diptera: Ceratopogonidae. Insects Micronesia 12: 103-434. Caroline Islands.

*obsoletiformis Amosova, I.S. 1957. Some new or little known Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) from USSURI Land (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 233-247. USSR.

*obsoletus Meigen, J.W. 1818. Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects (in German). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 1: 1-333. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*occelaris Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids of Courland (in French). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 40: 275-298. Courland.



*occidentalis Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1957. The North American subspecies of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1170: 1-35. California.

*ochraceimaculatus Shevchenko, A.K. 1970. New species of Ceratopogonidae of the genus Culicoides from the Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, no.6: 8-14. Ukraine

*ochraceipennis Shevchenko, A.K. 1970. New species of Ceratopogonidae of the genus Culicoides from the Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, no.6: 8-14. Ukraine.

*ochrothorax Carter, H.F. 1919. New West African Ceratopogoninae. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 12: 289-302, 1 plate. Ghana.

*octosignatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Zaire.

*oculatus Strobl, G. 1910. The Diptera of Steiermark. 2 supplement. (in German). Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Steiermark, 46: 45-293. Austria. (Ceratopogon)

*ocumarensis Ortiz, I. 1950. Studies in Culicoides. IV. Revision of the American species of the sub-genus Hoffmanni Fox 1948 with the description of two new species (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 15: 437-460, 6 plates. Venezuela.

odai Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 195. Oman.

*odiatus Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.

*odibilis Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.



*odiosus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoires of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*ohmorii Takahashi, S. 1958. Notes on some biting midges in the Niigata-Yamagata District (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Acta Medica et Biologica. Niigata. 6: 111-117. Japan.

okazawai Wada, 1990. Tropical Medicine, 32: 60. Japan.

*okinawensis Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Ryukyu Islands.

*oklahomensis Khalaf, K.T. 1952. The Culicoides of the Wichita Refuge, Oklahoma. Taxonomy and seasonal incidence (Diptera, Heleidae). Annals of the Entomological society of America, 45: 348-358. Oklahoma.

*okumensis Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Ryukyu Islands.

*oliveri Fox, I., & W.A. Hoffman. 1944. New neotropical biting sand flies of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 20: 108-111. Haiti.

*olyslageri Kremer, M., & E.M. Nevill. 1972. Description of Culicoides pretoriensis and Culicoides olyslageri of South Africa (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 65: 463-472. South Africa.

*omogensis Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*onderstepoortensis Fiedler, O.G.H. 1951. The South African biting midges of the genus Culicoides ixodoides n. sp. (in French). Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Onderstepoort, 25: 3-33. Transvaal.



*onoi Tokunaga, M. 1940. Biting midges from Japan and neighboring countries, including Micronesian Islands, Manchuria, North China and Mongolia (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Tenthredo, 3: 101-165. Manchuria.

*opacus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

opertus Liu & Yu, 1990. contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 15. China.

*oregonensis Wirth, W.W., & W.A. Rowley. 1971. A revision of the Palmerae group of the genus Culicoides. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 153-171. Oregon.

orestes Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 222. Malaysia.

*orientalis Macfie, J.W.S. 1932. Some new or little-known Ceratopogonidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9: 485-499. Malaysia, India, Indonesia.

*orientalis Gutsevich, A.V. 1952. Contribution to the fauna of Sand Flies of the genus Culicoides of the Forest Zone (Diptera, Heleidae) (in Russian). Parazitologyia Sbornik Akademii Nauk SSR Zoologii Instituta, 14: 75-94. USSR.

*orjuelai Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*ornatigaster Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*ornatus Taylor, F.H. 1913. Report of the Entomologist. Report of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine for 1911: 49-74, 3 plates. Australia.



*ortizi Fox, I. 1952. Six new neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 364-368. Venezuela.

*osakensis Iwata, M. 1935. On the bloodsucking Dipterous insects (in Japanese). Hiroshima-Konchu Dokokai Kaishi, 2: 5-9. Japan.

ostroushkoae Glukhova, 1989. Fauna SSSR, vol.3 part 5a: 220. USSR

*ousairani Khalaf, K.T. 1952. The Culicoides of the Wichita Refuge, Oklahoma. Taxonomy and seasonal incidence (Diptera, Heleidae). Annals of the Entomological society of America, 45: 348-358. Oklahoma.

*ovalis Khamala, C.P.M. & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*owyheensis Jones, R.H., & W.W. Wirth. 1978. A new species of western Culicoides of the Stonei Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Entomological News, 89: 56-58. Idaho.

*oxianus Smatov, Z.S., & G.A. Kravets. 1976. New species of midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides) from Kazakhstan (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 10(3): 282-286. Kazakhstan.

*oxystoma Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

pabloi Browne, 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 541. Colombia.

*pachymerus Lutz, A. 1914. Contribution to the knowledge of the Ceratopogonids of Brazil Third Memoir. Additional notes and description of species that do not suck blood (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 6: 81-99, 2 plates. Brazil.



padusae Mirzaeva, 1990. Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, no.21: 90. Siberia.

*painteri Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. Honduras.

paksongi Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 25. Laos.

*palauensis Tokunaga, M. 1959. Insects of Micronesia Diptera: Ceratopogonidae. Insects of Micronesia, 12: 103-434. Caroline Islands.

*palawanensis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*pallidicornis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.

*pallidimaculosus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Pacific Insects, 1: 219. Papua New Guinea.

*pallidipennis Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*pallidithorax Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1962. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*pallidizonatus Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.



pallidulus Yu & Ding, 1991. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 3: 52. (n.n. for obscuratus Ding & Yu)

*pallidus Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogoninae)). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

*palmerae James, M.T. 1943. The genus Culicoides in Northern Colorado (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 19: 148-153. Colorado.

*palpalis Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*palpalis Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*palpifer Das Gupta, S.K., & S.M. Ghosh. 1956. Notes on Culicoides palpifer, a new species (Family Ceratopogonidae, order Diptera). Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 4: 122. India.

palpisimilis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 390. Malaysia.

*palustris Amosova, I.S. 1957. Some new or little known Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Heleidae) from Ussuri Land (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 36: 233-247. USSR.

*pamiricus Zhogolev, D.T. 1973. The new species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the west Pamir. Parazitologiya, 7: 185-186. Tadjikistan.

pampaensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 182. Argentina.

*pampangensis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.



*pampoikilus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*panamensis Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 3-30, 9 plates. Panama.

*panamericanus Fox, I. 1947. The new Central American biting midges or Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Revista Kuba de Medicina Tropical y Parasitologia, 3: 90-91. Mexico.

pancensis Browne, 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 536. Colombia.

pangkorensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 326. Malaysia.

*papillatus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*papuae Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. New Ireland.

*papuensis Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

parabarnetti Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 146. Malaysia.

paradoxus Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 2. China.

parabubalus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 224. Malaysia.



paradisionensis Boorman, 1988. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 63: 156. Rhodes.

*paraensis Goeldi, E. 1905. The mosquitoes of Para (in Portuguese). Memorias do Museu Goeldi de Historia Naturel e Ethnographia, 4: 1-154. Brazil. (Haematomyidium)

*paraflavescens Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Sri Lanka.

parahumeralis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American

Entomological Institute, 44: 110. Malaysia.

paraignacioi Spinelli, 1993. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27: 66. Colombia.

*paraliui Das Gupta, S.K. 1962. Some Culicoides of Calcutta and the neighboring areas. Science and Culture, 28: 537-539. India.

paramalayae Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 226. Malaysia.

*paramaruim Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*parapiliferus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1974. New synonymy and a correction in the Culicoides piliferus group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 57: 71-75. New York.

*parascopus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1978. Two new species of neotropical Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 54: 236-240. Mexico.

*parroti Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomid inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut



Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*parvimaculatus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*parviscriptus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Pacific Insects, 1: 213. Papua New Guinea.

*parvulus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

pastus Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 11. Japan.

pattoni Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1921: 7. (n.n. for kiefferi Patton)

*patulipalpis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*paucidentatus Kitaoka, S. 1973. Description of four new species and the hitherto unknown males of four species of the Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Amami-Oshima, Japan. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 13: 211-219. Japan.

*paucienfuscatus Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 3-30, 9 plates. Brazil.

*paucisensillatus Callot, J., M. Kremer, & J.A. Rioux. 1963. On the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with one species and one new variety from the midi of France (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 38: 121-129. France.

*paulipictus Tokunaga, M. 1976. Revision on the New Guinea species of Culicoides biting midges



(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Memoirs of the Osaka Aoyama Junior College, 5: 35-47. Papua New Guinea.

*pechumani Cochrane, A. H. 1974. Two new species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from North America. The Florida Entomologist, 57: 127-135. New York.

*pecosensis Wirth, W.W. 1955. Three new species of Culicoides from Texas (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 45: 355-359. Texas.

*pegobius Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New Chironomids with aquatic larvae (in French). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 41: 355-367. Germany.

*peliliouensis Tokunaga, M., & T. Esaki. 1936. A new biting midge from the Palau Islands with its biological notes. Mushi, 9: 55-58, 1 plate. Palau Islands.

pelius Liu & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 23. China.

*pellucidus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of east Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Tanzania.

pendleburyi Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 85. Malaysia.

*pentamaculatus Smatov, Z.S. 1976. New species of midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides) from Kazakhstan (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 10(3): 282-286. Kazakhstan.

perakensis Kitaoka, 1983. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 23: 95. Malaysia.

*peregrinus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.



*peretti Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd note). Species related to C. Similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.

*perornatus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*perpungens Kieffer, J.J., 1925. Diptera (biting Nematocera): Chironomidae Ceratopogoninae (in French). Faune de France, 11. Dipteres Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae: 11: 1-139. (n.n. for pungens Kieffer)

*petersi Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*phaeonotus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*pharao Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Chironomids from Egypt (Diptera) (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 8: 244-314. Egypt.

*philippinensis Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from the Philippines and Formosa (in French). Philippine Journal of Science, 18: 557-593. Philippine Islands.

*phlebotomus Williston, On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). 1896. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1896: 253-446. St Vincent. (Ceratopogon)

*photophilus Kieffer, J.J. 1911. New descriptions of Chironomids obtained by rearing (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 3: 1-60. Germany.

pichindensis Browne, 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 538. Colombia.



*pictidorsum Kieffer, J.J. 1924. Some new biting Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur, 2: 391-408. Norway.

pictilis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 392. Malaysia.

*pictimargo Tokunaga, M., & Y. Shogaki. 1953. A new species of biting midge from Japan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55: 286-288. Japan.

*pictipennis Staeger, R.C. 1839. Systematic study of the Diptera found in Denmark up to the present (in Danish). Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 2: 549-600. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*pictipennis Philippi, R.A. 1865. Enumeration of the Chilean Diptera (in German). Verhandlungen der zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15: 595-782. Chile (Psychophaena)

*pictiventris Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Chironomids (Tendipedidae) of the Himalayas and Assam (in French). Records of the Indian Museum, 6: 319-349, 1 plate. India.

*picturatus Kremer, M., & Y. Deduit. 1961. On some Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Normandy. Description of Culicoides picturatus n. sp. Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 36: 700-705. France.

*pictus Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

*pifanoi Ortiz, I. 1951. Studies in Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). 9. On the differential characters between Culicoidesparaensis (Goeldi, 1905), C. stellifer (Coquillett, 1901), and C. lanei (Ortiz, 1950). Description of four new species and the redescription of some others less known (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 16: 573-591, 8 plates. Venezuela.

pikongkoi Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 51. Laos.

*piliferus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American



Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*pilosipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Chironomids from Egypt (Diptera) (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 8: 244-314. Egypt.

*pilosus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*platiradius Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.

*poikilonotus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*polymaculatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*polynesiae Wirth, W.W., & P.H. Arnaud, Jr. 1969. Polynesian biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 11: 507-520. Samoa.

*polypori Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1968. A revision of the neotropical biting midges of the Hylas group of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 51: 201-215. Panama.

*polystictus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Description of some exotic Chironomids (in French). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 40: 181-186. Paraguay.

pongsomiensis Chu, 1986. Entomotaxonomia, 8: 254. Kampuchea.

*ponkikiri Kono, H., & H. Takahashi. 1940. A revision of the Culicoides-species of Saghalien and Hokkaido (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 14: 69-77. Japan.



*popayanensis Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*poperinghensis Goetghebuer, M. 1953. Note with respect to two Culicoides of Belgium (in French). Archives fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 48: 126-128. Belgium.

*posoensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. New species and records of Culicoides from Western North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71: 556-567. California.

*praesignis Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*praetermissus Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species PT. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*pretoriensis Kremer, M., & E.M. Nevill. 1972. Description of Culicoides pretoriensis and Culicoides olysiageri of South Africa (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 65: 463-472. South Africa.

prolixipalpis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 426. Malaysia.

*propinquus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*propriipennis Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

prussicus Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 48. Baltic amber. (fossil species)



*pseudochiopterus Downes, J.A., & D.S. Kettle. 1952. Descriptions of three species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) new to Science, together with notes on, and a revised key to the British species of the pulicaris and obsoletus group. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 21: 61-78. Scotland.

pseudocrescentis Tavares & Luna Dias, 1980. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40: 397. Brazil.

*pseudodiabolicus Fox, A. 1946. A review of the species of biting midges or Culicoides from the Caribbean region (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 248-258. Trinidad.

*pseudoheliophilus Callot, J., & M. Kremer. 1961. Culicoides riouxi and Culicoidespseudoheliophilus, new species of the group of Culicoides without wing spots (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 36: 677-688. France.

pseudolangeroni Kremer, Chaker & Delecolle, 1981. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 86: 291. Tunisia.

*pseudopallidipennis Clastrier, J. 1958. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 4. Ceratopogonids of French West Africa (in French). Archives de l'Institu Pasteur d'Algerie, 36: 192-528. Senegal.

*pseudopallidus Khalaf, K.T. 1961. More Culicoides from Iraq (Diptera: Heleidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 11: 450-471. Iraq.

pseudopalpis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 394. Indonesia.

*pseudopiliferus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoids related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Maryland.



pseudopulicaris Goetghebuer, 1935. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 173. Zaire.

pseudosalinarius Chu, 1981. Acta Entomologica sinica, 24: 309. China.

*pseudostigmatus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 234. West Irian.

*pseudoturgidus Das Gupta, S.K. 1962. Some Culicoides of Calcutta and the neighboring areas. Science and Culture, 28: 537-539. India.

*pulcher Zilahi, G. 1934. Contribution to the Bulgarian fly fauna. I. Chironomids (in German). Mitteilungen der Bulgarischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft in Sofia, 8: 152-158. Bulgaria.

*pulchripennis Macfie, J.W.S. 1939. A report on a collection of Brazilian Ceratopogonidae (Dipt.). Revista de Entomologia, 10: 137-219. Brazil.

*pulchripes Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

pulicaris Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae, 1: 603. Europe, North America. (Culex)

*pullatus Kieffer, J.J. 1915. New Halophilic Chironomids (in German). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 472-482. Germany.

*pumilus Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*punctaticollis Goetghebuer, M. 1920. Ceratopogoninae of Belgium (in French). Memoires du Musee Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8: 1-116. Belgium.



*punctatidorsum Kieffer, J.J. 1924. New or rare Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Bulletin de la societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 30: 11-110. Germany. (? Ceratopogon)

*punctata Latreille, P.A. 1809. Genera of Crustacea and insects placed in families according to the natural order explicated with many illustrations and examples (in Latin). Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. Secundum Ordinem Naturalem in Familias Disposita, Iconibus Explicata, 4: 234-364. France.

*punctatus Meigen, J.W. 1804. Classification and description of European two-winged insects (in German). Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten (Diptera Linn.), 1: 1-314. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*puncticeps Goetghebuer, M. 1934. Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae) (in German). Die Fliegen, 3: 1-133. Austria.

*puncticollis Becker, T. 1903. Egyptian Diptera (in German). Agyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Museum in Berlin II, 2: 67-195, 4 plates. Egypt.

*puncticollis Goetghebuer, M. 1912. Some new Chironomids from Belgium (in French). Annales de Biologie Lacustre, 5: 204-214. Belgium.

*punctigerus Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 1: 101-110. Indonesia.

*punctithorax Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species PT. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*pungens Kieffer, J.J. 1901. Synopsis of the European representatives of the group Ceratopogon, with a description of several new species (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 9: 143-165. Europe. (Palpomyia)

*pungens Meijere, J.C.H. DE. 1909. Bloodsucking microdipteras from Dutch East Indies (in German).



Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 52: 191-204, 1 plate. Sumatra.

*puracensis Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

*puripennis Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.

*purus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*pusilloides Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1955. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 4. Descriptions of three new species. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50: 100-106. Panama.

*pusillus Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematics Part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*pycnostictus Ingram, A., & J.W.S. Macfie. 1925. New Ceratopogoninae from Nasaland (Dipt.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15: 283-288. Malawi.

*pygmaeus Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.

qabdoensis Lee, 1979. Acta Entomologica sinica, 22: 103. Tibet.

qingdaoensis Kong & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 57. China.



qinghaiensis Fei & Lee, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 182. China.

qionghaiensis Yu & Liu, 1990 Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 4. China.

*quadratus Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 1: 101-108. Indonesia.

*quadrilobatus Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*quadripunctatus Goetghebuer, M. 1934. New or little known Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae from Europe (Fifth note) (in French). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 74: 287-294. USSR.

*quadrisignatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Cameroun.

*quadrivittatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*quasiparaensis Clastrier, J. 1971. Two new Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from French Guiana (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 46: 285-294. French Guiana.

quatei Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 333. Malaysia.

*quaterifasciatus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 240. New Britain.

*quinquelineatus Goetghebuer, M. 1934. Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae of the Belgian Congo-second note (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 25: 191-205. Zaire.



*quinquemaculatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*quinquepunctatus Goetghebuer, M. 1921. The Chironomidae of Belgium. (in French). Memoires du Musee Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8(4): 1-208. Belgium.

*rabauli Macfie, J.W.S. 1939. The Diptera of the territory of New Guinea. X. Family Ceratopogonidae. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 64: 367-368. Papua New Guinea.

*rachoui Tavares, O., & M. Alves de Sousa. 1978. On three new species of the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 form Brazil (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese, English Summary). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 38: 619-624. Brazil.

*radicitus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*radiomaculatus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*rageaui Vattier, G., & J.P. Adam. 1966. The Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the caves of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) (in French). Annales de Speleologie, 21: 711-773. Congo (Brazzaville).

*rangeli Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1952. On the American species of the genus Culicoides Ltir. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) with one Spermatheca (in Spanish). Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 3: 125-128. Venezuela.

*raposoensis Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.



raripalpis Smith, 1929. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 16: 256. India.

*rariradialis Das Gupta, S.K. 1963. Report on a collection of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 16: 33-43. India.

*rarus Das Gupta, S.K. 1963. Report on a collection of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 16: 33-43. India.

*ravus Meillon, B. DE. 1936. Entomological Studies. Studies on insects of medical importance in South Africa. Part III. South African Ceratopogonidae. Part III. Some new and unrecorded species. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 38: 141-207. South Africa.

*recifei Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 25. Brazil.

*recifensis Barbosa, F.A.S. 1943. Description of "Culicoides recifensis" n. sp. and the male of "Culicoides reticulatus" Lutz (Diptera, Chironomidae) (in Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 3: 261-264. Brazil.

*reconditus Campbell, J.A., & E.C. Pelham-Clinton, 1960. A taxonomic review of the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 67: 181-32

*recurvus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*reesi Bullock, H.R., & J. Akiyama. 1959. A new biting midge from Japan and Korea (Diptera, Heleidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 10: 23-26. Japan.

*reevesi Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.



remerki Boorman & Dipeolu, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 51. Nigeria.

*remmi Damian-Georgescu, A. 1972. New species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). (in French) Revue Romaine de Biologie, seire de Zoologie, 17: 15-21. Rumania.

*remotus Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Guinea.

*reticulatus Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil. Systematic Part. Second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil.

*rhizophorensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

ribeiroi Lemble, Messaddeq, Capella & Kremer, 1990. Annales de Parasitology humaine et comparee, 65: 267. Portugal.

*riethi Kieffer, J.J. 1914. Twelve new Culicoid species (in German). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 231-241. Germany.

