LIC Lab Manual anna university

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RAJALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI 602 124

DEPARTMENT

OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

LAB CODE: EC6412

LAB NAME: LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

IV SEMESTER - ECE

AFFLIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY – CHENNAI 600 025

R!"#$%&'() 200*+

P,!%,!. /

M,SM%)'3!"%$%'A&P,(!(, ECEM,AA.$')A,#$ A&P,(!(,ECEM,VSV'")!7A&P,(!(,ECE

L%/ A'&%)&MJ!!8'&7%

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Page



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1 Anna University Syllabus234 Introduction Of Operational Amplifier IC 7415 esi!n and "estin! of Invertin!# $on invertin! and ifferential amplifiers% esi!n and "estin! of Inte!rator and ifferentiator 7 esi!n and "estin! of Instrumentation amplifier & esi!n and "estin! of Active lo'pass# (i!)pass and bandpass filters* esi!n and "estin! of Astable + ,onostable multivibrators usin! op-amp.

esi!n and "estin! of Sc)mitt "ri!!er usin! op-amp.1/ esi!n and "estin! of 0)ase s)ift and ien brid!e oscillators usin! op-amp.11 esi!n and "estin! of Astable and monostable multivibrators usin! $555

"imer.12 Construction and testin! of freuency multiplier usin!13 Construction and "estin! of C po'er supply usin! ,317 and ,72314 Study of S,0S

S'3#$%&'() E:!,'3!)&15 D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)

1% Analog multiplier 17 CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR

,ini 0roects1& ar6 Sensor and (eat Sensor 1* art) ua6e etector 2/ iva 8uestions21 ,odel 8uestion 0aper

;




ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

EC6412 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB 0 0 < 2

! Invertin!# $on invertin! and ifferential amplifiers."! Inte!rator and ifferentiator.#! Instrumentation amplifier $! Active lo'pass# (i!)pass and bandpass filters.%! Astable + ,onostable multivibrators and Sc)mitt "ri!!er usin! op-amp.&! 0)ase s)ift and ien brid!e oscillators usin! op-amp.'! Astable and monostable multivibrators usin! $555 "imer.! 0 c)aracteristics and its use as 9reuency ,ultiplier.! C po'er supply usin! ,317 and ,723.*!Study of S,0S.! S0IC Simulation of :periments 3# 4# 5# % and 7."!S+IC Simulation D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)#! S+IC Simulation Analog multiplier $! S+IC Simulation o- CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR

LIST OF E=UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS FOR A BATCH OF <0 STUDENTS >< !,B%&?7@

SN( N%3! ( &7! !#'3!)& C(3()!)& =#%)&'& R!#',!. R!3%,

1 ariable C 0o'er Supply & ;/-3/<2 9i:ed 0o'er Supply 4 = > - 123 C?O % 3/,(@4 ,ultimeter % i!ital5 ,ultimeter 2 Analo!% 9unction enerator % 1 ,(@7 i!ital C? ,eter 1 -& 0C 'it) S0IC Simulation Soft'are % -C()#3%/$! >M')'3#3 ( 25 N( !%?7@* BC1/7# B91*5# 2$2222# BC1471/ ?esistors 1>4 att Assorted11 Capacitors12 Inductors13 iodes# ener iodes

14 Bread Boards




INTRODUCTION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER IC 41

INTRODUCTION inear Inte!rated circuits bein! used in number of electronics applications suc) as in fields li6e

audio and radio communication# medical electronics# Instrumentation control etc..One of t)e !oode:amples for inear Inte!rated circuits is O!,%&'() A3$''!, An operational amplifier ;or Op-Ampin s)ort< is directly coupled )i!) !ain amplifier consistin! of one or more differential amplifier t)at canamplify si!nals from C to 1 ,(@. A typical Op-Amp is a C amplifier 'it) a very )i!) volta!e !ain #very )i!) input impedance and @ero output impedance. It is t)e basic circuit ')ic) is used in 'ideran!e of electronics system. ")e operational amplifier can be used to amplify ac as 'ell as dc inputsi!nals and 'as mainly used to perform mat)ematical operations suc) as addition# subtraction#multiplication and division. (ence it is 6no'n as operational amplifier or computin! amplifier. An Op-Amp can be confi!ured in eit)er t)e invertin! or in t)e non-invertin! mode. An ideal O!,%&'()%$A3$''!, is basically a t)ree-terminal device ')ic) consists of t'o )i!) impedance inputs# one calledt)e I)8!,&')" I)#&# mar6ed 'it) a ne!ative si!n# ;D-D< and t)e ot)er one called t)e N()-')8!,&')"I)#&# mar6ed 'it) a positive plus si!n ;D=D<.")e t)ird terminal represents t)e op-amps output port')ic) can bot) sin6 and source eit)er a volta!e or a current

OPERATION AMPLIFIER SYMBOL

")e symbol for an Operational Amplifier alon! 'it) its terminal is s)o'n in fi!ure. ")e Op-Amp is indicated basically by a trian!le 'it) points in t)e direction of t)e si!nal flo'.

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

")e first sta!e of an Op-Amp is almost a differential amplifier and t)e last sta!e is usually aclass B pus) pull emitter follo'er.

I)#& S&%"!

")e input sta!e is a dual input and balanced output diff amp. ")us sta!e provides most of t)evolta!e !ain of t)e amp and also establis)es t)e input resistance of t)e Op-Amp.




")e input sta!e s)ould )ave t)e follo'in! c)aracteristicsE• (i!) i>p resistance• o' i>p bias ct• Small i>p offset vol.• Small i>p offset ct.• (i!) C,?? • (i!) open-loop volta!e .!ain

I)&!,3!.'%&! S&%"!In most of t)e amp.an intermediate sta!e is provided ')ic) increases t)e overall !ain of t)e

Op-amp. ")e C level at t)e output of t)e intermediate sta!e is 'ell above t)e !round potential.")is reuires a level translator as t)e succeedin! sta!e in order to brin! t)e d.c level bac6 to t)e!round potential.

L!8!$ S7'&!, S&%"!")e level s)ifter sta!e is used to s)ift t)e dc level at t)e output of intermediate sta!e

do'n'ard to @ero volts 'it) respect to !round.

O#&#& S&%"!

")e last sta!e is a complementary symmetry pus) amplifier. ")e output sta!e s)ould )avet)e follo'in! desirable propertiesE ar!e o>p vol. s'in! capability ar!e o>p ct. s'in! capability o' o>p resistance S)ort F Circuit protection

An emitter follo'er at output sta!e provides a lo' resistance and class B and AB can provideslar!e output po'er.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER> IC-41@ PIN DIAGRAM0in-ia!ram of IC-41 ' % *-') IC. ")e pin dia!ram is s)o'n in 9i!. very IC s)ould be

supplied 'it) positive and ne!ative dc volta!es of =12 and F12 volts respectively. So t)e op-amp'or6s on dual po'er supply 'it) t)e same ma!nitude.=12 s)ould be supplied to ')- and F12to ')-4 P')-2 is t)e invertin! input pin and P')-< is t)e non invertin! input . Output can bemeasured at t)e t ')-6. P') 1 %). 5 are used for output offset volta!e compensation. ")ese t'o pins are not reuired for normal application.

IC-741 pin details

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS



E#'8%$!)& C',?#'& (, I.!%$ O!,%&'()%$ A3$''!,

")e circuit belo' s)o's an euivalent circuit of op-Amp. (ere t)e Aid is an euivalent.")evenin volta!e source and ?/ are t)e euivalent of ")evenin euivalent resistance loo6in! bac6into t)e output terminal of an op-amp.")e euivalent circuit is useful in analy@in! t)e basic operatin! principles of op-amp. ")e outputvolta!e is !iven by

V0 A 8'. A >V1 – V2@)ereAGar!e Si!nal olta!e ainidGifference Input olta!e1Golta!e at t)e noninvertin! Input "erminal2G olta!e at t)e invertin! Input "erminal

")e euation s)o's t)e output volta!e / is directly proportional to t)e al!ebraicdifference bet'een t)e input volta!es. 9or t)is reason t)e polarity of t)e output volta!edepends on t)e polarity of t)e difference in input volta!e.




O-A3 I.!%$'!. C7%,%?&!,'&'?

S$N( P%,%3!&!, I.!%$'!. ?7%,%?&!,'&'?

1Open oop ain#

;Avo<

I)')'&! - ")e main function of an operational amplifier is to amplify t)einput si!nal and t)e more open loop !ain

Open- loop !ain is t)e !ain of t)e op-amp 'it)out positive or ne!ativefeedbac6 and for an ideal amplifier t)e !ain 'ill

be infinite but typical real values ran!e from about 2/#/// to 2//#///.

I)')'&! - Input impedance is t)e ratio of input volta!e to input currentand is assumed to be infinite to prevent any current flo'in! from t)e

source supply into t)e amplifiers input circuitry ;Iin G/<. ?eal op-amps)ave input lea6a!e currents from a fe' pico-amps to a fe' milli-amps.

2 Input impedance#

;in<

!,( - ")e output impedance of t)e ideal operational amplifier isassumed to be @ero actin! as a perfect internal volta!e source 'it)no internal resistance so t)at it can supply as muc) current asnecessary to t)e load. ")is internal resistance is effectively in series'it) t)e load t)ereby reducin! t)e output volta!e available to t)eload. ?eal op-amps )ave output-impedance in t)e 1//-2/H ran!e.

< Output impedance#;out<

I)')'&! - An ideal operational amplifier )as an infinite freuencyresponse and can amplify any freuency si!nal from C to t)e)i!)est AC freuencies so it is t)erefore assumed to )ave an infinite band'idt). it) real op-amps# t)e band'idt) is limited by t)e ain-Band'idt) product ;B<# ')ic) is eual to t)e freuency ')ere t)eamplifiers !ain becomes unity.

4

Band'idt)# ;B<

!,( - ")e amplifiers output 'ill be @ero ')en t)e volta!e difference bet'een t)e invertin! and t)e non-invertin! inputs is @ero# t)e sameor ')en bot) inputs are !rounded. ?eal op-amps )ave some amountof output offset volta!e.

5

Offset 7olta!e# ;7io<




CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP

C7%,%?&!,'&'? S03/($ U)'&

Input Offset olta!e VIO 2./ m7

Input Offset Current IIO 1// nA

Input Bias Current IIB 5// nA

Input ?esistance ,' 2 ,e!

