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Lilongeni KayofaSupervisor: Theuns D.van SchalkwykCo-supervisor: Robert Dobson
Topic: Feasibility study and business plan for manufacturing a 3 kw-electrical solar Stirling engine and dish, for a stand-alone power supply unit
Lilongeni KayofaSupervisor: Theuns D.van SchalkwykCo-supervisor: Robert Dobson
Topic: Feasibility study and business plan for manufacturing a 3 kw-electrical solar Stirling engine and dish, for a stand-alone power supply unit
Industrial Engineering Department , Stellenbosch UniversityIndustrial Engineering Department , Stellenbosch University
Energy Postgraduate Conference 2013
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABSEnergy situation in Africa
• Africa has some of the best solar regions to harness solar energy• Solar energy remain largely untapped in some regions• A high number of people have no access to electricity (see Table 1)
Rural areas are particularly affected Majority of this people live in off-grid areas Grid extension is expensive and will take year in certain areas North Africa has a reached a 99.4 % electrification rate using solar energy
• Possible solution that Africa can explore: A solar Stirling dish system
Table 1: Africa’s Electricity Access in 2010 (Source: IEA)
Region Population without electricity millions
Electrification rate %
Urbanelectrification rate %
Ruralelectrification rate %
Sub-Saharan Africa
589 31.8 64.2 12.9
North Africa 1 99.4 100 98.7
Africa 590 42.9 72.1 23.6
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABSSolar source of Africa
• A Stirling dish is economical in regions that receives a DNI > 1,700 kWh/m²/year ( Stine and Geyer )
• Therefore, Africa has a potential in most of the regions ( see figure below)
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS
What is a Stirling dish system ?
• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology• Converts solar energy → heat energy absorbed by the receiver → mechanical
energy by Stirling engines → electric energy by generator• Main components: Concentrator, receiver/ Stirling engine, tracking
system,generator,storage (optional)
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS
Why the Stirling dish?
• Most efficient solar energy technology around – 31.25 % efficient • Modular : scalable power size
– Currently from 3 -30 kW per unit
• Stand-alone• Low maintenance and operation costs
• Easy to operate • Favourable for remote areas: left unattended• No supporting infrastructure required• Can be used for all types of terrain• Can be hybridised• No water usage required except to clean to mirrors • Electrical storage : batteries
Disadvantages • High start-up costs• No thermal storage
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS Purpose of study
Problem
• Potential exists • Business people are sceptical in investing• Risks are unknown• No local (African ) manufacturer exists
PurposeDetermine whether there is a viable market in Africa for the use of a Stirling dish
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABSResearch design
• Literature studies • Questionnaires
– Survey ( Likert Scale questionnaire) : communities without access to electricity
– Second questionnaire: to verify and validate whether the produced business plan is satisfactory
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS
Survey outputSocio-economic • Various households use at least five different sources of energy to generate
energy• Heat• Lighting
• Main reasons why they have no electricity in their houses • The monthly quantity and costs of the energy sources• The average total monthly income per household is N$ 3800.00• Majority of the households are headed by pensioners• 53 % of households have more than 7 occupants • Type of housing structures
Interest and perception on Stirling dish • Participants are highly interested in the Stirling dish• 10 % of the households were will take out loan of > N$ 10 000.00 • Areas prone to theft and vandalism• Households interested in using the Stirling dish the whole day
N$ 1.00 ≈ R 1.00
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS
Manufacturing plan
• Decide on:• Production time• Process to use• Machines and tools• Factory set-up• Workforce• Location of factory
• Builds Stirling engines and dishes in the most cost-effective manner• Competitive with conventional
• Preferably using local materials and labourer as much as possible
SAHPA®
South African Heat Pipe Association Energy Postgraduate Conference EPC2013, 11-14 Aug 2013
iThemba LABS Research expectations
• Questionnaire results• Manufacturing layout• Logistic of factory• Economic results• Business plan
Print masterLilongeni Kayofa
Supervisor: Theuns D.van SchalkwykCo-supervisor: Robert Dobson
Topic: Feasibility study and business plan for manufacturing a 3 kw-electrical solar Stirling engine and dish, for a stand-alone power supply unit
Energy situation in Africa• Africa has some of the best solar regions to harness solar energy• Solar energy remain largely untapped in some regions• A high number of people have no access to electricity (see Table 1)
Rural areas are particularly affected Majority of this people live in off-grid areas Grid extension is expensive and will take year in certain areas North Africa has a reached a 99.4 % electrification rate using solar energy
• Possible solution that Africa can explore: A solar Stirling dish system
Region Population without electricity millions
Electrification rate %
Urbanelectrification rate %
Ruralelectrification rate %
Sub-Saharan Africa
589 31.8 64.2 12.9
North Africa 1 99.4 100 98.7
Africa 590 42.9 72.1 23.6
A Stirling dish is economical in regions that receives a DNI > 1,700 kWh/m²/year ( Stine and Geyer )Africa has a potential in most of the regions (see figure below)
Table 1: Africa’s Electricity Access in 2010 (Source: IEA)
What is a Stirling dish system ?
• Converts solar energy → heat energy absorbed by the receiver → mechanical energy by Stirling engines → electric energy by generator
• Main components: Concentrator, receiver, tracking system and Stirling engine, generator ,storage (optional)
Why the Stirling dish?• Most efficient solar energy technology around – 31.25 % efficient • Modular : scalable power size
– Currently from 3 -30 kW per unit• Stand-alone
• Low maintenance and operation costs• Easy to operate
• Favourable for remote areas: left unattended• No supporting infrastructure required• Can be used for all types of terrain• Can be hybridised• No water usage required except to clean to mirrors • Electrical storage : batteries
Disadvantages • High start-up costs• No thermal storage
Purpose of studyProblem
• Potential exists • Business people are sceptical in investing• Risks are unknown• No local (African ) manufacturer exists
PurposeDetermine whether there is a viable market in Africa for the use of a Stirling dish
Research design
• Literature studies • Questionnaires
– Survey ( Likert Scale questionnaire) : communities without access to electricity– Second questionnaire: to verify and validate whether the produced business plan is
satisfactory
Survey outputSocio-economic • Various households use at least five different sources of energy to generate
energy• Heat• Lighting
• Main reasons why they have no electricity in their houses• The monthly quantity and costs of the energy sources • The average total monthly income per household is N$ 3800.00• Majority of the households are headed by pensioners• 53 % of households have more than 7 occupants • Type of housing structures
Interest and perception on Stirling dish • Participants are highly interested in the Stirling dish• 10 % of the households were will take out loan of > N$ 10 000.00 • Areas prone to theft and vandalism• Households interested in using the Stirling dish the whole day
N$ 1.00 ≈ R 1.00
Manufacturing plan
• Decide on:• Production time• Process to use• Machines and tools• Factory set-up• Workforce• Location of factory
• Builds Stirling engines and dishes in the most cost-effective manner• Competitive with conventional
• Preferably using local materials and labourer as much as possible