*riggsi Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Light trap survey of the Culicoides of Oklahoma (Diptera, Heleidae). American Midland Naturalist, 58: 182-221. Oklahoma.

*riouxi Callot, J,. & M. Kremer. 1961. Culicoides riouxi and Culicoides pseudoheliophilus, new species of the group of Culicoides without wing spots (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 36: 677-688. France.

*ritzei Dzhafarov, S. M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides



Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) (in Russian). Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae of Transcaucasus [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Abkhazia.

*rivicola Kieffer, J.J. 1921. New and little known Chironomids from the Palearctic region (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle, 29: 51-109. Germany.

*robertsi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes on the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.

*robini Cornet, M. 1969. The Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of West Africa. 1. (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 7: 341-364. Senegal.

*rochenus Cambournac, F.J.C. 1970. List of species of the genus Culicoides (Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae) encountered in Portugal (in Portuguese). Anais da Escola National de Saude Publica e de Medicina Tropical, 4: 249-250. Portugal.

*rostratus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1956. Studies in Panama Culicoides VII. The species of the Pulicaris and Cova-Garciai groups (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 211-227. Panama.

roswelli Giles & Wirth, 1983. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85: 38. Sri Lanka.

*rozeboomi Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 3-30, 9 plates. Trinidad.

*ruficollis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

rugulithecus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 113. Malaysia.



ruiliensis Lee, 1980. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 5: 86. China.

*ruizi Forattini, O.P. 1954. New species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Central Brazil (in Portuguese). Arquivos do Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica do Universidade de Sao Paulo, 8: 189-192. Brazil.

*russeyi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New species and synonymy of Florida Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 54: 73-78. Florida.

*rutilus Ingram, A., & J.W.S Macfie. 1921. West African Ceratopogoninae. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 15: 313-376. Ghana.

*rutshuruensis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*ryckmani Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from Cacti, with a review of the copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. California.

*saboyae Cornet, M., 1969. The Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of West Africa. 1. (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 7: 341-364. Senegal.

*sabroskyi Tokunaga, M., & E.K. Murachi. 1959. Insects of Micronesia Diptera: Ceratopogonidae. Insects Micronesia, 12: 103-434. Caroline Islands.

sacrilegus Xue & Yu, 1991. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 3: 53. China.

*saevanicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1960. Materials for the fauna of biting flies (Diptera, Heleidae) of Armenia with description of a new species (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR. Biologicheskie Nauki, 13: 93-98 Armenia.



*saevus Kieffer, J.J. 1922. New biting Chironomid inhabiting Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 2: 494-518. Algeria.

*sahariensis Kieffer, J.J. 1923. Ceratopogonids collected in Constantine Sahara (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur, 1: 654-683. Biskra.

saintjusti Tavares & Ruiz, 1980. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 75: 27. Brazil.

*sajanicus Mirzaeva, A.G. 1971. New and little-known species of midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Siberia (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 5: 33-39. Buryat ASSR.

*salicola Kieffer, J.J. 1924. Some new biting Chironomids from Central Europe (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur, 2: 391-408. Norway.

*salihi Khalaf, K.T. 1952. The Culicoides of the Wichita refuge, Oklahoma. Taxonomy and seasonal incidence (Diptera, Heleidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 348-358. Oklahoma.

*salinarius Kieffer, J.J. 1914. Twelve new Culicoid species (in German). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (und Planktonkunde), 2: 231-241. Germany.

saltaensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 183. Argentina.

*saltonensis Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.

*samoensis Wirth, W.W., & P.H. Arnaud, Jr. 1969. Polynesian biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 11: 507-520. Samoa.

*sanctaemarthae Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-



364. America mer.

*sanguisuga Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 593-618. Maryland. (Ceratopogon)

*sanguisuga Gornostaeva, R.M. 1977. Culicoides (Avaritia) sanguisuga, a new species of midges in the fauna of the USSR (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 11: 493-498. USSR.

*saninensis Tokunaga, M. 1956. Notes on Japanese biting midges (Heleidae or Ceratopogonidae). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 8: 112-123. Japan.

*sanmartini Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

santanderi Browne, 1980. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 536. Colombia.

*santonicus Callot, J., M. Kremer, B. Rault, & A. Bach. 1966. Contribution to the study of the Culicoides from the west of France (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 41: 513-521. France.

*sarawakensis Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 38. Sarawak.

*sasai Kitaoka, S. 1975. Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 15: 192-200. Nansei Islands.

*saundersi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1970. New species and records of Culicoides from Western North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71: 556-567. Washington.

*sawamotoi Kono, H., & H. Takahashi. 1940. A revision of the Culicoides species of Saghalien and Hokkaido (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 14: 69-77. Saghalien.



*scanloni Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Virginia.

*scapularis Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

schramae Giles, Wirth & Messersmith, 1981. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83: 539. Sri Lanka.

*schultzei Enderlein, G. 1908. 2. Ceratopogoninae. New Ceratopogonines from South Africa (in German). Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 13: 459-461. Namibia. (Ceratopogon)

*sciniphes Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Chironomids from Egypt (Diptera) (in French). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte, 8: 244-314. Egypt.

*scopus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Mexico.

*scoticus Downes, J.A., & D.S. Kettle. 1952. Descriptions of three species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) new to science, together with notes on, and a revised key to the british species of the Pulicaris and Obsoletus groups. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 21: 61-78. Scotland.

*scotti Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. III. Part III, No. XV--Diptera Chironomidae der seychellen- inseln, aus der sammlung von Mr. H. Scott (in German). Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 14: 331-366, 1 plate. Seychelles.

*segnis Campbell, J.A., & E.C. Pelham-Clinton. 1960. A taxonomic review of the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (B), 67:



181-302. Scotland.

*seimi Shevchenko, A.K. 1967. Bloodsucking midges of the genus Culicoides Mg. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the valley of the Central course of the Densa River (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 46: 163-179 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 46: 97-106). Ukraine.

*sejfadinei Dzhafarov, S.M. 1958. New species of biting flies Diptera, Heleidae from Nakhichevanskoi Assr (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR, 14: 245-248. Azerbajdzhan.

selangorensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 355. Malaysia.

sellersi Boorman & Dipeolu, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 55. Nigeria.

*semicircum Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 208. West Irian.

*semimaculatus Clastrier, J. 1958. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 3. Culicoides semimaculatus n. sp. from Algeria (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 36: 55-60. Algeria.

*sensillatus Mirzaeva, A.G. 1971. New and little-known species of midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Siberia (in Russian, English Summary). Parazitologiya, 5: 33-39. USSR.

*septemmaculatus Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*sergenti Kieffer, J.J. 1921. On some biting flies of the tribe Ceratopogoninae (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de l'Afrique du Nord, 1: 107-115. Algeria.

*setifer Lutz, A. 1913. Contribution to the study of the bloodsucking Ceratopogonids of Brazil.



Systematic Part. second memoir (in Portuguese and German). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 5: 45-73, 3 plates. Brazil. (Centrorhynchus)

*setiger Kieffer, J.J. 1910. Study on the Chironomids of the Eastern India with a description of several new species from Egypt (in French). Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 2: 181-242, 4 plates. India.

*setiger Goetghebuer, M. 1938. Note on some Ceratopogonids from Belgium in Algeria (in French). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 78: 375-389. Belgium.

*setosinervis Kieffer, J.J. 1913. New Chironomids (Tendipedids) from Germany (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 4: 7-35. Germany.

*setosus Gutsevich, A.V. 1960. Bloodsucking Diptera (Heleidae) of the SSSR fauna (in Russian). Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 72: 1-130. Transcarpathia.

*seychellensis Kieffer, J.J. 1911. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A. III. Part III, No. XV--Diptera Chironomidae der seychellen-inseln, aus der sammlung Voor Mr. H. Scott (in German). Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London (2nd series), 14: 331-366, 1 plate. Seychelles.

*shahgudiani Navai, S. 1973. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Persian Gulf area of Iran. Pt. I. Two new species C. Mesghalii and C. Shahgudiani. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 66: 195-204. Iran.

*shaklawensis Khalaf, K.T. 1957. Heleids from Iraq, with description of new species (Diptera: Heleidae (Ceratopogoninae)).Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, 41: 335-350. Iraq.

shamaensis Yu & Deng, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 31. China.

*shermani Causey, O.R. 1938. Culicoides of Siam with descriptions of new species. American Journal of Hygiene, 27: 399-416. Thailand.



*shimai Saski, C. 1928. Ceratopogon Shimai, a new midge affecting the domestic fowl. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan, 3: 287-289. Japan.

*shimoniensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*shortii Smith, R.O.A., & C.S. Swaminath. 1932. Notes on some Culicoides from Assam. Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 25: 182-186, 1 plate. India.

siamensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 359. Thailand.

*sibiricus Mirzaeva, A.G. 1964. On the fauna of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from West Siberia (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 43: 108-110. Siberia.

*sierrensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 52: 207-243. California.

*sigaensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.

*sigmoidus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1963. Australian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part X. Additional Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 87(3): 352-363. Australia.

*signatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annals de la societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Sudan.

*sikkimensis Das Gupta, S.K. 1963. Report on a collection of Sikkim Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 16: 33-43. India.

*silvestrii Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from Africa and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian



Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Cameroun.

*similis Carter, H.F., A. Ingram, & J.W.S. Macfie. 1920. Observations on the Ceratopogonine midges of the Gold Coast with descriptions of new species Pt. 2. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 14: 211-274, 2 plates. Ghana.

*simulans Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*simulans Root, F.M. & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*simulator Edwards, F.W., H. Oldroyd, & J. Smart. 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum (Natural History): 156p., 45 plates. England.

*sinanoensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.

*sintrensis Cambournac, F.J.C. 1956. Culicoides (Nematocera, Ceratopogonidae): Its occurrence in Portugal - Description of C. sintrensis n. sp. (in Portuguese). Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 13: 589-595. Portugal.

*sitiens Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. California.

*sitinohensis Okada, T. 1941. Biting midges collected from the northeastern district of Honsyu, Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture of the Tokyo Imperial University, 15: 13-31. Japan.

*slovacus Orszagh, I. 1969. New species of genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae. Slovenske Narodne Muzeum v Bratislava, 59:



1-9. Czechoslovakia.

*smeei Tokunaga, M. 1960. Notes on biting midges 1. Akitu, 9: 72-76. New Ireland.

*snowi Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1956. Three new North American species of tree-hole Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 161-168. Virginia.

*sogdianus Gutsevich, A.V. 1966. Keys to bloodsucking midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Middle Asia. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 45: 658-676 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 45: 372-382). Uzbekistan.

*sommermanae Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1969. North American Culicoides of the pulicaris group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 52: 207-243. Alaska.

*sonorensis Wirth, W.W., & R.H. Jones. 1957. The North American subspecies of Culicoidesvariipennis (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1170: 1-35. Arizona.

sordidulus Zetterstedt, J.W. 1838. Diptera Scandinaviae. Insecta Lapponica Descripta, Lipsiae: 820. Greenland. (Ceratopogon)

*sousa-diasi Caeiro, V.M.P. 1961. Contribution to a study of the Angolan species of the genus Culicoides Latreille 1809 (in Portuguese). Junta de Investigaciones do Ultramar. Estudios, Ensaios e Documentos, 86: 17-359, 58 plates. Angola.

*speciosus Meunier, F. 1904. Monograph on the Cecidomyidae, Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae and the Chironomidae from the Baltic Amber (in French). Annls. Soc. Scient. Brux, 28: 12-275. Baltic amber (fossil sp.)

*sphagnumensis Williams, R.W. 1955. Two new species of Culicoides of Cheboygan County, Michigan (Diptera, Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 57: 269-274. Michigan.



sphenostylus Remm, H. 1976. Palaeontological Journal, 10: 347. (fossil species)

spiculae Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 53. Laos.

spinapenis Yu & Hao, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 41. China.

*spinifer Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*spinosus Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*spinulosus Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*spinulosus Chu, F.I. 1977. New species and records of Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) from Hainan Island, South China (in Chinese, English Summary). Acta Entomologica sinica, 20: 99-105. Tibet.

*spurius Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*stackelbergi Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the Valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 121-131. Azerbajdzhan.

stagetus Lee, 1979. Entomotaxonomia, 1: 33. China.

*stanicicus Shevchenko, A.K. 1970. New species of blood-sucking biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the Steppe of the Ukraine. (in Russian, English Summary). Vestnik Zoologii, no. 4: 84-85. Ukraine.



stellaris Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 6. China.

*stellifer Coquillett, D.W. 1901. New Diptera in the U.S. National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 593-614. Washington, D.C. (Ceratopogon)

*stephensi Carter, H.F. 1916. On three new African midges. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 10: 131-138, 1 plate. Egypt.

*stepicola Remm, H., & D.T. Zhogolev. 1968. Contributions to the fauna of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae of the Crimea (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47: 826-842 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 47: 503-513). Crimea.

*stercorarius Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*stigma Meigen, J.W. 1818. Systematic description of the known European two-winged insects (in German). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweiflugeligen Insekten, 1: 1-333. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*stigmalis Wirth, W.W. 1952. Two new species of anthropophilic Culicoides from Guatemala (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of Parasitology, 38: 245-247. Guatemala.

*stigmaticus Kieffer, J.J. 1911. New descriptions of Chironomids obtained by rearing (in French). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 3: 1-60. Germany.

*stigmoides Callot, J., M. Kremer, & Y. Deduit. 1962. New species and new records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Ardennes, from Central France, from the French Jura and the Swiss Jura (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 37: 153-171. France.

*stilobezzioides Foote, R.H., & H.D. Pratt. 1954. The Culicoides of the Eastern United States (Diptera, Heleidae). Public Health Monograph, 18: 1-53. New York.



*stonei James, M.T. 1943. The genus Culicoides in Northern Colorado (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 19: 148-153. Colorado.

*stubalensis Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from Western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. Trinidad.

stupulosus Zhang & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 35. China.

suarezi Rodriguez & Wirth, 1986. The Florida Entomologist, 69: 313. Colombia.

subarakawae Yu & Zu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 41. China.

*subdubius Tokunaga, M. 1962. Notes on biting midges. 4. Kyoto Prefecture University of Agriculture Scientific Reports, 14: 51-56, 1 plate. Ryukyu Islands.

*subfasciipennis Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Hungary.

*subflavescens Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 38. North Borneo.

*subgrisescens Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

*subimmaculatus Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1953. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera) Part 6. Australian species of Culicoides. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 77: 369-394. Australia.



*subkrameri Kremer, M. 1972. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Ethiopian region and particularly of Angola (2nd note) (in French). Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, no. 84: 81-107. Angola.

*sublatifrontis Smatov, Z.S., & Z.M. Isimbekov. 1971. New and little known species of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Kazakhstan. (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR Seriya Biologia, no. 4: 61-65. Kazakhstan.

*subletti Atchley, W.R. 1967. The Culicoides of New Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 46: 937-1020. New Mexico.

*submagnesianus Tokunaga, M. 1962. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from New Guinea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 4: 457-516. Papua New Guinea.

*submaritimus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1962. New species of bloodsucking midges (Diptera, Heleidae) from the valley of the Kura River, Transcaucasus (in Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 41: 206-219 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 41: 121-131). Azerbajdzhan.

*subneglectus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*suborientalis Tokunaga, M. 1951. Some Japanese biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Scientific Reports of the Saikyo University of Agriculture, 1: 101-110. Indonesia.

subpalpifer Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 115. Malaysia.

*subravus Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd note). Species related to C. Similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.



subsylvarum Remm, 1981. EEsti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Biologia Seeriya, 30: 32. (n.n. for amossovae Remm)

*succineus Remm, H. 1976. Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the upper Cetaceous Amber of the Khatangta Depression. Palaeontological Journal, 3: 107-116. (fossil species)

succivarius Szadziewski, 1988. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58: 40. Baltic amber. (fossil species)

*sugimotonis Shiraki, T. 1913. Investigations on general injurious insects (in Japanese and English). Taiwan Sotokofu Noji Shikenjo, 8: 286-297. Taiwan.

*sumatrae Macfie, J.W.S. 1934. Fauna Sumatrensis Bijdrage No. 75, Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 77: 202-231. Sumatra.

superfluthecus Yu & Li, 1986. Acta Taxonomica sinica, 11: 210. China.

*superfulvus Das Gupta, S.K. 1962. Culicoides (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae) from suburbs of Calcutta. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 98: 253-254. India.

*susae Kieffer, J.J. 1919. Chironomids from Europe preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 17: 1-160. Italy.

suspectus Zhou & Lee, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 294. China.

*suzukii Kitaoka, S. 1973. Description of four new species and the hitherto unknown males of four species of the Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Amami-Oshima. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 13: 211-219. Japan.

*sylvarum Callot, J., & M. Kremer. 1961. Division of the species Culicoides truncorum Edwards (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) into two species (in French). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie exotique, 54: 389-398. France.



*sylvicola Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Kenya.

*tadzhikistanicus Zhogolev, D.T. 1969. A new species of midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Tadzhikistan (in Russian). Izvestiya Akademia Nauk Tadzhikistanskoi SSR, Biol., 2: 114-116. Tadzhikistan.

*tainana Kieffer, J.J. 1916. H. Sauter's Formosa Ausbeute. Tendipedidae (Chironomidae) (Dipt.) Suppl. Ent., 5: 114-117. Taiwan.

taiwanensis Kitaoka & Tanaka, 1985. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 36: 44. Taiwan.

*taiwanus Shiraki, T. 1913. Investigations of general injurious insects (in Japanese and English). Taiwan Sotokofu Noji Shikenjo, 8: 286-297. Taiwan.

*talgariensis Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1966. New and little-known Ceratopogonidae of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Akademia Nauk Kasakhskoi SSR. Trudy Instuta Zoologii, 25: 65-77. Kasakhstan.

tamada Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 39. Laos.

*tamboensis Wirth, W.W., & V.H. Lee. 1967. New species of Culicoides from high altitudes in the Colombian Andes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 124: 1-22. Colombia.

tarapaca Spinelli & Wirth, 1984. Revista de la Sociedad Entomlogica Argentina, 43: 184. Chile.

tatebeae Kitaoka, 1991. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 42: 291. Japan.

*tauffliebi Clastrier, J. 1960. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 9. Ceratopogonids of the Republic of The



Congo (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 39: 79-105. Congo Republic.

*tauricus Gutsevich, A.V. 1959. New species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from the southern regions of the U.S.S.R. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38: 675-681 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 38: 607-613). Crimea.

tavaresi Felippe-Bauer & Wirth, 1988. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 83: 261. Brazil.

tawauensis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 161. Sabah.

tayulingensis Chen, 1988. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 8: 153. Taiwan.

*tbilisicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1964. Biting midges (Diptera, Heleidae) of Transcaucasus (Morphology, Biology, Ecology, geographical distribution, harmfulness, control and fauna of the genera Culicoides Leptoconops and Lasiohelea) [in Russian]. Akademia Nauk Azerbajdzhanskoi SSR Institut Zoologii, Baku: 1964: 3-414. Azerbajdzhan.

*tentorius Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.

tenuifasciatus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 243. Malaysia.

*tenuilobus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

*tenuipalpis Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1959. Trithecoides, a new subgenus of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 1-38. Taiwan.

*tenuistylus Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.



*teretipalpis Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

*testudinalis Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1962. The species of Culicoides related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in Eastern North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55: 182-195. Pennsylvania.

*tetrathyris Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.

thurmanae Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 360. Thailand.

tianmushanensis Chu, 1981. Acta Entomologica sinica, 24: 310. China.

*tibetensis Chu, F.I. 1977. New species and records of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Tibet China. Acta Entomologica sinica, 20: 99-105. Tibet.

tidwelli Spinelli, 1993. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27: 74. Colombia.

tienhsiangensis Chen, 1988. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 8: 154. Taiwan.

*tigalatensis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*tissoti Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1966. A new day-biting sand fly from the Southeastern states (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 49: 279-281. Florida.

*tobaensis Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopgoninae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Japan.



*todatangae Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*tohokuensis Okada, T. 1941. Biting midges collected from the Northeastern district of Honsyu, Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture of the Tokyo Imperial University, 15: 13-31. Japan.

*tokunagai Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*tokwensis Meillon, B. DE. 1942. New Nematocera from the Ethiopia region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 5: 87-98. Zimbabwe.

tonmai Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 30. Laos.

*tororoensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*torregal Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New species and synonymy of Florida Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 54: 73-78. Florida.

*torreyae Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New species and synonymy of Florida Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 54: 73-78. Florida

*torridus Wirth, W.W., & A.A. Hubert. 1960. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) reared from Cacti, with a review of the Copiosus group of Culicoides. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53: 639-658. Mexico, Baja California.

*toshiokai Kitaoka, S. 1975. Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Nansei Islands. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 15: 192-200. Nansei Islands.



*towadaensis Okada, T. 1941. Biting midges collected from the Northeastern district of Honsyu, Japan. Journal of the College of Agriculture of the Tokyo Imperial University, 15: 13-31. Japan.

*townsvillensis Taylor, F.H. 1918. Studies in Phlebotomic Diptera, No. 1. New species of Simuliidae and Chironomidae. Australian Zoologist, 1: 167-170. Australia.

*toyamaruae Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207. Japan.

*transcaspius Molotova, L.A. 1966. Culicoides transcaspius, sp. n. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) an abundant bloodsucker from Turkmenia (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 45: 654-657& (Translation in Ent. Rev. 45: 370-371). Turkmenistan.

*transferrans Ortiz, I. 1953. New contribution to the knowledge of the external morphological characters of the American females of the genus Culicoides Ltr. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) with one spermatheca, description of two new species of Venezuela: Culicoides transferrans (C. oublepharus Ortiz 1952) and Culicoides mirsae (in Spanish). Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 18: 797-806. Venezuela.

*translucens Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of The Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Tanzania.

*trapidoi Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

*travassosi Forattini, O.P. 1957. Culicoides of The neotropical region (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in Portuguese). Arquivos do Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica do Universidade de Sao Paulo, 11: 161-526. Brazil.

*travisi Vargas, L. 1949. Culicoides travisi Vargas, n.n. (in Spanish). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 10: 233-234. Maryland (n.n. for simulans)



triallantionis Howarth, 1985. International Journal of Entomology, 27: 42. Laos.

*triangulatus Shevchenko, A.K. 1970. New species of Ceratopogonidae of the genus Culicoides from the Ukraine. (in Russian, English Summary). Vestnik Zoologii, no. 6: 8-14. Ukraine.

*trichopis de Meillon, B. 1937. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance from Southern Africa and adjacent territories. (Part IV) Ceratopogonidae. 1. Records and species from the Belgian Congo. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 7: 301-331. Zaire.

*tricoloratus Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 2. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of Parasitology, 39: 229-236. Panama.

*trifasciellus Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*trilineatus Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from Western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. St Thomas.

*trimaculatus McDonald, J.L., & L.C. Lu. 1972. Female Culicoides of Taiwan with descriptions of new species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 9: 396-417. Taiwan.

trimaculipennis Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of The American Entomological Institute, 44: 245. Malaysia.

*trinidadensis Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Trinidad.

*tripallidus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 220. Papua New Guinea.

*tripunctatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.)



from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*trisignatus Kieffer, J.J. 1921. Chironomids from Equatorial Africa (in French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 90: 1-56, 2 plates. Cameroun.

*tristanii Huttel, W., N. Huttel, & P. Verdier. 1953. Comments on two Culicoides new to Gabon (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 28: 98-107. Gabon.

*tristratulus Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. California.

*tritenuifasciatus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 242. Papua New Guinea.

*trivittatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*trizonatus Tokunaga, M. 1963. Supplementary study to New Guinea biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Plant Protection Bulletin no. 5: 119-143. New Guinea.

*tropicalis Kieffer, J.J. 1913. Chironomidae and Cecidomyidae (in French). Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale, 1911-12. Diptera 1: 1-43. Africa or.

trouilleti Itoua & Cornet, 1986. Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 24: 239. Congo.

*truncorum Edwards, F.W., H. Oldroyd, and J. Smart. 1939. British Bloodsucking Flies. British Museum (Natural History): 156 P., 45 plates. England.

tsushima Kitaoka, 1984. Bulletin of the National Institute of Animal Health, 87: 94. Japan.



tsutaensis Wada, 1990. Tropical Medicine, 32: 65. Japan.

*tugaicus Dzhafarov, S.M. 1960. Fauna of blood sucking Heleidae (Diptera) of Bottomland Forest in the Kure Plain, in Azerbaidjan (in Russian, English Summary). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 39: 1180-1185. Azerbajdzhan.

tunkinensis Mirzaeva, 1990. Novye i Maloizvestnye Vidy Fauny Sibiri, no.21: 97. Siberia.

*turanicus Gutsevich, A.V., & Z.S. Smatov. 1971. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Seriya Biologickeskii, no.4: 61. (n.n. for kasachstanicus Gutsevich & Smatov)

*turbinatus Meunier, F. 1904. Monograph on the Cecidomyidae, Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae and the Chironomidae from the Baltic Amber (in French). Annales de la societe Scientifique de Bruxelles, 28: 12-275. Baltic amber, fossil sp. (Ceratopogon)

*turficola Kieffer, J.J. 1925. Diptera (biting Nematocera): Chironomidae Ceratopogoninae (in French). Beitrage zur Kunde Estlands, 11: 1-139. Estonia.

turgeopalpulus Liu & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 23. China.

*turgidus Sen, P., & S.K. Das Gupta. 1959. Studies on Indian Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52: 617-630. India.

*turkmenicus Gutsevich, A.V. 1959. New species of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) from the Southern regions of the U.S.S.R. (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 38: 607-613. Turkmenistan.

*ukrainensis Shevchenko, A.K. 1970. New species of Ceratopogonidae of the genus Culicoides from the Ukraine. (in Russian, English Summary). Vestnik Zoologii, no. 6: 8-14. Ukraine.

uncistylus Wirth & Hubert, 1989. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 44: 449.



Philippines.

*undecimpunctatus Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-364. Central America

*unguis Tokunaga, M. 1940. Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), XII. New or little-known Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae. Philippine Journal of Science, 72: 255-311, 4 plates. Japan.

*unicolor Coquillett, D.W. 1905. New Nematocerous Diptera from North America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 13: 56-69. California. (Ceratopogon)

*unicus Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.

*unimaculatus Goetghebuer, M. 1920. Ceratopogoninae of Belgium (in French). Memoires du Musee Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8: 1-116. (n.n. for kiefferi)

*uniradialis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae): I. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

*unisetiferus Tokunaga, M. 1959. New Guinea biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacific Insects, 1: 236. New Britain.

*univittatus Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

uruguayensis Ronderos, 1989. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 48: 117. Uruguay

*usingeri Wirth, W.W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in



Entomology, 9: 95-266. California.

*ustinovi Shevchenko, A.K. 1962. New species of Heleidae found in the middle reaches of the Northern Donets (in Ukrainian, English Summary). Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrayin'skoi RSR, 1962: 5: 673-675. Ukraine.

*utahensis Fox, I. 1946. Two new biting midges or Culicoides from Western United States (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 48: 244-246. Utah.

*utowana Jamnback, H. 1965. The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the New York State Museum Science Service, no. 399: 1-154. New York.

*vagus Cornet, M., & R. Chateau. 1970. The Culicoides of West Africa (2nd Note). Species related to C. similis Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (in French). Cahiers ORSTOM, serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie, 8: 141-173. Senegal.

*vargesi Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae): I. Descriptions of six additional new species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 43: 69-76. Panama.

*varicornis Santos Abreu, E. 1918. Essay for a monograph of the Tendipedidae of the Canary Islands (in Spanish). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 14(2): 159-326. Canary Islands.

*variegata Stephens, J.F. 1829. A systematic catalogue of British insects: Being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. London. 2: 1-388. England (?? MS name)

*variifrons Ivanov, K.S., & V.M. Glukhova. 1967. New data on the fauna of blood sucking midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the coastal zone of the Primorje Territory (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 46: 808-813 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 46: 478-481). USSR.

variipennis Coquillett, 1901. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 23: 602. New Jersey, Virginia, Mexico. (Ceratopogon)



*varius Winnertz, J. 1852. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ceratopogon Meigen (in German). Linnaea Entomologica, 6: 1-80. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*vavrai Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*venezuelensis Ortiz, I., & M. Mirsa. 1950. Studies on Culicoides. Description of two new species: Culicoides avilaensis and C. discrepans and the male of C. leopoldoi Ortiz, 1951. Redescription of C. limai Barretto, 1944, C. baueri Hoffman, 1925, C. lichyi Floch and Abonnenc and C. pusillus Lutz, 1913 (in Spanish). Archivos Venezolanos de Patologia Tropical y Parasitologia Medica, 16: 593-605, 5 plates. Venezuela.

*venustus Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Cemtral America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Maryland.

*verbosus Tokunaga, M. 1937. Sand flies (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera) from Japan. Tenthredo, 1: 233-338, 6 plates. Taiwan.

*verecundus Macfie, J.W.S. 1948. Some species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 42: 67-87. Mexico.

*vernoni Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A revuew of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

vespertinus Yu & Ma, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 48. China.

*vexans Staeger, R.C. 1839. Systematic study of the Diptera found in Denmark up to the present (in Danish). Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 2: 549-600. Europe. (Ceratopogon)

*vicinus Clastrier, J. 1960. Notes on the Ceratopogonids. 10. Ceratopogonids of the Republic of the



Congo (2) (in French). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, 38: 258-298. (n.n. for intermedius)

*victoriae Macfie, J.W.S. 1941. Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 10: 67-69. Australia.

*vidourlensis Callot, J., M. Kremer, B. Molet & A. Bach. 1968. New species, new localities of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopognidae) from the Midi of France (in French). Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparee, 43: 93-104. France.

*villosipennis Root, F.M., & W.A. Hoffman. 1937. The North American species of Culicoides. American Journal of Hygiene, 25: 150-176, 8 plates. Maryland.

*villosipes Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from America preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15: 292-364. America mer.

*vistulensis Skierska, B. 1973. A new species of the genus Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) Culicoides vistulensis sp. n. found in the Salty Terrains of the coast of Poland (in French). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 43: 289-294. Poland.

*vitreipennis Austen, E.E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of the bloodsucking Diptera of Palestine, other than Tabanidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 12: 107-124. Palestine.

*vitshumbiensis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*volatilis Goetghebuer, M. 1935. Ceratopogonids collected by Dr. Dewulf in the Belgian Congo (in French). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27: 145-181. Zaire.

*volcanensis Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 109: 237-482. Panama.



vomensis Boorman & Dipeolu, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 61. Nigeria.

wadai Kitaoka, 1980. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 20: 14. Japan.

*wakuensis McDonald, J.L., T. Bolinguit, & L.C. Lu. 1973. Female Culicoides of Okinawa with descriptions of new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10: 633-648. Okinawa.

walkeri Boorman, 1979. Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 114: 69. Kenya.

*wallacei Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1973. A review of the maurins or biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Amazon Basin. Amazoniana, 4: 405-470. Brazil.

*wansoni Goetghebuer, M. 1935. A Culicoides new to the lower Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 26: 477-478. Zaire.

wardi Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 209. U.A.E.

*waringi Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

*weesi Khalaf, K.T. 1952. The male of Culicoides weesei Khalaf (Heleidae, Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological society, 25: 65-66. Oklahoma.

*wenigi Vimmer, A. 1932. New species of the subfamily Ceratopogoninae (Tendipedidae, Dipt.) from the Bodenheimer Collection (in Czech). Sbornik Entomlogickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 10: 130-144. Palestine.

*wenzeli Delfinado, M.D. 1961. The Philippine biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 627-675, 7 plates. Philippine Islands.



*werneri Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1971. New Western Culicoides of the Stonei Group. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44: 459-467. Arizona.

*willistoni Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1953. Studies in Panama Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). 3. A new species related to Phebotomus (Williston). Entomological News, 64: 113-120. Panama.

*williwilli Lee, D.J., & E.J. Reye. 1954. Australasian Ceratopogonidae (Ditpera, Nematocera). Part VII. Notes of the genera Alluaudomyia, Ceratopogon, Culicoides and Lasiohelea. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 79: 233-246. Australia.

*winnertzi Edwards, F.W. 1926. On the British biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of london, 74: 389-426. (n.n. for pictipennis Winnertz)

*wirthi Foote, R.H., & H.D. Pratt. 1954. The Culicoides of the Eastern United States (Diptera, Heleidae). Public Health Monograph 18: 1-53. Montana.

*wirthomyia Vargas, L. 1953. Culicoides wirthomyia n. sp. and Culcoides stigmalis Wirth 1952 (in Spanish). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 13: 227-233. Mexico.

*wisconsinensis Jones, R.H. 1956. New species of Culicoides from Wisconsin. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58: 25-33. Wisconsin.

*wokei Fox, I. 1947. Two new Central American biting midges or Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Revista Kuba de Medicina Tropical y Parasitologia, 3: 90-91. Panama.

*wokei Barbosa, F.A.S. 1947. Culicoides (Diptera: Heleidae) of the neotropical region (in Portuguese). Anais da Sociedade de Biologia de Pernambuco, 7: 3-30, 9 plates. Panama.

*wushenensis Lee, T. 1975. Biting midges of Kwangtung and Kwangsi Ching (Diptera: Ceratopognidae). Acta Entomologica sinica, 18(4): 433-436 China.

wuyiensis Chen, 1981. Entomotaxonomia, 5: 93. China.

*xanifer Wirth, W.W., & F.S. Blanton. 1968. A revision of the neotropical biting midges of the Hylas



group of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The Florida Entomologist, 51: 201-215. Panama.

*xanthoceras Kieffer, J.J. 1917. Chironomids from Australia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis hungarici, 15: 175-228. Papua New Guinea. *xanthocoma Kieffer, J.J. 1913. New study on the Chironomids from the Indian Musuem of Calcutta (in French). Records of the Indian Museum, 9: 119-197, 2 plates. Orissa.

*xanthogaster Kieffer, J.J. 1918. Chironomids from African and Asia preserved in the National Hungarian Museum of Budapest (in French). Annales historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 16: 31-136. Guinea.

xinjiangensis Chu, Qian & Ma, 1982. Acta Entomologica sinica, 25: 107. China.

xuguitensis Cao & Chen, 1984. Acta Zootaxonomia sinica, 9: 298. China.

yadongensis Chu,1984. Entomotaxonomia, 6: 24 (n.n. for spinulosus Chu)

*yaeyamaensis Kitaoka, S. 1975. Five new species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, 15: 192-200. Nansei Islands.

yankari Boorman & Dipeolu, 1979. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria, 22: 62. Nigeria.

*yasumatsui Tokunaga, M. 1941. Biting Ceratopogonid midges from the Caroline Islands. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 20: 109-117, 1 plate. Truk Islands.

yemenensis Boorman, 1989. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10: 211. Yemen.

yezoensis Matsumura, 1915. Tokyo Kei Seisha Shoten, 1915 : 56. Japan. (Ceratopogon)

*yoshimurai Tokunaga, M. 1941. Biting Ceratopogonid midges from the Caroline Islands. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 20: 109-117, 1 plate. Truk Islands.



*youngi Wirth, W.W., & P. Barreto. 1978. New species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Colombia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14: 553-564. Colombia.

*yukonensis Hoffman, W.A. 1925. A review of the species of Culicoides of North and Central America and the West Indies. American Journal of Hygiene, 5: 274-301. Yukon.

*yunanensis Chu, F.I., & S.C. Liu. 1978. A taxonomic study of the genus Culicoides (Ditpera: Ceratopogonide) of Yunan, with descriptions of five new species (in Chinese, English Summary).Acta Entomologica sinica, 21: 79-90. China.

zhangmensis Deng & Yu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 35. China.

zhiyingi Yu & Liu, 1990. Contributions to Blood-sucking Dipterous Insects, 2: 8. China

*zhogolevi Remm, H., & D.T. Zhogolev. 1968. Contributions to the fauna of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the Crimea (in Russian, English Summary). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 47: 826-842 (Translation in Ent. Rev. 47: 503-513). Crimea.

zhuhaiensis Yu & Zhang, 1988. China Public Health (suppl.), 2: 11. China.

*zikaensis Khamala, C.P.M., & D.S. Kettle. 1971. The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123: 1-95. Uganda.

*zuluensis de Meillon, B. 1936. Entomological studies. Studies on insects of medical importance in South Africa. Part III. South African Ceratopogonidae. Part II. Some new and unrecorded species. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, no. 38, 7: 141-207. South Africa.

References

Arnaud, P.H. 1956. The Heleid genus Culicoides in Japan, Korea and Ryukyu Islands (Insecta: Diptera). Microentomology, 21: 84-207.

Arnaud, P.H. & W.W.Wirth. 1964. A name list of World Culicoides, 1956-1962. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 66: 19-32.


A Critical Time for Hawaii and its Endangered Species

A Critical Time for Hawaii and its Endangered Species Michael G. Buck, Hawaii State ForesterJanuary 2001 In less than one month, time will run out on the public and agency comment period on a proposal by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to designate over 60,000 acres of land on the islands of Kauai and Niihau as "Critical Habitat." To most outside the world of natural resource management and conservation, this issue would likely slip by unnoticed, with most believing that this designation would have no effect on them. Unfortunately, this isn't the case. The Critical Habitat designations proposed for Kauai and Niihau are just the beginning of a process that will systematically designate similar lands throughout the state that could encompass up to 500,000 acres - or one eighth of the land area of the entire state of Hawaii. This is the result of a recent federal court ruling, which mandated the USFWS to propose critical habitat designations statewide for 245 plant species by April 30, 2002. The potential implications critical habitat designation will have on Hawaii -- military operations, transportation and water systems, development on designated land, and outdoor recreation -- should be understood and considered by a much larger group of stakeholders than has been involved thus far. The issue of Critical Habitat designation has a long history that, although it should be about biology and the protection of Hawaii's natural history for future generations, has become about litigation that will likely not solve the core problem - our inability to address the serious ecological issues we face in Hawaii over endangered species. The reason this process is taking place is because we, as a community, haven't taken care of our native Hawaiian species - in particular, plants. Hawaii is blessed with some of the world's most unique plants and bird life - 97% of our native species are found here and nowhere else on earth. These species evolved to live in all of Hawaii's varied habitats, from the mountains to the sea. Unfortunately, many of those habitats may no longer exist or have been severely altered. Hawaii is now often referred to as the "endangered species capital of the world." Today, invasive weeds, introduced animals, insects, diseases and fire threaten many species' existence. What does Critical Habitat designation mean? "Critical Habitat" is the term used to define areas of land that are considered necessary for an