Output ?esistance ,( 75 O)msOpen oop ain A($ 1/% dB

ain Band'idt) T 4 ,(@Sle' ?ate SR /.5 7>us

IC IDENTIFICATION

")ere are several types of Op-Amp s produced in t)e form of inte!rated circuit ;IC< by differentmanufactures. ")ese Op-Amps are identified usin! seven c)aracter identification code;I<. ")ecode )as t)ree parts namely prefix , design!"r # and s#ffix$ ")is code is s)o'n in bello'

P,!':D!'")%&(

,S#'

:

MC 41 C N

M%)#%?&#,!, P,!':!

P,!': M%)#%?&#,!,A Analo! evicesCA ?CA, $ational Semiconductor ,C ,otorola $ > S Si!neticsO0 0recision ,onolit)ics?C > ?, ?at)eonS Silicon eneral"I "e:as InstrumentsUA 9airc)ild

S#': ?(.!

C(.! P%%"! &! 0lastic ual-in-line ;I0< Ceramic I0

$#00lastic I0 'it) lon!erlead

T!3!,%&#,! ?(.!Code "emp. ran!e ;JC<C / to 7/ CommercialI -25 to &5 Industrial, -55 to 125 ,ilitary




O!,%&'()%$ A3$''!, S#33%,

")e follo'in! is a summary of t)e Operational Amplifiers and t)eir confi!urations.

• ")e Operational Amplifier or Op-amp as it is most commonly called# is an ideal amplifier 'it)infinite ain and Band'idt) ')en used in t)e Open-loop mode 'it) typical d.c. !ains of 1//#///#

or 1//dB.

• ")e basic Op-amp construction is of a 3-terminal device# 2-inputs and 1-output.

• An Operational Amplifier operates from eit)er a dual positive ;=< and an correspondin! ne!ative;-< supply# or t)ey can operate from a sin!le C supply volta!e.

• ")e t'o main la's associated 'it) t)e operational amplifier are t)at it )as an infinite inputimpedance# ;K< resultin! in DN( ?#,,!)& $(')" ')&( !'&7!, ( '& &( ')#&D and @ero input

offset volta!e DV1 V2D.• An operational amplifier also )as @ero output impedance# ; G /<.

•

An operational amplifier also )as @ero output impedance# ; G /<.• Op-amps sense t)e difference bet'een t)e volta!e si!nals applied to t)eir t'o input terminals and

t)en multiply it by some pre-determined ain# ;A<.

• ")is ain# ;A< is often referred to as t)e amplifiers DOpen-loop ainD.

• Op-amps can be connected into t'o basic confi!urations# I)8!,&')" and N()-')8!,&')".

T7! T( B%'? O!,%&'()%$ A3$''!, C',?#'&

• ")e Open-loop !ain called t)e G%') B%).'.&7 P,(.#?&# or ;B0< can be very )i!) and is a

measure of )o' !ood an amplifier is.• ery )i!) B0 ma6es an operational amplifier circuit unstable as a micro volt input si!nal

causes t)e output volta!e to s'in! into saturation.

• By t)e use of a suitable feedbac6 resistor# ;?f< t)e overall !ain of t)e amplifier can be accuratelycontrolled.

• 9or )!"%&'8! !!./%? # 'ere t)e fed-bac6 volta!e is in Danti-p)aseD to t)e input t)e overall !ainof t)e amplifier is reduced.

• 9or ('&'8! !!./%? # 'ere t)e fed-bac6 volta!e is in D0)aseD 'it) t)e input t)e overall !ain of



t)e amplifier is increased.

• By connectin! t)e output directly bac6 to t)e ne!ative input terminal# 1//L feedbac6 is ac)ievedresultin! in a V($&%"! F($$(!, ;buffer< circuit 'it) a constant !ain of 1 ;Unity<.

• C)an!in! t)e fi:ed feedbac6 resistor ;?f< for a 0otentiometer# t)e circuit 'ill )ave Adustableain.

• ")e D'!,!)&'%$ A3$''!, produces an output t)at is proportional to t)e difference bet'een t)e2 input volta!es



E9NO1 DESIGN AND TESTING OF INVERTING NON-INVERTING ANDDIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS

AIM"o desi!n and construct a non-invertin!# invertin! amplifier# comparator and adder circuit usin! op-

amp and obtain t)eir output.

RE=UIREMENTSE

S.$o uipment andComponents

?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.

?esistor Op-ampual ?0SA9O>Si!nal enerator C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1/#1//#16HIC741

;/-3/<v----

2#2#211211

THEORY

INVERTING AMPLIFIER")e invertin! amplifier is s)o'n in 9i!. ")e input si!nal drives t)e invertin! input of t)e op-amp

t)rou!) resistor R1 . ")e op-amp )as an open-loop !ain of A# so t)at t)e output si!nal is muc) lar!er t)an t)eerror volta!e. Because of t)e p)ase inversion# t)e output si!nal is 1&/ο out-of-p)ase 'it) t)e input si!nal")is means t)at t)e feedbac6 si!nal opposes t)e input si!nal and t)e feedbac6 is ne!ative or de!enerative.

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERA typical non-invertin! amplifier 'it) input resistor ?1 and a feedbac6 resistor ?f is s)o'n in t)e

fi!ure. ")e input volta!e is !iven to t)e positive terminal. $on-invertin! amplifier usin! op-amp ")e outputvolta!e is !iven by /G;1=? f >? 1<id

it can be observed t)at t)e closed-loop !ain is al'ays !reater t)an one and depends on t)e ratio of t)efeedbac6 resistors.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER")e differential amplifier# also called difference amplifier# can be constructed usin! a sin!le op-amp or

t'o op-amps 'it) constant or variable !ain in closed-loop confi!uration. Basic differential amplifier is s)o'n

in 9i!ure. ")e output volta!e is !iven by o G ;?2 > ?1< ;1 F 2<

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 11



INVERTING AMPLIFIER

DESIGN A G -?f>?1

"a6e A G 1 ?f G ?1 C)oose ?f G 1/6H# ?1G1/6H

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

SNO R>(73@ R1>(73@ V' !% >8($&@V(-R>V'R1@ >8($&@

T7!(,!&'?%$ P,%?&'?%$

1

2

MODEL GRAPH




NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

DESIGN

A G 1= ?f>?1"a6e A G 2

?f G ?1

C)oose ?f G 1/6H# ?1G1/6H

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

SNO R>(73@ R1>(73@ V' !% >8($&@ V0>1R R 1@V' >8($&@T7!(,!&'?%$ P,%?&'?%$

12

MODEL GRAPH




DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

DESIGN ainG1//#+ et ? 1G1MNAG? 2>? 1So ? 2G A ? 1

? 2G1//1MNG1// MN

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

SNO R(73 R1(73 V1>8@ V2>8@V( >R2 R1@ >V1 – V2@

T7!(,!&'?%$ P,%?&'?%$

1

2

PROCEDUREInvertin! and $on-invertin! amplifierE

1. Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. Apply t)e input volta!e usin! A9O or ?0S.3. ")e output is noted and plots t)e !rap).4. ")en calculate t)e !ain value.




ifferential AmplifierE1. ive t)e connection as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. 9or various input volta!e measure and record t)e output volta!e.3. ?epeat t)e same for differential amplifier.

INFERENCE ")us t)e non-invertin!# invertin! and differential amplifier circuits are desi!ned and constructed usin!op-amp and t)eir outputs are obtained.

OBSERVATIONI)8!,&')" A3$''!, 0ractical Output olta!e ainG ")eoretical Output olta!e ainG

N() I)8!,&')" A3$''!, 0ractical Output olta!e ainG ")eoretical Output olta!e ainG

D'!,!)&'%$ A3$''!, 0ractical Output olta!e ainG ")eoretical Output olta!e ainG




E9NO2 DESIGN AND TESTING OF INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM "o construct and test inte!rator and differentiator circuit .RE=UIREMENTSE


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.&.

?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9O>Si!nal enerator C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1//6H#1/6H/.//1P9IC741;/-3/<v

----

1#31

1#111211

THEORYE

INTEGRATORA circuit in ')ic) t)e output volta!e is t)e inte!ration of t)e input volta!e is called

an inte!rator.In t)e practical inte!rator to reduce t)e error volta!e at t)e output# a resistor ?9 is

connected across t)e feedbac6 capacitor C9. ")us# ?9 limits t)e lo'-freuency !ain and)ence minimi@es t)e variations in t)e output volta!e.

")e freuency response of t)e inte!rator is s)o'n in t)e 9i!ure belo'

fb is t)e freuency at ')ic) t)e !ain is / dB and is !iven by / 12R1C

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 1%



In t)e above fi!ure t)ere is some relative operatin! freuency# and for freuencies from f to fa t)e !ain ?9>?1is constant. (o'ever# after fa t)e !ain decreases at a rate of 2/ dB>decadeIn ot)er 'ords# bet'een fa and fbt)e circuit of above fi!ure acts as an inte!rator. ")e !ain limitin! freuency fa is !iven by

% 12RC

$ormally faQfb. 9rom t)e above euation# 'e can calculate ?f by assumin! fa + Cf .

")is is very important freuency. It tells ')ere t)e useful inte!ration ran!e starts.

If fin Q fa - circuit acts li6e a simple invertin! amplifier and no inte!ration results#If fin G fa - inte!ration ta6es place 'it) only 5/L accuracy results#If fin G 1/fa - inte!ration ta6es place 'it) **L accuracy results.

")e output volta!e of t)e inte!rator is !iven by

V0 >&@ 1R 1C 8? >&@.&

Inte!rator )as 'ide applications in1. Analo! computers used for solvin! differential euations in simulation arran!ements.2. A> Converters

3. Si!nal 'ave s)apin!4. 9unction eneratorsDIFFERENTIATOR

As t)e name su!!ests# t)e circuit performs t)e mat)ematical operation of differentiation# i.e. t)e outputvolta!e is t)e derivative of t)e input volta!e.

V0-R C1.V'.& Bot) t)e stability and t)e )i!)-freuency noise problems can be corrected by t)e addition of t'ocomponentsE ?1 and Cf# as s)o'n in t)e circuit dia!ram. ")is circuit is a practical differentiator.

