Environmental Characteristics of Aquaculture Farms: Chemical, Biological

and Physical Conditions

Lilik Teguh Pambudi201056912

Department of Fisheries Biology

Best Management Practice (BMP) in

Brackishwater Aquaculture on Environmental

Problems:A Case Study in

Indonesia

Global Fisheries Production

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

AquacultureCatch

Millions of tonnes

FAO, 2005

Controlling production from capture

Increase prod. from aquaculture

Develop product processing

Expand world market & Improve marketing intelligent

GENERAL POLICY:

Indonesian Fisheries Policy

MOMAF, 2007

1. Increase in aquaculture production for export

2. Increase in aquaculture production for domestic consumption

3.Protection and rehabilitation of aquaculture resources

Aquaculture Programs

MOMAF, 2008

Program on increment of aquaculture production

Program

Projected Production2010-2014

2009-2014

4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000 353

12 27 38 38 30

1 Seaweeds 2.574.000 2.672.800 3.504.200 5.100.000 7.500.000 10.000.000 3922 Catfish 332.600 495.600 749.000 1.146.000 1.777.000 2.783.000 836

- Hypopthalmus 132.600 225.000 383.000 651.000 1.107.000 1.883.000 1420- Walking catfish 200.000 270.600 366.000 495.000 670.000 900.000 450

3 Tilapia 378.300 491.800 639.300 850.000 1.105.000 1.242.900 3294 Milkfish 291.300 349.600 419.000 503.400 604.000 700.000 2405 Shrimps 348.100 400.300 460.000 529.000 608.000 699.000 200

- Monodon 123.100 125.300 130.000 139.000 158.000 199.000 161- Vanamei 225.000 275.000 330.000 390.000 450.000 500.000 222

6 Carp 254.400 267.100 280.400 300.000 325.000 350.000 1387 Gourame 38.500 40.300 42.300 44.400 46.600 48.900 1278 Barramundi 4.600 5.000 5.500 6.500 7.500 8.500 1859 Grouper 5.300 7.000 9.000 11.000 15.000 20.000 37710 Others 553.000 646.700 738.800 925.400 1.032.700 1.038.700 287

4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000

Metric Ton

No. Items 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Increment

(%)

Total

2009*

MOMAF, 2008

Trend of Milkfish Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)

CountriesPhilippin

esIndones

ia Taiwan SingaporeGua

m

Sri Lanka

Kiribati

Palau Tuvalu

1998 162.458158.6

66 58.349 148 25   4    

1999 180.771209.7

58 50.824 378 28   13    

2000 209.994217.2

08 39.730 676 30   14    

2001 225.337209.5

25 59.355 656 30   18    

2002 232.162222.3

17 72.434 956 80   14    

2003 246.504226.1

14 77.899 1.492     9   5

2004 273.592241.4

38 56.853 1.839     9   1

2005 289.153254.0

67 50.050 1.500     12   1

2006 315.074212.9

32 56.135 1.183 40   12   1

2007 349.741263.1

39 53.245 1.303 40 30 5 4 1

2008* 381.000277.4

71 54.000 1.800 43 32 6 4 1

2009* 415.000291.3

00 55.000 2.400 45 33 7 4 1

2010* 452.000349.6

00 55.000 3.300 48 35 9 5 1

2011* 493.000419.0

00 56.000 4.500 51 36 10 5 1

2012* 537.000503.0

00 57.000 6.000 54 38 12 5 1

2013* 585.000604.0

00 58.000 8.000 58 40 15 5 1

2014* 637.000700.0

00 59.000 11.000 62 42 18 6 1

Increment (%) 8,94 15,19 1,48 35,64 6,38 5,00

19,81 5,00 2,00

Source : FAO Fishstat 2007

Trend of Tilapia Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)

Negara China Egypt Indonesia ThailandPhilippin

esHondura

s Ecuador

Laos People's Dem.

Rep.