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endangered (or threatened) species to recover. The ultimate goal is to restore healthy populations of listed species within their native habitats so they can be removed from the list of threatened and endangered species. Once an area is so designated, all Federal agencies must consult with the Fish and Wildlife Service to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of the critical habitat. That same process will be required for all activities on designated State, County or private lands when any Federal permit, license, or funding is involved. An example is the environmental mitigation required by the USFWS with the Saddle Road realignment through critical habitat established for the Palila, a forest bird, on the island of Hawaii. What lands will be affected? Based on the Kauai and Niihau proposal, it can be expected that the bulk of the designation will be on state-owned lands wherever possible, with the majority in the public Forest Reserve and Natural Area Reserve systems. Private lands may be included when similar habitat types are not found on public lands. The Kauai and Niihau proposal includes over 17,000 acres of private land. Potential Benefits and ImpactsOne obvious benefit is to focus attention on those areas that are important for the species to recover, in essence placing a higher priority on these areas for implementing recovery actions. The review process may prevent further harm to these areas that we know provide refuge for Hawaiian plants and animals. And, while not guaranteed, there may be increased federal funding for recovery programs resulting from the designation. However, broad habitat based conservation approaches to species recovery may also have some negative impacts when applied to a small island state. The admitted lack of knowledge about many of our plant species could result in critical habitat being designated based on guesswork, rather than on science. This could result in the declaration of critical habitat in the wrong areas, and possibly bring inappropriate restrictions and Federal oversight. The designation of critical habitat, even if scientifically based, does not necessarily ensure benefit or recovery to a plant species. It may do no more than place a restrictive label on a piece of land. It does not promise that the support for species conservation will be there, nor does it necessarily provide the basis for a process in which a species' recovery can be planned and integrated into the wide range of uses and demands that are placed on most of our lands in Hawaii. Past experience has shown that just because an endangered species is now found in a certain



habitat, it is not necessarily an indication that the present location is the best place for it to thrive and reproduce. This has been the case with the Nene (Hawaiian goose) and the past perception that they favored the mountain uplands. Later knowledge has proven the earlier guesses wrong and we now know that Nene actually prefer lower elevations. This process is further complicated by the fact the habitat for many plant species simply no longer exists because they've already been developed or severely altered. If a plant's natural habitat is gone, the basic concept of critical habitat may need to be considered differently in Hawaii. The recently discovered and expanding populations of the endangered plant, Abutilon menziesii, in former Kapolei sugar lands on Oahu provides us with an example to consider. Because this rare plant is struggling to survive here, should this urbanized area become critical habitat or should designation be given to the new locations where the species is currently being planted with greater hope that the species will survive? This kind of 'kipuka' or 'refugia' approach is often the most realistic and cost-effective strategy to saving plants when they occur only within degraded or severely altered habitats. Broad Federal AuthorityConcerns have been voiced about the discretionary authority one Federal agency would have, once critical habitat areas are designated, over hundreds of thousands of acres within Hawaii -- particularly when the agency has a singular focus and does not have the same obligation that state and county agencies have to consider a broad range of land uses. With such broad power, how will the rights of a sovereign state or private lands be impacted? It may be impossible for many of the plant species to recover to the level called for in federal recovery plans, resulting in permanent critical habitat designations on the landscape. What will be the impact on the State's ability to work with Hawaii's private landowners, especially those who are already cooperating with the State in large scale watershed and conservation partnerships? These landowners have a valid concern if their cooperation in such partnerships provide regulators with information on plant distributions that could later be used to designate their lands as critical habitat. These relationships were built over time and based on trust and good will, not enforceable mechanisms and Federal regulatory oversight. Other issues that need open dialogue include the impact of designations on the ceded land trust, military operations, and the whole range of other outdoor activities an agency such as the Department of Land and Natural Resources is mandated to accommodate. Our Responsibility The formal designation process underway now, represents the state's last opportunity to present its case on the full range of concerns involving a large-scale federal designation of critical habitat



within Hawaii. State and County governments and the private sector need to get involved in this process, if concerns over such designations are to be considered before habitat is declared. The State of Hawaii must also invest the resources needed for an aggressive and realistic program to recover endangered plant species - not just to avoid large scale designation of federal critical habitat, but to accept and fulfill our obligations to preserve Hawaii's natural heritage for future generations. Public comments will be accepted by the USFWS until January 8 for the Kauai/Niihau proposal. Although decisions to place species on the threatened or endangered list are based solely on biological grounds, the potential economic and social effects of critical habitat designations must be analyzed and considered before critical habitat designations are finalized. The USFWS can extend or reopen the public comment period and schedule additional hearings, if they find good reason to do so. All written and oral information provided during the public comment period is analyzed prior to making a final decision on the proposal, and responses to comments received are published in the final decision. Now is the time for state and county agencies and Hawaii's citizens to participate in the process or let the courts dictate a solution that may not be in the State's or the species' best interest.


Ag Alert: CDFA priorities include pest control

Ag Alert

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CDFA priorities include pest control

Issue Date: March 5, 2003

By Christine SouzaAssistant Editor

CDFA Secretary Bill Lyons describes the state's budget crisis at last week's conference.

Faced with serious budget constraints, and significant pest and disease challenges, California Department of Food and Agriculture Secretary William (Bill) Lyons Jr. has urged the agricultural industry to work closely with his department to ensure priorities are met.

Lyons, speaking at a California Farm Bureau Leadership Conference last week, discussed concerns shared by farmers and state government alike: the impact of the California state budget on agriculture.

â€œWe really need to work in unison because this (budget deficit) is a serious problem. There is going to be the discussion out there, â€˜Whose problem is it? Who started it?â€™ We are going to have to make decisions, some tough decisions. We have to be there as an industry or we are not going to win those decisions,â€• Lyons said to a large group of Farm Bureau members at the Hilton Sacramento Arden West in Sacramento.

As the secretary of food and agriculture for the No. 1 agriculture-producing state in the country, Lyons oversees a department that operates with a $250 million budget and 2,300 employees. Lyons, who takes part in his familyâ€™s 6,000-acre cattle and diversified crop ranch in the Modesto area, was named CDFA secretary in January 1999.

â€œSecretary Lyons and his family have farmed for a long time in Stanislaus County. He served on the local Farm Bureau board and also on the CFBF board of directors. He is a farmer like all of us,â€• said California Farm Bureau President Bill Pauli. â€œHe has been under terrific challenges in terms of the budget and in terms of exotic pests and diseases that he has had to deal with. We have had a real opportunity continuously for openness, directness, candor and dialogue and for that of course we are very grateful.â€•

Given the numerous issues that challenge the stateâ€™s agricultural industry each day, where CDFA spends its money is of great concern to farmers and ranchers throughout California. Lyons made it clear that the control of pests and diseases ranks among the stateâ€™s top agricultural priorities.

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â€œSome of the areas that we are involved in right now are the exotic Newcastle disease, Mexican fruit fly, bovine tuberculosis and glassy-winged sharpshooter (infestations). Some of them will affect you directly, but all of them will affect you indirectly,â€• Lyons said.

Lyons stressed that these biosecurity issues, if they do not impact farmers of particular commodities today, will affect them in the future.

â€œWith the biosecurity issue, it is a new day. We need to make sure our operations are secure and that is difficult. We have always had an open door policy at our farming operations, but you all now need to think about who comes onto your operations. You need to think about worker biosecurity,â€• Lyons said. â€œAs secretary of agriculture I now know what somebody could do to our state and our country if they purposely wanted to do it, from an economic point of view, to agriculture. This exotic Newcastle disease situation is costing state agriculture $150 million to $200 million; Mexican fruit fly, $25 million and glassy-winged sharpshooter, $50 million. These infestations were brought in, hopefully, inadvertently. If somebody ever decided to do something purposely, we would have some serious problems and I think we need to prepare for that.â€•

Lyons reported that CDFA is spending approximately $40 million per month to fight exotic Newcastle disease, one of the most infectious diseases of poultry in the world. CDFA has about 1,500 employees working to fight the disease in Southern California, which has already depopulated an estimated 3 million birds. Southern California has been declared a state of emergency by Gov. Gray Davis because of damage caused to the stateâ€™s poultry industry.

In addition, Southern California farmers in a 127-square-mile area 15 miles east of San Diego have been placed under quarantine due to a Mexican fruit fly infestation.

â€œIf we can take care of this eradication by the first week of July, the amount of damage to the local agricultural community will be somewhere between $4 million and $6 million. After the first week in July it starts to spike dramatically. It will go up to $50 million, $60 million, maybe $70 million in damages. It is our goal to try to eradicate this pest in that (pre-July) time frame,â€• Lyons said. â€œI canâ€™t be pressured to break that quarantine too early because if I break it too early and it gets out or we have to re-implement the quarantine, we have to go through the same cycle again. I want to let those people from Southern California know that I am working hard for you. My department is working hard for you. We take this issue very seriously.â€•

Other issues being addressed by Lyons and CDFA include bovine tuberculosis and glassy-winged sharpshooter. Bovine tuberculosis, a disease impacting livestock in Tulare County, has resulted in the depopulation of 7,800 animals and testing of more than 150,000 animals.

â€œWe were TB-free and now we will lose our TB-free status and that will kick in another realm of what we have to do. That will affect both the cattlemen and the dairymen. We want to get back to TB-free status and it is going to take some real effort,â€• Lyons said.

Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Lyons mentioned, remains an ongoing problem in the state and this year



CDFA plans to spend $50 million to fight Pierceâ€™s disease, which is carried by this pest.

â€œAll of these different diseases and pests that have come into the country really point to one problem and that is our borders. We need to start protecting our borders and we need to have better protocols,â€• Lyons said. â€œWe enter these contractual arrangements with some of our trading partners that we can perform and that they canâ€™t because they donâ€™t have the infrastructure. It bothers me that we have Spanish clementine oranges come into this country with larvae inside and I am told it is a voluntary trapping program. Then I think of what my growers have to go through to ship their products out of this country. As far as Iâ€™m concerned, the federal government has a fiduciary responsibility to protect the breadbasket of the world.â€•

The governor has proposed a 2.4 percent cut in CDFAâ€™s $250 million budget. Among the programs to take hits this year are: Buy California, $1.5 million; agricultural inspection stations, $1.37 million; weed and vertebrate biocontrol, $1.5 million; Center for Analytical Chemistry, nearly $1.5 million; exotic pest research, $168,000; out-of-state travel, $246,000; and general agricultural programs, $212,000.

For another take on the state budget, conference attendees heard from Carolyn Jensen, a governmental relations advocate with Kahn/Pownall Advocates who is under contract with CFBF. Jensen mentioned that farmers and ranchers should brace for higher costs due to the state budget crisis.

State legislators and agencies have proposed a wide variety of new fees on businesses and farms, Jensen added. Not all of the proposals will pass, she said, but those that do could become permanent new fees.

Permission for use is granted, however, credit must be made to the California Farm Bureau Federation when reprinting this item. (Top)


Pathways of introduction - terrestrial and freshwater snails and slugs

Pathways of introduction of nonindigenous land and freshwater snails and slugs by Robert H. Cowie1 and David G. Robinson2

1Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USA2United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine; and Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19130-1195, USA INTRODUCTION The world’s biota is being homogenized as a result of the decline of native species and their replacement by a relatively small number of species that are deliberately and accidentally moved beyond their natural ranges by people (e.g., McKinney & Lockwood, 1999). Land and freshwater snail (including slug) faunas are no exception (e.g., Solem, 1964; Kay, 1995; Cowie, 1998a, b, 2000; Robinson, 1999). In some cases, these introduced species are actively replacing native species, by predation and perhaps by competition, but in other instances they may simply be occupying modified habitat from which the native species have already vanished (Cowie, 1998a, b). In addition to replacing the native snail faunas, many of these species cause other ecological, agricultural, and medical problems (e.g., Cowie, 2000, in press).This paper describes the pathways via which these snails and slugs are being introduced throughout the world, looks for trends in the relative significance of the various pathways, and briefly outlines actions needed to prevent the continuing increase in introductions that is only likely to get worse as global trade barriers are relaxed. Many of the examples given involve the U.S.A. and the islands of the Pacific, in large part because these are the best documented (e.g., Britton, 1991; Robinson, 1999; Cowie, 2000) but also because they reflect the authors’ experience. However, the principles involved, with some country-specific modifications, are global, and other examples are drawn from around the world. KNOWN (OR PRESUMED) PATHWAYS The term “pathway” is here considered narrowly as referring to the means by which an alien species was introduced, either deliberately (e.g., for biological control) or inadvertently in association with an imported commodity (e.g., horticultural products). Pathways as thus considered are distinguished from the vector of introduction, that is, the actual vehicle/mechanism used to transport the alien species (ship, airplane, mail service, etc.), and from the geographic route of introduction, both of which have been considered “pathways” elsewhere.In general, deliberate introductions of snails have been better documented than have inadvertent introductions, even though the latter are far more numerous. Thus, knowledge of the pathways by which snails are inadvertently introduced is far more speculative. Deliberate introductions

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Species introduced deliberately (sometimes legally) may sometimes have a better chance of survival and subsequent invasion than do species introduced inadvertently. The reasons for this are that i) at least some deliberate introductions involve many individuals (though this may be the case in some inadvertent introductions also), and ii) these individuals will usually receive active care to promote their growth and reproduction. The following list includes the major pathways of deliberate introduction of land and freshwater snails.Aquarium industry. Many species of freshwater snails are moved around the world to be sold in pet stores for use in domestic aquariums. They then either escape or are released (e.g., Britton, 1991). These include various species of Ampullariidae (apple snails, mostly Pomacea spp. and Marisa cornuarietis), Viviparidae (e.g., Cipangopaludina chinensis), Planorbidae (ramshorn snails, e.g., Helisoma spp., Planorbis spp.), Physidae, and Lymnaeidae (e.g., Radix auricularia) (Britton, 1991; Perera & Walls, 1996; Mackie, 1999a). These and other species may also be transported inadvertently in association with domestic aquarium plants and fish (see below).For food (includes aquaculture). Many species of European land snails (mostly Helicidae) have been deliberately introduced around the world as “escargot” (e.g., Helix aspersa to New Caledonia—Gargominy et al., 1996; Otala lactea to Bermuda—Simmonds & Hughes, 1963), becoming serious pests in many areas (e.g., California—Gammon, 1943). Often, they are transported in personal baggage, or even sewn into clothing (Smith, 1989), to be released into back yards or vacant lots for harvest once the populations have become large enough (Robinson, 1999) or for large scale commercial enterprises (Britton, 1991). The South American freshwater ampullariid Pomacea canaliculata was taken to South-east Asia in about 1980 with the intention of developing aquaculture programs to supplement local food resources but also to develop a gourmet export industry (Cowie, in press). It was also taken to Hawaii (probably from South-east Asia) for the same reasons (Cowie, 1995, 1997). It escaped or was released and is now a serious agricultural pest in both South-east Asia and Hawaii (Cowie, in press), has spread to natural ecosystems (Lach & Cowie, 1999), and has been implicated in the decline of native snail species (Halwart, 1994). The viviparids Cipangopaludina chinensis and C. japonica (which may be the same species; Jokinen, 1982), also freshwater snails, were probably introduced to the U.S. from Asia as food resources (e.g., Hanna, 1966; Chace, 1987; Mackie, 1999b); C. chinensis has been in Hawaii since at least 1900 (Cowie, 1995, 1997). The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, has been introduced to many areas as a food resource (e.g., Godan, 1983; Clarke et al., 1984), not only for humans but also for domestic ducks (Civeyrel & Simberloff, 1996), as well as for other reasons (see below), and other achatinids such as Archachatina marginata may also have been introduced for this purpose.Medicinal purposes. Some snail species have been used for a variety of medical purposes, mostly for extracting medicinally useful compounds (references in Mead, 1979), but whether widely introduced for such purposes is unknown. Achatina fulica was introduced to Hawaii for unspecified medicinal purposes, as well as for other reasons (van der Schalie, 1969, 1970), and was much earlier introduced to Réunion to make snail soup as a remedy for a chest infection (Petit, 1858).Biological control. The use of snails as biological control (biocontrol) agents has been reviewed by Cowie (submitted a). The best publicized example is the introduction of predatory snails, notably Euglandina rosea and Gonaxis spp. but also a large number of other species, in ill-conceived attempts to control Achatina fulica (the giant African snail) (e.g. Griffiths et al., 1993; Civeryrel & Simberloff, 1996). However, there is no good evidence that the predatory



snails reduce populations of A. fulica (Christensen, 1984) but ample evidence of their devastating effects on native snail faunas (Hadfield, 1986; Murray et al., 1988; Cowie, 1992; Hadfield et al., 1993; Cowie & Cook, in press). E. rosea has been introduced to many islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and elsewhere (Griffiths et al., 1993; Civeryrel & Simberloff, 1996). In Hawaii, 15 predatory species were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s in these attempts to control A. fulica, although only three of them became established (Cowie, 1998a). E. rosea has also been used against other snail pest species, e.g., Otala lactea in Bermuda (Simmonds & Hughes, 1963; Bieler & Slapcinsky, submitted).An additional example of the use of nonindigenous predatory snails in attempts to control other invasive snail species is the widespread use of the southern European species Rumina decollata, a facultative predator, to “control” the European Helix aspersa in California (Fischer & Orth, 1985; Sakovich, 1996), although evidence that populations of H. aspersa are reduced as a direct result of predation by R. decollata is scanty (Cowie, submitted a). Rumina decollata has been introduced to other areas both deliberately as a biocontrol agent (D.G. Robinson, unpublished) and inadvertently by the horticultural trade, discussed below (Britton, 1991).A number of freshwater species have been introduced, especially in the Caribbean region, to eradicate or control invasive aquatic weeds such as water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), e.g., Marisa cornuarietis (Perera & Walls, 1996; Simberloff & Stiling, 1996), and to control snail vectors of human schistosomes by either predation or competition, notably various species of Ampullariidae and Thiaridae (Pointier et al., 1988, 1991, 1994). Impacts on native vegetation and associated fauna are generally not discussed or simply ignored.These biological control agents have frequently been introduced on the simple basis that they have been reported to feed on the target without 1) demonstrating that they are specific to the target and will not attack native species, and 2) demonstrating that they can indeed reduce populations of the target. Most official biocontrol programs now make some attempt to demonstrate specificity to the target, but the much more complex problem of demonstrating potential reduction of pest populations is rarely addressed. Furthermore, putative biocontrol agents are frequently introduced unofficially with no testing at all. At least in the U.S., there is little regulation of the import or spread of biocontrol agents; Australia has enacted legislation explicitly governing biological control but this act is limited in scope and in provision of standards (Miller & Aplet, 1993).Pets. A major infestation of Achatina fulica in Florida in the 1960s resulted from the deliberate importation of snails from Hawaii by a child (Mead, 1979). Interception of A. fulica in personal luggage of tourists returning from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland is routine (Robinson, 1999), and deliberate smuggling of A. fulica by the pet trade in the U.S. has occurred (OTA, 1993, p. 84). Helix pomatia, intercepted coming into California was being imported for snail races (Hanna, 1966)! Probably there are other instances involving these and other species.Aesthetics. Snails have been deliberately imported and released for aesthetic reasons. One of the original introductions of A. fulica into Hawaii was for such ornamental purposes (van der Schalie, 1969, 1970). The European land snail Otala lactea was introduced to the U.S. on at least one occasion to remind immigrants of their homeland (Murray, 1968), as well as for food (see above). Shell collectors and dealers may have introduced certain species, especially aesthetically attractive ones (e.g., the European helicid Cepaea nemoralis to the U.S.; Britton, 1991). Other large or brightly colored species, especially Caribbean species of Liguus and Orthalicus, have been released for similar reasons (e.g., species from Cuba and the Bahamas into Florida; Clapp, 1919) and perhaps continue to be imported (Robinson, 1999).