")e input si!nal 'ill be differentiated properly if t)e time period " of t)e input si!nal is lar!er t)an oreual to ?fC1. ")at is# T RC1

ifferentiator can be desi!ned by implementin! t)e follo'in! steps.1. Select fa eual to t)e )i!)est freuency of t)e input si!nal")en# assumin! a value of C1Q1 R9# calculate t)e value of ?f

2. Calculate t)e values of ?1and Cf # so t)at R1C1RC .ifferentiator )as 'ide applications in1. ,onostable ,ultivibrator2. Si!nal 'ave s)apin!3. 9unction enerator

INTEGRATOR

DESIGN")e !ain for t)e practical inte!rator is# t)e lo' freuency !ain or t)e d.c. !ain A G ? f >? 19or ac)ievin! near ideal inte!ration# let ? f >? 1 G 1/And# assume# t)e input freuency G 1/ M(@9or proper inte!ration# 'e must )ave f T 1/ f a # ')ere f a is t)e lo' level or t)e brea6 freuency of t)e practicalinte!rator.




f aG1>2? f Cf

")en f>f aG1/V f aGf>1/ et ? 1 G 1/MH? f G 1/ : ? 1 G 1//MH")en# Cf G 1>2? f f a GWW P9 or WWn9? comp G ? 1 ? f∴ ? comp G W.MHConsider a suare 'ave si!nal of freuency f G 1M(@# ")e c)an!e in output volta!e is

V( V')T2R 1C

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 1&



A3$'&#.!>V@ T'3! !,'(.>3@

I)#&

O#&#&

MODEL GRAPH

DIFFERENTIATOR

DESIGN

f a G f ma: G 1//(@V let C G /.1P9f a G f ma: G 1>2 ? f C1

? f G WW MH $o' f b G 1/f a V∴ f b G 1M(@ and f b G 1>2 ? 1 C1

? 1 G WWMH V Since ? f Cf G ? 1 C1

Cf G ? 1 C1>? f G P9;a< ma: G 1 and f G 1//(@

o G -? f C1di>dt G -? f C12dsin2ft>dt G W.. cosX2ftY olts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAME

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 1*



TABULATION

A3$'&#.!>V@ T'3! !,'(.>3@

I)#&

O#&#&

MODEL GRAPH

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page 2/



PROCEDURE1. Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram.2. Apply t)e input volta!e usin! A9O or ?0S.3. ")e output is noted and t)e !rap) is plotted.

INFERENCE ")us t)e inte!rator and differentiator circuits are desi!ned and constructed usin! op-amp and t)eiroutputs are obtained.OBSERVATION ")eoretical 9reuencyG 0ractical 9reuency

E9NO< DESIGN AND TESTING OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM "o desi!n and test t)e operation of Instrumentation Amplifier for various !ain values.




RE=UIREMENTSE


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.

4.5.%.

?esistor Op-ampual ?0S

,illimeter Bread boardConnectin! 'ires

1/M IC741;/-3/<v

---

&31

11

fe'

THEORY Instrumentat!n am"#$er s an am"#$er t%at rea#&es %g% n"ut m"e'an(ean' )er* #!+ !,set an' 'r-t )!#tage )a#ues. T%s (!n$gurat!n s /etter t%an n)ertng!r N!n0n)ertng am"#$er /e(ause t %as mnmum n!n0#neart*1 sta/#e )!#tage ganan' %g% CRR 3 4 66 'B.7. T%s t*"e !- am"#$er s use' n t%erm!(!u"#es1 stran

gauges An' /!me'(a# "r!/es. DESIGN

")e Output olta!e is !iven as

et ?1G ?2 G ?3 G ? !ain G 1/ MN t)enout G ;1=2< ;2-1<

out G 3 ;2-V1)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION

S.$O.INPUTS OUTPUT

1 ;< 2 ;< T7!(,!&'?%$$0>V@ P,%?&'?%$$ >V@

1 1 2 <

2 2 4 6

<

4

PROCEDURE 37 C!nne(t t%e nstrumentat!n am"#$er (r(ut.




37 !r )ar!us n"ut )!#tage 9 an' 92 measure an' re(!r' t%e !ut"ut )!#tagean' ta/u#ate.

INFERENCE

")us t)e instrumentation amplifier is desi!ned and constructed usin! op-amp and t)eir outputs areobtained.

OBSERVATION

0ractical Output olta!e ainG ")eoretical Output olta!e ainG




E9NO4 DESIGN AND TESTING OF ACTIVE LOPASS HIGHPASS ANDBANDPASS FILTERS

4@% DESIGN AND TESTING OF SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOPASS FILTER

AIM "o obtain t)e freuency response of an active lo' pass filter for t)e desired cut off freuency.

RE=UIREMENTSE


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.

7.&.

?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?O

Bread boardConnectin! 'ires

1.56#1/6#5.&%M /.1R9IC741

;/-3/<v--

--

2#2#121211

1fe'

THEORY

A lo'-pass filter is an electronic filter t)at passes lo' freuency si!nals but attenuates ;reducest)e amplitude of< si!nals 'it) freuencies )i!)er t)an t)e cutoff freuency. ")e actual amount of attenuationfor eac) freuency varies from filter to filter. A lo'-pass filter is t)e opposite of a )i!)-pass filter . A bandpass filter is a combination of a lo'-pass and a )i!)-pass. o'-pass filters e:ist in many different forms#includin! electronic circuits ;suc) as a )iss filter used in audio<# anti-aliasin! filters for conditionin! si!nals prior to analo!-to-di!ital conversion# di!ital filters for smoot)in! sets of data# acoustic barriers# blurrin! of

ima!es# and so on. o'-pass filters provide a smoot)er form of a si!nal# removin! t)e s)ort-term fluctuationsand leavin! t)e lon!er-term trend.

DESIGN

9or a 2nd order 9ilter# 9 ( G 1 > 2 ?C (@

et 9( G1 M(@ and ? G 1.5 MH

1 1/3 G 1 > 21.5 1/3C

C G /.1R9

")e pass band !ain of t)e filter# A9 G ;1=? f > ?1<9or a second order filter# A9 G 1.5&%# et ?1 G 1/MH

1.5&%G ;1=? f > ?1<

et ?1 G 1/MH

1.5&%G ;1=? f >1/MH <


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filter



?9 G 5.&%6H

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATIONI)#& V($&%"! V' >V($&@

SN( F,!#!)? H O#&#& V($&%"! V(>8($&@ G%')20$(">V(V'@

MODEL GRAPH




PROCEDURE

. C!nne(t t%e L!+ "ass $#ter (r(ut as s%!+n n t%e 'agram. 2. G)e an n"ut sgna# 9 !- 09 3"0"7 an' measure t%e !ut"ut )!#tage -!r ',erent -re:uen(*. ;. P#!t t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse 26 #!g39!<9 7 )ersus n"ut -re:uen(* an' $n'

;'/ -re:uen(*. =. Determne t%e (ut0!, -re:uen(*.

INFERENCE: T%us1 t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse !- a se(!n' !r'er #!+ "ass $#ter are "#!tte'.

OBSERVATION: Cut!, -re:uen(* !- LP

. T%e!ret(a# > . Pra(t(a# >

4@/ DESIGN AND TESTING OF SECOND ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER




AIM "o obtain t)e freuency response of an active )i!) pass filter for t)e desired cut off freuency.

RE=UIREMENTS

S.$o uipment and

Components

?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.&.

?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1/#1.5#5.&%6H

22//p9IC741;/-3/<v

----

1#2#1212111

fe'

THEORY ?P s t%e (!m"#ement !- t%e L!+ "ass $#ter an' (an /e !/tane' sm"#* /*nter(%angng R an' C n t%e #!+ "ass (!n$gurat!n. T%e -re:uen(* res"!nse !- ase(!n'0!r'er %g%0"ass $#ter s !""!ste t! t%at !- a se(!n'0!r'er #!+0"ass $#ter. A%g%0"ass $#ter attenuates t%e !ut"ut )!#tage -!r a## -re:uen(es /e#!+ t%e (ut!,-re:uen(*. A/!)e t%e (ut!, -re:uen(*1 t%e magntu'e !- t%e !ut"ut )!#tage s (!nstant.

DESIGN

9or a 2nd order 9ilter# 9 ( G 1>2?C (@

et 9( G 1 M(@ and ? G 1.5MH 1 1/3 G 1 > 21.5 1/3C

C G /.1R9

")e pass band !ain of t)e filter# A9 G ;1=? f > ?1<

9or a second order filter# A9 G 1.5&%#

1.5&%G ;1=? f > ?1<

et ?1 G 1/MH

1.5&%G ;1=? f >1/MH <

?9 G 5.&%6H

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION

I)#& V($&%"! V' >V($&@

SN( F,!#!)? H O#&#& V($&%"! V(>8($&@ G%')20$(">V(V'@

MODEL GRAPH




PROCEDURE

. C!nne(t t%e %g% "ass $#ter (r(ut as s%!+n n t%e 'agram. 2. G)e an n"ut sgna# 9 !- 09 3"0"7 an' measure t%e !ut"ut )!#tage -!r ',erent -re:uen(*. ;. P#!t t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse 26 #!g39!<9 7 )ersus n"ut -re:uen(* an' $n'

;'/ -re:uen(*. =. Determne t%e (ut0!, -re:uen(*.

INFERENCE: T%us1 t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse !- a se(!n' !r'er %g% "ass $#ter s "#!tte'.OBSERVATION:Cut!, -re:uen(* !- ?P


4@? DESIGN AND TESTING OF SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER




AIM "o obtain t)e freuency response of an active band pass filter for t)e desired cut off freuency.

RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.&.


1/#33#5.&6H22//p9#47/p9

IC741;/-3/<v

----

2#4#22#222111

fe'

THEORY A +'e /an' "ass $#ter (an /e -!rme' /* (as(a'ng a ?P an' LP se(t!n. I- t%e

?P an' LP are !- t%e $rst !r'er1 t%en t%e /an' "ass $#ter3BP7 +## %a)e a r!## !, rate!- 026 'B<'e(a'e. A +'e /an' "ass $#ter -!rme' /* (as(a'ng I !r'er ?P an' I !r'erLP s s%!+n n t%e (r(ut 'agram.