Costa Rica

Uganda

1998 471.813 52.755 26.80773.42

7 60.655 1.020 1.730 9.549 5.252 100

1999 494.357 103.988 31.21776.46

0 69.788 1.600 4.400 13.662 6.338 200

2000 548.261 157.425 40.83682.36

3 77.642 1.900 9.201 18.928 7.700 400

2001 582.402 152.515 50.87684.48

0 89.507 2.500 10.318 22.499 8.000 1.350

2002 611.165 167.735 60.43783.78

0 104.361 4.400 12.036 26.872 12.490 1.797

2003 696.169 199.557 71.79098.33

6 111.328 7.020 16.958 29.205 14.090 2.000

2004 774.662 199.038 98.102160.2

41 118.095 9.000 18.153 29.205 17.989 1.660

2005 844.210 217.019 151.363203.7

37 126.563 28.376 19.142 19.590 16.493 4.221

2006 958.983 258.925 179.934205.3

26 160.482 28.400 19.368 19.590 11.67711.36

5

20071.133.61

1 265.862 206.904190.0

75 180.064 28.356 20.000 19.590 17.68716.76

3

2008*1.250.51

7 326.448 291.307214.2

39 203.495 38.040 27.779 21.673 20.76520.47

6

2009*1.379.47

9 400.841 378.300241.4

75 229.976 51.030 38.585 23.977 24.37925.01

1

2010*1.521.74

0 492.187 491.800272.1

73 259.902 68.457 53.593 26.526 28.62130.55

1

2011*1.678.67

3 604.350 638.300306.7

74 293.723 91.835 74.439 29.346 33.60237.31

9

2012*1.851.78

9 742.073 850.000345.7

74 331.944123.19

6103.39

3 32.465 39.45045.58

5

2013*2.042.75

8 911.1811.105.0

00389.7

32 375.140165.26

8143.61

0 35.917 46.31555.68

2

2014*2.253.42

21.118.82

71.242.9

00439.2

78 423.956221.70

7199.47

0 39.735 54.37568.01

5

Increment (%) 10,31 22,79 26,03 12,71 13,01 34,15 38,90 10,63 17,40 22,15

Source : FAO Fishstat 2007

Trend of Tiger Shrimp Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)

Negara

Viet Nam

Indonesia India China

Myanmar

Philippines

Malaysia Thailand

Madagascar Sri Lanka

199838.97

774.82

4 76.900   2.392 36.8599.68

5

247.458 2.492 6.520

199941.17

692.72

6 73.700   4.936 37.913

11.733

271.019 3.486 3.820

200067.48

690.48

3 90.975   4.964 40.467

15.540

304.988 4.800 4.360

2001

111.095

103.603 97.100   5.473 40.698

26.352

274.330 5.399 3.540

2002

126.416

112.840

108.990   6.550 35.493

24.739

200.574 7.313 2.560

2003

150.000

132.761

108.680

44.723

19.181 34.998

25.376

194.909 7.007 3.360

2004

185.569

131.399

127.802

53.004

30.000 35.917

25.721

106.884 6.243 2.380

2005

177.200

134.682

142.070

66.243

48.640 37.721

21.866

26.056 6.726 1.570

2006

150.000

147.867

142.967

69.296

49.126 38.209

16.374

10.200 8.463 2.480

2007

170.000

134.930

101.165

61.617

48.303 39.825

11.435

10.600 8.457 3.580

2008*

205.000

134.930

105.000

90.000

72.000 40.000

12.000 9.500 9.800 3.600

2009*

247.000

123.100

110.000

131.000

108.000 40.600

12.800 8.600 11.400 3.500

2010*

297.000

125.300

115.000

190.000

162.000 41.000

13.500 7.700 13.200 3.400

2011*

357.000

130.000

120.000

277.000

243.000 41.400

14.200 7.000 15.300 3.300

2012*

430.000

139.000

124.000

404.000

363.000 41.900

15.000 6.200 17.800 3.200

2013*

518.000

158.000

130.000

589.000

544.000 42.300

16.000 5.600 20.600 3.100

2014*

624.000

199.000

135.000

858.000

815.000 42.700

17.000 5.000 24.000 3.000

Increment (%) 20,41 6,19 4,21 45,68 49,73 1,00 5,83 -10,18 16,07 -2,49

Source : FAO Fishstat 2007

Shrimp Culture Guidance

Farms should be sited according to national & Provincial planning and legal frame works in environmentally suitable locations, making efficient use of land and water resources and in ways that conserve biodiversity, ecologically sensitive habitats & ecosystem functions, & recognize other resources (land & water) use

1. Aquaculture zoning

Farm should be designed and constructed in ways that minimize environmental damage, promote biodiversity, & facilitate worker health and safety

2. Farm design

The impact of water use on water resources should be minimized

3. Water use and management

The use of high health hatchery reared seeds should be encourages to reduce diseases outbreak & increase production.