Biological Research. Snails imported for research purposes, perhaps even with appropriate permits, may have escaped or even been released into the wild. For instance, ten species of Cerion from the Bahamas, Puerto Rico and Cuba were transplanted to the Florida Keys to investigate the relative importance of genetic and environmental control of shell morphology (Pilsbry, 1946); three of these species were also released in Hawaii for the same purpose (Cowie, 1996). Inadvertent introductions Many species of snails and slugs are transported in or on a huge range of products, vehicles, containers, etc. It is likely for some species that they travel as eggs, or perhaps small juveniles, which are much less readily detected than are adult snails. Although pulmonate land (Stylommatophora) and freshwater (Basommatophora) snails and slugs are hermaphrodites, many species must cross-fertilize in order to reproduce (Geraerts & Joosse, 1984; Tompa, 1984). However, a significant number of species can self-fertilize (e.g., Duncan, 1975; Foltz et al., 1982, 1984; Geraerts & Joosse, 1984; Tompa, 1984) and introduction of a single individual could therefore lead to successful invasion. European slugs introduced to North America are disproportionately represented by selfing species (Foltz et al., 1984). Also, sperm storage, which is well-known in pulmonates (Duncan, 1975; Tompa, 1984), would permit even single individuals of cross-fertilizing species to invade successfully. Sperm can be stored for long periods, for instance for more than a year in Arianta arbustorum (Baminger & Haase, 1999). Some cross-fertilizing species are also facultative selfers (Tompa, 1984). On the other hand, most “prosobranchs” (Prosobranchia is now considered polyphyletic; Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) have separate sexes and must cross-fertilize (Fretter, 1984), although some species (e.g., Melanoides tuberculata) appear to be predominantly parthenogenetic (Pace, 1973), which would permit colonization by a single individual.The following list is not comprehensive but serves to highlight the major pathways of inadvertent introduction. Other miscellaneous pathways include association with various wood products (e.g., pallets, crating), flower pots and other earthenware, quarry products (e.g., ornamental rocks), machinery and heavy equipment, and so on (Robinson, 1999).Agricultural products (excluding horticulture). Agriculture (products for consumption as food) is here distinguished from horticulture (for the most part decorative or propagative products), although the latter has elsewhere been considered a subdivision of agriculture. Many species of snails and slugs have been found associated with shipments of agricultural produce (Godan, 1983). In the U.S.A., for instance, numerous species are intercepted on a wide variety of fruit and vegetables, with no obvious patterns of association, except notably several species of Arionidae with European mushrooms (D.G. Robinson, unpublished).Horticultural products. Cut flowers, live plants, seeds, turf, leaves used for mulch, etc. provide a ready pathway for introduction and many species of snails and slugs are frequently intercepted in shipments of these products (Godan, 1983). The scale of the international horticultural trade is huge (Devine, 1998; Ewel et al., 1999). Many nurseries are infested with snails and slugs (e.g., Hara & Hata, 1999), especially small species. Many of these species may have been imported to the nursery from elsewhere and then re-exported to a further region (e.g., Liardetia doliolum, alien in Hawaii but exported to the U.S. mainland from a nursery in Hawaii—Cowie, 1999; the neotropical Guppya gundlachi regularly intercepted in horticultural shipments to the U.S. from Thailand—Robinson, 1999). Leaves used as mulch have been suggested as the pathway by which litter-dwelling snails could be introduced (Roth & Pearce,



1984), and hay used as mulch was the cause of the spread of Theba pisana in California (Hanna, 1966). Often, new records of alien species in an area are associated with nurseries, garden stores, botanical gardens, or recent landscaping activities (e.g., Parmarion martensi and Polygyra cereolus in Hawaii—Cowie, 1998c; Bulimulus guadalupensis in Florida—Thompson, 1976).Commercial and domestic shipments. Any number of commodities, usually but not always shipped in containers, may have snails and slugs associated with them (Robinson, 1999). Snails and slugs may be inadvertently transported from the source with the product itself, or may attach themselves to the product, its packaging or the shipping container at any point en route. Particularly important may be the time the shipment or container spends on a dockside or cargo holding area (Britton, 1991). Especially notable in the U.S. is shipment of domestic tiles from the Mediterranean region, which are frequently infested with European snails (Robinson, 1999).Snails and slugs can be transported in association with domestic shipments of household goods in the same way as they can with commercial shipments.Military shipments. Snails and slugs can also be transported with military supplies and other goods associated with military campaigns, as well as during routine peace-time transportation of military equipment and supplies. Recent U.S. involvement overseas has resulted in many interceptions of alien snails, for example, 231 snail interceptions on military equipment returning from Europe to the U.S.A. in the immediate aftermath of the 1999 involvement in the Balkans (D.G. Robinson, unpublished).Vehicles/rail/airplanes. Snails may attach themselves to vehicles (e.g., parked cars) and then be transported to wherever the vehicle is driven (e.g., R.H. Cowie, unpublished observations of the helicid Theba pisana; also Cowie, 1987). Many snails are intercepted on private cars and commercial trucks crossing the U.S./Mexican border (D.G. Robinson, unpublished). Similar transport by rail is likely. Snails may also attach themselves to airplanes. However, because of the extreme cold at high altitude and unlikely survival on landing in the hostile environment of a large, open expanse of runway, inadvertent introduction attached to airplanes seems unlikely to be a major pathway.Soil. Snails and slugs, and especially their eggs, are readily transported in soil. This could be soil deliberately transported with agricultural or horticultural products (e.g., potted plants) or soil to be used for landscaping or top-dressing. In addition, soil accidentally transported with agricultural and horticultural products as well as on vehicles, shoes, etc. could harbor snails, slugs or their eggs. The U.S. prohibits import of any shipment with soil for these reasons.Aquarium industry. Small freshwater snails are easily transported inadvertently attached to aquarium plants (Smith, 1989). These include species of Physidae, Thiaridae (e.g., Melanoides tuberculata, Tarebia granifera), Planorbidae, and Lymnaeidae (Frandsen & Madsen, 1979; Britton, 1991; Perera & Walls, 1996; Mackie, 1999a; Pointier, 1999). In addition, snails may be associated with aquaculture of aquarium and other alien fish (Britton, 1991) and have been transported with them (e.g., Biomphalaria straminea from Hong Kong to Australia—Dudgeon & Yipp, 1983). This pathway was considered of major importance by Pointier (1999).Aquaculture. Aquatic snails can be introduced accidentally (or even intentionally) along with the species (not necessarily snails) specifically introduced for aquaculture (Carlton, 1992). This has been suggested in the introduction of the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to the Snake River from elsewhere within the U.S. with fish aquaculture (Britton, 1991; OTA, 1993, p. 85). And see above for aquaculture of aquarium fish.Ships/boats. Although ballast waster is more often implicated in the introduction of marine species (e.g., Smith et al.,



1999), if a ship takes on ballast in a freshwater harbor and then discharges it at the end of its voyage in another freshwater harbor it is possible that freshwater snails (or their larvae) could be introduced (e.g., Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Bithynia tentaculata, Radix auricularia introduced to North America; Mackie, 1999c; Ricciardi & MacIsaac, 2000). Dry ballast is no longer used and thus no longer constitutes a pathway for introduction of terrestrial species (OTA, 1993, p. 100; MacIsaac, 1999). Hull fouling may also constitute a mechanism of transport, possibly if snails or their eggs (e.g., Physidae, Lymnaeidae) were attached to fouling algae on small boats being moved from one body of fresh water to another, although no instances appear to have been reported in the literature.Canals and other modified waterways. When canals are built and two or more formerly unconnected bodies of water become joined, they become “biotic corridors” (Carlton, 1992), permitting the formerly distinct faunas to mix. For instance, two pleurocerid species (Elimia livescens, Pleurocera acuta) and a valvatid (Valvata piscinalis) have been introduced to the Hudson River Basin in the northeastern U.S. via this route (Mills et al., 1997). In addition, canals can facilitate the spread of alien species from a focus of introduction (e.g., Potamopyrgus antipodarum in Britain; Kerney, 1966). Dams and other modifications of existing rivers may alter the aquatic habitat in ways that facilitate the spread of alien snails.Roads. By acting as corridors for the introduction of alien plants (e.g., Andrews, 1990; Trombulak & Frissell, 2000), roads may create habitat more suitable for invasion by alien snails, thereby facilitating the spread of a species from a focus of introduction. However, there are no instances in which this has been demonstrated to have taken place. In addition, roadside ditches may act as corridors along which freshwater snails may be able to invade. SIZE/STRENGTH OF PATHWAYS Clearly all the pathways mentioned above are not equally important in facilitating the introduction and establishment of alien snails and slugs. In order to address the question of which pathways are more or less important requires data on not only the occurrence of the introduced species but also the pathways via which they were introduced. There are good summaries of the occurrences of alien snails and slugs for some regions of the world, e.g., New Zealand (Barker, 1999), New Caledonia (Gargominy et al., 1996), the Samoan islands (Cowie, 1998d), the Hawaiian islands (Cowie, 1997), and Pacific islands in general (Cowie, 2000). Occurrences in most other regions for which there are no explicit listings would have to be gleaned from the primary literature, and to compile this information on a global basis would be a daunting task. All such information is dependent on recording of the species’ presence in the first place. Traditionally, most mollusk specialists have tended to ignore the introduced species, concentrating their research efforts on what they considered to be the more interesting native species. Thus, records of introduced species are woefully inadequate for many parts of the world (Smith, 1989), and even the lists mentioned above must be used with this caveat in mind.While the information about the occurrences globally of introduced snails and slugs is inadequate, information about the pathways of introduction is almost non-existent. Unlike vertebrates, for which the pathways are frequently well-documented because these animals are usually introduced deliberately, documentation of pathways of introduction for invertebrates is poor because, with notable exceptions (e.g., biological control agents—Howarth, 1991; Cowie, submitted a), most invertebrate introductions are inadvertent.



The following example illustrates this lack of knowledge. The occurrences of nonindigenous snails and slugs on the islands of the Pacific have been documented by Cowie (2000), but the pathways via which they arrived in these islands remain extremely poorly understood (Table 1), being simply guesses based on experience of the species involved and the likely reasons for their introduction. For most species, it is not even possible to guess. Further, in most cases the time and provenance of the introduction cannot be determined.Most of the data (below) that address specific pathways are therefore not data of known instances of introduction associated with pathway information, but are interception data from various quarantine and inspection agencies around the world. These data are highly biased because they are derived primarily from a focus on preventing the introduction of agricultural pests (and to a lesser degree environmental pests and human health pests). Thus, they are targeted towards particular pathways, which will therefore be over-represented in the data. Also, these data are the numbers of interceptions (each species intercepted on one occasion counts as one interception) and not the numbers of successful invasions that result from failure of interception, which latter is the information we really want to have (cf., Britton, 1991). However, by their very nature of not being intercepted and hence not recorded as having been introduced via a particular pathway, determining the pathways of introduction of these successful invasions is very difficult. Furthermore, some pathways may be checked with different levels of scrutiny than others, or not at all. Nevertheless, as a first approximation we can make two major assumptions that will allow us to use interception data to address the relative importance of different pathways: 1) that interception data reflect the real relative numbers of species being introduced along the various pathways; and 2) that success of invasion via a particular pathway is directly related to number of interceptions. That success of invasion is at least related to the number of individuals introduced (propagule pressure) is generally acknowledged (Williamson, 1996; Duncan, 1997). The only major recent published dataset of snail and slug interceptions is that of Robinson (1999) for interceptions of snails and slugs coming into the U.S. from other countries between 1993 and 1998. These data (over 4,900 interceptions; Table 2) show that association with horticultural products (cut flowers and plants for propagation) constitutes the biggest pathway. Second is the import of tiles (roofing tiles, household tiles), the majority from southern Europe, an area with high diversity of snail species, many of which can withstand long periods exposed to harsh conditions. The U.S. imports almost all its tiles; the packaging and containerization of these shipments provide ideal opportunities for snails and slugs to be transported with them (Robinson, 1999). Becoming attached to containers in general constitutes the third major pathway, and association with agricultural (excluding horticultural) products the fourth. These introductions are all inadvertent. Deliberate introductions constitute a very small fraction of interceptions. However, simply because they are deliberate, and great effort is made to introduce the snails and keep them alive, any one deliberate introduction may have a relatively greater chance of establishment than many inadvertent introductions. Earlier U.S. data (1984 to mid-1991; Britton, 1991) based on almost 3,000 interceptions show a similar pattern, though the data were categorized slightly differently (Table 3). Interception data from Canada, taken from Godan (1983), are summarized in Table 4, and from New Zealand, taken from Barker (1979), in Table 5. These data, although not as recent as the U.S. data, again emphasize the horticultural trade.Interception data from the Hawaii Department of Agriculture are given in Table 6. Because Hawaii is a state of the U.S., these data refer only to domestic interceptions, that is, interceptions of shipments from the mainland U.S. to Hawaii (international shipments to Hawaii are dealt with by the federal U.S. Department of Agriculture; Holt, 1996).



Again the horticultural trade is emphasized, though it is second to the shipment of agricultural products. Undoubtedly, however, these data are biased inasmuch as inspectors focus their attentions in these two areas, although this reflects past experience of levels of interceptions.These few datasets thus not surprisingly heavily implicate the horticultural trade in the worldwide spread of alien snails and slugs; the trade in agricultural products is also important; and there is a general association with containers. Just as the import of tiles is a major pathway into the U.S., there are probably many other country-specific pathways associated with the specific import patterns of those countries. TEMPORAL/SPATIAL CHANGES IN PATHWAYS Given the paucity of data available to identify the relative importance of different pathways of introduction of snails and slugs in general, it is even more difficult to ascertain with any certainty whether there have been any changes in these relative proportions over time, changes that might permit us to predict the future significance of the pathways. We do know, however, at least that rates of introduction of aquatic snails increased in the 1970s and 1980s because of expansion of the aquarium trade (Britton, 1991; OTA, 1993, p. 96; Pointier, 1999). Clearly, modern transport permits more rapid and wide movement of alien species than in the past (e.g., Carlton, 1996). Long ocean voyages, perhaps involving extended periods at high latitudes (e.g., to round Cape Horn) may not have been conducive to the survival of any but the most hardy snails and slugs. In contrast, modern shipping, facilitated by the Panama and Suez canals, is rapid and may not involve long periods in harsh environments. The burgeoning of air travel and air cargo no doubt has had a major impact on the ease and speed with which these species can be introduced. While in general these statements must be true, it is not possible to provide a more detailed analysis on the basis of the very limited data available. However, one example illustrates these general changes. Introduced snails and slugs in Hawaii have come from many parts of the world. These geographic origins have changed over time (Table 7), reflecting the changing relative importance of different pathways. The first period (pre-1778) is the period prior to the arrival of westerners in the islands; introductions by Pacific islanders during this period include a Pacific island species, and two species of unknown origin. The second period (1778-1909) is the period dominated by taxonomic description of introduced species, often without realizing they were not native; Asian and Australasian (i.e., Pacific rim) species dominate. The third period (1910-1999) is the period during which many species were introduced deliberately or at least were immediately acknowledged as non-indigenous; introductions are heavily dominated by New World species, undoubtedly in large part because of rapidly increased commerce with the U.S. following its annexation of Hawaii, but introductions during this period also include a large number of African species, those species introduced in the 1950s and 1960s as putative biological control agents against the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. For additional discussion of these changing geographic origins of the Hawaiian nonindigenous snail and slug fauna, see Cowie (1998a). PREDICTED CHANGES Introductions do not appear to be leveling off. For instance, in Hawaii the rate of introductions of non-marine snails



and slugs does not appear to be slowing (Fig. 1). Up to 1989, 76 species had been introduced (Cowie, 1997, 1998a); during the decade 1990-99 an additional 11 species were recorded (Cowie, 1998a, 1999, submitted b). It is possible, however, that this is to some extent an artifact of an increased scientific interest in and attempt to document these alien species during the 1990s. Whether the rate of introductions is changing cannot be assessed. At least since the mid 19th century, the rate of introduction of snails and slugs to Hawaii has fluctuated widely (Cowie, 1998a) just as it has more generally for all alien species in the U.S. (OTA, 1993, p. 95), though Britton (1991) suggested that the rate of introduction of terrestrial mollusks to the U.S. had remained fairly constant from 1955 to 1990, perhaps declining slightly from 1980 to 1990, but that the rate for freshwater species had increased. The number of recorded interceptions of non-indigenous mollusks entering the U.S. between 1984 and mid-1991 was 2,889 (Britton, 1991), but in the slightly shorter period of 1993 to 1998 over 4,900 interceptions were made (Robinson, 1999). However, Britton’s (1991) data were primarily for those species that were considered of quarantine significance, whereas Robinson’s (1999) data were for all species. Only about 45 % of Robinson’s data (about 2,200 interceptions) were for species of quarantine significance. There is, therefore, no obvious trend of increasing interceptions. However, there is major temporal stochasticity in the rate of introduction (Britton, 1991) and overall an increasing rate is probably to be predicted. It is not possible to make specific predictions regarding future changes in the relative importances of different pathways, but only to make the general and obvious prediction that the increased facilitation of global trade by international trade agreements, in particular under the auspices of the World Trade Organization, will lead to a continuing increase in the number of pathways and hence the movement of alien species (McNeely, 1996); and, if trade routes become even more global, to the increasing global homogenization of snail and slug faunas. Similarly, increased facility for international travel will expand pathways and facilitate biotic homogenization. With most quarantine efforts (see below) focused on plant (especially agricultural) pests, it may be that agricultural exporters are becoming more concerned about contamination, and hence rejection, of their products. A case in point is the huge concern generated and huge expense incurred by Australia in attempts to control introduced European snails (notably Theba pisana, Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta) that contaminate Australian cereals and can lead to rejection of shipments of grain by countries to which Australia exports (Baker, 1986, 1996). Exporters may increase their efforts in the country of origin to ensure their shipments are not contaminated, thereby reducing the importance of the pathway associated with the export/import of agricultural products. Such an effort has yet to be seen in the horticultural trade, which generally seems to be very poorly regulated in regard to contamination by alien organisms. Horticultural activities are predicted to increase (OTA, 1993, p. 291). Whether the expansion of the aquarium trade and thence the increase in introductions of aquatic snails via this pathway during the 1970s (Britton, 1991; OTA, 1993, p. 96) is an ongoing phenomenon is not known. PREVENTION MEASURES A comprehensive summary of what is needed to prevent the continued loss of biodiversity resulting from the introduction of alien species has been presented by the IUCN—the World Conservation Union (IUCN, 1999). In a short but eloquent and compelling article Simberloff (1998) summarized these needs. The following comments are presented with these general needs as a backdrop. Most of the ideas presented are not specific to snails and slugs but



are general in nature, though appropriate to addressing the continuing introduction of many species of non-marine mollusks. However, the emphasis placed on different aspects of the following measures should be tailored to the pathways outlined above that appear to be important in relation to the introduction of snails and slugs. Quarantine Preventing entry of a harmful species is always preferable to attempting to eradicate or control it after it has been introduced (Simberloff, 1998), although even with much increased resources complete prevention of the entry of all alien species is an unachievable goal (Devine, 1998; Steinke & Walton, 1999). However, most countries lack or have minimal quarantine restrictions or quarantine enforcement agencies, or where inspection/enforcement agencies exist, they may be ineffective and/or underfunded.Generally, quarantine efforts are focused on potential plant pests (OTA, 1993, p. 173; Devine, 1998). Indeed some quarantine and inspection agencies may only be authorized to routinely inspect agricultural and horticultural products, with interceptions of aliens arriving via other pathways being incidental (e.g., the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture). In the U.S.A., the quarantine agency (Plant Protection and Quarantine, U.S. Department of Agriculture) can currently only prevent entry of an intercepted organism if it is a proven plant pest or at least strong evidence that it might be such (Devine, 1998; Robinson, 1999), thus restricting its authority where other nonindigenous species are concerned. Introduction of biological control agents is barely regulated at all (Miller & Aplet, 1993). Because of this focus on terrestrial plant pests, aquatic mollusks are far less restricted than terrestrial species (Britton, 1991); and predatory snails such as species of Euglandina, which are known to have devastated native snail faunas elsewhere (Murray et al., 1988; Cowie, 1992; Civeyrel & Simberloff, 1996) are poorly regulated (Miller & Aplet, 1993). International agreements (e.g., the International Plant Protection Convention) often define quarantine pests only in terms of economic importance (OTA, 1993, p. 296; Campbell, 1998; Steinke & Walton, 1999), although the U.S.A. now recognizes the potential threat of invasive pest species, whether they are of agricultural concern or not. Daehler (1998) has shown that for plants, only 25 % of species that are important natural area invaders were serious agricultural weeds, and therefore that quarantine regulations focused only on preventing the introduction of agricultural pests are unlikely to prevent the introduction of most natural area invaders.Many countries base their quarantine on so-called “blacklists”, lists of species that are known to cause problems; authorities may only prevent the entry of proven potential pests. Simberloff & Stiling (1996) and Simberloff (1998) have argued that instead what is needed are “whitelists”, such that only species that have been proven to be benign may be introduced, as has recently been implemented in Australia for plants (Steinke & Walton, 1999). However, most countries are unlikely to implement whitelists, for practical reasons and because of international agreements. Proving that a species is potentially damaging, or not, is difficult. Models have been developed for plants that allow authorities to evaluate the likely invasiveness of an alien species (Tucker & Richardson, 1995; Reichard & Hamilton, 1997; Pheloung et al., in press). Many factors, changing over time, mean that prediction of invasion based on such models is unlikely ever to be entirely accurate (Carlton, 1996). Although no such formal model is available for snails and slugs, Robinson (1999) has used the term “travelling species”, first introduced by Smith (1989), for those species that seem particularly susceptible to being distributed in association with human activities; and determination of a species as a travelling species depended on application of a suite of basic criteria (a simple model), modified from