DESIGN9or a 1st order 9ilter# 9G 1>2?C (@>'@ F(, H'"7 % !?&'() et 9 G 4//(@ and ? G 7.*5 MN

4// G 1 > 27.*5 1/3C

C G /./5R9

>''@ F(, $( % !?&'() et 9( G 2 M(@ And ? G 7.*5 6N

2 1/3 G 1 > 27.*5 1/3C

C G /./1R9

")e pass band !ain of t)e filter# A9 G ;1=? f > ?1<

9or a first order filter# A9 G2# et ?1 G 1/MN

?9 G 1/ 6N

")e Center freuency 9C G 9(9

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION

I)#& V($&%"! V' >V($&@

SN( F,!#!)? H O#&#& V($&%"! V(>8($&@ G%')20$(">V(V'@1

2

<

4

MODEL GRAPH




PROCEDURE

. C!nne(t t%e Ban' "ass $#ter (r(ut as s%!+n n t%e 'agram.2. G)e an n"ut sgna# 9 !- 9 3"0"7 an' measure t%e !ut"ut )!#tage -!r

',erent -re:uen(*.;. P#!t t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse 26 #!g9!<9 )ersus n"ut -re:uen(* an' $n' ;'/

-re:uen(*. =. Determne t%e (ut0!, -re:uen(* - % an' - # .

INFERENCE T%us t%e -re:uen(* res"!nse !- a $rst !r'er /an' "ass $#ter s "#!tte'.

OBSERVATION:Lower cutof requency

. T%e!ret(a# > . Pra(t(a# >Upper cutof requency


E9NO5 DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE MONOSTABLE

MULTIVIBRATORS5@% DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP-AMP 41

AIM T! 'esgn a s:uare +a)e generat!r usng IC @= -!r a -re:uen(* !- -! > ?& an'




t! stu'* t%e "er-!rman(e.

RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.

2.3.4.5.%.7.&.

?esistor

Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1/#11.%6H

/./5R9IC741

;/-3/<v----

2#1

121111

fe'

THEORY

An astable multivibrator is a suare-'ave !enerator. ")e resistors ?1 and ?2 form a volta!e divider

net'or6# and a fraction ZG?2>;?1=?2< of t)e output is fed bac6 to t)e input. ")e output can ta6e values of =Zsat or [ Zsat . ")e volta!e \ Zsat acts as ref at t)e ;=< input terminal. ")e output is connected also tot)e ;-< input terminal t)rou!) an inte!ratin! lo'-pass ?C net'or6. )en t)e volta!e vc across capacitor C ust e:ceeds ref # s'itc)in! ta6es place resultin! in a suare-'ave output. ")e time period " of t)e out 'ave form is

" G 2 ?C ln ; ;1=Z<>;1-Z<<ZG?2>;?1=?2<

Assume ?1 G 1.1% ?2. ")en# " G 2?Cand 9reuency G 1>;2?C<

DESIGN

Assume f/ G 1 M(@?1 G 1.1% ?2et ?2 G 1/ 6 H and ?1 G 11.%6HAssumin! CG ./5 P9# ? G 1>; 1/ ]1/-&]1///< G 1/ 6H

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION

V%& -V%& V%& -V%& T>!?@ F,!#!)?>H@

T7!(,!&'?%$

P,%?&'?%$

MODEL GRAPH

PROCEDURE

i. Connect t)e circuit s)o'n in fi!ure usin! component values as obtained in




desi!n.ii. Observe and s6etc) t)e capacitor volta!e 'ave form and output 'ave form.iii. etermine t)e freuency.

INFERENCE

T%us1 t%e s:uare +a)e generat!r s 'esgne'1 (!nstru(te' an' teste'.

OBSERVATION:

T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!





5@/ DESIGN AND TESTING OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP-AMP 41

AIM T! 'esgn1 (!nstru(t an' test a m!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r.

RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.&.


1/#16H/.1R9IC741

;/-3/<v----

1#2121111

fe'

THEORY

!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r %as a sta/#e state an' a :uas0sta/#e state. Sng#e!ut"ut "u#se !- a'usta/#e tme 'urat!n n res"!nse t! a trggerng sgna# (an /egenerate' usng t%e m!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r. T%e tme 'urat!n -!r t%e !ut"ut "u#se sa(%e)e' /* (!nne(tng re:ure' eterna# (!m"!nents t! t%e !"0am". T%e (r(ut (an/e use' as a tme0'e#a* (r(ut. T%e re(tangu#ar +a)e-!rm !ut"ut (an /e use' as agatng sgna# n (!unters an' ana#!g0t!0'gta# (!n)erters.

DESIGN T%e "u#se 'urat!n T s 'e$ne' /* t%e re#at!n T > RC #n 339D < 9sat7< 3077 T>RC#n339D<9sat7<3077F%ere1 > R2<3RR27)en sat TT ;/.7< and ?1 G ?2 'it) Z G/.5 # " G /.%*3?C.

Des!n spec"c#tons :

Generate t%e "u#se -!r T> 66HsAssume C> 6. H R>JJ.




CIRCUIT DIA$RA%:

TABULATION

V%& -V%& -V%& VD P#$!'.&7

F,!#!)?

T7!(,!&'?%$

P,%?&'?%$

MODEL GRAPH




PROCEDURE

. T%e (!nne(t!n s ma'e as "er t%e (r(ut 'agram.2. A""#* a negat)e g!ng "u#se as t%e n"ut sgna#.;. O/ser)e t%e !ut"ut )!#tage a(r!ss t%e (a"a(t!r 9( an' t%e !ut"ut +a)e-!rm

9! an' tra(e t%e same.

T,'""!, '")%$ ')#&

"0" am"#tu'e > -re:uen(*>

INFERENCE

T%e m!n!sta/#e mu#t)/rat!r +as 'esgne'1 (!nstru(te' an' )er$e' aganst t%et%e!ret(a# )a#ue !- "u#se +'t%.

OBSERVATION:

T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!





E9NO 6 DESIGN AND TESTING OF SCHMITT TRIGGER AIM

T! 'esgn a S(%mtt trgger (r(ut an' "r!)e ts a""#(at!n -!r generatng as:uare +a)e !ut"ut.

RE=UIREMENTSS.$o uipment and

Components?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.

?esistor Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

27#16HIC741

;/-3/<v----

1#221111

fe'

THEORYSc)mitt tri!!er circuit is an invertin! comparator 'it) positive feedbac6. ")e input volta!e is applied

to t)e ;-< terminal and feedbac6 volta!e to t)e ;=< terminal. ")e input volta!e i t)e output every time ite:ceeds certain volta!e levels called upper t)res)old and lo'er t)res)old volta!e. ")is circuit converts anirre!ular s)aped 'aveform to a suare 'ave or pulse.

DESIGNK

9UT > 6.59 9LT > 0 6.599UT > 9sat R2<3RR27M9LT > 0 9sat R2<3RR27M

D!'") !?''?%&'()K

!r @=1 +t% su""#* )!#tages 591 t%e saturat!n )!#tage 9 sat > =96.5 > = R2<3RR27MR>2@ R2Let R2 > R > 2@




CIRCUIT DIA$RA%:

TABULATION:

A3$'&#.!>V@ T'3!>3@

InputVUT

VLT

Output V%&

-V%&

%ODEL $RA&':




PROCEDURE

. C!nne(t t%e (r(ut as s%!+n n $gure.2. A'ust t%e sgna# generat!r s! t%at 9 >29 "0" sne +a)e at ?&;. O/ser)e an' "#!t t%e n"ut an' !ut"ut +a)e-!rms.

INFERENCE

T%us S(%mtt trgger (r(ut s 'esgne'1 (!nstru(te' an' teste'.

OBSERVATION:




E9NO DESIGN AND TESTING OF PHASE SHIFT AND IEN BRIDGEOSCILLATORS USING OP-AMP

@% DESIGN AND TESTING OF PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP

AIM "o desi!n# construct and test a ?C 0)ase S)ift Oscillator Usin! Op-Amp.RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.

%.7.&.

?esistor Capacitor Op-ampual ?0SA9O

C?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1/#16H/.1R9IC741

;/-3/<v-

---

1#21211

11

fe'

THEORYOscillator is a feedbac6 circuit ')ere a fraction of output volta!e of an amplifier is a fed bac6 to t)e input int)e same p)ase. ?C p)ase s)ift oscillators are sine 'ave oscillator ')ic) is used in audio freuency ran!e.")e amplification is done by t)e op-amp and as it is used in t)e invertin! mode is !ives a p)ase s)ift of 1&/de!ree. ")e feedbac6 ?C net'or6 produces an additional p)ase s)ift of 1&/ de!ree. ac) ?C net'or6 !ives%/de!ree p)ase s)ift.")e freuency of oscillation is !iven by

foG1> %;2?C<DESIGN")e freuency of oscillation is !iven by

foG1> %;2?C<

Assume foG1//(@Assume CG/.1R9?G1.576N")eoretical ain of ?C p)ase s)ift Oscillator is !iven as ?f>?1G2*"o prevent overloadin! of t)e amplifier by t)e ?C net'or6 ?1^1/? et ?1G1/?

?fG2*?1GWW..6N






MODEL GRAPH

PROCEDURE .T%e (!nne(t!n s ma'e as "er t%e (r(ut 'agram. 2.O/ser)e t%e !ut"ut +a)e-!rm 9! an' tra(e t.

INFERENCE")e ?C p)ase s)ift oscillator is desi!ned and testedOBSERVATION




9reuency of oscillation foi. ")eoretical G ii. 0ractical G

@/ DESIGN AND TESTING OF IEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP 41

AIM"o desi!n t)e ien Brid!e oscillator usin! O0-A,0 IC for producin! a freuency of

fo G 1///(@.

RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.

3.4.5.%.7.&.

?esistor Capacitor

Op-ampual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

3.1#3/#%/6H/./5R9

IC741;/-3/<v

----

2#1#11

21111

fe'

THEORY

")e ien brid!e oscillator is t)e most commonly used audio freuency oscillator because of itssimplicity and stability. 9i!ure s)o's t)e ien brid!e oscillator in ')ic) ien brid!e circuit is connected

bet'een t)e amplifier input terminals and t)e output terminal. ")e brid!e )as a series ?C net'or6 in one armand a parallel ?C net'or6 in t)e adoinin! arm. In t)e remainin! t'o arms of t)e brid!e# resistors ?1 and ?fare connected. ")e p)ase an!le criterion for oscillation is t)at t)e total p)ase s)ift around t)e circuit must be/o. ")is condition occurs only ')en t)e brid!e is balanced. ")e freuency of oscillation fo is e:actly t)eresonant freuency of t)e balanced ien brid!e and is !iven by# fo G 1>;2 ? C <.

