I. Texas Rangers A. What: Elite Law Enforcement Agency B. Then: 1. Created in 1823 by S.F. Austin 2. Rangers paid $15/month in land C. Now 1. Must have 8 years of law enforce- ment experience and a clean background check to qualify 2. Limited to 107 members 3. Wear no official uniform, but usually western-type clothing

II. Slavery In Texas A. Also originated with S.F. Austin, who offered 80 acres of land per slave brought to Texas B. Slavery most prevalent in East Texas, where cotton could be grown C. Only ¼ of families in Texas held slaves D. By 1845, African-Americans made up almost 30% of Texas’s population.

E. Slaveholders tried to justify slavery by quoting religious and scientific evidence, but the real motive was economic. F. Most Texans supported slavery because they depended on the success of the cotton industry.

III. AgricultureA. Most Texans farmed or raised livestock.B. Crops: 1. cash crops like cotton (most important) and sugar cane grown to sell. 2. subsistence crops were grown to eat. (corn most important, potatoes, beans, vegetables)

IV. New Towns Established A. Location 1. Along transportation routes (rivers, roads) 2. As county seats of government 3. Near specific natural resources (rivers, lakes, forests, salt mines)

V. Gail Borden A. Early resident of San Felipe de Austin B. Inventor C. In 1853, he developed a process for making condensed milk. D. Condensing = boiling to kill germs

= evaporating to condense = canning to preserve E. Founded Borden’s Company

VI. Transportation

A. wagon and stagecoach

B. steamboat

C. railroad

VII. Communication A. telegraph B. newspapers

This telegraph machine sent messages by Morse Code.

VIII. Education A. 1st public grade school started in Houston in 1839. B. Universities 1. Texas A&M in 1871 2. University of Texas in 1883

Section 1. The Young State

I. The New State Government:

a. Based on state constitution like Louisiana

i. Governor – J. Pinckney Henderson

ii. Legislature 1. House – 2 yr term

2. Senate – 4 yr term – Sam Houston &Rusk

iii.Supreme Court – At first appointed by the Governor then elected

b. Protected slavery.

II. Political Parties

A. Democratic – supported annexation, represented farmers, strong in south

B. Whig – few Texas supporters, business and commercial

C. Republican – opposed to extension of slavery, no support in TX before Civil War

d. American or Know Nothing – Pressed for restrictions on immigration – influenced democrats who copied their way to nominate

candidates by convention.III. African Americans: not eligible to vote – filed petitions to Congress to remain free and to protect their freedoms

SECTION2: WAR WITH MEXICO I. CAUSES: a. Mexico never recognized the Republic of Texas and considered annexation of Texas by U.S. an insult b. Mexico did not recognize the Rio Grande as the boundary between Texas and Mexico. They wanted the Nueces River as the boundary. c. American traders set new trade entry points along the Rio Grande’s east banks at Santa Fe and Brazos Santiago

d. President Polk wanted a port on the Pacific Coast for trade with Asia either by negotiation or war with Mexico

e. Damages to property of Americans in Texas during the Texas Revolution (caused by Santa Anna)

DisputedTerritory

II. EVENTSa. U.S. tries to negotiate a plan to pay all

debt owed to its citizens and give $30 million to Mexico if Mexico would cede (give up) California and the Western half on NM and accept the Rio Grande as TX boundary. Mexico refused to talk.

b. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to move troops across the Nueces River to the Rio Grande. Result: Fighting between U.S. forces/Mexican army. BLOOD is shed!

President Polk claims that American blood is shedon American soil. War is declared.

III. DECLARATION OF WARa. Mexicans and Americans battle at Palo Alto –Mexican-American War begins. Congress declares way May 13, 1846.b. 5000 Texans took up arms including Burleson, Albert Sydney Johnson, Lamar and Hendeson.c. Texas Rangers served as scouts for the U.S.

IV. United States Victory:a.The US had better equipment and were better led.b.Taylor’s army crossed the Rio Grande and captured Monterrey and defeated a large Mexican Force under Santa Anna at Buena Vista.c.General Winfield Scott landed at Vera Cruz and captured Mexico City in September 1847.d.On Feb. 2, 1848 a peace treaty was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small town.

V. Terms of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoa. Mexico 1. Give up all claims to Texas and agree to Rio Grande as border.2. Surrender land between Texas and Pacific Ocean to the U.S. – called the Mexican Cession – (including Ca, NV, UT, parts of Az, CO, WY and NM)b. USA paid Mexico $15 mil (and paid all claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico). Mexicans living in the area were guaranteed all rights of U.S. citizenship.

Mexican Cession

http://www.thebestlinks.com/images/0/09/Wpdms_mexican_cession.jpg

California

Nevada

Utah

Arizona

Colorado

New Mexico

VI. COMPROMISE OF 1850 A. People in New Mexico did not want to part of Texas due to slavery. B. Solution = Pearce Act led by Henry Clay. It was part of the Compromise of 1850, in which U.S. paid Texas $10 million for land which became New Mexico. Texas paid off its debt (money it borrowed from the U.S. for the Texas Revolution).

Compromise of 1850

$10 million

Texas uses $to pay all debt.