Libro Zaculeu C.naturales 1er. Sem

8/20/2019 Libro Zaculeu C.naturales 1er. Sem

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Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks 2

Wrbekr skekstrk

_kskrvdahs thahs `hs akrklchs. Tukad rbnurhsdekjtk prhcbobad `d rkprhaullbüj thtd` h pdrlbd`ak kstk edtkrbd` kauldtbvh, phr lud`qubkr ekabh h prhlkabebkjth, sbj `d duthrbzdlbüj ak` BjstbtuthNudtked`tklh ak Kauldlbüj _dabhfüjbld, BNK_. \knýj drtålu`h 1? ak `d Lhjstbtulbüj Wh`åtbld akNudtked`d quk sk rkfkrk d ̀ d duthråd.

© Bjstbtuth Nudtked`tklh ak Kauldlbüj _dabhfüjbld, BNK_.Ks ujd hord prhaulbad phr k` Akpdrtdekjth ak _kadllbüj y Abskôh, pdrd k`

Bjstbtuth Nudtked`tklh ak Kauldlbüj _dabhfüjbld, BNK_.

44 dvkjbad 43-1;, Lbuada Jukvd, zhjd ?Lbuada ak Nudtked`d.

WOS= ?14? 6666Fdx= ?14? 6>71

Lhrrkh k`kltrüjblh= bnkrGbnkr.kau.ntWänbjd wko= www.bnkr.kau.nt

Kablbüj ?741Beprksh kj BNK_ td``krks nräflhs

Lüabnh= 4447273474

B\OJ 2>322?2641446


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Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ Åjablk

Åjablk

¡Obkjvkjbad y obkjvkjbah! 4

\kedjd 4 4;

K@ kstuabh ak` eujah quk jhs rhakd (B) 4;

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr Wbjth 46

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 4>

4. @d cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd 4>

?. @d lbkjlbd y su l`dsbfldlbüj 43

\kedjd ? ?2

K@ kstuabh ak` eujah quk jhs rhakd (BB) ?2

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Mhsâ Fkrjdjah Edzdrbknhs Dj`ku


6/327BB

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

_ksuekj 17

Bjvkstbnuk kj `d rka 14

Duthlhjtrh` 14

N`hsdrbh 1<

\kedjd < 1;

Qhah `h quk jhs rhakd ks edtkrbd 1;

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Mudj Fkrjdjah Ekardjh Wd`heh 16


4. ¸Tuâ ks edtkrbd8 1>

?. Wrhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd 12

?.4 Wrhpbkadaks nkjkrd`ks 12

?.? Wrhpbkadaks kspklåflds ;4

?.?.4 Wrhpbkadaks fåsblds ;4

?.?.? Wrhpbkadaks quåeblds ;<

¡D `d lbkjlbd phr `d kxpkrbkjlbd! Kxpkrbekjtdjah lhj `d akjsbada ak `d edtkrbd ;1

_ksuekj ;6

Bjvkstbnuk kj `d rka ;6

Duthlhjtrh` ;>

N`hsdrbh ;2

\kedjd 1 64

K@ eujah ak `d quåebld 64¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Ikj @hu Ldstb``h 6?

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 6<

4. Kstdahs ak `d edtkrbd 6<

?. Ldeobhs ak `d edtkrbd 6;


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?.4 Ldeobhs fåsblhs 6;

?.? Ldeobhs quåeblhs 6>

?.< Ldeobhs fåsblhs y quåeblhs kj k` lukrph cuedjh y dp`bldlbhjkskj `d vbad abdrbd 63

¡D `d lbkjlbd phr `d kxpkrbkjlbd! K` cbk`h hlupd eäs kspdlbh quk k` dnud >7_ksuekj >?

Bjvkstbnuk kj `d rka ><

Duthlhjtrh` >1

N`hsdrbh >>

\kedjd ; >2

K` eujah ak `hs äthehs (B) >2

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Lbkjtåflhs quk cdj phstu`dah ehak`hs dtüeblhs 37

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 34

4. @d tkhråd dtüebld y `hs äthehs 34

?. Ehak`hs dtüeblhs 34

¡D `d lbkjlbd phr `d kxpkrbkjlbd!

\beu`kehs k` kxpkrbekjth ak _utckfhra lhj edtkrbd`ks ldskrhs 36

_ksuekj 32

Bjvksbnuk kj `d rka 27

Duthlhjtrh` 27

N`hsdrbh 2<

\kedjd 6 2;

K` eujah ak `hs äthehs (BB) 2;

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Jukvhs aksluorbebkjths shork `ds pdrtålu`ds suodtüeblds 26



8/327BV

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

4. Kstrulturd ak` ätheh 2>

?. Wrhthjks 22

N`hsdrbh 472

\kedjd > 444

K` eujah ak `hs äthehs (BBB) 444

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! @hs rdyhs S 44?

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 44?

4. Bsüthphs 441

?. Bhjks 446

_kpdsh= skedjds 4 d > 4?>

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 4?2

@d lbkjlbd y su l`dsbfldlbüj 4?2


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K` kstuabh ak` eujah quk jhs rhakd 4


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 464

4. @hs k`kekjths quåeblhs 46<

?. @d tdo`d pkrbüabld 46>


Kxpkrbekjtdjah lhj k`kekjths quåeblhs ak `d tdo`d pkrbüabld 4>7

_ksuekj 4>?

Bjvksbnuk kj `d rka 4>?

Duthlhjtrh` 4>?

N`hsdrbh 4>;

\kedjd 44 4>>

K`kltrhjks ak vd`kjlbd 4>>

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Nb`okrt Jkwthj `kwbs 4>2

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 4>2

4. Jýekrh ak vd`kjlbd 4>2

?. Kstrulturd ak @kwbs 43?


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K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks 42<

4. Kj`dlks quåeblhs 42<

?. @d rkn`d ak` hltkth 421

_kdllbhjks quåeblds ?7>

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! K` fujlbhjdebdkjth ak uj ehthr ak lheoustbüj bjtkrjd ?73

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks ?47

4. _kdllbüj quåebld ?47

?. Kjkrnåd ak rkdllbhj ?44

Duthlhjtrh` ?43

N`hsdrbh ??4


12/327VBBB

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

\kedjd 41 ??<

Lhepuksths quåeblhs ??<

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr! Edrbh Eh`bjd ??;

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks ??;

4. Lhepuksths quåeblhs ??;

¡D `d lbkjlbd phr `d kxpkrbkjlbd! Qrdepd klh`ünbld pdrd dtrdpdr ehsqubths ?


13/327BS


4. \ustdjlbds purds ?17

?. Ekzl`ds ?1?

¡D `d lbkjlbd phr `d kxpkrbkjlbd! Ouroumds ak lh`hr ?16

_ksuekj ?13

Bjvksbnuk kj `d rka ?13

Duthlhjtrh` ?12

N`hsdrbh ?;4

\kedjd 4> ?6>

_kpdsh= skedjds 2 d 46 ?6>

Abstrboulbüj ak `hs k`kltrhjks kj `hs äthehs ?62

@d tdo`d pkrbüabld y `hs k`kekjths quåebld ?>4

K`kltrhjks ak vd`kjlbd ?>1

Kj`dlks quåeblhs ?>6

_kdllbhjks quåeblds ?>3

Lhepuksths quåeblhs ?34

\ustdjlbds purds y ekzl`ds ?3<

@d quåebld kj jukstrh lukrph y kj `d vbad abdrbd ?3;

Hrbkjtdlbhjks shork `d prukod ?33

L`dvks ?32

Obo`bhnrdfåd


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¡Obkjvkjbad y obkjvkjbah!

Qbkjk kj sus edjhs k` prbekr `borh ak` lursh ak Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ak` nruph ]dlu`ku

(tkrlkr nrdah ak` lbl`h oäsblh), lhrrksphjabkjtk d` Wrbekr \kekstrk. Lhjstd ak abklbsbktk

skedjds kj ̀ ds quk sk aksdrrh``dräj skbs lhepktkjlbds ak` Lurrålu`h Jdlbhjd` Odsk (LJO).Kj k` sknujah skekstrk sk lhjtbjudrä lhj kstk trdodmh.

Klckehs ujd ebrdad d `d phrtdad ak` `borh. ¡Kepklkehs!

K` lh`hr vkrak rkprkskjtd `d kspkrdjzd, `ds p`djtds y `d vbad, ks k` lh`hr quk sk rksd`tdrä kj

thah k` `borh.

@d bednkj ak `d phrtdad sk dskekmd d jukstrh p`djktd Qbkrrd. Jukstrh prhpüsbth ks quk

kstk `borh `k prhphrlbhjk `ds ckrrdebkjtds pdrd quk ustka thek lhjlbkjlbd ak` vd`hr ak

`d jdturd`kzd kj su bjtknrbada y ak `d rksphjsdob`bada quk lhepdrtbehs lheh pkrshjds,

lheh lheujbada y lheh pdås pdrd lubadr`d y prkskrvdr`d.