Harry (1964, 1966) and Smith (1989). Other, related terms that have been used for these widespread species introduced via human activities are “tourist” snails (Harry, 1964, 1966) and tropical “tramps” (Solem, 1964; Cowie, 1998b). As used by Robinson (1999), the term “travelling” is not exactly synonymous with “invasive”. Most of the species identified by Smith (1989) and Robinson (1999) are both travelling species and invasive species. However, “travelling” is confined to those species transported by humans to new areas, while “invasive” also includes species that may be increasing their range without humans providing the means of transport. In some instances, travelling species may not be invasive. It may eventually become possible to predict which snail and slug species will or will not be travelling/invasive species by development of models expanding on these criteria.Even in relatively wealthy countries (e.g., the U.S.; see Devine, 1998), because of limited resources and time constraints, only a small proportion of what enters a country can be inspected by quarantine officials (e.g., Dahlsten, 1986). And even when a major pathway has been identified (e.g., tiles imported into the U.S.) and inspections are targeted at this pathway, inspections may not be comprehensive because of lack of personnel and funding and the sheer scale of commerce (Robinson, 1999). Throughout the world, many alien snails and slugs undoubtedly get through quarantine inspections (if such exist), and it is difficult to see that current levels of application of quarantine measures in a limited number of countries in fact do much more than scratch the surface of the global tide of invasions.Nevertheless, some successes can be mentioned. The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, has been successfully prevented from becoming established in the continental U.S., Australia, and Fiji, largely through the vigilance of quarantine officials both in preventing its initial entry and in rapidly eradicating it once it had been detected in the wild (e.g., Mead, 1979; Colman, 1977, 1978; Ikin, 1983). The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, though intercepted on more than one occasion entering Australia has not become established, despite the suitability of large areas of the country (Baker, 1998). Also, the fact that some species that were often intercepted by quarantine agencies in the past are now much less frequently intercepted perhaps suggests that certain quarantine regulations are effective in preventing entry of similar species (e.g., the U.S.A. now permits no soil to be carried with horticultural plants for propagation). Also, many shippers and exporting countries have improved their export procedures because of the frequency of interceptions in the past. However, this could also reflect changes in pathways. For instance, certain plants are no longer imported because they are now readily available locally (Robinson, 1999) so the snails and slugs associated with them would be less likely to be introduced; and with the cessation of the use of dry ballast in shipping (OTA, 1993, p. 100; MacIsaac, 1999) snails have probably not been introduced via this pathway for over a century (e.g., Theba pisana possibly introduced to the U.K. in dry ballast during the eighteenth century; Kerney, 1966; Fowles & Cowie, 1989). Larger species may be more readily intercepted and more easily eradicated than smaller species, so the above-mentioned successes may in part be a reflection of this.The success of quarantine measures cannot logically be assessed in terms of interception data. Success of quarantine measures in preventing establishment of alien species can only be measured in terms of the numbers of species getting through quarantine and becoming established. If this number is going down, then that might represent correlative (but not causative; there may be other causes) evidence that quarantine measures are working. Of course, such data are almost impossible to generate. Thus, evaluation of the efficacy of quarantine measures is fraught with difficulty, and in fact, given the level of inspection that is usually possible, current quarantine measures may in



general have a small influence on the worldwide spread of alien species, especially inadvertently introduced invertebrates.Although current levels of quarantine activities may have only minor effects on the continuing spread of alien snails and slugs into most countries, if implemented in the future, creation of quarantine agencies in countries currently lacking them, enhanced levels of inspection, stricter provision for treatment or rejection of infested shipments, and wider authority to inspect, treat, and reject may help to reduce the flow significantly. Infractions should be strongly discouraged by whatever means possible. However, faced with increasing global demands, especially from western/northern governments and corporate businesses, to facilitate trade (short-term benefits) regardless of the negative issues (long-term costs) associated with it (Jenkins, 1996a, b, 1998), there may be little hope of imposing regulations to deal with the introduction of alien species, which would inevitably be seen as restrictive in terms of global trade (but see Yu, 1994, 1996). Eradication It is becoming an automatic refrain when addressing problems associated with alien species that eradication is difficult or more often impossible once a species has become established (e.g., Crooks and Soulé, 1996; Ewel et al., 1999). This is especially the case where invertebrates are concerned. Usually, an invasion of invertebrates such as snails and slugs is only noticed once it has become widespread and population densities are already high. At this stage, eradication is likely to be impossible. Even if a new invasion is detected early and could be eradicated, authorities frequently cannot justify allocation of resources for eradication, often because of lack of information about potential future problems. They will therefore wait until the invasion becomes a serious problem, by which time it is too late. Also, legal challenges to eradication programs (often but not always related to pesticide applications) can become extremely complex and may delay the program to a point when it will no longer have a chance of success (Getz, 1989), although recent legislative changes (e.g., in California) may allow such legal challenges to be overridden (C. Daehler, personal communication).Nevertheless, occasionally, eradication may be possible. Achatina fulica was eradicated from Florida after a major effort extending over six years (Mead, 1979), and Theba pisana was probably eradicated from California, but after many years of intensive effort (Gammon, 1943; Armitage, 1949). T. pisana subsequently reappeared in California, and on the basis of genetic evidence this may be a result of a new introduction (Cowie, 1987; Roth et al.,1987).Eradication can therefore be achieved under certain circumstances, especially if attempted in the early stages of invasion. Authorities should continue to be receptive to the idea of eradication before a new invasion is demonstrably an agricultural, environmental or human health problem. Environmental responsibility and education Better than having to deal with alien species once they are detected in the new locality, or to have to rely on inspection agencies to detect them as they are imported, is to encourage the original shipper in the country of origin and the importer in the receiving country to acknowledge the potential problems that could be caused by snails and slugs associated with export/import of the product and to make sure that the product is free of infestation as it is



shipped (e.g., Courtenay & Williams, 1992, in relation to aquaculture; Dudgeon & Yipp, 1983, in relation to the aquarium trade; see also Devine, 1998). Non-compliance should be discouraged by whatever means possible. In the case of deliberate introductions (e.g., aquarium snails), shippers would have to agree, prior to shipment, to pay the costs associated with an invasion resulting from their shipment (Bean, 1996); though identification of the source of a particular invasion would be difficult if not impossible. An additional difficulty is that, in some countries, species that are already widely utilized cannot be legally regulated (e.g., most aquatic species in the aquarium industry in the U.S.A.). Where deliberate and legal import of snails is concerned (e.g., the aquarium trade), the person or organization importing the animals should be encouraged (or required) to act responsibly by only importing species that are not considered invasive, ensuring that their animals do not escape, and informing their customers of the need to act equally responsibly. This requires major efforts to educate all who are involved in the import/export of alien species, including the public whose demand drives the trade. Lack of public knowledge of the potential impacts of alien snails and slugs is a core problem that can only be addressed by much greater involvement in all aspects of the process on the part of the scientists (malacologists) who possess that knowledge. More broadly, problems associated with the continued spread of alien species will only ever be resolved if the issue has the support of the politicians and business people who have the power to do something about them on a global scale. Many of these people will only care about the issue if they see their actions (or inactions) leading to loss of votes and/or money. Thus, the general populace, who can pressure these politicians and business people, must be educated and become enthused about the issue to a sufficient extent that they will influence the people with power. This call for public education is often repeated but few organizations involved in dealing with the problems of alien species expend much effort in this direction (e.g., see OTA, 1993). Furthermore, the brochures and leaflets that are produced often do not reach an appropriate and broad audience. Education is a huge challenge; a challenge that goes beyond issues of alien species and addresses the entire biodiversity crisis. It probably requires a major turnaround in the way people, especially westerners/northerners view the world. CONCLUSION Alien snails and slugs are being introduced to most parts of the world via numerous pathways. Rigorous data to quantify the relative and perhaps changing importance of these pathways are scarce. Nevertheless, some generalities appear. The majority of species probably travel accidentally in association with commerce. The horticultural trade (specifically the trade in cut flowers and propagative plants) seems particularly responsible for the inadvertent introduction of many species of terrestrial snails and slugs, while the domestic aquarium trade seems responsible for many of the aquatic species. Some pathways are specific to certain countries, e.g., import of tiles to the U.S., which is a major pathway for introduction of terrestrial snails and slugs from Europe. Deliberate introductions are few by comparison, but may sometimes be more successful and include some of the worst invaders both in the terrestrial and freshwater realms. Deliberate introductions may be legal, illegal, or simply unregulated. Attempted biological control of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) using numerous predatory snails (most notably Euglandina rosea), and the introduction of ampullariids (most notably Pomacea sp.) as food resources to be developed in aquaculture, have probably been the worst cases in terrestrial and freshwater systems, respectively.



From a worldwide perspective the prognosis is not good. There is no evidence that introductions are declining, in fact probably the opposite. Lack of adequate quarantine and adequate authority to deal with alien species outside the agricultural/economic realm, even in the best regulated countries, mean that most introductions probably can only be delayed. Increasing emphasis on free trade globally means that the necessary more restrictive measures to slow the spread of alien species will probably not be implemented by many countries, even though the economic costs (not to mention the ecological, aesthetic, and public health costs) associated with alien species are enormous (Pimentel et al., 2000). As for the world’s biota as a whole, the land and freshwater snail and slug fauna is becoming and will continue to become increasingly homogenized. However, some success in preventing or at least slowing this trend may be possible. We must continue to address the issue of alien species and advocate for solutions, however this conflicts with the current climate of economic globalization. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Greg Ruiz and Jim Carlton for inviting RHC to participate in the Global Invasive Species Programme workshop on invasion pathways, November 1999, from which this paper is derived. Geoff Baker, Joe Britton, Domingo Cravalho, Curt Daehler, Lu Eldredge, and Neil Reimer, provided much valuable information and/or made useful suggestions. We also thank Dave Britton, Carl Christensen, Lori Lach, and Rebecca Rundell for discussion and/or for reviewing the manuscript. REFERENCES

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d’espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51: 375-402.Getz, C.W. 1989. Legal implications of eradication programs. In: Eradication of exotic species (eds. Dahlsten, D.L. & Garcia, R.) p. 66-73. Yale University Press, New Haven.Godan, D. 1983. Pest slugs and snails. Biology and control. Springer-Verlag, New York. x + 445 p.Griffiths, O., Cook, A. and Wells, S.M. 1993. The diet of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea in Mauritius and its implications for threatened island gastropod faunas. Journal of Zoology 229: 79-89.Hadfield, M.G. 1986. Extinction in Hawaiian achatinelline snails. Malacologia 27: 67-81.Hadfield, M.G., Miller, S.E. & Carwile, A.H. 1993. The decimation of endemic Hawai‘ian [sic] tree snails by alien predators. American Zoologist 33: 610-622.Halwart, M. 1994, The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in Asian rice farming systems: present impact and future threat. International Journal of Pest Management 40: 199-206.Hanna, G.D. 1966. Introduced mollusks of western North America. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 48: 1-108, pls. 1-4.Hara, A. & Hata, T. 1999. Insects, mites, and other pests. In: Growing dendrobium orchids in Hawaii (eds. Leonhardt, K. & Sewake, K.) p. 29-45. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.Harry, H.W. 1964. The foreign freshwater snails now established in Puerto Rico. American Malacological Union Annual Reports 1964: 4-5.Harry, H.W. 1966. Land snails of Ulithi Atoll, Caroline Islands: a study of snails accidentally distributed by Man. Pacific Science 20: 212-223.Holt, A. 1996. An alliance of biodiversity, agriculture, health, and business interests for improved alien species management in Hawaii. In: Proceedings of the Norway/UN conference on alien species. Trondheim, 1-5 July 1996 (eds. O.T. Sandlund, P.J. Schei and A. Viken), p. 155-160. Directorate for Nature Management and Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim.Howarth, F.G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Reviews of Entomology 36: 485-509.Ikin, R. 1983. Giant African snail in Fiji. South Pacific Commission Information Circular 91: 1.IUCN [International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources—the World Conservation Union] 1999. IUCN guidelines for the prevention of biodiversity loss due to biological invasion. Species 31-32: 28-42.Jenkins, P.T. 1996a. Free trade and exotic species introductions. Conservation Biology 10(1): 300-302.Jenkins, P.T. 1996b. Free trade and exotic species introductions. In: Proceedings of the Norway/UN conference on alien species (eds. Sandlund, O.T., Schei, P.J. & Viken, A.) p. 145-147. Directorate for Nature Management and Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim.Jenkins, P.T. 1998. Re-joining the continents. World Conservation; quarterly bulletin of IUCN-The World Conservation Union 4/97-1/98: 5-6.Jokinen, E.H. 1982. Cipangopualudina chinensis (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in North America, review and update. The Nautilus 96: 89-95.Kay, E.A. 1995. Which molluscs for extinction? In: The conservation biology of molluscs (ed. Kay, E.A.) p. 1-7. IUCN, Gland.Kerney, M.P. 1966. Snails and man in Britain. Journal of Conchology 26: 3-14.Lach, L. & Cowie, R.H. 1999. The spread of the introduced freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 58: 66-71.MacIsaac, H.J. 1999. Biological invasions in Lake Erie: past, present and future. In: The state of Lake Erie. Past, present and future (eds. Munawar, M., Edsall, T. & Munawar, I.F.), p. 305-322. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.Mackie, G.L. 1999a. Mollusc introductions through aquarium trade. In: Nonindigenous freshwater organisms. Vectors, biology, and impacts (eds. Claudi, R. & Leach, J.H.), p. 135-147. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.Mackie, G.L. 1999b. Introduction of molluscs through the import for live food. In: Nonindigenous freshwater



organisms. Vectors, biology, and impacts (eds. Claudi, R. & Leach, J.H.), p. 305-313. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.Mackie, G.L. 1999c. Ballast water introductions of Mollusca. In: Nonindigenous freshwater organisms. Vectors, biology, and impacts (eds. Claudi, R. & Leach, J.H.), p. 219-254. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.McKinney, M.L. & Lockwood, J.L. 1999. Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: 450-453.McNeely, J.A. 1996. The great reshuffling: how alien species help feed the global economy. In: Proceedings of the Norway/UN conference on alien species (eds. Sandlund, O.T., Schei, P.J. & Viken, A.) p. 53-59. Directorate for Nature Management and Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim.Mead, A.R. 1979. Pulmonates volume 2B. Economic malacology with particular reference to Achatina fulica. Academic Press, London. x + 150 p.Miller, M. & Aplet, G. 1993. Biological control: a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Rutgers Law Review 45: 285-334.Mills, E.L., Scheuerell, M.D., Carlton, J.T. & Strayer, D.L. 1997. Biological invasions in the Hudson River basin: an inventory and historical analysis. New York State Museum Circular 57, viii + 51 p.Murray, H.D. 1968. Otala lactea in San Antonio, Texas. The Nautilus 81: 141-143.Murray, J., Murray, E., Johnson, M.S. and Clarke, B. 1988. The extinction of Partula on Moorea. Pacific Science 42: 150-153.OTA [U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment] 1993. Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. viii + 391 p.Pace, G.L. 1973. The freshwater snails of Taiwan (Formosa). Malacological Review Supplement 1: 1-118.Perera, G. & Walls, J.G. 1996. Apple snails in the aquarium. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 121 p.Petit, S. 1858. Nota. Journal de Conchyliologie 7: 268.Pheloung, P.C.,Williams, P.A. and Halloy, S.R. in press. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management in press.Pilsbry, H.A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Volume 2, part 1. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs Number 3. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. vi + 520 p., 1 pl.Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50: 53-65.Pointier, J.P. 1999. Invading freshwater gastropods: some conflicting aspects for public health. Malacologia 41: 403-411.Pointier, J.P., Incani, R.N., Balzan, C., Chrosciechowski, P. & Prypchan, S. 1994. Invasion of the rivers of the littoral central region of Venezuela by Thiara granifera and Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae) and the absence of Biomphalaria glabrata, snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. The Nautilus 107: 124-128.Pointier, J.P., Théron, A. & Imbert-Establet, D. 1988. Decline of a sylvatic focus of Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) following competitive displacement of the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata by Ampullaria glauca. Oecologia 75: 38-43.Pointier, J.P., Théron, A., Imbert-Establet, D. & Borel, G. 1991. Eradication of a sylvatic focus of Schistosoma mansoni using biological control by competitor snails. Biological Control 1: 244-247.Ponder, W.F. & Lindberg, D.R. 1997. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119: 83-265.Reichard, S.H. & Hamilton, C.W. 1997. Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America. Conservation Biology 11: 193-203.Ricciardi, A. & MacIsaac, H.J. 2000. Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 62-65.Robinson, D.G. 1999. Alien invasions: the effects of the global economy on non-marine gastropod introductions



into the United States. Malacologia 41: 413-438.Roth, B., Hertz, C.M. & Cerutti, R. 1987. White snails (Helicidae) in San Diego County, California. The Festivus 19: 84-88.Roth, B. & Pearce, T.A. 1984. Vitrea contracta (Westerlund) and other introduced land mollusks in Lynnwood, Washington. The Veliger 27: 90-92.Sakovich, N.J. 1996. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach to the control of the brown garden snail, (Helix aspersa) in California citrus orchards. British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings 66: 283-287.Simberloff, D. 1998. Facing the future. World Conservation; quarterly bulletin of IUCN-The World Conservation Union 4/97-1/98: 21-23.Simberloff, D. & Stiling, P. 1996. Risks of species introduced for biological control. Biological Conservation 78: 185-192.Simmonds, F.J. & Hughes, I.W. 1963. Biological control of snails exerted by Euglandina rosea (Ferussac) in Bermuda. Entomophaga 8: 219-222.Smith, B.J. 1989. Travelling snails. Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology 1: 195-204.Smith, L.D., Wonham, M.J., McCann, L.D., Ruiz, G.M., Hines, A.H. & Carlton, J.T. 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biological Invasions 1: 67-87.Solem, A. 1964. New records of New Caledonian nonmarine mollusks and an analysis of the introduced mollusks. Pacific Science 18: 130-137.Steinke, E. & Walton, C. 1999. Weed risk assessment of plant imports to Australia: policy and process. Australian Journal of Environmental Management 6: 157-163.Tompa, A.S. 1984. Land snails (Stylommatophora). In: The Mollusca. Volume 7. Reproduction. (eds. Tompa, A.S., Verdonk, N.H. & van den Biggelaar, J.A.M.), p. 47-140. Academic Press, London.Thompson, F.G. 1976. The occurrence in Florida of the West Indian land snail Bulimulus guadalupensis. The Nautilus 90: 10.Trombulak, S.C. & Frissell, C.A. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14: 18-30.Tucker, K.C. & Richardson, D.M. 1995. An expert system for screening potentially invasive alien plants in South African fynbos. Journal of Environmental Management 44: 309-338.van der Schalie, H. 1969. Man meddles with nature—Hawaiian style. The Biologist 51(4): 136-146.van der Schalie, H. 1970. Snail control problems in Hawaii. Annual Reports of the American Malacological Union 1969: 55-56.Williamson, M. 1966. Biological invasions. Chapman & Hall, London. xii + 244 p.Yu, D.W. 1994. Free trade is green, protectionism is not. Conservation Biology 8: 989-996.Yu, D.W. 1996. New factor in free trade: reply to Jenkins. Conservation Biology 10: 303-304.

Table 1. Pathways of introduction of non-native land snails and slugs established on Pacific islands (56 species from 26 islands/archipelagos; data from Cowie, in press a).