4. Broodstock & Seeds

Feeds and feed management practices should be use that make efficient use of available feed resources, optimize fish health and growth, minimize discharge waste.

5. Feed management

Minimize the risks of diseases affecting both the cultured & wild stocks & increase food safety

6. Health management

Food safety and the quality of fish/ Shrimp products should be ensured, whilst reducing the risks to ecosystems & human health. No chemicals & antibiotic use

7. Food Safety

Farms should be developed and operated in social manner that benefits the farm, the local communities and the country & that contributes effectively to rural development & particularly poverty alleviation in coastal areas

8.Social responsibility

No antibiotics used

MOMAF, 2008

Policies Needed

Zoning of coastal areas for different activities based on the potential benefits and possible impacts

Adjustment of expansion of brackish water pond areas to meet the carrying capacity of the environment

Conservation of mangrove areas as green-belts of shrimp pond culture areas & as component of coastal ecosystem

Adoption of BMP, assessment of the impact of the shrimp and fish culture to the environment

Innovation of the appropriate technology to utilize water resources efficiently

Sustainable AquacultureBest Management Practices

Sustainable Technology Low water exchange

system Closed pond system Zero water exchange

(Heterotrophic -bacteria floc) system

Environmental Friendly Reservoirs

Sedimentations No chemicals or anti-

biotics Mangrove conservation

Strict Bio-security Traceability Integrated system (Social

& Technical)

Shrimp Pond Culture

Farming Technology:1.Traditional/Extensive2.Semi Intensive/Traditional plus3.Intensive4.Polyculture (shrimp, milkfish, seaweeds)

Shrimp Pond Culturein Estuarine Area

Bottom Soil Characteristicsin Shrimp Pond

Eutrophic pond need

to be managed

for polycultur

e Examine the potential for growth

in aquaculture and ornamental sectors through the use of faster growing alien species

Examine the potential for growth in aquaculture and ornamental sectors through the use of faster growing alien species

Zoning Problem

Industrial complex versus

Aquaculture ponds

Pollution

Low environmental quality

Many idle ponds (Pambudi,

2009)

Acid Sulfate SoilpH <4 to 5.5

Avoid using Quick Limes or Slake Limes

(Sammut, 2009)

Problems in Acid Sulfate Soil

High acidity(Low pH) P, Ca, Mg and Mo are not many

available Highly Fe and Mn concentration,

toxic into the shrimp/fish Highly Al solubility, blocking

phosphorous amount (Sammut, 2009)

(Callinan, 2009)

South Sulawesi

Soil

Ch

ara

cte

rist

ics

9

8

7 6

54

3

2

1

47

46

45

44 43

4241

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

1716

15

14

13

12

11

10

119°30'20"E

119°30'20"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'5"E

119°30'5"E

4°46

'15"S

4°46

'15"S

4°46

'20"S

4°46

'20"S

4°46

'25"S

4°46

'25"S

4°46

'30"S

4°46

'30"S

4°46

'35"S

4°46

'35"S

0 30 60 90 12015Meters

LegendPond

Canal

Road

Dyke

Barrent land/ backyard etc.

Farmer's house

San

d

Con

ten

t (%

)

119°30'20"E

119°30'20"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'5"E

119°30'5"E

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

0 30 60 90 12015Meters

Legend

Land use/cover

Canal

Road

Barren land

Dyke

Farmer's House

Sand

Value

High : 83.8

Low : 65.9

Cla

y C

on

ten

t (%

)

119°30'20"E

119°30'20"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'5"E

119°30'5"E

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

0 30 60 90 12015Meters

Legend

Land use/cover

Canal

Road

Barren land

Dyke

Farmer's House

Clay

Value

High : 24.9

Low : 6.2

Sil

t C

on

ten

t (%

)

119°30'20"E

119°30'20"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'15"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'10"E