DESIGN:

foG16(@fo G 1>;2 ? C < and ?f G 2?1C)oose CG/./5P 9So ?G 1> ;2 1///_/./5P 9< G3.1MH

"a6e ?1G1/?G3/ MH and?fG2?1G %/ MH




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATIONS!! – 9-A:' M%")'&#.! – Y-A:'

T'3!D'8>@

N( ( D'8''()

T'3!P!,'(.T >@

F,!#!)?1T

A3$'&#.!D'8''()>V@

N( ( D'8''()

A3$'&#.!>V@

MODEL GRAPH




PROCEDURE

1. Construct t)e circuit 'it) t)e values obtained in t)e desi!n.2. Observe t)e output 'ave form on an Oscilloscope. Adust ?f to obtain a sine

'ave output. 3. ,easure t)e freuency of oscillator and volta!e amplitude.

INFERENCE




")us t)e ein brid!e oscillator is desi!ned to produce t)e reuired freuency and tested.OBSERVATION

9reuency of oscillation foi. ")eoretical G ii. 0ractical G

E9NO* DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATORS USING NE555 TIMER

()#* DESIGN AND TESTING OF ASTABLE %ULTIVIBRATOR USIN$ +++IC

AI%:"o desi!n and test an astable multivibrator for !eneratin! symmetrical and unsymmetrical suare 'ave

form for t)e !iven freuency and duty cycle.

RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.

%.7.&.



1#3.%6H/./1#/.1R9

IC555;/-3/<v

-

---

2#11#1111

11fe'

T'EOR,:")e 555 inte!rated circuit timer 'as first introduced by Si!netics Corporation as "ype S555>$555

It is available in &-pin circular style "O-** Can# &-pin mini-I0 and 14-pin I0. ")e 555 timer can beoperated 'it) a dc supply volta!e ran!in! from =5 to =1&. ")is feature ma6es t)e IC compatible to"">C,OS lo!ic circuits and op-amp based circuits.

?esistors ?A and ?B form t)e timin! resistors. ")e disc)ar!e ;pin 7< terminal is connected to t)e

unction of ?A and ?B. ")res)old ;pin %< and tri!!er ;pin 2< terminals are connected to t)e terminal# andcontrol ;pin 5< terminal is by-passed to !round t)rou!) a /./1 9 capacitor. In astable mode of operation# t)etimin! capacitor c)ar!es up to'ards cc ;assumin! o is )i!) initially< t)rou!) ;?a = ?b< until t)e volta!eacross t)e capacitor reac)es t)e t)res)old level ;2>3< cc . At t)is point t)e internal upper comparators'itc)es state causin! t)e internal flipflop output to !o )i!). ")is turns on t)e disc)ar!e transistor and t)etimin! capacitor C t)en disc)ar!es t)rou!) ?B and t)e disc)ar!in! transistor . ")e disc)ar!in! continues untilt)e capacitor volta!e drops to ;1>3< cc# at ')ic) point t)e internal lo'er comparator s'itc)es states causin!




t)e internal flipflop output to !o lo'# turnin! off t)e disc)ar!e transistor. At t)is point t)e capacitor starts toc)ar!e a!ain# t)us completin! t)e cycle.

DESIGN

")e C)ar!in! "ime period is"cG /.%*;?a=?b<C

")e isc)ar!in! "ime period is

"dG /.%*?b C"otal "ime period#" G "c="d

" G /.%*;?a=2?b<C9reuency#f G 1>" G 1.45>;?a=2?b<CL uty cycle G "d>"1// G ?a>;?a=2?b<Cet "c G "d G /./5 msec

C)oose C G 1/nf /./51/-3 G /.%*;?a=?b<1/n

")erefore ?a=?b G 7.2156 C)oose ?aG47/H

47/H =?b G 7.2156

t)en ?bG%.&MH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAME

TABULATION

S$N( D!?,'&'() R ') (73 C ') QF T7!(,!&'?%$ P,%?&'?%$




F,!#!)? >H@ F,!#!)?>H@

1 Astable

OUTPUT AVEFORM

&ROCEDURE:1. Connect t)e circuit as !iven usin! component values as obtained in desi!n part ;a<2. Observe and s6etc) t)e capacitor volta!e 'aveform and output 'aveform.3. ,easure t)e freuency and duty cycle of t)e output 'aveform.4. Connect t)e circuit usin! component values as obtained from desi!n part ;b<.5. ?epeat step 2 and 3.

INFERENCE:




")us astable multivibrator is desi!ned# constructed and tested.

OBSERVATION:

T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!


()-* DESIGN AND TESTING OF %ONOSTABLE %ULTIVIBRATOR USIN$+++IC

AI%:"o desi!n and test an monostable multivibrator for !eneratin! symmetrical and unsymmetrical suare

'ave form for t)e !iven freuency and duty cycle.RE=UIREMENTS


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.

%.7.&.



1#3.%6H/./1R9IC555

;/-3/<v-

---

2#12111

11fe'

T'EOR,: ,ono-stable multivibrator )as only one stable state and one uasi-stable state."ransition is obtainedfrom t)e stable to uasi-stable by tri!!erin!. ")e transition timedue to e:ternal tri!!erin! is very s)ort#')ereas t)e time for t)e circuit to remain uasistablestate is very lar!e. ")e circuit returns to stable state fromits uasi-stable state byitself# 'it)out reuirin! any e:ternal tri!!erin! si!nal. Because# after tri!!erin!# t)ecircuit returns from uasi-stable state by itself after a certain time delay# t)erefore t)e circuit is also called a

one s)ot multivibrator or univibrator. ")e mono-stable multivibrator also called a one s)ot multivibrator# is a re!enerative device# ')ic) isused to !enerate rectan!ular output# pulse of predetermined'idt). ")e device can ma6e a fast transition intime " after t)e application of inputtri!!er and as suc) can be used as a delay circuit. 0ulse 'idt) " p G 1.1 ?

DESIGN0ulse 'idt) # "p G 1.1 ?C




9or "p G /.1ms C)oose CG /./1P9 "o 9ind ? ? G"p>1.1CG1/MH

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

R>@ C >QF@ P#$! '.&7>T@T7!(,!&'?%$

P#$! '.&7>T@P,%?&'?%$

&ROCEDURE:1. Connect t)e circuit as s)o'n in dia!ram.2. Apply ne!ative tri!!er pin 2 .3. Observe and s6etc) t)e out put 'aveform at pin 3.4. Observe t)e out put pulse 'idt) for different values of C and tabulate.




INFERENCE:

")us monostable multi vibrator is desi!ned# constructed and tested.OBSERVATION:

T7! #$! '.&7 8%$#!


E9NO CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF FRE=UENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC

AIM

"o study t)e operation of $ 5%5 0 as a freuency multiplier.

E=UIPMENTS RE=UIRED


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.

4.5.%.7.&.*.

?esistor Capacitor 0

ual ?0SA9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ire"ransistor

2/#2#1/.4.76H/./1#/.//1R9

IC $5%5# IC74*/

;/-3/<v----

2$33*1

1#1#11#11

1111

9e'1

THEORY

")e bloc6 dia!ram of a freuency multiplier usin! t)e 5%5 0 is s)o'n belo'. ")e

freuency counter is inserted bet'een t)e CO and t)e p)ase comparator. Since t)e output of t)e divider isloc6ed to t)e input freuency fI$# t)e CO is actually runnin! at a multiple of t)e input freuency. ")e desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selectin! a proper divide by $ net'or6#')ere $ is an inte!er. 9or e:ample# to obtain t)e output freuency fOU" G5 fI$# a divide by $ G 5 net'or6 isneeded. ")e 4 bit binary counter ;74*/< is confi!ured as a divide by 5 circuit. ")e transistor 8 is used as adriver sta!e to increase t)e drivin! capability of t)e $ 5%5. C3 is used to eliminate possible oscillation. C2s)ould be lar!e enou!) to stabili@e t)e CO9reuency.






and t)e output freuency is determined and it s)ould be 5 times t)e input freuency.4. etermine t)e output freuency for different input freuency of 1M(@ and 1.5 M(@.

INFERENCE

")e freuency multiplier usin! 0 principle is studied and t)e output 'aveform

is observed.

E9NO10 CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF DC POER SUPPLY USINGLM<1 AND LM2<

10@% CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF DC POER SUPPLY USING LM2<

AIM "o desi!n# construct and test t)e lo' volta!e and )i!) volta!e re!ulators usin! IC 723.

RE=UIREMENTS

S.$o Components andeuioments

?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.

?esistor Capacitor olta!e re!ulator A9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ire

1/#3#4.3#3.36H/.1R9#1//p9

IC 723;/-3/<v

---

1#1#1#11#11111

9e'

THEORY

")e t)ree terminal volta!e re!ulators suc) as 7&/5# 7*15 are capable of producin! only fi:ed positiveor ne!ative output volta!es. ")ey also don`t )ave s)ort circuit protection. ")e IC 723 !eneral purpose volta!ere!ulatorsovercome t)e limitation of t)e above fi:ed volta!e re!ulators.")e IC 723 is in)erently a lo' currentdevice but it can be boosted to more t)an 5A usin! current boost circuits connected e:ternally.

")e maor limitation is t)at it does not )ave in-built t)ermal protection.By usin! differentarran!ements of t)e e:ternal resistors 'e can !et t)e lo' volta!e or )i!) volta!e re!ulation. ")e lo' volta!ere!ulator is used for re!ulatin! volta!es ran!in! from 2 to 7. ")e dia!ram of lo' volta!e re!ulator is!iven. ue to t)e potential divider ?1#?2 t)e input at $I terminal is $I G ref;?2>?1=?2<. ")e difference bet'een $I and O is fed to I$ terminal and amplified by t)e error amplifier ')ose output drives t)e passtransistor in emitter follo'er mode. (ence# O G ref;?2>?1=?2<# ')ere ref is typically 7.15. So t)eoutput volta!e 'ill al'ays be lesser t)an 7.15 and )ence t)e name lo' volta!e re!ulator.In case of )i!)




volta!e re!ulators t)e output volta!e ran!es bet'een 7 to 37. ")e circuit is !iven in t)e fi!ure. ")e $Iterminal is directly connected to t)e ref t)rou!) ?3 ')ere ?3 G?1?2. ")e I$ is connected to t)eunctionof t)e potential divider ')ic) is connected 'it) output O.