@ds nurds rksd`tdads cdlkj d`usbüj d `hs tkeds quk trdodmdrkehs= k` eujah quk jhs

rhakd, k` eujah ak `d quåebld, k` eujah ak `hs äthehs, ktl. y shj ujd bjvbtdlbüj d

hoskrvdr, kstuabdr, bjtkrdltudr y rkkxbhjdr shork jukstrd rk`dlbüj lhj `d jdturd`kzd.

@d rdabh, k` `äpbz y `ds edjhs ujbads jhs bjvbtdj d `kkr, kslrbobr, kslulcdr y trdodmdr kj

kqubph.

4Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks


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¸Lüeh d`ldjzdrä `ds lhepktkjlbds quk sk trdtdj ak aksdrrh``dr8

Jhs kjfhldrkehs kj skbs lhepktkjlbds kspklålds. D` bjblbh ak ldad skedjd, sk bjabld quâ sk

prhphjk ̀ hnrdr. Wdrd sdokr sb cd d`ldjzdjah k` aksdrrh``h ak ̀ ds lhepktkjlbds, k` Lurrålu`h Jdlbh-

jd` Odsk prhphjk bjabldahrks ak `hnrh quk kj jukstrh `borh ustka ebseh kvd`udrä kj k` ludarh_kvbsk su dprkjabzdmk, k` lud` sk kjlukjtrd d` jd` ak ldad skedjd. Ksths bjabldahrks h lrbtkrbhs shj

lheh uj tkreüektrh quk ebak su akskepkôh kj ldad lhepktkjlbd. Brkehs dvdjzdjah pdsh d

pdsh. Vdyd mäjahsk quâ skllbhjks ak` ̀ borh cdlkj phsbo`k quk ustka aksdrrh``k ̀ ds lhepktkjlbds.

Lhepktkjlbd \kllbüj ak` ̀borh \kedjd

4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>4

Bjtkrprktd `hs

prhlkshs akrkspukstd d

kståeu`hs bjtkrjhs

y kxtkrjhs, `d

trdjsebsbüj

ak ldrdltkrks

ckrkabtdrbhs, lheh

rksu`tdahs ak fuj-

lbhjks obh`ünblds

kj k` hrndjbseh

y `d kvh`ulbüj

obh`ünbld lheh

ekldjbseh pdrd

k` aksdrrh``h y

lhjskrvdlbüj ak

`ds kspklbks.

¡Wdrdlhekjzdr!

K ̀eujah ak ̀ dslbkjlbds jdturd`ks

_ksuekj

Duthlhjtrh`

S S S S S S

S S S S S

S

S S S S

?BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


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4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>?

Wrheukvk

prältblds ak vbad

sd`uado`k kj

`d lheujbada,

thedjah kj

lukjtd `ds

kstdaåstblds ak

sd`ua, `hs rklurshs

absphjbo`ks y `d

abvkrsbada lu`turd`.

¡Wdrdlhekjzdr!


¡D ̀ d lbkjlbd phr ̀ dkxpkrbkjlbd!

_ksuekj

Duthlhjtrh`

S S S S S

S S S S

S S S

S

S S S S

Lhepktkjlbd \kllbüj ak` `borh \kedjd

4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>


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4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>;

Dp`bld prbjlbpbhs y

`kyks quk kxp`bldj

`d kstrulturd,

lhjskrvdlbüj,

trdjsfhredlbüj y

dprhvklcdebkjth

ak `d edtkrbd

y kjkrnåd, `d

trdjsfkrkjlbd ak `d

kjkrnåd, dså lheh

ak `hs fkjüekjhs

rk`dlbhjdahs

lhj `d ekläjbld,

k`kltrhednjktbseh,

dstrhjheåd y fåsbld

ehakrjd, pdrd

`d lheprkjsbüj

ak sbtudlbhjks

lhtbabdjds y

`d rksh`ulbüjak prho`keds

rk`dlbhjdahs

lhj kstk tbph

ak fkjüekjhs

jdturd`ks.

¡Wdrdlhekjzdr!



_ksuekj

Bjvkstbnukkj `d rka

Duthlhjtrh`

N`hsdrbh

S S S S

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

S S S S S

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S


S S S S S S S S


Lhepktkjlbd \kllbüj ak` ̀ borh \kedjd

4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>1

Lhepdrd ldrdltk-

råstblds, kstrulturdsy prhlkshs quk

lhjfhredj

`hs jbvk`ks ak

hrndjbzdlbüj ak `d

vbad, pdrd kxp`bldr

lüeh fujlbhjdj,

su bephrtdjlbd, `ds

ldusds ak su aktk-

rbhrh y sus fhreds

ak lhjskrvdlbüj y

prhtkllbüj.

¡Wdrdlhekjzdr!

Duthlhjtrh`

S

S

1BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


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Lhj su ksfukrzh, pharä lhjqubstdr kstds lhepktkjlbds d trdvâs ak trks tbphs ak lhjtkjbahs=

ð Akl`drdtbvhs= @hs lhjtkjbahs akl`drdtbvhs `k dphrtdräj k` lhjhlbebkjth ak `hs abstbjths

dspklths tkürblhs y lhjlkptud`ks prhpbhs ak` ärkd ak lbkjlbds jdturd`ks.

ð Wrhlkabekjtd`ks= Lheh bjabld su jheork, `hs lhjtkjbahs prhlkabebkjtd`ks sk aksdrrh``d räj

d odsk ak kmkrlblbhs, prhlkabebkjths h djä`bsbs ak tkxths kj `hs lud`ks pukad akehstrdr k`

ahebjbh y `d pukstd kj prältbld ak `hs lhjhlbebkjths akl`drdtbvhs.

ð Dltbtuabjd`ks= @hs lhjtkjbahs dltbtuabjd`ks shj thah dquk``h quk tbkjk quk vkr lhj su dltbtua

djtk k` kstuabh y djtk `d vbad, kj nkjkrd`. Kj k` `borh kjlhjtrdrä dltbvbadaks y rk f`kxbhjks pdrd

dprkjakr d lhjvbvbr lhj `hs akeäs y lhj `d jdturd`kzd.


4 ? < 1 ; 6 > 3 2 47 44 4? 4< 41 4; 46 4>6

Vd`hrd `d

vkrbldlbüj y

`ds rkvbsbhjks

lhepdrtbads kj

`d bjvkstbndlbüj

lbkjtåld d trdvâs

ak` rkphrtk,

prkskjtdlbüj

y akfkjsd ak

`hs rksu`tdahs

kxpkrbekjtd`ks

ak prhyklths quk

cd abskôdah y

kmklutdah odmh k`

rbnhr ak` eâthah

lbkjtålh.

¡Wdrd

lhekjzdr!



_ksuekj

Bjvkstbnukkj `d rka

Duthlhjtrh`

N`hsdrbh


S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S




S S S S S S S


;Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks


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¡Lhjhzldehs jukstrh `borh!

Bjblbd lhj uj åjablk ak lhjtkjbahs nkjkrd`ks d`

prbjlbpbh y tkrebjd lhj `ds l`dvks h sh`ulbhjks ak

`hs kmkrlblbhs, d` jd`.

[sdr `ds l`dvks lhj rksphjsdob`bada `k pkrebtbrä

aksdrrh``dr duthjheåd kj su dprkjabzdmk.

Ldad skedjd lhjtbkjk vdrbds skllbhjks. Dakeäs,

cdy htrhs dpdrtdahs quk sk vdj bjtkrld`djah kj

d`nujds skllbhjks.

Cdndehs uj rklhrrbah=

Whrtdad

Eukstrd k` ehsdblh ak beänkjks quk

bakjtbld jukstrh lursh ak Lbkjlbds

Jdturd`ks.

Bjabld k` jýekrh ak ̀ d skedjd, k` tåtu`hak` tked y `hs lhjtkjbahs quk kstuabd-

rä.

@hnrhs ak `d skedjd

@hs `hnrhs shj ektds quk d`ldjzdrä d`jd`bzdr k` kstuabh ak ldad skedjd. @d

`bstd tkrebjd lhj ujd `åjkd kj o`djlh

pdrd quk kslrbod htrh `hnrh quk `k

nustdråd d`ldjzdr.

BB B Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ Å jablk

Å jablk¡Obkjv kjbad y obkjv kjbah!

4

\kedjd 4

4;K @ kst uabh ak` eujah quk jhs r hakd ( B)4;¡W dr d lhekjz dr ! Üsl dr E djuk` L üodr W bjt h 46K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdtur d`ks4>4. @d cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd

4>?. @d lbkjlbd y su l`dsbfldlbüj 43

\kedjd ?

?2K @ kst uabh ak` eujah quk jhs r hakd ( BB) ?2¡W dr d lhekjz dr! M hsâ F kr jdja h E d z dr b k nhs Dj` ku


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_bjlüj ak `ds jhtds

Aktâjndsk kj ksths rkludarhs,

sbkeprk lhjtbkjkj rklhradthrbhs

h kxp`bldlbhjks quk kjrbquklkjk` tked.