Pathway Introductions Accidental Horticulture/agriculture 24 Unknown/multiple 131Purposeful Food 1



Biological control 25Unknown/multiple 24 Total species x island records 205 Table 2. The commodity or article with which snails and slugs intercepted by the United States Department of Agriculture were associated (data from 1993 - 1998; over 4,900 interceptions; from Robinson, 1999). Pathway/association Percent of interceptions Horticultural products (plants and cut flowers) 29Household tiles 23Containers 16 Agricultural (non-horticultural) products 7Aquarium plants 4Baggage (deliberate smuggling) 4Military cargo 1Mail, etc. <1Import for consumption (permit) <1Other >14 Table 3. The commodity or article with which snails and slugs intercepted by the United States Department of Agriculture were associated (data from 1984 to mid-1991; 2,889 interceptions; from Britton, 1991). Pathway/association Percent of interceptions Plants or plant products 46Containers 16Crating 11Other commerce 16Other 11 Table 4. The commodity or article with which snails and slugs intercepted by the Canadian Department of



Agriculture were associated (data from 1963 - 1971; compiled from Godan, 1983). Pathway/association Number of interceptions Horticultural products (plants and cut flowers) 50Agricultural (non-horticultural) products 7Packaging 3Baggage 2 Total 62

Table 5. The commodity or article with which slugs intercepted entering New Zealand were associated (data from 1955 - 1978; compiled from Barker, 1979). Pathway/association Number of interceptions Horticultural products/plants 11Agricultural (non-horticultural) products 10Packaging 1 Total 22 Table 6. The commodity or article with which snails and slugs intercepted by the State of Hawaii Plant Quarantine Branch were associated (data from 14 December 1994 - 6 August 1999; raw data provided by N. Reimer, pers. comm.). Pathway/association Number of interceptions Agricultural products 164Horticultural (non-agricultural) products 67Other (container, pallet, vehicle, unknown) 6 Total 237



Table 7. Region of origin of snails and slugs introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, summarized by the period during which they arrived (data from Cowie, 1997, 1998a, 1999, submitted b). Region of origin pre-1778 1778-1909 1910-1999 Total Pacific 1 - 1 2Asia/Australasia - 9 5 14New World - 6 23 29Europe - 3 9 12Africa - 2 10 12Unknown 2 8 6 16 Total 3 28 53 84

FIGURE LEGEND Fig. 1. Cumulative numbers of land and freshwater species of snails and slugs recorded as introduced to the wild

(upper line) and established in the wild (lower line) in the Hawaiian Islands, by decade. Data from Cowie (1997, 1998a, 1999, submitted b).


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FW Gastropod Pests, Msg #2

To the FWGNA Group,

My 5/23 message on the subject of pest snails brought an interesting response from David Richards, research ecologist with EcoAnalysts Inc and Ph.D. student at Montana State. He called my attention to a really impressive Potamopyrgus web site being developed at MSU - Bozeman. The site is "70% ready for public use" according to David (as of late May), but many of the resources are already spectacular. Check out the "Mudsnail Maps" at: http://www.esg.montana.edu/aim/mollusca/nzms/

Potamopyrgus is not, alas, on the draft list of pest gastropods currently being circulated by Rob Cowie, the AMS Conservation chair. You may recall the allusion I made last month to a collaboration between the USDA and the AMS aimed at identifying "America's Least Wanted Mollusks." Not only is it difficult to document an economic impact for Potamopyrgus, it's also probably too late to do much about it.

But there are certainly many other pest gastropods whose introduction to North America may yet be prevented, including a couple freshwater groups. The message from Rob Cowie appended below is self-explanatory. Please consider responding to him. Or meet him, and the rest of the Pest Mollusk Committee, and David Richards, here at AMS 2002 in August!

Cheers, Rob

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To all Researchers interested in the impacts of alien species:

I am sending this message out in the hope of getting feedback from people not only in the USA, but also from throughout the world.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has asked me (through the American Malacological Society) to create a list of 15 non-marine molluscan taxa that the USA should consider of paramount quarantine importance. That is, these are taxa either not yet in the USA or if they are in the USA they are confined, as yet, to only a few localities where it may be possible to eradicate them or at least to prevent them from spreading further afield. The list will eventually be accompanied by "factsheets" on each taxon in an American Malacological Society report to the USDA.

The first step is to create the list. Working together, David Robinson, Rob Dillon and I (with Jim Smith of USDA providing guidance) have come up with the following list. We decided it was not possible to come up with just 15 species (the initial USDA request), so we have come up with groups of species belonging to 15 families. These taxa were selected based on 13 criteria that in general are thought to

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correlate with potential invasiveness. These criteria include biological features of the taxa (e.g., reproductive rate, body size) as well as features reflecting their interaction with humans (e.g., pest status elsewhere, frequency of interception by quarantine officials). Our method of scoring each taxon against the criteria is as yet very rudimentary.

I would very much welcome comments about this list, especially regarding any glaring omissions of taxa that you know to be serious invasive pests elsewhere in the world? [But remember, there are many pest species that are not on this list because they are already widespread in the USA.] Here's the list, with the most important taxa first:

Veronicellidae - especially Sarasinula plebeia and Veronicella cubensis, but also Laevicaulis alte and Diplosolenoides occidentalis. Agricultural pests.

Ampullariidae - especially Pomacea species (except Pomacea bridgesii), but also Pila species and Marisa species. Rice (and other aquatic plant) pests, and likely environmental pests damaging native aquatic vegetation.

Helicidae - especially Theba pisana and Eobania vermiculata, but also Cantareus apertus, Otala punctata, and perhaps Helix species (remember Helix aspersa - or whatever genus you consider it to be in now - is already widespread in the USA). Agricultural and garden pests.

Achatinidae - especially Achatina fulica, but also Archachatina marginata, and perhaps Achatina achatina. Agricultural and garden pests and general nuisances; also, as with many snail species on this list, can vector serious human parasites.

Hygromiidae - especially Cernuella species, Cochlicella species, and Xerolenta obvia. Agricultural pests.

Planorbidae - especially Indoplanorbis exustus, and to a lesser extent Biomphalaria species. Vectors of animal schistosomes not yet in the USA.

Milacidae - Tandonia budapestensis and Tandonia sowerbyi, and to a lesser extent, T. rustica. Crop pests.

Enidae - various species. Vectors of livestock diseases.

Succineidae - Succinea tenella/horticola, possibly also non-US Calcisuccinea species. Agricultural/horticultural pests. Contaminants of horticultural products.

Pleurodontidae - Zachrysia provisoria. Agricultural pest.

Helicarionidae - Ovachlamys fulgens and Parmarion martensi. Pest potential not fully appreciated, but



contaminants of horticultural products and spreading very rapidly around the world.

Arionidae - Arion lusitanicus. Agricultural pest, general nuisance.

Urocyclidae - Elisolimax flavescens.

Bradybaenidae - Acusta touranensis.

Spiraxidae - Euglandina species (except E. rosea, which is native to the south-east USA). Predators of native snails.

Many thanks for any input you care to offer. Your help will be duly acknowledged in the final product.

Robert Cowie

_________________________________________________ Dr. Robert H. Cowie Center for Conservation Research and Training University of Hawaii 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA

Phone: (808) 956 4909 Fax:: (808) 956 2647/9608

Web: http://www.hawaii.edu/eecb/eecb_faculty/fac_pages/robertcowie.html Samoan Snail Project: http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/pbs/samoasnail/ IUCN (Tentacle): http://www2.hawaii.edu/~cowie/ _________________________________________________

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http://www2.hawaii.edu/~cowie/

Indicator 7: The status (threatened, rare, vulnerable, endangered, or extinct) of forest dependent species at risk of not maintaining viable breeding populations, as determined by legislation or scientific assessment

Figure 7-1 (a) Cumulative number of species1 that are considered to have become extinct since 1900 by taxonomic group. (b) The percentage of terrestrial animal species associated with forest habitats that are at risk of extinction. Data from NatureServe and The Center for Conservation Biology. What is this indicator and why is it important? As the number of species considered to be rare increases, the likelihood of species extinction increases. This indicator focuses on species that have the greatest chance of being lost from the biotic community and therefore presages potential declines in species richness. Because the goods and services that humans derive from ecological systems can be affected by the loss of species, tracking the number of species at risk of extinction has the potential to indicate whether the use or management of forest resources is eroding or conserving biological diversity. What do the data show? The trend in species extinctions since the turn of the 20th century varies by taxonomic group (Fig. 7-1a). Very few species of crustaceans, amphibians, or mammals, and no reptiles have become extinct in the last 100 years. Birds are prominent on the list of extinct species, but their number has remained fairly constant since the early 1900’s. In contrast, the number of insects, mollusks, fish, and vascular plants considered extinct has increased over time. When considering just those terrestrial animals associated with forests, 11% are currently at risk of extinction. Most of those at-risk species are amphibians and insects. The at-risk species that are associated with forest habitats are concentrated geographically in Hawaii, the Southeast, and the West coast (Fig. 7-1b). Why can’t the entire indicator be reported at this time? Information on the status of obscure species is lacking in many cases. In the data underlying the analysis for this indicator, 16% of vascular plants, 29% of mollusks, 25% of insects, and 10% of fish species could not be assigned a status category. In addition to data limitations associated with some species groups, we also are unable to examine trends in the number of at-risk species. This is due, in large part, to the absence of a periodic evaluation of species status from which trend information can be developed.

1The number of extinct species is for all species (not just forest-associated). Trend is based only on those species for which a “date of last observation” is reported.

Index of /bioinv/downloads/


Name Last modified Size Description

Parent Directory

addtlrefs/ 14-Nov-02 15:31 0K

bibd_stuff/ 21-Apr-03 11:18 0K

bioinvIGERT_program.p+ 08-Jan-02 12:10 167K

bioinvIGERT_proposal.+ 15-Mar-02 11:52 329K

bioinvIGERT_research.+ 21-Sep-01 11:41 62K

communityecologytheor+ 26-Sep-02 11:25 191K

corecoursesyll.pdf 25-Sep-02 15:38 36K

corewk1.pdf 25-Sep-02 15:03 86K

corewk10fire_hawaiian+ 02-Dec-02 14:14 71K

corewk1CrawleyTransge+ 25-Sep-02 14:53 319K

corewk1HailsRiskofGMO+ 25-Sep-02 14:54 92K

corewk1WolfbargerPhif+ 25-Sep-02 14:54 314K

corewk2ReservesJEEMRe+ 08-Oct-02 14:23 258K

corewk3doremus.pdf 04-Oct-02 13:19 67K

corewk3milleruschapte+ 04-Oct-02 13:17 396K

corewk3zellmer.edit.p+ 04-Oct-02 13:17 127K

corewk3zellmer.pdf 04-Oct-02 13:18 239K

corewk4ScienceorValue+ 17-Oct-02 12:00 186K

corewk4Shrader-Freche+ 18-Oct-02 13:21 78K

corewk4griesemer.pdf 17-Oct-02 12:00 104K

corewk4griesemernotes+ 24-Oct-02 15:15 145K

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ (1 of 2)7/9/2003 1:54:41 PM

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/addtlrefs/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/addtlrefs/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bibd_stuff/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bibd_stuff/

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_program.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_program.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_proposal.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_proposal.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_research.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/bioinvIGERT_research.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/communityecologytheory.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/communityecologytheory.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corecoursesyll.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corecoursesyll.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk10fire_hawaiianinvasives.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk10fire_hawaiianinvasives.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1CrawleyTransgenicCropsNature2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1CrawleyTransgenicCropsNature2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1HailsRiskofGMOsTREE2000.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1HailsRiskofGMOsTREE2000.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1WolfbargerPhiferRiskGMOsSci2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk1WolfbargerPhiferRiskGMOsSci2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk2ReservesJEEMResubmitFinal.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk2ReservesJEEMResubmitFinal.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3doremus.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3doremus.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3milleruschapter.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3milleruschapter.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3zellmer.edit.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3zellmer.edit.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3zellmer.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk3zellmer.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4ScienceorValues.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4ScienceorValues.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4Shrader-Frechette2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4Shrader-Frechette2001.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4griesemer.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4griesemer.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk4griesemernotes1.pdf



corewk4griesemernotes+ 24-Oct-02 15:11 180K

corewk5Geller_mussel.+ 28-Oct-02 10:45 324K

corewk5Pellmyr.pdf 31-Oct-02 16:30 392K

corewk5Reading_list_g+ 31-Oct-02 16:43 82K

corewk5Riley_et_al_EA+ 28-Oct-02 11:11 250K

corewk5Tsutsui_pnas.p+ 28-Oct-02 10:46 113K

corewk5stepien_mussel+ 28-Oct-02 10:45 485K

corewk7natlplan.pdf 12-Nov-02 17:36 260K

corewk7quinnthurs.pdf 14-Nov-02 14:46 3M

corewk7quinntues.pdf 14-Nov-02 14:55 7M

corewk8RiskAndAdaptiv+ 18-Nov-02 10:56 47K

florida_stratplan.pdf 27-Aug-02 15:25 3M

internshipapp.pdf 30-Jan-03 16:25 37K

internshipapp.rtf 30-Jan-03 16:24 15K

ltapp_continuing.doc 13-Nov-01 17:09 24K

ltapp_continuing.pdf 11-Oct-02 11:39 47K

ltapp_continuing.rtf 11-Oct-02 11:39 12K

ltapp_new.doc 13-Nov-01 17:09 24K

ltapp_new.pdf 11-Oct-02 11:38 47K

ltapp_new.rtf 09-Oct-02 10:34 13K

stapp.pdf 08-Oct-02 15:18 38K

stapp.rtf 07-Oct-02 16:32 17K

ugradapp.doc 01-Nov-02 14:31 24K

ugradapp.pdf 01-Nov-02 14:32 45K

ugradapp.rtf 01-Nov-02 14:31 13K

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ (2 of 2)7/9/2003 1:54:41 PM



http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Geller_mussel.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Geller_mussel.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Pellmyr.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Pellmyr.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Reading_list_genetics_of_invas.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Reading_list_genetics_of_invas.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Riley_et_al_EA.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Riley_et_al_EA.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Tsutsui_pnas.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5Tsutsui_pnas.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5stepien_mussel.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk5stepien_mussel.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7natlplan.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7natlplan.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7quinnthurs.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7quinnthurs.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7quinntues.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk7quinntues.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk8RiskAndAdaptiveMngtNotes.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/corewk8RiskAndAdaptiveMngtNotes.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/florida_stratplan.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/florida_stratplan.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/internshipapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/internshipapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/internshipapp.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/internshipapp.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_continuing.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ltapp_new.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/stapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/stapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/stapp.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/stapp.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.doc

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.pdf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.rtf

http://www.cpb.ucdavis.edu/bioinv/downloads/ugradapp.rtf

Major Accomplishments in 2002

Major Accomplishments in 2002 Recent Accomplishments Toxic Chemicals Environmental Hormones Home

Bureau of Environmental Sanitation and Toxic Chemicals Control

I. Stepped up the inspection and registration system concerning the source for the use of environmental agents. Amended "The Essentials for Reviewing the Application Concerning the Permit for the Use of Environmental Agents" and its relevant regulations in order to comply with the policy of cross-straits exchanges and the participation in World Trade Organization.

II. Stepped up the production, sales, and uses of the environmental agents and the examination and inspection procedures for factories

III. Promoted uniform labeling identification for the use of environmental agents and carried out relevant promotional activities

IV. Maintained the Information System for the Use of Environmental Agents Management and updated the operational procedures for the relevant website

V. Enacted amendments on the relevant regulations regarding

http://www.epa.gov.tw/english/offices/j/recent_tasks.htm (1 of 7)7/9/2003 1:54:45 PM

http://www.epa.gov.tw/english/offices/j/tcs1.htm

http://www.epa.gov.tw/english/offices/j/tcs2.htm

http://www.epa.gov.tw/english/


toxic chemical substances control

VI. Promoted the official listing record for toxic chemical substances and the survey of the environmental distributions for toxic chemical substances order to trace the distribution of toxic chemical substances

VII. Stepped up operation management, inspections and the guidance and assistance programs for toxic chemical substances control

VIII. Promoted "The Prevention and Remediation Plan for the Disasters Caused by Toxic Chemical Substances"

A. Conducted work seminars for 2nd class disasters caused by toxic chemical substances and the enforcement of the 2nd class "Contingency Center for the Disasters Caused by Toxic Chemical Substances"

B. Established the prevention and remediation consultation system for disasters caused by toxic chemical substances

C. Carried out emergency drills for disasters caused by toxic chemical substances, implemented no-warning testing, and strengthened united prevention organizations

D. Signed the "Mutual Supportive Treaty for Disasters Caused by Toxic Chemical Substances"



IX. Announced the source water protection zones at Chi Chai stream, Shei Gee Laun stream, Ghei Lao stream, Peai Ya San stream and Shao Sheou stream in TaiChung County and the coastal zone from the Intake points in Hon Yei and Fu Shei areas; and announced the regulated distance to draw water in Haulien County, so as to secure the safety of drinking water for the people

X. From January to September 2002, a total of 8,272 samples of drinking water were inspected and analyzed in Taiwan with an average of 919 samples analyzed each month. It is estimated that a total of 10,000 samples of drinking water would be analyzed by the end of December 2002.

XI. Held the 8th International Water Quality Control and Treatment Technology Seminar in National Sun Yat-Sen University on May 27 and 28, 2002. This seminar was aimed at enhancing domestic treatment technology and the development of control and management for drinking water.

XII. From March to September of 2002, a total of 4,125 testing items were collected from 125 samples of drinking water in Taiwan. The items of testing were heavy metals, including arsenic (As), lead, selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), antimony (Sb), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), silver, the volatile organic compounds (Trichloroethylene, Chloride, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2-Dichloroethylene) and pesticides (Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Paraquat, Methomyl, Carbofuran, MIPC, Methamidophos, Diazinon, Parathion, EPN, Monocrotophos), Chlorate, TTHM with 33 testing items in total.



XIII. Completed the projects "The Segmentation and Classification of Source Water Protection Zones for the Drinking Water and the Compensation Evaluation Plan" and "The Survey and Improvement Strategy for the Impacts on our Sensory (the Senses of Smell and Taste) Due to the Substances Contained in the Drinking Water Distribution Network System."

XIV. In order to maintain and enjoy a clean coastal environment and raise our living standards, EPA had actively promoted the "Coastal Environment Cleanup and Conservation Plan" by supervising every province or city government and relevant local authorities to make the best efforts to clean up Taiwan's coastlines. By 2002, 1,000 kilometers of coastal recreation areas frequented often by the general public were given 18 shifts of cleanups that included the removal of 6,232 metric tons of refuse through 117, 699 participants shifts in order to gradually restore them to their original and natural state. In addition, the EPA also vigorously extended the promotion of Adopt-a-Beach program by environmental volunteers. Up to now, 260 volunteer organizations including 35,192 people have signed up to care for the coastal areas nationwide, which also has became a popular movement.

XV. In order to encourage business enterprises and all government authorities and agencies to have substantial support for the reduction of refuse, resource recycling, and a green environment, the EPA has eagerly promoted the "Green Office" program by producing the manual "DIY Green Office" and producing the demonstration video tapes and supportive training materials so as to provide the public, private organizations, or agencies with ways of applications and reference. In addition, the EPA also lunched three seminars in northern, central and southern Taiwan separately with around 300 participants



representing their businesses. The EPA cooperated with the Public Television Station to make the short film for demonstrating how EPA promoted the Green Office program internally, dealt with the inspections on the Green Office program conducted by each pubic government authorities and agencies for actually checking the promotion progress of Green Office at each government agency. Up to now, the EPA has visited a total of 33 government agencies covering the central government and Taipei City Government and complied the results of inspections as provided to those relevant agencies being inspected for making improvements. In addition, the EPA also held the Best Performance - Green Office DIY Contest for all offices in every business sector. In 2002, a total of 24 businesses won the best-performance awards with the award ceremony being held in mid-December, 2002. Moreover, two demonstrations presented by awarded business enterprises for the purpose of emulation were lunched in December accordingly.

XVI. In order to assist the local government authorities and agencies to promote the "Forcipomyia Taiwana Prevention Program," the major cities suffering the serious Forcipomyia Taiwana disaster including Yulin province, Chanhwa province, Tainan province, Hualien province, Nantou province, Hsinchu province, Taichung province, Chaiyi province, Taipei province, Yiliang province have been subsidized by the EPA for implementing this program. Moreover, the EPA adopted the "Comprehensive Prevention Model" by initiating and unifying the power of the public to accomplish the prevention and remediation work in this regard. In addition, the EPA published "The Prevention and Remediation for Forcipomyia Taiwana" booklets, "The Forcipomyia Taiwana Prevention Cards," "The Introduction of the Ecology and the Prevention and Remediation for Forcipomyia Taiwana" video tapes and "The Prevention and Remediation for Forcipomyia Taiwana" posters for distributing to all local environmental bureaus and relevant agencies so as to



enforce the promotion and education work. The EPA also educated the people, teaching the accurate concept of prevention and remediation for Forcipomyia Taiwana, which is that the pesticide spray is only bringing about a temporary solution. Only with the enforcement of reorganizing our environment and thoroughly cleaning up the growth environment of Forcipomyia Taiwana would erect a permanent cure.