")erefore O G ref;1= ?1>?2< G7.15;1= ?1>?2<. (ence t)e output volta!e!ot 'ill al'ays be!reater t)an 7.15.

LO VOLTAGE REGULATOR E-

DESIGN ref G7.15# CrefG /.1u9#C1G1//p9 et OG5# and ?2G1/M

")en ?1G4.3M $o' ?3G1/M4.3M

G3M And let ?scG3.33 o)ms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR E-DESIGN

et C1G1//p9 and refG7.15




If t)e output OG12 and ?2G1/M ")en ?1G%.7&M $o' ?3G1/M%.7&M G4./4M o)ms?clG3 o)ms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDUREi. Connect t)e circuits as !iven in t)e circuit dia!rams.ii. Connect t)e supply pin to t)e ?0S.iii. $ote t)e values of O for different input values beyond *.5iv. ?epeat t)e same for bot) lo' volta!e and )i!) volta!e

re!ulators.v. ra' t)e re!ulation curve!




INFERENCE

")us t)e lo' and )i!) volta!e re!ulator usin! IC 723 is desi!ned#constructed and tested !

10@/ CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF DC POER SUPPLY USING LM<1

AIM "o desi!n# construct and test volta!e re!ulator usin! IC 317.

RE=UIREMENTS

S.$o uipment and

Components

?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.4.5.%.7.

?esistor Capacitor olta!e re!ulator A9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ire

1/#3#4.3#3.36H/.1R9#1//p9

IC 723;/-3/<v

---

1#1#1#11#11111

9e'

THEORY

One of t)e most popular variable volta!e re!ulators is t)e IC 317 re!ulator. ")e , 317 is anadustable t)ree terminal positive volta!e re!ulator.")ey are capable of supplyin! output current of /.1A to1.5A# over a ran!e of 1.2 to 37. ")e , 317 needs t'o resistors ?1# ?2 for settin! t)e output volta!e.Usually t)e input capacitor is of disc type and t)e output is of electrolytic type to improve t)e transientresponse. ")e unre!ulated input is applied at i # ')ic) is normally 2 more t)an t)e reuired output volta!e. )en t)e circuit is connected as s)o'n t)e value of ref G1.25# bet'een t)e output and t)e adustableterminals. ")is volta!e is dropped across ?1# drivin! a current I1G ref>?1. So t)e net current flo'in!t)rou!) ?2 is I1=IA. But as IA is very small# OGref;1=?2>?1< ')ere t)e reference volta!e is 1.25

DESIGN

et capacitors C1G/.1u9 and C2G1u9.If resistor ?1G24/ o)ms and if ?2 G1/// o)msV")en re!ulated outputG1.25;1=?2>?1<

G%.4% volts If a variable resistor is used in t)e place of ?2# 'e can !et can adustable output volta!e.




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDUREi. ive t)e circuit connections as per t)e circuit dia!ram.ii. By varyin! t)e input volta!e observe t)e output volta!e.iii. $o' c)an!e t)e resistor values to !et a different O.iv. Once a!ain by varyin! t)e supply observe t)e output.v. ra' t)e re!ulation curve.

I)!,!)?!

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %/



")us t)e volta!e re!ulator usin! , 317 is desi!ned# constructed and tested

E9NO11STUDY OF SMPS

AIM

"o study about t)e operation# advanta!es and disadvanta!es of S,0S

THEORY

A s'itc)ed-mode po'er supply ;s'itc)in!-mode po'er supply# S,0S# or simply s'itc)er< is anelectronic po'er supply t)at incorporates a s'itc)in! re!ulator in order to be )i!)ly efficient in t)e

conversion of electrical po'er. i6e ot)er types of po'er supplies# an S,0S transfers po'er from a source

li6e t)e electrical po'er !rid to a load ;e.!.# a personal computer< ')ile

convertin! volta!e and current c)aracteristics. An S,0S is usually employed to efficiently provide a

re!ulated output volta!e# typically at a level different from t)e input volta!e. Unli6e a linear po'er supply# t)e

pass transistor of a s'itc)in! mode supply s'itc)es very uic6ly ;typically bet'een 5/ 6(@ and 1 ,(@<

bet'een full-on and full-off states# ')ic) minimi@es 'asted ener!y. olta!e re!ulation is provided by varyin!

t)e ratio of on to off time. In contrast# a linear po'er supply must dissipate t)e e:cess volta!e to re!ulate t)e

output. ")is )i!)er efficiency is t)e c)ief advanta!e of a s'itc)ed-mode po'er supply.

S'itc)in! re!ulators are used as replacements for t)e linear re!ulators ')en )i!)er efficiency# smaller

si@e or li!)ter 'ei!)t are reuired. ")ey are# )o'ever# more complicated# t)eir s'itc)in! currents can cause

electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed# and simple desi!ns may )ave a poor po'er factor !

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESE

")e main advanta!e of t)is met)od is !reater efficiency because t)e s'itc)in! transistor dissipates

little po'er ')en it is outside of its active re!ion ;i.e.# ')en t)e transistor acts li6e a s'itc) and eit)er )as a

ne!li!ible volta!e drop across it or a ne!li!ible current t)rou!) it<. Ot)er advanta!es include smaller si@e andli!)ter 'ei!)t ;from t)e elimination of lo' freuency transformers ')ic) )ave a )i!) 'ei!)t< and lo'er )eat

!eneration due to )i!)er efficiency. isadvanta!es include !reater comple:ity# t)e !eneration of )i!)-

amplitude# )i!)-freuency ener!y t)at t)e lo'-pass filter must bloc6 to avoid electroma!netic

interference ;,I<# a ripple volta!e at t)e s'itc)in! freuency and t)e )armonic freuencies t)ereof.

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_grid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_grid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_frequency



ery lo' cost S,0Ss may couple electrical s'itc)in! noise bac6 onto t)e mains po'er line# causin!

interference 'it) A> euipment connected to t)e same p)ase. $on- po'er-factor-correctedS,0Ss also cause

)armonic distortion.

OPERATION

9IU?E Bloc6 dia!ram of a mains operated AC>C S,0S 'it) output volta!e re!ulation

I)#& ,!?&''!, &%"! If t)e S,0S )as an AC input# t)en t)e first sta!e is to convert t)e input to C. ")is is

called rectification. ")e rectifier circuit can be confi!ured as a volta!e doubler by t)e addition of a s'itc)

operated eit)er manually or automatically. ")is is a feature of lar!er supplies to permit operation from

nominally 12/ or 24/ supplies. ")e rectifier produces an unre!ulated C volta!e ')ic) is t)en sent to a

lar!e filter capacitor. ")e current dra'n from t)e mains supply by t)is rectifier circuit occurs in s)ort pulses

around t)e AC volta!e pea6s. ")ese pulses )ave si!nificant )i!) freuency ener!y ')ic) reduces t)e po'er

factor. Special control tec)niues can be employed by t)e follo'in! S,0S to force t)e avera!e input current

to follo' t)e sinusoidal s)ape of t)e AC input volta!e t)us t)e desi!ner s)ould try correctin! t)e po'er factorAn S,0S 'it) a C input does not reuire t)is sta!e. An S,0S desi!ned for AC input can often be run from

a C supply ;for 23/ AC t)is 'ould be 33/ C<# as t)e C passes t)rou!) t)e rectifier sta!e unc)an!ed

Its )o'ever advisable to consult t)e manual before tryin! t)is# t)ou!) most supplies are uite capable of suc)

operation even t)ou!) not)in! is mentioned in t)e documentation. (o'ever# t)is type of use may be )armful


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMPS_Block_Diagram.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier



to t)e rectifier sta!e as it 'ill only use )alf of diodes in t)e rectifier for t)e full load. ")is may result in

over)eatin! of t)ese components# and cause t)em to fail prematurely.X15Y

If an input ran!e s'itc) is used# t)e rectifier sta!e is usually confi!ured to operate as a volta!e doubler ')en

operatin! on t)e lo' volta!e ;12/ AC< ran!e and as a strai!)t rectifier ')en operatin! on t)e )i!) volta!e

;24/ AC< ran!e. If an input ran!e s'itc) is not used# t)en a full-'ave rectifier is usually used and t)e

do'nstream inverter sta!e is simply desi!ned to be fle:ible enou!) to accept t)e 'ide ran!e of C volta!es

t)at 'ill be produced by t)e rectifier sta!e. In )i!)er-po'er S,0Ss# some form of automatic ran!e s'itc)in!

may be used.

I)8!,&!, &%"!

")is section refers to t)e bloc6 mar6ed c)opper in t)e bloc6 dia!ram.

")e inverter sta!e converts C# ')et)er directly from t)e input or from t)e rectifier sta!e described

above# to AC by runnin! it t)rou!) a po'er oscillator# ')ose output transformer is very small 'it) fe'

'indin!s at a freuency of tens or )undreds of 6ilo)ert@. ")e freuency is usually c)osen to be above2/ 6(@# to ma6e it inaudible to )umans. ")e output volta!e is optically coupled to t)e input and t)us very

ti!)tly controlled. ")e s'itc)in! is implemented as a multista!e ;to ac)ieve )i!)

!ain< ,OS9" amplifier. ,OS9"s are a type of transistor 'it) a lo' on-resistance and a )i!) current-

)andlin! capacity.

V($&%"! ?()8!,&!, %). (#&#& ,!?&''!,

If t)e output is reuired to be isolated from t)e input# as is usually t)e case in mains po'er

supplies# t)e inverted AC is used to drive t)e primary 'indin! of a )i!)-freuency transformer . ")is

converts t)e volta!e up or do'n to t)e reuired output level on its secondary 'indin!. ")e outputtransformer in t)e bloc6 dia!ram serves t)is purpose.

If a C output is reuired# t)e AC output from t)e transformer is rectified. 9or output volta!es

above ten volts or so# ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. 9or lo'er volta!es# Sc)ott6y diodes are

commonly used as t)e rectifier elementsV t)ey )ave t)e advanta!es of faster recovery times t)an silicon

diodes ;allo'in! lo'-loss operation at )i!)er freuencies< and a lo'er volta!e drop ')en conductin!. 9or

even lo'er output volta!es# ,OS9"s may be used as sync)ronous rectifiersV compared to Sc)ott6y

diodes# t)ese )ave even lo'er conductin! state volta!e drops.