Dprhvklck `ds lh`uejds vdlåds

pdrd cdlkr sus djhtdlbhjks, ks-

lrbobr bakds bephrtdjtks h auads

quk `k surmdj aurdjtk su kstuabhpkrshjd`.


¡Tuâ ekmhr edjkrd quk dprkjakr cdlbkjah! Ldad skedjd `k bjvbtdehs d rkd`b-

zdr uj kxpkrbekjth skjlb``h rk`dlbhjdah lhj k` tked ak kstuabh.

D` jd` ak ldad kxpkrbekjth, kjlhjtrdrä

ujd bjvbtdlbüj d lhepdrtbr sus rksu`tdahs

lhj `d lheujbada ak` BNK_.

Luâjtkjhs su kxpkrbkjlbd y, sb ks phsbo`k,

damujtk ujd h vdrbds fhthnrdfåds d `d sb-

nubkjtk abrkllbüj= bnkrGbnkr.kau.nt

3BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


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_ksuekj

K` rksuekj ks ujd kxlk`kjtk kstrdtknbd ak ks-

tuabh. \u homktbvh ks orbjadr`k `d bjfhredlbüj

fujadekjtd` ak `d skedjd, hrndjbzdad ak td`

edjkrd quk `k dyuak d mdr kj `d ekehrbd `hs

lhjlkpths eäs bephrtdjtks.

Wrdltbquk kj su ludakrjh htrds tâl-

jblds ak rksuekj (edpd lhjlkptud`,

ksqukeds kj ``dvks...).

Bjvkstbnuk kj `d rka

Bjtkrjkt ks uj rklursh quk yd jh pukak qukadr fukrd ak `d vbad ak

uj kstuabdjtk. Kstd skllbüj `k sunbkrk abrkllbhjks ak bjtkrjkt. Wdrd

ujd bjvkstbndlbüj prhvklchsd=

• _kfbârdsk sbkeprk d `ds bjstbtulbhjks lhjhlbads=

ujbvkrsbadaks, Ebjbstkrbh ak Kauldlbüj, hr-

ndjbsehs bjtkrjdlbhjd`ks, ktl.

• @kd k bjtkjtk bjtkrprktdr `d bjfhredlbüj. Jh sk

`bebtk d lhpbdr y pkndr k` tkxth.

• Bjabquk sbkeprk ̀ d fukjtk ak lhjsu`td quk utb`bzü.

• Qrdtk ak vbsbtdr bjtkrjkt, d` ekjhs, ujd vkz phr

skedjd.

• Wukak kjlhjtrdr skrvblbhs ak bjtkrjkt kj`dohrdthrbhs ak ksluk`ds, ak `d eujblbpd`bada y

htrds bjstbtulbhjks. Qdeobâj kj ldfâs-bjtkrjkt h

phr ekabh ak d`nýj lhjhlbah ak su lheujbada

quk tkjnd skrvblbh.

2Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks


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Dltbvbada ?= [j sknujah ehekjth ks

phjkr kj prältbld `h dprkjabah y dp`bldr

sus lhjhlbebkjths kj sbtudlbhjks jukvds.

Duthlhjtrh`

K` duthlhjtrh` ks su duthkvd`udlbüj. @k dyuadrä d sdokr quâ dprkjabü, lüeh `h dprkjabü y

quâ akok ekmhrdr. @ds dltbvbadaks thldj ̀ hs tkeds kstuabdahs y phr lhjsbnubkjtk ̀ hs ̀ hnrhs

ak `d skedjd. K` duthlhjtrh` tbkjk trks ehekjths ak kmkrlbtdlbüj.

Dltbvbada 4= Ks uj prbekr ehekjth.

_ksh`vkrä kmkrlblbhs quk kvd`ýdj `d

lheprkjsbüj ak` tked ak ̀ d skedjd.

47BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


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_kvbsk su dprkjabzdmk

K` kepkôh y k` tbkeph quk akabquk d su kstuabh tkjarä su rklhepkjsd y phlh d phlh brä

vbkjah `hs fruths ak su ksfukrzh.

Akspuâs ak` duthlhjtrh` y ak` kxpkrbekj-

th, kjlhjtrdrä uj kspdlbh pdrd rkkxbhjdr

shork su dprkjabzdmk y vkrbldr sb d`ldjzü

`hs `hnrhs prhpuksths pdrd `d skedjd.

_kspüjad`h lhj sbjlkrbada y sb chjkstd-

ekjtk sbkjtk quk jh puah d`ldjzdr d`nýj`hnrh, rkpdsk ak jukvh, bjtkjtk aksluorbr

luä` ks `d ablu`tda y pbad dyuad.

_klukrak quk pukak rklurrbr d su tuthr d abstdjlbd. K` kjldrndah ak` lårlu`h ak kstuabh h su

hrbkjtdahr vh`ujtdrbh pharäj bjfhredr`k lheh lheujbldrsk lhj su tuthr

Dltbvbada


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@borh, l`dsk rdabd` y `d lheujbada

¡\u kqubph ak trdodmh!

K` `borh, lhj skr ujd oukjd ckrrdebkjtd, jh `h ks thah. Wdrd quk ustka d`ldjlk k` jbvk` ak

lhepktkjlbd akskdah, jukstrh sbstked phjk d su absphsblbüj= k` `borh y `d l`dsk rdabd`.

• @d l`dsk rdabd` tbkjk lheh fujlbüj prbjlbpd`

kxp`bldr y fdlb`btdr `d lheprkjsbüj ak `hs tkeds

trdtdahs kj k` `borh. _klukrak quk pukak nrdodr

`ds l`dsks rdabd`ks kj ujd ekehrbd ak tk`âfhjh hquk pukak daqubrbr uj LA lhj kstds l`dsks nrd-

odads. Wrknujtk lüeh cdlkr`h d` kjldrndah ak`

lårlu`h ak kstuabh h d su hrbkjtdahr vh`ujtdrbh.

Nrdodr ̀ ds l`dsks rdabd`ks ks hptdtbvh, pkrh pukak

dyuadr`h.

• Dprhvklck ksths rklurshs y dpüyk-

sk kj pkrshjds ak su lheujbada

pdrd rksh`vkr sus auads. _klukrak

quk sbkeprk pukak lhjsu`tdr tkeds

quk `k rksu`tkj abfålb`ks d su tuthr d

abstdjlbd.

• K` `borh luep`k ludtrh fujlbhjks=

d. Qkxth, kj k` quk kjlukjtrd ̀ d bjfhredlbüj

y k` aksdrrh``h ak `hs lhjtkjbahs d kstu-

abdr.

o. Wbzdrrüj, pdrd quk aurdjtk `d l`dsk rdabd`

suordyk bakds bephrtdjtks h rkd`blk abs-

tbjtds dltbvbadaks.

l. Ludakrjh ak trdodmh, lhj kmkrlblbhs pdrd

prdltbldr `h dprkjabah.

a. Ckrrdebkjtd ak duthkvd`udlbüj, ludjah

rksuk`vk su duthlhjtrh` ldad skedjd.

4?BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


27/327

Jukstrd ekthah`hnåd pdsh d pdsh

Wdrd fdlb`btdr su dprkjabzdmk y dprhvklcdr eäs y ekmhr k` kstuabh ldad skedjd, sbnd ksths pdshs.

¡Jh sk sd`tk jbjnujh!

@kd k` lhjtkjbah ak `d skedjd

@kkr k` lhjtkjbah jhs pkrebtk tkjkr ujd bakd nkjkrd` ak` tked= quâ sd-

okehs, lhj quâ `h rk`dlbhjdehs, ktl. Kstk prbekr lhjtdlth tdeobâj jhs

cdrä ldkr kj `d lukjtd ak` ksfukrzh d rkd`bzdr pdrd dprkjakr `h jukvh y jhs

phjarä ‐kj hjad― pdrd `d l`dsk rdabd`.

4

Kslulck `d l`dsk rdabd`Lhj `hs ; skjtbahs

@d l`dsk rdabd` ks jukstrd edkstrd. Ak dcå quk k` prhnrded sk ``dek "K`

Edkstrh kj Ldsd". @ds edkstrds y edkstrhs `hluthrks kxp`bldj k` lhjtkjb-

ah, prhphjkj kmkrlblbhs y htrhs kmkep`hs pdrd dep`bdr k` tked.

?

Akspuâs ak `d l`dsk rdabd`, su trdodmh pkrshjd` Kstuabh y duthlhjtrh`

Fbjd`bzdad `d l`dsk rdabd` ks k` ehekjth ak su trdodmh pkrshjd`. Abstrbouyd

su tbkeph= ks ekmhr uj phlh ldad aåd, quk thah `d våspkrd.