119°30'5"E

119°30'5"E

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'1

5"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

0"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'2

5"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

0"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

4°4

6'3

5"S

0 30 60 90 12015Meters

Legend

Land use/cover

Canal

Road

Barren land

Dyke

Farmer's House

Silt

Value

High : 17.7

Low : 6.1

Water Velocity (m/s)Pond dyke

Mangrove

119°38'30"E

119°38'30"E

119°38'15"E

119°38'15"E

119°38'0"E

119°38'0"E

119°37'45"E

119°37'45"E

4°2

0'4

5"S

4°2

0'4

5"S

4°2

1'0

"S

4°2

1'0

"S

0 0.2 0.40.1

Kilometers

0.00000 - 0.00116

0.00116 - 0.01211

0.01211 - 0.02305

0.02305 - 0.03400

0.03400 - 0.04494

0.04494 - 0.05863

0.05863 - 0.07231

0.07231 - 0.08325

0.08325 - 0.09420

0.09420 - 0.10515

0.10515 - 0.11609

0.11609 - 0.12704

0.127042 - 0.13798

0.13798 - 0.14893

0.14893 - 0.16261

0.16261 - 0.17629

0.17629 - 0.18998

0.18998 - 0.20366

0.20366 - 0.21460

0.21460 - 0.22555

0.22555 - 0.23376

0.23376 - 0.24197

0.24197 - 0.25291

0.25291 - 0.27207

0.27207 - 0.29396

0.29396 - 0.31312

0.31312 - 0.37058

0.37058 - 0.67159

High Mortality

IMNVWSSVTSV

BMP Model Application

Treatment reservoir

Biofilter pond

Sedimentation pond

Culturing pond Culturing pond

Water sources

Green Belt

Constructed

wetland

Drying and up-down dredging soil to oxidized the bottom soil

Dredging Organic Soil

Organic bottom

soil moved

into dike

Calcification (Liming)pH of bottom soil

Needed Lime (kg/ha CaCO3)

Clay Clay Sandy Sandy

(Sammut, 2009)

Inlet Water Management

Water is not going to shrimp pond directly, but first on treatment reservoir

Biofilter pond: a. Small fish predator b. Herbivorous filter feeder (milkfish) c. Water plant (sea grass, sea weed)

BiofiltersMilkfish

Scallop

Seaweed

Grouper

Macroalgae

Tilapia

Total Organic Matter decrease from 129 ppm into 85 ppm within 3 days

Biofilter pond with seaweed (Gracilaria sp)

BBPAP, 2009

Treatment pond with macroalgae

BBPAP, 2009

Total Organic Matter decrease from 157 ppm into 67 ppm within 8 days

Inlet Filtration System

Post Larvae Transportatio

n

Acclimation of Post Larvae

Maintaining Dissolved Oxygen

Shrimp

pond

Fish pond

Fish pond

Application pond in Bireun Aceh

Application pond in North Aceh

Biofilter pond

Shrimp pond

Shrimp pond

Jeumpa Cluster-1 (Aceh)

Jeumpa Cluster-2 (Aceh)

Simpang Mamplam Cluster(Aceh)

Samalanga Cluster(Aceh)

Plimbang Cluster (Aceh)

Another Case Study of BMP Model

in Serangan, Central Java

First Study Failed; 1 week after disease outbreak on surrounding pond

Second Study

Succeed; harvesting on 105th day whereas surrounding ponds failed

(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)

Cluster Model

Location Spot Model

Another Case Study of BMP Model in Sidorejo, Central Java

(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)

Disease Outbreak

(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)

Conclusion

Best Management Practice (BMP) face the problems, especially related to zoning and environmental cases

BMP has been evaluated depends on the particular areas and problems

BMP increase the shrimp production in some certain areas and must be plotted as highly recommended area for shrimp culture

Properly supporting programs are needed

Revitalization & rehabilitation of infrastructure for the existing traditional shrimp ponds (aces road, irrigations, electric power supply)

Subsidy/price lower for seeds (SPF)

Make this business bankable

(Land/pond certification etc)

MOMAF, 2009

Thank You

References BBPBAP, 2009. Guidance of Best Management Practice in

Shrimp Culture. Brackishwater Aquaculture Research Center. Jepara. Indonesia

Callinan, R. 2009. Determinants for WSD outbreaks in Indonesian smallholder shrimp ponds. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.

FAO, 2005. World Fisheries Statistic. Rome. Italy. FAO, 2007. World Fisheries Statistic. Fishstat. Rome. Italy MOMAF, 2007. Indonesian Fisheries Policy. Ministry of

Marine and Fisheries of Indonesia. Jakarta. MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Aquaculture Program. General

Directorate of Aquaculture. MOMAF. Jakarta. MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Fisheries Statistic. Jakarta.

Indonesia. Pambudi, L.T. 2009. Analysis of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Status in Semarang Area. Institute of Regional Development. Indonesia

Sammut, J. 2009. Guidance of Acid Sulfate Soil Problem Solving in Brackishwater Aquaculture. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.