" )e rectified output is t)en smoot)ed by a filter consistin! of inductors and capacitors. 9or )i!)ers'itc)in! freuencies# components 'it) lo'er capacitance and inductance are needed.

Simpler# non-isolated po'er supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. ")is type

includes boost converters# buck converters# and t)e buck-boost converters. ")ese belon! to t)e simplest

class of sin!le input# sin!le output converters ')ic) use one inductor and one active s'itc). ")e buc6

converter reduces t)e input volta!e in direct proportion to t)e ratio of conductive time to t)e total


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply#cite_note-14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doubler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky_diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_rectification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost_converter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck-boost_converter




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doubler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky_diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_rectification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter




s'itc)in! period# called t)e duty cycle. 9or e:ample an ideal buc6 converter 'it) a 1/ input operatin!

at a 5/L duty cycle 'ill produce an avera!e output volta!e of 5 . A feedbac6 control loop is employed to

re!ulate t)e output volta!e by varyin! t)e duty cycle to compensate for variations in input volta!e. ")e

output volta!e of a boost converter is al'ays !reater t)an t)e input volta!e and t)e buc6-boost output

volta!e is inverted but can be !reater t)an# eual to# or less t)an t)e ma!nitude of its input volta!e. ")ere

are many variations and e:tensions to t)is class of converters but t)ese t)ree form t)e basis of almost all

isolated and non-isolated C to C converters. By addin! a second inductort)e u6 and S0IC converters can be implemented# or# by addin! additional active s'itc)es# various

brid!e converters can be realised.

Ot)er types of S,0Ss use a capacitor -diode volta!e multiplier instead of inductors and transformers

")ese are mostly used for !eneratin! )i!) volta!es at lo' currents ;Cockcroft-Walton generator <. ")e lo'

volta!e variant is called c)ar!e pump.

R!"#$%&'()

A feedbac6 circuit monitors t)e output volta!e and compares it 'it) a reference volta!e# ')ic)

s)o'n in t)e bloc6 dia!ram serves t)is purpose. ependin! on desi!n>safety reuirements# t)e controllermay contain an isolation mec)anism ;suc) as opto-couplers< to isolate it from t)e C output. S'itc)in!

supplies in computers# "s and C?s )ave t)ese opto-couplers to ti!)tly control t)e output volta!e.

Open loop re!ulators do not )ave a feedbac6 circuit. Instead# t)ey rely on feedin! a constant

volta!e to t)e input of t)e transformer or inductor# and assume t)at t)e output 'ill be correct. ?e!ulated

desi!ns compensate for t)e impedance of t)e transformer or coil. ,onopolar desi!ns also compensate for

t)ema!netic )ysteresis of t)e core.

")e feedbac6 circuit needs po'er to run before it can !enerate po'er# so an additional non-

s'itc)in! po'er-supply for stand-by is added.

APPLICATIONS

S'itc)ed-mode po'er supply units ;0SUs< in domestic products suc) as personal computers often

)ave universal inputs# meanin! t)at t)ey can accept po'er from mains supplies t)rou!)out t)e 'orld

alt)ou!) a manual volta!e ran!e s'itc) may be reuired. S'itc)-mode po'er supplies can tolerate a 'ide

ran!e of po'er freuencies.

In 2//%# at an Intel evelopers 9orum# oo!le en!ineers proposed t)e use of a sin!le 12 supply inside 0Cs#

due to t)e )i!) efficiency of s'itc) mode supplies directly on t)e 0CB.Y

ue to t)eir )i!) volumes mobile p)one c)ar!ers )ave al'ays been particularly cost sensitive. ")e first

c)ar!ers 'ere linear po'er supplies but t)ey uic6ly moved to t)e cost effective rin!in! c)o6e converter

;?CC< S,0S topolo!y# ')en ne' levels of efficiency 'ere reuired. ?ecently# t)e demand for even lo'er no

load po'er reuirements in t)e application )as meant t)at flybac6 topolo!y is bein! used more 'idelyV



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuk_converter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPIC_converter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_multiplier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft-Walton_generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_hysteresis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger#Applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply#Linear_power_supply


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuk_converter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPIC_converter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_multiplier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft-Walton_generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_hysteresis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger#Applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply#Linear_power_supply



primary side sensin! flybac6 controllers are also )elpin! to cut t)e bill of materials ;BO,< by removin!

secondary-side sensin! components suc) as optocouplers.

RESULT

")us S,0S is studied.

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER >R – 2R LADDER TYPE@

AIM"o construct a & F bit di!ital to analo! converter usin! ? F 2? ladder type.

THEORY

A AC accepts an n F bit input 'ord b1# b2# WW# bn in binary and produces an analo! si!nal t)at is proportional to t)e input. In t)is type of AC# reference volta!e is applied to one s'itc) and t)e ot)ers'itc)es are !rounded. It is easier to build and number of bits can be e:panded by addin! more ? F 2?sections. ")e circuit slo' do'n due to stray capacitance. OBSERVATION

"AB &.1

CALCULATIONOut"ut 9!#tage1 9O > 9R 3'20 '2202 ';20; 7!r 661 9O > 595Out"utK9O > 59


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials




*5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9I &.1

(*. MODEL GRAPH

* RESULT

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %%



")us ? F 2? ladder type di!ital to analo! converter is implemented.

ANALOG MULTIPLIER

AIM

"o simulate an Analo! multi0I? usin! 0S0IC 52 APPARATUS RE=UIRED

1. 0C 2. 0S0IC soft'areTHEORY Anolo! multiplier is used to multiply t'o input sin!al. if a input is !iven to a lo! amplifier andt)e output can be ta6en in t)e antilo! amplifier.it is t)e simple 'ay to test t)e multiplied si!nal.in t)is circuitit is desi!ned usin! Ic.input is !iven to t)e terminals of t'o Ic`s and output is ta6en across . It is similar to lo!and antilo! operation.

PROCEDURE

1. Clic6 on t)e start menu and select t)e p spice simulation soft'are

2. Select t)e parts reuired for t)e circuit from t)e parts menu and place t)em in t)e 'or6 space

3. Connect t)e parts usin! 'ires 4. Save t)e file and select t)e appropriate analysis 5. Simulate t)e circuit and observe t)e correspondin! output 'aveforms

MODEL GRAPH




9I 5.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9I 5.2

")us t)e analo! multiplier is simulated usin! 0Spice.

VIVA =UESTIONS

1. ra' t)e analo! multiplier circuit usin! lo! and antilo!.

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %&



2. ive t)e effect of output usin! lo! and antilo! amplifiers.

3. ive t)e applications of analo! multiplier.

4. ive t)e advanta!e of analo! multiplier.

5. )at are t)e circuits used to multiply t'o inputs.

CMOS I)8!,&!, NAND %). NOR #')" PSPICEA'3

"o plot t)e transient c)aracteristics of output volta!e for t)e !iven C,OS inverter# $A$ and $O? from / to &/m s in steps of 1m s. "o calculate t)e volta!e !ain#input impedance and outputimpedance for t)e input volta!e of 5.

PARAMETER TABLE

PARAMETRS PMOS NMOS 1Q 1 Q

2/ Q 5 Q"O -2 2M0 4.5e-4 2CB 5p 5pCBS 2p 2p? 5 5?B / /?S 2 2? / /?S 1,e! 1 ,e!CSO 1p 1pCO 1p 1pCBO 1p 1p

"AB 4.1 THEORY

>'@ I)8!,&!,

EC2258 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY Page %*



C,OS is 'idely used in di!ital IC`s because of t)eir )i!) speed# lo' po'er dissipation and it can beoperated at )i!) volta!es resultin! in improved noise immunity. ")e inverter consists of t'o ,OS9"s. ")esource of p-c)annel device is connected to = and t)at of n-c)annel device is connected to !round. ")e!ates of t'o devices are connected as common input.>''@ NAND

It consists of t'o p-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in parallel and t'o n-c)annel ,OS9"s connectedin series. 0-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is ne!ative and $ c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is positive. ")us ')en bot) input is lo' and ')en eit)er of input is lo'# t)e output is )i!).

>'''@ NOR It consists of t'o p-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in series and t'o n-c)annel ,OS9"s connected in

parallel. 0-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is ne!ative and $-c)annel ,OS9" is O$ ')en !ate is positive. ")us ')en bot) inputs are )i!) and ')en eit)er of input is )i!)# t)e output is lo'. )en bot) t)einputs are lo'# t)e output is )i!).

TRUTH TABLE INVERTER

"AB 4.2

NAND

"AB 4.3NOR




"AB 4.4

45 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

451 INVERTER

9I 4.1

NAND




NOR




MODEL GRAPH

INVERTER

NAND

NOR




O#&#&>'@ I)8!,&!,ain G ;2<>in G

Input ?esistance at in GOutput ?esistance at ;2< G>''@ NANDain G ;4<>in1 G ;4<>in2 GInput ?esistance at in1 GInput ?esistance at in2 GOutput ?esistance at ;4< G>'''@ NOR ain G ;4<>in1 G ;4<>in2 GInput ?esistance at in1 GInput ?esistance at in2 G

Output ?esistance at ;4< GI)!,,!)?!

")us t)e transient c)aracteristics of output volta!e for t)e !iven C,OS inverter# $A$ and $O? is plotted and t)e volta!e !ain# input impedance and output impedance are calculated.

VIVA =UESTIONS




1. )at is t)e advanta!e of C,OS over $,OS and 0,OS

2. )at are different types of C,OS inverter

3. )at is t)e current C,OS tec)nolo!y

4. ist t)e C,OS parameters.

DESIGN AND TESTING OF SUMMING AMPLIFIER

AIM

"o desi!n and test t)e operation of Summin! amplifier.

E=UIPMENTS RE=UIRED


?an!e 8uantity

1.2.3.

4.5.%.7.