<

Lhjsu`tk sus auads[j kstuabdjtk bjtk`bnkjtk sdok luäjah pkabr dyuad

\b akspuâs ak kstuabdr y rksh`vkr k` duthlhjtrh` dýj `k qukadj auads,

ousquk dyuad. \knurh quk kj su lheujbada cdy pkrshjds abspukstds d

dyuadr`k y pukak tdeobâj lhjsu`tdr`ds d su tuthr d abstdjlbd.

1

Wdrtblbpk kj uj lårlu`h ak kstuabh

Dprkjakr mujths

Wüjndsk ak dlukrah lhj htrhs kstuabdjtks y hrndjblkj uj lårlu`h ak

kstuabh. \h`blbtkj ̀ d dyuad ak d`nujd pkrshjd vh`ujtdrbd ak `d lheujbada.

Ksh ̀ks dyuadrä d rksh`vkr auads y rkfhrzdr ̀ h dprkjabah. Dakeäs, tkjaräj

`d hphrtujbada ak bjtkrldeobdr dprkjabzdmks, bakds y skjtbebkjths.

;

4<Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks


28/327

¸Lüeh dprhvklcdr ekmhr su kstuabh8

• Ousquk uj `undr lüehah y lhj oukjd b`uebjdlbüj. Ks bephrtdjtk quk sk

d`kmk ak` rubah y ak `ds abstrdllbhjks.

• K`bmd uj chrdrbh pdrd trdodmdr y kstuabdr. @d lhjstdjlbd y `d abslbp`bjd shj

sus ekmhrks lhepdôkrds ak kstuabh.

• @kd lhj dtkjlbüj `ds bjstrullbhjks ak `hs kmkrlblbhs djtks ak rksh`vkr`hs.

• Lhjsu`tk sus auads lhj htrds pkrshjds ak su lheujbada quk pukadj

dyuadr`k.

41BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


29/327

4;Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4

4

K` kstuabh ak` eujah qukjhs rhakd (B)

¸Tuâ kjlhjtrdrä kstd skedjd8

Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr Wbjth.

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks.

F`hrks ak lh`hrks.

Kstd skedjd `hnrdrä=

Bakjtbldr `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr Wbjth kj k`ldeph ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks.

Akslrbobr `d cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd.

Akjbr lhj sus pd`dords quâ ks `d lbkjlbd y quâ shj `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks.

Bakjtbldr `ds rdeds ak `d lbkjlbd quk kstuabdj `hs fkjüekjhs jdturd`ks quk `k rh-akdj.

_kd`bzdr uj kxpkrbekjth lbkjtålh, utb`bzdjah k`kekjths jdturd`ks ak su kjthrjh.


30/327

46 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr WbjthLbkjtåfblh nudtked`tklh knrksdah ak `d [jbvkrsbada ak \dj Ldr`hs akNudtked`d. Ks `blkjlbdah kj quåebld, lhj kstuabhs ak ahlthrdah kj quåebldhrnäjbld, lhj kspklbd`bada kj quåebld ak prhaulths jdturd`ks edrbjhs.

Cd akstdldah phr k` aksluorbebkjth ak `ds kstrulturds quåeblds ak prhaulthsakrbvdahs ak `d f`hrd y `d fdujd, lhj prhpbkadaks ekablbjd`ks, bjlùykjahp`djtds k bjvkrtkordahs edrbjhs. Cd aksluobkrth y rkphrtdah 1; jukvdseh`âlu`ds hrnäjblds, ̀ d edyhråd lhj phtkjlbd` pdrd skr utb`bzdads lhjtrd lâù`dsldjlkrhsds h k` vbrus ak `d bjeujhakfblbkjlbd cuedjd (CBV).

Cd sbah akldjh ak `d Fdlu`tda ak Lbkjlbds Tuåeblds y Fdredlbd y abrklthrak `d Abrkllbüj Nkjkrd` ak Bjvkstbndlbüj ak `d [jbvkrsbada ak \dj Ldr`hsak Nudtked`d. Cd pkrtkjklbah d `d Hrndjbzdlbüj ak FdredlâutblhsBokrhdekrbldjhs, fb`bd` Nudtked`d. Ndjü ̀ d Ekad``d ak Lbkjlbd y Qkljh`hnåd qukhthrnd k` Lhjskmh Jdlbhjd` ak Lbkjlbd y Qkljh`hnåd (LHJLRQ) kj k` dôh ?77?.

Odsdah kj LHJLRQ= Ekad``d ak Lbkjlbd y Qkljh`hnåd

Üsldr Edjuk`Lüodr Wbjth

¡D trdodmdr!

4. Akslrbod lhj sus pd`dords ujd ak `ds prbjlbpd`ks dp`bldlbhjks ak `hs aksluorbebkjths ak` Ar.Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr Wbjth=

?. @kd k` lhjtkjbah ak kstd skedjd, y ùknh rksphjad= ¸d quâ rded ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`kspkrtkjklk k` dphrtk ak` Ar. Üsldr Edjuk` Lüodr Wbjth8

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr!


31/327

4>Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4

K` eujah ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks

4. Cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbdK` skr cuedjh, lheh pdrtk ak `d jdturd`kzd, lhjvbvk kj k` p`djktd Qbkrrdlhj eb``hjks ak skrks vbvhs y homkths jh vbvhs, lheh `hs ebjkrd`ks, k` dbrk,

k` dnud, ktl. Abdrbdekjtk kxpkrbekjtdehs fkjüekjhs jdturd`ks, lheh `d`ùvbd, `d rdabdlbüj sh`dr, `hs vbkjths, ktl.

Aksak `d djtbnðkada, `hs cuedjhs ckehs hoskrvdah, kxpkrbekjtdah ytrdtdah ak kxp`bldr ksths fkjüekjhs9 pkrh jh fuk cdstd quk `hnrdehsakslrbobr`hs y lheprhodr`hs ak edjkrd ̀ ünbld, hrakjdad y sbstkeätbld qukjdlbü `d lbkjlbd.

Orkvk cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd= d`nujhs aksluorbebkjths, bjvkjths ylbkjtåflhs bephrtdjtks

Kmkrlblbh 4

Akslrbod h bùstrk uj aksluorbebkjth lbkjtålh.

Wrkcbsthrbd Kada djtbnud Kada ekabd Kada ehakrjd Kada lhjtkephräjkd

Kada djtbnud

Lbvb̀ bzdlbüj edyd

Djtbnud Nrklbd

Aksdrrh`̀drhj lhjhlbebkjths

shork bjnkjbkråd,drqubtklturd, edtkeätbld,dstrhjheåd, nkhektråd y

lbrunåd.

Aksdrrh`̀drhj lhjhlbebkjths

shork edtkeätbld, ydstrhehjåd. fukrhj `hs

prhbekrhs kj ahluekjtdr k`lhjlkpth ak ̀lkrh.

F`hrklbkrhj eulchs

`üshfhs y ̀hs prbekrhslbkjtålhs lheh Wbtänhrds

(lhjsbakrdah k ̀prbekredtkeätblh purh) k

Cbpülrdtks (pdark ak ̀ dekablbjd).

D m̀udrbsebAksdrrh`̀ ü k ̀ä`nkord.

_kd b̀zü vdrbhs bjvkjthsprklurshrks ak ̀ ds eäqubjds

ehakrjds.

Ks lhjsbakrdah ujh ak `hs

fujadahrks ak ̀d dstrhjheådlheh lbkjlbd.

@khjdrah Ad Vbjlb

Jblh`äs Lhpârjblh

Nd`k b̀h Nd b̀̀ kb

Lhjsbakrdah lheh k ̀pdark

ak ̀ d lbkjlbd, ̀ d fåsbld y ̀ ddstrhjheåd ehakrjd


ehakrjds.

Kstdo`klbü `ds odsks ak `d

ekläjbld l`äsbld, rkd b̀zütrdodmhs shork jdturd`kzd ak`d ̀uz y lä`lu`h edtkeätblh.

_hokrt Chik

Bsddl Jkwthj

Lcdr`ks AdrwbjWrhpush ̀d tkhråd ak ̀ d

sk`kllbüj jdturd ̀(kvhùlbüjak ̀ ds kspklbks).


ehakrjds.

Aksluorbü ̀d pkjblb̀ bjd.

Dòkrt Kbjstkbj

K 5 el<

D`kxdjakr F`kebjn

C b s t h r b d a k ` d

l b k j l b d


32/327

43 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

?. @d lbkjlbd y su l`dsbfbldlbüj@d pd`dord lbkjlbd akrbvd ak` ̀ dtåj slbkjtĥd, quk sbnjbld ‐lhjhlbebkjth― h ‐sdokr―.

@dlbkjlbdks uj lhjmujth ak lhjhlbebkjths homktbvhs, vkrbldo`ks y sbstkedtbzdahsshork ujd edtkrbd, cklch h fkjüekjh, quk shj hotkjbahs d trdvâs ak eâthahs htâljblds. D pdrtbr ak ksths lhjhlbebkjths, sk nkjkrdj cbpütksbs, lukstbhjdebkjths,

ksqukeds, `kyks y prbjlbpbhs.