XVII. Dengue Fever Control

A. In order to enforce the control and cleanup for the source of disease-bearing insects and the relevant propaganda activities for Dengue Fever, the EPA together with relevant government authorities have enacted the "Implementation Plan for Wiping Out the Source of Disease-Bearing Insects for Dengue Fever" by integrating all official authorities and local governments to exert all their strength for promoting the environmental cleanup and reorganization work. In addition, the period from August 8 to 10 of each year is stipulated by the EPA to be "The Week of Environmental Clean-up for the General Mobilization to Wipe Out Mosquitoes," and the EPA also initiated and lunched a general mobilization of the nation to clean up and reorganize our living environments for the purpose of preventing the spread of Dengue Fever and preserving our environmental quality. The results of implementing "The Week of Environmental Clean-up" in November, 2002 showed that a total of 1,424,965 people in shifts had attended the general mobilization for wiping out the source of disease-bearing insects and for cleaning up 318,688 metric tons of refuse, a total of 1,335,531 water containers, 24,166 idle plots of land, 119,337 waste tires, and 19,452 public areas. In addition, a total of 53,368 audited cases and 3,097 complaint cases against the liable party were undertaken accordingly during this period. Since the epidemic situation is still out of control, the EPA has forcefully requested the provincial and city environmental bureaus to continuously engage in the work of cleanup until the epidemic is



under control.

B. In view of idle land and vacant houses lacking maintenance and clean-up being the causes of dirt and filth, the EPA has regarded this critical matter as the current clean-up target to be accomplished as soon as possible. The EPA has requested every environmental bureau to enforce the check of idle plots by compiling a detailed list for further audit. In addition to mobilizing the personnel from the Southern Division of the Environmental Inspection Bureau, the EPA also deployed the Northern, Central Divisions and all the environmental police to form "The Contingency Center for the Source of Disease-Bearing Insects Concerning the Dengue Fever and the Audit of Dirty and Filthy Idle Land" so as to conduct the regular inspections and examinations by dispatching the patrol groups in different shifts on a daily basis, especially for the areas with the highest disease-bearing index of Dengue fever, such as Kaohsiung and Pintung. Starting from November 13, 2002, the method of "The Assigned Responsible Area, the Project Team, the Integrated Operation, To be fully responsible" was adopted by unifying the local sanitary and environmental bureaus and village chiefs to clean up the vacant houses or idle lands located in the selected main areas for wiping out the source of disease-bearing insect. After completing the cleanup work, it is required to disinfect and sterilize those places as selected by the integrated approach. By the end of November of 2002, a total of 2,695 vacant households had been forcefully cleaned up and sterilized, and 13 cases were filed against the liable party.


Listings by State and Territory

Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)

Listings by State and Territory as of 07/09/2003

Hawaii

Notes:

● Displays one record per species or population.

● Includes experimental populations and similarity of appearance listings.

● The range of a listed population does not extend beyond the states in which that population is defined.

● Includes non-nesting sea turtles and whales in State/Territory coastal waters.

● Includes species or populations under the sole jurisdiction of the

National Marine Fisheries Service.

Go to the Threatened and Endangered Wildlife and Plants PageGo to the TESS Home Page

Back to Table of Contents

● Click on the highlighted scientific names below to view a Species Profile for each listing.

https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSWebpageUsaLists?state=HI (1 of 10)7/9/2003 2:11:40 PM

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/prot_res.html

http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html

https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public

https://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSWebpageUsaLists?state=all


Hawaii -- 317 listings

Animals -- 44

Status Listing E Akepa, Hawaii (honeycreeper) ( Loxops coccineus coccineus)E Akepa, Maui (honeycreeper) ( Loxops coccineus ochraceus)E Akialoa, Kauai (honeycreeper) ( Hemignathus procerus)E Akiapolaàu (honeycreeper) ( Hemignathus munroi)E Albatross, short-tailed ( Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus)E Amphipod, Kauai cave ( Spelaeorchestia koloana)E Bat, Hawaiian hoary ( Lasiurus cinereus semotus)E Coot, Hawaiian ( Fulica americana alai)E Creeper, Hawaii ( Oreomystis mana)E Creeper, Molokai ( Paroreomyza flammea)E Creeper, Oahu ( Paroreomyza maculata)E Crow, Hawaiian (='alala) ( Corvus hawaiiensis)E Duck, Hawaiian (=koloa) ( Anas wyvilliana)E Duck, Laysan ( Anas laysanensis)E Elepaio, Oahu ( Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis)E Finch, Laysan (honeycreeper) ( Telespyza cantans)E Finch, Nihoa (honeycreeper) ( Telespyza ultima)E Goose, Hawaiian ( Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis)E Hawk, Hawaiian (='lo) ( Buteo solitarius)E Honeycreeper, crested ( Palmeria dolei)E Millerbird, Nihoa (old world warbler) ( Acrocephalus familiaris kingi)E Moorhen, Hawaiian common ( Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis)E Moth, Blackburn's sphinx ( Manduca blackburni)E Nukupuù (honeycreeper) ( Hemignathus lucidus)E Òò, Kauai (honeyeater) ( Moho braccatus)E Òù (honeycreeper) ( Psittirostra psittacea)E Palila (honeycreeper) ( Loxioides bailleui)E Parrotbill, Maui (honeycreeper) ( Pseudonestor xanthophrys)E Petrel, Hawaiian dark-rumped ( Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis)E Poòuli (honeycreeper) ( Melamprosops phaeosoma)T Sea turtle, green (except where endangered) ( Chelonia mydas)E Sea turtle, hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata)E Sea turtle, leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea)


javascript:launch('/tess_public/docs/db-status.html')

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B044




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00Y

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=K022

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=A03W

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04G

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04M

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04H





https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B0AL


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00A

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00C

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00D

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00E

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00G

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00H

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=I0AL


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00I

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00J

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00K

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00M

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00N

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04N

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=C00S

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=C00E

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=C00F


T Sea turtle, loggerhead ( Caretta caretta)E Seal, Hawaiian monk ( Monachus schauinslandi)T Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's ( Puffinus auricularis newelli)T Snail, Newcomb's ( Erinna newcombi)E Snails, Oahu tree ( Achatinella spp.)E Spider, Kauai cave wolf or pe'e pe'e maka 'ole ( Adelocosa anops)E Stilt, Hawaiian ( Himantopus mexicanus knudseni)E Thrush, large Kauai (=kamao) ( Myadestes myadestinus)E Thrush, Molokai ( Myadestes lanaiensis rutha)E Thrush, small Kauai (=puaiohi) ( Myadestes palmeri)E Whale, humpback ( Megaptera novaeangliae)

Plants -- 273

Status Listing E Abutilon eremitopetalum (No common name)E Koòloaùla ( Abutilon menziesii)E Abutilon sandwicense (No common name)E Liliwai ( Acaena exigua)E Achyranthes mutica (No common name)E Chaff-flower, round-leaved ( Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata)E Fern, pendant kihi ( Adenophorus periens)E Mahoe ( Alectryon macrococcus)E Kuawawaenohu ( Alsinidendron lychnoides)E Alsinidendron obovatum (No common name)E Alsinidendron trinerve (No common name)E Alsinidendron viscosum (No common name)E Amaranthus brownii (No common name)E Silversword, Mauna Loa (=Ka'u) ( Argyroxiphium kauense)T Àhinahina ( Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum)E Àhinahina ( Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense)E Asplenium fragile var. insulare (No common name)E Koòkoòlau ( Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha)E Koòkoòlau ( Bidens wiebkei)E Bonamia menziesii (No common name)E Olulu ( Brighamia insignis)E Pua àla ( Brighamia rockii)E Uhiuhi ( Caesalpinia kavaiense)E Àwikiwiki ( Canavalia molokaiensis)


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=C00U

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=A071

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04O

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=G0C0

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=G01J

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=J000

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04C

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04D

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B04E

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=B00S

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=A02Q

javascript:launch('/tess_public/docs/db-status.html')

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SJ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SM

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q00G

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q24I

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00M

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SO

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2YL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SQ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1SR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2X3

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q01G

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1T2



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00N

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TN

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TQ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TS

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q09U

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1TX


E Kamanomano ( Cenchrus agrimonioides)E Awiwi ( Centaurium sebaeoides)E Àkoko ( Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana)E Àkoko ( Chamaesyce deppeana)E Chamaesyce halemanui (No common name)E Àkoko ( Chamaesyce herbstii)E Àkoko ( Chamaesyce kuwaleana)E Àkoko ( Chamaesyce rockii)E Àkoko, Ewa Plains ( Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana)E Òha wai ( Clermontia drepanomorpha)E Òha wai ( Clermontia lindseyana)E Òha wai ( Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes)E Òha wai ( Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)E Òha wai ( Clermontia peleana)E Òha wai ( Clermontia pyrularia)E Òha wai ( Clermontia samuelii)E Kauila ( Colubrina oppositifolia)E Pauoa ( Ctenitis squamigera)E Haha ( Cyanea acuminata)E Haha ( Cyanea asarifolia)E Haha ( Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii)E Haha ( Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis)E Haha ( Cyanea dunbarii)E Haha ( Cyanea glabra)E Haha ( Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana)E Haha ( Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae)E Haha ( Cyanea hamatiflora carlsonii)E Haha ( Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora)E Haha ( Cyanea humboldtiana)E Haha ( Cyanea koolauensis)E Haha ( Cyanea lobata)E Haha ( Cyanea longiflora)E Haha ( Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii)E Haha ( Cyanea mannii)E Haha ( Cyanea mceldowneyi)E Haha ( Cyanea pinnatifida)E Haha ( Cyanea platyphylla)E Haha ( Cyanea procera)


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1U4

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q30Q



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UA

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GN

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q30T

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GO

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UE

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0G6

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q317


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UM

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UN

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3H1

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1UO

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S01I

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GJ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31J

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31K

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GV

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31L

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31M

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1V2

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2SR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2SS

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GW

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0IN

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GP

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2ST

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GQ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2SU

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31P




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31S


T Haha ( Cyanea recta)E Haha ( Cyanea remyi)E Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa (No common name)E Haha ( Cyanea shipmannii)E Haha ( Cyanea stictophylla)E Haha ( Cyanea st-johnii)E Haha ( Cyanea superba)E Haha ( Cyanea truncata)E Haha ( Cyanea undulata)E Puùkaà ( Cyperus trachysanthos)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra crenata)E Mapele ( Cyrtandra cyaneoides)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra dentata)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra giffardii)T Haìwale ( Cyrtandra limahuliensis)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra munroi)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra polyantha)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra subumbellata)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra tintinnabula)E Haìwale ( Cyrtandra viridiflora)E Delissea rhytidosperma (No common name)E Oha ( Delissea rivularis)E Oha ( Delissea subcordata)E Delissea undulata (No common name)E Diellia, asplenium-leaved ( Diellia erecta)E Diellia falcata (No common name)E Diellia pallida (No common name)E Diellia unisora (No common name)E Diplazium molokaiense (No common name)E Naènaè ( Dubautia herbstobatae)E Naènaè ( Dubautia latifolia)E Naènaè ( Dubautia pauciflorula)E Naènaè ( Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis)E Love grass, Fosberg's ( Eragrostis fosbergii)E Nioi ( Eugenia koolauensis)E Àkoko ( Euphorbia haeleeleana)E Heau ( Exocarpos luteolus)E Mehamehame ( Flueggea neowawraea)


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31V

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GK






https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31W

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q31X


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q28B


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0JV

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q28C






https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q32D

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1VA

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0LV

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1VB

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0LX

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00P

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00Q

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S022

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S01T

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00R


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1VK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q32P


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0PH

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q33F

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0UD

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2A6



E Gahnia lanaiensis (No common name)E Gardenia (=Naù), Hawaiian ( Gardenia brighamii)E Nanu ( Gardenia mannii)E Geranium, Hawaiian red-flowered ( Geranium arboreum)E Nohoanu ( Geranium multiflorum)E Gouania hillebrandii (No common name)E Gouania meyenii (No common name)E Gouania vitifolia (No common name)E Honohono ( Haplostachys haplostachya)E Awiwi ( Hedyotis cookiana)E Kioèle ( Hedyotis coriacea)E Hedyotis degeneri (No common name)E Pilo ( Hedyotis mannii)E Hedyotis parvula (No common name)E Kopa ( Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi)E Hedyotis, Na Pali beach ( Hedyotis st.-johnii)E Hesperomannia arborescens (No common name)E Hesperomannia arbuscula (No common name)E Hesperomannia lydgatei (No common name)E Kauai hau kuahiwi ( Hibiscadelphus distans)E Hau kuahiwi ( Hibiscadelphus giffardianus)E Hau kuahiwi ( Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis)E Hau kuahiwi ( Hibiscadelphus woodii)E Kokiò keòkeò ( Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus)E Maò hau hele, (=native yellow hibiscus) ( Hibiscus brackenridgei)E Hibiscus, Clay's ( Hibiscus clayi)E Kokiò keòkeò ( Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae)E Wawaeìole ( Huperzia mannii)E Ischaemum, Hilo ( Ischaemum byrone)E Aupaka ( Isodendrion hosakae)E Aupaka ( Isodendrion laurifolium)T Aupaka ( Isodendrion longifolium)E Kula wahine noho ( Isodendrion pyrifolium)E Kohe malama malama o kanaloa ( Kanaloa kahoolawensis)E Kokiò, Cooke's ( Kokia cookei)E Kokiò ( Kokia drynarioides)E Kokiò ( Kokia kauaiensis)E Kamakahala ( Labordia cyrtandrae)


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WI

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WJ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2AI

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WP

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WQ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WW

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WY

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1WZ




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q33Y





https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XB

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0ZE

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q0ZF

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2BC

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XE

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XF

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XG

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S01K

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2BT

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2BU



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GX

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XP

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XQ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1XR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2C2


E Kamakahala ( Labordia lydgatei)E Kamakahala ( Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis)E Kamakahala ( Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis)E Kamakahala ( Labordia triflora)E Ànaunau ( Lepidium arbuscula)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta fauriei)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta kamolensis)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta micrantha)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta tenuifolia)E Lipochaeta venosa (No common name)E Nehe ( Lipochaeta waimeaensis)E Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (No common name)E Lobelia monostachya (No common name)E Lobelia niihauensis (No common name)E Lobelia oahuensis (No common name)E Wawaeìole ( Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus) nutans)E Lysimachia filifolia (No common name)E Lysimachia lydgatei (No common name)E Lysimachia maxima (No common name)E Mariscus fauriei (No common name)E Mariscus pennatiformis (No common name)E Ihiìhi ( Marsilea villosa)E Alani ( Melicope adscendens)E Alani ( Melicope balloui)E Alani ( Melicope haupuensis)E Alani ( Melicope knudsenii)E Alani ( Melicope lydgatei)E Alani ( Melicope mucronulata)E Alani ( Melicope munroi)E Alani ( Melicope ovalis)E Alani ( Melicope pallida)E Alani ( Melicope quadrangularis)E Alani ( Melicope reflexa)E Alani ( Melicope saint-johnii)E Alani ( Melicope zahlbruckneri)E Munroidendron racemosum (No common name)E Kolea ( Myrsine juddii)




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GM



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1Y4

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2CS

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YC

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2CY

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2D0

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YJ




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S01L

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2DG

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q35J


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q35R

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2Q0

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00U


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YU

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YY

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1YZ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1Z0





https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZA

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZB


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZC

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZG



T Kolea ( Myrsine linearifolia)E Neraudia angulata (No common name)E Neraudia ovata (No common name)E Neraudia sericea (No common name)E Àiea ( Nothocestrum breviflorum)E Àiea ( Nothocestrum peltatum)E Kuluì ( Nototrichium humile)E Holei ( Ochrosia kilaueaensis)E Panicgrass, Carter's ( Panicum fauriei var. carteri)E Lau èhu ( Panicum niihauense)T Makou ( Peucedanum sandwicense)E Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (No common name)E Phyllostegia hirsuta (No common name)E Phyllostegia kaalaensis (No common name)E Phyllostegia knudsenii (No common name)E Phyllostegia mannii (No common name)E Phyllostegia mollis (No common name)E Phyllostegia parviflora (No common name)E Kiponapona ( Phyllostegia racemosa)E Phyllostegia velutina (No common name)E Phyllostegia waimeae (No common name)E Phyllostegia warshaueri (No common name)E Phyllostegia wawrana (No common name)E Kuahiwi laukahi ( Plantago hawaiensis)E Kuahiwi laukahi ( Plantago princeps)E Platanthera holochila (No common name)E Hala pepe ( Pleomele hawaiiensis)E Bluegrass, Mann's ( Poa mannii)E Bluegrass, Hawaiian ( Poa sandvicensis)E Poa siphonoglossa (No common name)E Poè ( Portulaca sclerocarpa)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia affinis)E Wahane ( Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia kaalae)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia munroi)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia napaliensis)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia remota)E Loùlu ( Pritchardia schattaueri)



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZH


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZI

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZJ

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2UX

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1ZR

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1BJ




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3GS


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q3AE

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2FT


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q37A




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q37E



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2GE

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q37X

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2GL

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q20O

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2GQ



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1JK

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VM



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1JS

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VN


E Loùlu ( Pritchardia viscosa)E Kaulu ( Pteralyxia kauaiensis)E Pteris lidgatei (No common name)E Remya kauaiensis (No common name)E Remya, Maui ( Remya mauiensis)E Remya montgomeryi (No common name)E Sanicula mariversa (No common name)E Sanicula purpurea (No common name)E Sandalwood, Lanai (=ìliahi) ( Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense)E Naupaka, dwarf ( Scaevola coriacea)E Schiedea, Diamond Head ( Schiedea adamantis)E Maòliòli ( Schiedea apokremnos)E Schiedea haleakalensis (No common name)E Schiedea helleri (No common name)E Schiedea hookeri (No common name)E Schiedea kaalae (No common name)E Schiedea kauaiensis (No common name)E Maòliòli ( Schiedea kealiae)E Schiedea lydgatei (No common name)E Schiedea membranacea (No common name)E Schiedea nuttallii (No common name)E Schiedea sarmentosa (No common name)E Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (No common name)T Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (No common name)E Laulihilihi ( Schiedea stellarioides)E Schiedea verticillata (No common name)E Ohai ( Sesbania tomentosa)E Ànunu ( Sicyos alba)E Silene alexandri (No common name)T Silene hawaiiensis (No common name)E Silene lanceolata (No common name)E Silene perlmanii (No common name)E Popolo ku mai ( Solanum incompletum)E Àiakeakua, popolo ( Solanum sandwicense)E Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name)E Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia (No common name)E Stenogyne bifida (No common name)E Stenogyne campanulata (No common name)




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=S00W



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2YH


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1MF

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2HX



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VV

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VW

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VX

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1MV



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1MW

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2VY

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1MY


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1N2

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2W0



https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q1N3

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2IM


https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q21N

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2IX

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q21O




https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q39H

https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q21Z




E Stenogyne kanehoana (No common name)E Tetramolopium arenarium (No common name)E Pamakani ( Tetramolopium capillare)E Tetramolopium filiforme (No common name)E Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (No common name)E Tetramolopium remyi (No common name)T Tetramolopium rockii (No common name)E Òheòhe ( Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa)E Trematolobelia singularis (No common name)E Opuhe ( Urera kaalae)E Vetch, Hawaiian ( Vicia menziesii)E Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name)E Pamakani ( Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana)E Viola helenae (No common name)E Nani waiàleàle ( Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)E Viola lanaiensis (No common name)E Viola oahuensis (No common name)E Iliau, dwarf ( Wilkesia hobdyi)E Xylosma crenatum (No common name)E Aè ( Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum)E Aè ( Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)




















https://ecos.fws.gov/SpeciesProfile?spcode=Q2MK



Documents

LINDA LINGLE SANDRA LEE KUNIMOTO Governor Chairperson, Board of