?esistor Op-ampual ?0S

A9OC?OBread boardConnectin! 'ires

1#1/#26 IC741;/-3/<v

----

1#1#131

111

fe'

THEORY




")e Summin! Amplifier is a very fle:ible circuit based upon t)e standard Invertin! operationalamplifier confi!uration t)at can be used for combinin! multiple inputs. e sa' previously in t)e invertin!amplifier tutorial t)at t)e invertin! amplifier )as a sin!le input volta!e#in applied to t)e invertin! inputterminal. If 'e add more input resistors to t)e input# eac) eual in value to t)e ori!inal input resistor# ?in 'eend up 'it) anot)er operational amplifier circuit called a Summin! Amplifier summin! inverter or even aDolta!e adderD circuit .")e Summin! Amplifier is a very fle:ible circuit indeed# enablin! us to effectivelyDAddD or DSumD to!et)er several individual input si!nals. If t)e inputs resistors# ? 1# ? 2# ? 3 etc# are all eual a

unity !ain invertin! adder can be made. (o'ever# if t)e input resistors are of different values a Dscalin!summin! amplifierD is produced ')ic) !ives a 'ei!)ted sum of t)e input si!nals. ")e

")e !ain of t)e circuit is

ain;A<Gout>inG-?f>?in

A1G1/6>16G-1/

A2G1/6>26G-5

outG;A1:1<=;A2:2<

'e can no' outG;-1/;2m<<=;-5;5m<<G-45mv t)e values of t)e resistors in t)e circuit as follo's#

'e 6no' t)at t)e output volta!e is t)e sum of t)e t'o amplified input si!nals and is calculated asE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAME

TABULATION




PROCEDURE

i.Connections are !iven as per t)e circuit dia!ram

ii."'o input volta!es 1 and 2 are provided

iii."'o !ains A1 and A2 are determined

iv.calculate t)e output volta!e out

RESULT

")us t)e summin! Amplifier is constructed sand tested

E9N(14 DESIGN AND TESTING OF PRECISION RECTIFIER

AIM"o study t)e H%$ %8! and F#$$ %8! ?ectifier and to obtain t)e reuired !rap).

E=UIPMENTS RE=UIRED

S$N( uipment and Components R%)"! N#3/!, V%$#!=&

1Inte!rated ?e!ulated 0o'er Supply;IC0S< \15 1

2 Cat)ode ?ay Oscilloscope ;C?O< 2/ > 4/,(@# ual "race 13 Audio Oscillator ;A > O< 1-1// M(@ 14 Operational Amplifier ;O0-A,0< IC 741 15 ?esistor 1/6H 5% iode 1$ 4//7 27 Bread board + Connectin! 'ires

THEORY

An invertin! Op-Amp can be converted into a )alf 'ave rectifier by addin! t'o diodes. )en i is positive#


SN( V1 V2V(#&

T7!(,!&'?%$ P,%?&'?%$



diode 1 conducts causin! o to !o to positive by one diode drop. (ence diode 2 is reverse biased. ")eoutput volta!e o is @ero because for all practical purposes no current flo's t)rou!) 1 for Fve input# 2conducts and 1 is O99. ")e F ve input i forces t)e Op-Amp output o Fve and causes 2 to conduct. ")ecircuit t)en acts li6e inverter for ?f G ?1 and t)e output o becomes positive. ")e Op-Amp in t)e circuit must be )i!) Op-Amp since it alternates bet'een open loop and closed loop operations. ")e principal limitation oft)is circuit is t)e sle' rate of t)e Op-Amp. As t)e input passes t)rou!) @ero t)e Op-Amp output o mustc)an!e from /.% to -/.%v or vice versa as uic6ly as possible in order to s'itc) over t)e conduction from onediode to anot)er

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMMODEL GRAPH

MODEL GRAPH




FULL AVE PRECISION RECTIFIER

TABULATION


S$N(I)#& O#&#&

D!?,'&'() A3$'&#.! T'3! A3$'&#.! T'3!

1(alf ave

2

9ull ave



PROCEDURE1.Connections are made as per t)e circuit dia!ram2.A sinusoidal si!nal from audio oscillator is applied to t)e invertin! terminal of op-amp3.")e rectified output is t)en obtained on t)e C?O.

RESULT")e (alf ave and 9ull ave 0recision rectifier is constructed and output isobtained.



VIVA =UESTIONS

S$)( =#!&'()

1 )at are t)e advanta!es of IC s̀ over discrete components2 (o' are IC`s classified3 :plain t)e basic bloc6 dia!ram of an op-amp4 )at is a current mirror5 esi!n a current source to provide an output current of 1//PA.Assume ccG5# B

;O$< G/.%# ZG15/.% efine sensitivity7 S)o' t)at t)e sensitivity of a simple current mirror is unity& )at is t)e use and advanta!e of an active load

* )y is t)e current mirror circuit used in differential amplifier sta!e

1/ )at are t)e ot)er names of clipper circuits11 )at are volta!e references12 efine band !ap reference13 efine temperature co-efficient14 . )at is t)e main advanta!e of an active load15 )at is a differential amplifier1% efine C,??17 )at is 0S??1& efine sle' rate and ')at causes it1* S6etc) t)e open loop response of an op-amp2/ ")e output volta!e of a certain op-amp c)an!es by 2/ in 4 Ps.)at is sle' rate

21 efine !ain band'idt) product22 )at is t)e advanta!e and disadvanta!e of dominant pole compensation tec)niue23 )at is t)e advanta!e of pole F@ero compensation

24 ist t)e c)aracteristics of an ideal op-amp25 )at is t)e type of internal compensation used in op-amp2% ist t)e features of IC74127 :plain t)e si!nificance of virtual !round in an op-amp2& efine offset volta!e2* )at are t)e limitations of open loop confi!uration3/ . $ame all t)e basic terminals of op-amp31 )at is t)ermal drift

32 efine input bias current33 ra' t)e circuit of an invertin! amplifier usin! op-amp and !ive it`s importantc)aracteristics

34 efine "ran`s conductance amplifier35 )at is a "ran`s resistance amplifier3% )at is t)e basic function of a differentiator



37 )at is t)e basic function of capacitor in differentiator and inte!rator 3& )at is t)e basic function of an inte!rator Also dra' its circuit dia!ram3* )at is a volta!e to current converter4/ efine CCS# CS# CCS# CCCS41 ive t)e application of inte!rator and differentiator42 )at is t)e basic principle of a basic lo!arit)mic amplifier43 )at is t)e basic principle of a basic anti lo!arit)mic amplifier circuit

44 )at is a current to volta!e converter45 ra' an op-amp summin! amplifier and obtain t)e e:pression for output volta!e4% )at is an instrumentation amplifier 47 )at is a comparator .ist some applications of it4& )at is a @ero crossin! detector4* )at is )ysteresis5/ )at is a Sc)mitt tri!!er51 )at is a precision diode52 )at are t)e advanta!es of active filters over passive filters53 )at is t)e roll off rate of a first order filter54 efine pass band and stop band of a filter

55 efine uality factor or fi!ure of merit5% ra' t)e freuency response of a notc) filter57 ive t)e condition for oscillation5& )at are multivibrators5* esi!n a ?C p)ase s)ift oscillator for foG3//(@.%/ State t)e reuirements of an instrumentation amplifier%1 ,ention 2 linear and nonlinear operations performed by an op-amp%2 Compare t)e ideal and practical c)aracteristics of op-amp%3 Op-amp )as a !ain of 12 million. :press in dB%4 ra' t)e bloc6 dia!ram of $5%% volta!e controlled oscillator%5 )at is an operational transconductance amplifier ra' t)e sc)ematic

%% )at is a 0%7 )at is a freuency synt)esi@er%& )at is a four uadrant multiplier%* )at is a compander IC nlist its features7/ efine capture ran!e and loc6 ran!e71 An AC si!nal )as !ot a ma!nitude of /.1 pea6 to pea6 .su!!est a suitable (? for t)is

si!nal72 $ame 2 applications of 073 )at is a CO74 )at is amplitude modulation75 )at is a 2 uadrant multiplier

7% )at is t)e most important application of Sc)mitt tri!!er circuit77 ra' t)e sample and )old circuit7& efine volta!eFto-freuency conversion factor of CO7* )y is capture ran!e al'ays smaller t)an t)e loc6 ran!e&/ )ic) is t)e fastest A> converter ive reason&1 )y is t)e ?-2? ladder better t)an 'ei!)ted resistor AC



&2 Calculate t)e number of comparators reuired for reali@in! a 4 bit flas) A> converter

MODEL ANNA UNIVERSITY =UESTION PAPER IS" O9 ]0?I,$"SE

1. ra' an amplifier circuit ')ic) provides a p)ase s)ift of 1&/o bet'een input and output.2. ra' an amplifier circuit an amplifier ')ic) amplifies t)e input 'it)out producin! any p)ase

s)ift bet'een input and output.3. ra' an amplifier circuit ')ose output volta!e is proportional to t)e difference bet'een t'o

input volta!es.4. ra' a circuit ')ose input is suare 'ave and t)e output is trian!ular 'ave.5. ra' a circuit ')ose total output for t)e suare 'ave input is in t)e form of train of impulses.%. ra' a data amplifier 'it) )i!) C,?? + )i!) input impedance.7. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) allo's passin! t)e freuencies# less t)an

/ and reectin! t)e freuency !reater t)an /.

&. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) reect t)e freuency less t)an /and allo's to pass t)e freuencies !reater t)an /.*. ra' a freuency selective 2-pole roll off circuit# ')ic) reect t)e freuency less t)an 1 +

freuency )i!)er t)an 2# ')ile it passes t)e band of freuencies bet'een 1 + 2.1/. ra' a re!enerative comparator# ')ic) is used to avoid un'anted tri!!erin!.11. ra' a delay circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate rectan!ular 'aveform usin! op-amp.12. ra' a free runnin! multivibrator circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate suare 'aveform usin!

Op-amp.13. ra' a delay circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate rectan!ular 'aveform usin! timer.14. ra' a free runnin! multivibrator circuit ')ic) is used to !enerate suare 'aveform usin!

"imer.15. ra' a ripple free circuit ')ic) 6eeps t)e output volta!e constant under variable load and

ariable source.1%. ra' a sine 'ave !enerator# ')ic) uses ladder net'or6 in t)e feedbac6 pat).17. ra' an oscillator circuit in ')ic) no p)ase s)ift is necessary t)rou!) t)e feedbac6 pat).1&. ra' a closed loop system ')ic) is used to loc6 t)e output freuency and p)ase of an input

si!nal.1*. rite a 0spice pro!ram for band pass filter.2/. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ien brid!e oscillator.21. rite a 0spice pro!ram for o' pass filter.22. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ?C 0)ase S)ift Oscillator.23. rite a 0spice pro!ram for (i!) pass filter.24. rite a 0spice pro!ram for ossy Inte!rator.

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LIC Lab Manual anna university