Wdrd fdlb`btdr su kstuabh, `d lbkjlbd sk l`dsbld kj abfkrkjtks rdeds.

Kxbstkj abfkrkjtks l`dsbldlbhjks ak ̀ d lbkjlbd, ujd ak k``ds, ks ̀ d sbnubkjtk=

4 @d pd`dord ‐fältbld― sk rkkrk d ‐cklch― h "cklchs". Vbkjk ak` babhed `dtåj.

Kmkrlblbh ?

_kd`blk ̀ d sbnubkjtk dltbvbada.

4. Kslrbod lhj sus pd`dords quâ shj `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks y kjuekrk trks kmkep`hs=

d. o. l.

Lbkjlbds

Fhred`ks Fältblds4

Jdturd`ks \hlbd`ks

\hj lbkjlbds quk kjkj uj homkth ak

kstuabh quk ks sbeoü`blh, lhjlkptud`

h bakd`. [`bzdj ̀ d akaullbüj lheh

eâthah ak kstuabh.

Kmkep`hs= ̀ ünbld, edtkeäld.

\hj ̀ ds lbkjlbds quk kstuabdj cklchs

y homkths rkd`ks. [`bzdj k` eâthah

lbkjlh.

Kstuabdj ̀ d jdturd`kzd.

Kmkep`hs= obh`hnåd, nkh`hnåd, quåeb-

ld, sbld y dstrhjheåd.

Kstuabdj cklchs cuedjhs h shlbd`ks.

Kmkep`hs= cbsthrbd, djtrhph`hnåd,

shlbh`hnåd, psblh`hnåd y klhjheåd.


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42Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4


34/327

?7 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Kmkrlblbh <Orbjak uj kmkep`h ak su vbad abdrbd, kj ahjak hoskrvk h dp`bquk `ds sbnubkjtks lbkjlbds=

Tuåebld=

Fåsbld=

Dstrhjheåd=

¸Lüeh abfkrkjlbdr kjtrk fåsbld y quåebld8

Ludjah akrrktbehs edjtkqub``d hlurrk uj fkjüekjhfåsblh, puks pdsd ak kstdah sü`bah d `åqubah, pkrhsbnuk sbkjah edjtkqub``d. Wkrh sb sk jhs quked,

hlurrk uj fkjüekjh quåeblh d` prhaulbrsk htrdssustdjlbds, lheh `d dlrh`kåjd, quk pukak skr tüxbld.

• @d dstrhjheåd tdeobâj tbkjk dp`bldlbhjks, lheh k` kstuabh ak `d bjukjlbdak `ds edjlcds sh`drks kj `d tkepkrdturd ak` p`djktd Qbkrrd, k` ush ak `dskstrk``ds lheh nuåd pdrd `hs prbekrhs jdvkndjtks, h `d lrkdlbüj ak sdtâ`btksdrtblbd`ks pdrd k` fujlbhjdebkjth ak `hs sbstkeds ak lheujbldlbhjksehakrjhs.


35/327

?4Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4

1. Orkvk cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd

Dnujhs aksluorbebkjths, bjvkjths y lbkjtåfblhs bephrtdjtks

Âphld Aksluorbebkjth h bjvkjth Lbkjtåflhs bephrtdjtks

Wrkcbsthrbd

Kada Djtbnud

Kada Ekabd

Kada Ehakrjd

Kada

Lhjtkephräjkd

@hs djtbnuhs knbplbhs,

`hs edyds, `hs djtbnuhsnrbknhs (Wbtänhrds,Cbpülrdtks)

D` Mudrbseb, @khjdrah AdVbjlb, Jblh`äs Lhpârjblh

Nd`b`kh Nd`b`kb, _hokrtChhik, Bsddl Jkwthj

Lcdr`ks Adrwbj, D`okrtKbjstkbj, D`kxdjakrF`kebjn

-----------------


36/327

?? BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

F`hrks ak lh`hrks

Bjtrhaullbüj

Kjtrk `ds rdeds ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks, `d obh`hnåd ks `d lbkjlbd quk kstuabd `hs skrks vbvhs.\k suoabvbak kj htrds l`dsbldlbhjks, phr kmkep`h= `d zhh`hnåd, quk kstuabd `hs djbed`ks y `dohtäjbld, `ds p`djtds.

Kj kstk kxpkrbekjth rklrkdrä k` fkjüekjh ak trdjsphrtk ak dnud ak `ds p`djtds, qukjdturd`ekjtk hlurrk aksak `d rdåz cdstd htrhs ürndjhs lheh chmds, hrks y fruths, nrdlbds d ujsbstked ak lhjaulths prkskjtks d thah `h `drnh ak` td``h.

¸Tuâ edtkrbd`ks jklksbtd8

• F`hrks o`djlds lhj td``h (pukakj skr l`dvk`ks h rhsds).

• _klbpbkjtks trdjspdrkjtks (pukakj skr p`ästblhs h ak vbarbh, prkfkrkjtkekjtk rkutb`bzdahsh rklbl`dahs).

• Qâepkrds h lh`hrdjtks.

• Ktbquktds.

• @äpbz.

Wrhlkabebkjth=

4. Lhjsbnd hrks o`djlds lhj su td``h lhep`kth.

?. Kj d`nujhs rklbpbkjtks trdjspdrkjtks,dnrknuk dnud y tâepkrd. [sk vdrbhs lh`hrks,kj abstbjths rklbpbkjtks. Akmk uj rklbpbkjtksh`h lhj dnud, pdrd lhepdrdr sus rksu`tdahs.



37/327

?


38/327

?1 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

_ksuekj

Bjvkstbnuk kj `d rka...

Lhjhzld eäs shork k` lbkjtålh ak ̀ d skedjd kj k` drtålu`h= Üsldr Lüodr, ousldahr ak jukvhs färedlhs.

cttp=//www.prkjsd`bork.lhe.nt/vbad/Qbtu`h-drtblu`h-kablbhj-beprksdX7X


39/327

?;Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4

Dltbvbada 4. Akeukstrk ̀ h dprkjabah.

4. Akjd lhj sus pd`dords `hs sbnubkjtks lhjlkpths=

d. Lbkjlbd=

o. Lbkjlbds jdturd`ks=

?. Kxp`bquk `d abfkrkjlbd kjtrk lbkjlbds fhred`ks y fältblds=


40/327

?6 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

4. \b ustka tuvbkrd `d hphrtujbada ak kstuabdr pdrd skr uj lbkjtålh h ujd lbkjtåld, ¸quâ lbkjlbdkstuabdråd y phr quâ8 ¸Tuâ dphrtk `k nustdråd cdlkr d `d cuedjbada8

?. Bjabquk luä` ak `ds sbnubkjtks sbtudlbhjks lhrrksphjak d` ldeph ak kstuabh ak `d fåsbld, luä`d `d quåebld y luä` d `d dstrhjheåd. Vkd k` kmkep`h.

Dltbvbada


41/327

?>Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 4

N`hsdrbh

ä`nkord= _ded ak ̀ d edtkeätbld quk kstuabd ̀ d lheobjdlbüj ak jýekrhs h ldjtbadaks, rkprkskjtdadsd trdvâs ak sbnjhs h `ktrds.

djtrhph`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd d` skr cuedjh.

drqubtklturd= Lhjmujth ak tâljblds, drtks y eâthahs pdrd k` abskôh y lhjstrullbüj ak kablbhs,kstrulturds h kspdlbhs cdobtdo`ks.

obh`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd d `hs skrks vbvhs.

ohtäjbld= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd d `ds p`djtds.

lbrunåd= _ded ak `d ekablbjd quk prkvbkjk, abdnjhstbld h lurd kjfkrekadaks h ed`fhredlbhjks dpdrtbr ak hpkrdlbhjks qubrýrnblds.

klhjheåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd lüeh `d shlbkada cuedjd prhaulk, bjtkrldeobd y lhjsuek obkjks y

skrvblbhs.fältbld= \k rkrk d ‐cklch― kj `dtåj.

nkh`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd d` p`djktd Qbkrrd.

nkhektråd= _ded ak `d edtkeätbld quk kstuabd `ds nurds quk sk pukakj fhredr kj aktkrebjdahp`djh, ks aklbr, kj ahs abekjsbhjks.

cbsthrbd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd k` pdsdah ak `d cuedjbada.

bjnkjbkråd= Lhjmujth ak tâljblds y prbjlbpbhs tkljh`ünblhs quk pkrebtkj rkd`bzdr bjvkjths,lhjstrullbhjks h kstrulturds ak utb`bada d `d cuedjbada.

`ünbld= Lbkjlbd luyh homkth ak kstuabh ks `d bjfkrkjlbd, ks aklbr, bakjtbld k` rdzhjdebkjth lhrrklthak` bjlhrrklth, d pdrtbr ak eâthahs y prbjlbpbhs.

edtkeätbld= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd `hs jýekrhs, `hs såeoh`hs y `ds nurds nkheâtrblds.

ekablbjd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd ̀ d sd`ua ak` lukrph cuedjh, dså lheh ̀ ds kjfkrekadaks quk ̀ k dfkltdjy `ds fhreds h trdtdebkjths pdrd prkvkjbr`ds h lurdr`ds.

psblh`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd `hs prhlkshs ekjtd`ks y k` lhephrtdebkjth ak `hs skrks cuedjhs.

shlbh`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd `ds shlbkadaks cuedjds.

zhh`hnåd= Lbkjlbd quk kstuabd d `hs djbed`ks.


42/327

?3 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


Edrquk lhj uj lckquk `d ldsb``d quk ekmhr bjabquk su rkjabebkjth. `hnrdahkj

prhlkshjh

`hnrdah

A k s p u â s a k k s t u a b d r . . .

Bakjtblh `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Üsldr Edjuk`

Lüodr Wbjth kj k` ldeph ak `ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks.Akslrboh `d cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd.

Akjh lhj ebs pd`dords quâ ks lbkjlbd y quâ shj `ds lbkjlbdsjdturd`ks.

Bakjtblh `ds rdeds ak `d lbkjlbd quk kstuabdj `hs fkjüekjhsjdturd`ks quk ek rhakdj._kd`bzh uj kxpkrbekjth lbkjtålh, utb`bzdjah k`kekjths jdturd`ks akeb kjthrjh.

Jhtds=

Kslrbod dquå sus bjqubktuaks, aksluorbebkjths h auads pdrd lhepdrtbr kj k` lårlu`h ak kstuabh.


43/327?2

Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd ?

?

K` kstuabh ak` eujah qukjhs rhakd (BB)


Fkrjdjah Edzdrbknhs.


¸Tuâ vk`d sk dpdnd prbekrh8


Bakjtbldr `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Fkrjdjah Edzdrbknhs.

Akslrbobr `d cbsthrbd ak` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Akjbr quâ ks k` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Abfkrkjlbdr kjtrk ujd cbpütksbs, ujd tkhråd y ujd `ky.

_klhjhlkr `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh kj kxpkrbekjths h aksluorbebkjths.

_kd`bzdr uj kxpkrbekjth sbnubkjah `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh.


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¸Tuâ vk`d sk dpdnd prbekrh8

Bjtrhaullbüj

@d lheoustbüj ks ujd rkdllbüj quåebld räpbad quk hlurrk kjtrk lud`qubkrlhepuksth y k` hxånkjh, nkjkrdjah ld`hr y ùz, kj fhred ak fuknh.

K` edtkrbd` quk drak sk ``ded lheoustbo`k. Whr kmkep`h= ndsh`bjd, nds,d`lhch`, edakrd, p`ästblh. K` edtkrbd` quk prhaulk ̀ d lheoustbüj sk ̀ `dedlheourkjtk (k` hxånkjh). Wdrd quk hlurrd lheoustbüj ks jklksdrbh quksk d`ldjlk ujd tkepkrdturd quk pkrebtd drakr d` lheoustbo`k.

Kj kstk kxpkrbekjth lheprhodrkehs lüeh `d prkskjlbd ak hxånkjh (quk sk kjlukjtrd kj k` dbrkquk rkspbrdehs) ks jklksdrbd pdrd `d lheoustbüj ak trks vk`dahrds kj lhjablbhjks abfkrkjtks.Ksth `h cdrkehs d trdvâs ak uj ldsh cbphtâtblh, utb`bzdjah `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh=

4Wdsh ak` eâthah lbkjtåflh=

Hoskrvdlbüj

Ldsh cbphtâtblh=

Kj `d phsdad jdvbakôd ak eb odrrbh,hoskrvâ quk `ds vk`dahrds ak `hsfdrh`ks quk kstdodj thtdèkjtkfhrrdahs sk dpdndodj djtks quk `dsak `hs fdrh`ks quk sh`h tkjådj ahspdrkaks fhrrdads. Eb douk`d ek abmh

quk `ds vk`dahrds sk ‐dchndodj― sbkstdodj thtdèkjtk kjlkrrdads.



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54/32717

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

K` eâthah lbkjtåflh ks ̀ d ekthah`hnåd hrakjdad quk sk utb`bzd kj ̀ ds lbkjlbds jdturd`ks pdrd prhaulbrlhjhlbebkjth, lheprhodr bakds h kxp`bldr fkjüekjhs.

\us pdshs shj=

_ksuekj

4. Hoskrvdlbüj= ludjah aktkltdehs h

kxdebjdehs d`nýj fkjüekjh jdturd`

d trdvâs ak jukstrhs skjtbahs h ak

d`nýj bjstruekjth.

?. Cbpütksbs= ks ujd suphsblbüj quk sk

cdlk pdrd bjtkjtdr akslrbobr h kxp`bldrd`nýj fkjüekjh.

1. Lhjl`usbüj= lhj `hs rksu`tdahs ak `dkxpkrbekjtdlbüj, sk dred, rklcdzd hehabld `d cbpütksbs.


55/32714



Lhjhzld eäs shork k` klh`trh, bjvkjth ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Fkrjdjah Edzdrbknhs=

cttp=//www.klh`trh.hrn

Dltbvbada 4. Akeukstrk `h dprkjabah.

4. Lhep`ktk k` sbnubkjtk ksquked, lhj `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh=

Duthlhjtrh`

Dltbvbada ?. Dp`bquk `h dprkjabah.4. Kxp`bquk lhj sus pd`dords quâ ks k` eâthah lbkjtålh=


56/3271?

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

?. Ak `ds sbnubkjtks sbtudlbhjks, bakjtbquk kj luä` sk utb`bzü k` eâthah lbkjtålh y kj luä` jh.

\btudlbüj D. Djd kstä keodrdzdad. Dýj jh sdok k` skxh ak` okoâ. [jd debnd `k abmh quk lh`hldrdujd dnumd lh`ndad ak uj cb`h lkrld ak` kstüednh. \b `d dnumd sk ehvåd ak uj `dah d

htrh krd skôd` ak quk skråd vdrüj, ebkjtrds quk sb sk ehvåd kj fhred lbrlu`dr, skrådeumkr. Djd cbzh ̀ d prukod y lhjl`uyü quk k` okoâ skråd eumkr, pkrh d ̀ d chrd ak` pdrthsk shrprkjabü d` sdokr quk fuk vdrüj.

\btudlbüj O. Mudj lu`tbvd dokmds pdrd prhaulbr ebk`. @ds tbkjk kj ujd nrdjmd ahjak tdeobâj lu`tbvdjdrdjmds y pkrds. \us l`bkjtks ̀ k cdj ablch quk cdy uj tbph ak ebk` quk prkkrkj, pukstbkjk uj sdohr eäs rblh. Mudj lrkk quk `d abfkrkjlbd ak sdohr kstä kj k` tbph ak äroh`frutd` quk ph`bjbzdj `ds dokmds y aklbak cdlkr ujd prukod. Dås`d ujd lh`hjbd ak dokmdsd ujd nrdjmd ahjak sh`h sk lu`tbvdj jdrdjmds, y htrd lh`hjbd d ujd nrdjmd ahjak sh`h

sk lu`tbvdj pkrds. Wrhaulk `d ebk` kj deods nrdjmds. Lh`hld `d ebk` prhvkjbkjtk ak `dnrdjmd ak jdrdjmds kj frdslhs dzu`ks, y `d ak pkrds kj frdslhs dedrb``hs. Ad d prhodr dsus l`bkjtks, qubkjks k`bnkj ̀ hs frdslhs dzu`ks. Mudj lhjl`uyk quk ̀ d ebk` quk prkkrkjsus l`bkjtks ks prhaulbad phr dokmds quk ph`bjbzdj hrks ak jdrdjmh.

¸Tubâj utb`bzü k` eâthah lbkjtålh8 (Djd/Mudj)

Kxp`bquk su rkspukstd=

Dltbvbada


57/3271<


K` aksluorbebkjth ak `d pkjblb`bjd

D`kxdjakr F`kebjn fuk uj eâablh eblrhobü`hnh4 kslhlâs quk jdlbü kj 4334 yeurbü kj 42;;. Whr sus aksluorbebkjths, ndjü k` prkebh Jhok` ak ekablbjd

kj 421;.

Kj 42?3 F`kebjn kstdod rkd`bzdjah uj kxpkrbekjth lhj ujds odltkrbds``dedads \tdpcy`hlhllus durkus (quk prhaulkj abvkrsds bjfkllbhjks ak `dpbk` y kjfkrekadaks). Cdoåd rkd`bzdah vdrbhs lu`tbvhs? kj ujds p`dlds pdrdkstuabdr`ds, pkrh hoskrvü quk d`nujds sk cdoådj lhjtdebjdah lhj uj chjnh,quk cdoåd aktkjbah k` lrklbebkjth ak `ds odltkrbds. Kjthjlks pkjsü quk kstkchjnh akoåd prhaulbr ujd sustdjlbd quk edtdod d `ds odltkrbds.

Dbs`ü y lu`tbvü k` chjnh kj k` `dohrdthrbh, y rkd`bzü lu`tbvhs lhj eäs odltkrbds,lheprhodjah quk k` chjnh `ds k`bebjdod.

Ak kstk ehah F`kebjn akehstrü quk k` chjnh, quk pkrtkjklåd d `d kspklbk

Wkjblb`ue lcryshnkjue , prhaulåd ujd sustdjlbd quk edtdod d `ds odltkrbds,d `d quk sk ``deü pkjblb`bjd.

Ks dså lheh bjblbü k` kstuabh ak `hs djtbobütblhs, quk cdj pkrebtbah sd`vdreb``hjks ak vbads kj thah k` eujah.

Wdshs ak` Jýekrh ak pärrdfh ahjak

eâthah lbkjtåflh kstä rkprkskjtdah k` pdsh

Hoskrvdlbüj

Cbpütksbs

Kxpkrbekjtdlbüj

Lhjl`usbüj

D`kxdjakr F`kebjn

4 Kspklbd`bstd quk kstuabd `hs eblrhhrndjbsehs.? Eâthah pdrd `d eu`tbp`bldlbüj ak eblrhhrndjbsehs, lheh odltkrbds, chjnhs y pdräsbths, kj k` quk sk prkpdrd uj ekabhüptbeh pdrd fdvhrklkr k` prhlksh akskdah.

N`hsdrbh

dnrüjheh= Wrhfksbhjd` quk kstuabd `d dnrblu`turd y `d ndjdakråd.

fujnblbad= \ustdjlbd quk k`bebjd `hs chjnhs.

nrdvkada= Fukrzd fåsbld quk dtrdk d thahs `hs lukrphs cdlbd k` lkjtrh ak` p`djktd Qbkrrd.


58/32711

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku



prhlkshjh

`hnrdah


Bakjtblh `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Fkrjdjah

Edzdrbknhs.

Akjh quâ ks k` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Abfkrkjlbh kjtrk ujd cbpütksbs, ujd tkhråd y ujd `ky.

_klhjhzlh `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh kj kxpkrbekjths haksluorbebkjths.

_kd`bzh uj kxpkrbekjth sbnubkjah `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Jhtds=



59/3271;

Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd <

<

Qhah `h quk jhs rhakd ks edtkrbd¸Tuâ kjlhjtrdrä kstd skedjd8

Mudj Fkrjdjah Ekardjh Wd`heh.


Kxpkrbekjtdjah lhj `d akjsbada ak `d edtkrbd.


Bakjtbldr `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Mudj Fkrjdjah Ekardjh Wd`heh.

Akjbr lhj sus pd`dords k` lhjlkpth ak edtkrbd, bakjtbldjah kmkep`hs ak sukjthrjh.

Abfkrkjlbdr kjtrk `ds abstbjtds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd.

Bakjtbldr `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd kj homkths h skrks ak su kjthrjh.

_kd`bzdr uj kxpkrbekjth shork ujd prhpbkada ak `d edtkrbd, sbnubkjah `hs pdshsak` eâthah lbkjtålh.


60/32716

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

@kd `d sbnubkjtk jhtblbd shork `hs dphrtks ak` Ar. Mudj FkrjdjahEkardjh.

¡D trdodmdr!

4. Kxp`bquk lhj sus pd`dords uj okjklbh ak` dphrtk ak` lbkjtålh Mudj Fkrjdjah Ekardjh Wd`hehkj `d sd`ua cuedjd.

Ar. Mudj FkrjdjahEkardjh

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr!

[j lbkjtåflh ak` eujahWhr sus kstuabhs dlkrld ak `d lhephsblbüj nkjâtbld ak `d `klck y k` lrk-lbebkjth ak `hs djbed`ks, k` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Mudj Fkrjdjah Ek-ardjh Wd`heh rklbobü `d Ekad``d ak Lbkjlbd y Qkljh`hnåd kj k` ?774.WH_ @[LR LD@AK_ÜJ

Aurdjtk `ds eäs ak ahs aâldads quk k` ahlthr Ekardjh tbkjk ak rksbabr kj k` kxtrdjmkrhcd akstdldah phr sus trdodmhs shork `d ehabldlbüj ak `d lhephsblbüj ak `hs älbahsnrdshs kj `d `klck, lhj k` homktbvh ak prhaulbr edjtkqub``d eäs sudvk y sd`uado`k pdrd k`lhjsueh cuedjh9 d su vkz, cd bjlursbhjdah kj `d aktkrebjdlbüj ak` skxh kj `hs pklks.

K` lbkjtålh, phr su shorksd`bkjtk trdyklthrbd dldaâebld, hotuvh ujd okld kj 42>4, pdrdlhjtbjudr su prkpdrdlbüj prhfksbhjd` kj `d [jbvkrsbada ak Ld`bfhrjbd [LA-Advbs, kj Kstd-ahs [jbahs. Qbkjk eäs ak 467 puo`bldlbhjks kj abstbjtds rkvbstds bjtkrjdlbhjd`ks.

Cd bepdrtbah lurshs ak Nkjâtbld, Kstdaåstbld Dp`bldad kj `ds Lbkjlbds Dnrålh`ds y Obhbj-fhreätbld kj `d lbtdad ujbvkrsbada, y cd sbah prhfkshr y lhjfkrkjlbstd kj htrds ldsds akkstuabhs supkrbhrks9 tdeobâj kj sbephsbhs bjtkrjdlbhjd`ks kj Kstdahs [jbahs, Deârbld yKurhpd.

Ludjah rklbobü `d Ekad``d ak Lbkjlbd quk hthrnd k` Lhjskmh Jdlbhjd` ak Lbkjlbd y k`Lhjnrksh ak `d _kpýo`bld, kxprksü quk su trdodmh `h dpdsbhjd y quk ujh ak sus edyhrks`hnrhs cd sbah skr dlkptdah lheh lbkjtålh kj k` kxtrdjmkrh y lhjtrboubr d `d fhredlbüj akjukvhs bjvkstbndahrks.

Akobah d sus eý`tbp`ks hlupdlbhjks dldaâeblds y lbkjtålds jh fuk phsbo`k lhjtdltdr`hpdrd cdlkr`k hphrtujdekjtk ̀ d kjtrkvbstd lhrrksphjabkjtk.

\bj keodrnh, phr skr k` lbkjtålh quk lhep`ktd `d skrbk ‐`hs ekad``bstds ak lbkjlbd―, quksk puo`bld aksak hltuork ak` dôh pdsdah kj kstk kspdlbh ak Lbkjlbd y Qkljh`hnåd kjNudtked`d, prkskjtdehs kstd orkvk rkskôd ak sus `hnrhs eäs bephrtdjtks.

Qhedah ak= Wrkjsd @bork.lhe Vbad


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4. ¸Tuâ ks `d edtkrbd8

@d edtkrbd ks thah dquk``h quk tbkjk edsd y hlupd uj `undr kj k` kspdlbh.@d ujbada eäs pkqukôd k bjabvbsbo`k quk fhred `d edtkrbd sk ``ded ätheh, qukkstuabdrkehs aktd``dadekjtk kj `ds prüxbeds skedjds.

[jd sustdjlbd ks ujd phrlbüj ak edtkrbd quk sk abfkrkjlbd ak htrd phr sus

prhpbkadaks, yd quk tbkjk ujd lhephsblbüj quåebld akjbad.

@hs k`kekjths quåeblhs jdturd`ks shj `ds sustdjlbds oäsblds. Kstäj fhredahsphr uj sh`h tbph ak äthehs y jh sk pukakj akslhephjkr kj sustdjlbds eässbep`ks. Ablch kj htrds pd`dords, ldad tbph ak ätheh quk kxbstk ks uj k`kekjth.Kj `d jdturd`kzd kxbstkj eäs ak 477 k`kekjths quåeblhs, phr kmkep`h= phtdsbh,ld`lbh, p`dtd y hrh.

Qhah `h quk jhs rhakd kstä fhredah phr edtkrbd. Aksak lukrphstdj `kmdjhs lheh `ds nd`dxbds, cdstd `hs eäs lkrldjhs lhehjukstrds prhpbds lâ`u`ds. Aksak `hs eäs nrdjaks lheh k` \h`,cdstd `hs eäs pkqukôhs quk sh`h phakehs vkr lhj `d dyuad akuj eblrhslhpbh. Aksak `hs lukrphs vbvhs lheh `ds p`djtds, cdstd`hs jh vbvhs, lheh k` dnud y k` dbrk...Qhah ks edtkrbd.


62/32713

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

\knýj `d fåsbld, `d edtkrbd pukak abvbabrsk kj=

Kmkrlblbh 4

Kslrbod lbjlh homkths quk kstâj cklchs ak edtkrbd=

d.

o.

l.

a.

k.

4 Lhjmujth ak ahs äthehs h eäs, quk pukakj skr bnud`ks h abfkrkjtks, y quk sk kjlukjtrdj ujbahs ak fhred kstdo`k y jkutrd.

_klukrak= 26%ak` lukrph cuedjhkstä fhredah phrludtrh k`kekjths=ldrohjh, hxånkjh,cbarünkjh yjbtrünkjh. @hsäthehs ak ksthsk`kekjths sklheobjdj pdrdfhredr eh`âlu`ds4 lheh k` dnud(cbarünkjh yhxånkjh) h

ldrohcbardths(ldrohjh, cbarünkjhy hxånkjh).

\ustdjlbds sbep`ks, qukkstäj fhredads phr uj ebsehk`kekjth. Whr kmkep`h= k`hxånkjh quk rkspbrdehs.

\ustdjlbds lhepukstds, qukkstäj fhredads phr ahs h eäsk`kekjths. Whr kmkep`h= K`dnud, quk kstä fhredad phrcbarünkjh y hxånkjh.


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?. Wrhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd

Kj k` `borh ak Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks 3 kstuabdehs `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd.Kstk dôh dep`bdrkehs shork kstk tked.

K` cbkrrh, k` obldrohjdth y k` ekrlurbh shj sustdjlbds abstbjtds, yd quk tbkjkjabfkrkjtks prhpbkadaks quk `ds ldrdltkrbzdj.

@ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd sk l`dsbldj kj ahs nruphs=

?.4 Wrhpbkadaks nkjkrd`ks

Edsd= ks `d ldjtbada ak edtkrbd quktbkjk uj lukrph.

Vh`uekj= ks k` `undr quk hlupd ujlukrph kj k` kspdlbh.

Wksh= ks `d dllbüj ak `d fukrzd ak

nrdvkada shork thahs `hs lukrphs.

Whrhsbada= shj `hs kspdlbhs vdlåhsquk kxbstkj kjtrk `ds pdrtålu`ds eäspkqukôds quk fhredj uj lukrph.

Bjkrlbd= thahs `hs lukrphs skkjlukjtrdj kj rkphsh h kj ehvbebkjth,sbkeprk y ludjah jh kxbstd ujd fukrzdkxtkrjd quk `hs ehabquk.


64/327;7

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Bepkjktrdob`bada= ludjah uj lukrphhlupd uj `undr, jh pukak skr hlupdahphr htrh d` ebseh tbkeph.

Ehvb`bada= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrph akldeobdr ak phsblbüj d` bjtkrdltudr lhjhtrhs lukrphs.

K`dstblbada= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrphak ldeobdr ak fhred ludjah sk `kdp`bld ujd fukrzd, pkrh ludjah kstdfukrzd lksd, vuk`vk d su fhred hrbnbjd`.

Abvbsbob`bada= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrphak abvbabrsk kj pdrtks ldad vkz eäspkqukôds cdstd su kstrulturd eäsoäsbld= k` ätheh.

Dtrdllbüj= ldpdlbada ak ahs lukrphs,eh`âlu`ds h äthehs ak ujbrsk.

Edsd y pksh jh shj `h ebseh.

Edsd ks `d ldjtbada ak edtkrbd ak ujlukrph, sk ebak kj ib`hnrdehs y ks

bjvdrbdo`k.

K` pksh, sbj keodrnh, akpkjak ak `d fukrzdak nrdvkada, quk vdråd kj k` [jbvkrsh.

Whr kmkep`h, `d fukrzd ak nrdvkada ak `d@ujd ks skbs vklks ekjhr quk ak `d Qbkrrd.Whr tdjth, uj homkth pksd eäs kj `d Qbkrrdquk kj `d @ujd.


65/327;4


Kmkrlblbh ?

Akslrbod `ds prhpbkadaks hrndjh`âptblds ak `ds sbnubkjtks sustdjlbds=

Dzýldr=

Cbkrrh=

Vbjdnrk=

?.? Wrhpbkadaks kspklåfblds

@ds prhpbkadaks kspklålds ak `d edtkrbd pukakj skr fåsblds h quåeblds.

?.?.4 Wrhpbkadaks fåsblds

\hj `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd quk phakehs pkrlbobr y ekabr, sbj d`tkrdr su

lhephsblbüj. D`nujds ak kstds prhpbkadaks shj=

Akjsbada= ks `d ldjtbada ak edsd kj uj aktkrebjdah vhùekj.

Kstdah= ks `d fhred kj `d quk kstäj dnrkndads `ds pdrtålu`ds quk fhredj `dedtkrbd.

Wrhpbkadaks hrndjh`âptblds= shj `ds quk phakehs pkrlbobr lhj jukstrhsskjtbahs.

Lh`hr= pkrlkplbüj ak jukstrhs hmhs ak `d pdrtk vbsbo`k ak `d ùz.

H`hr= pkrlkplbüj ak jukstrh skjtbah ak` h`fdth d ̀ ds pdrtålu`ds ak d`nujhsedtkrbd`ks quk sk kjlukjtrdj absuk`tds kj k` dbrk.

\dohr= pkrlkplbüj ak uj lukrph d trdvâs ak jukstrh skjtbah ak` nusth.

Orb``h= prhpbkada quk pkrebtk d uj lukrph sü`bah rkkmdr `d ùz.

Qkxturd= fhred kj `d quk kstäj abstrboubads `ds pdrtålu`ds ak uj homkthsü`bah, quk `k adj d su supkrlbk uj dspklth h runhsbada kxtkrbhrldrdltkråstblhs. @d pkrlbobehs d trdvâs ak` tdlth.


66/327;?

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Wujth ak kou``blbüj= tkepkrdturd ludjah sktrdjsfhred kj nds.

Wujth ak fusbüj= tkepkrdturd kj `d quk uj sü`bah sktrdjsfhred kj `åqubah.

\h`uob`bada= ldpdlbada ak ujd sustdjlbd ak absh`vkrskkj htrd, ``dedad sh`vkjtk.

Aurkzd= rksbstkjlbd quk tbkjk uj lukrph sü`bah d skrrdydah, lhrtdah, akfhredah h pkjktrdah.

Qkjdlbada= rksbstkjlbd quk tbkjk uj lukrph drhepkrsk h akfhredrsk.

Lhjaultbvbada k`âltrbld= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrph akakmdr pdsdr ujd lhrrbkjtk k`âltrbld.

Lhjaultbvbada târebld= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrph aklhjaulbr ld`hr.

Ed`kdob`bada= prhpbkada ak `hs ektd`ks quk `kspkrebtk trdjsfhredrsk kj `äebjds ak`ndads phrd`nujd fukrzd kxtkrjd.

Aultb`bada= prhpbkada ak ̀ hs ektd`ks quk ̀ ks pkrebtkakfhredrsk cdstd fhredr d`deorks h cb`hs.

Vbslhsbada= rksbstkjlbd ak `hs `åqubahs d kslurrbr haksp`dzdrsk.

F`kxbob`bada= ldpdlbada ak uj lukrph ak aho`drsk sbjrhepkrsk.


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\ustdjlbd D`nujds prhpbkadaks fåsblds D`nujds prhpbkadaksquåeblds

\d` (l`hrurh akshabh)

Ks uj sü`bah bjhahrh, bjlh`hrh, sbj orb``h, lhj ujdakjsbada ak ?46; in/e in/e


68/327;1

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Bjtrhaullbüj

Lheh vbehs djtkrbhrekjtk, ̀ d akjsbada ks ujd prhpbkada fåsbld ak ̀ d edtkrbd, quk sk akjk lheh`d ldjtbada ak edsd kj uj aktkrebjdah vh`uekj. D lhjtbjudlbüj, rkd`bzdrkehs uj kxpkrbekjthshork kstd prhpbkada.

4

Kxpkrbekjtdjah lhj `d akjsbada ak `d edtkrbd

Edtkrbd`ks

• [j vdsh ak vbarbh trdjspdrkjtk.

• Dnud, dlkbtk y ebk`.

• [jd lulcdrdad.

• [j lhrlch, uj trhzh ak vkraurd h frutd,ektd` y uj pkadzh pkqukôh ak ujdldjak`d.

Wrhlkabebkjth

4

Kj uj vdsh ak vbarbh trdjs-pdrkjtk, dnrknuk, kj k` hrakj

quk sk `k bjabld, `hs sbnubkjtks`åqubahs= dnud, dlkbtk y ebk`.

[tb`blk ujd lulcdrd bjl`bjdadpdrd dnrkndr`hs, ak edjkrdquk sk aks`blkj `kjtdekjtk yjh sk ekzl`kj.



69/327;;


?

Hoskrvk quâ sulkak y skôd`kkj k` aboumh k` hrakj ak `hs`åqubahs. K` quk kstâ eäs cdlbddodmh, ks k` eäs akjsh

<

1

;

Edrquk lhj ujd S `d ldpdahjak sk qukadj ̀ hs abfkrkjtkshomkths.

Kslrbod su lhjl`usbüj shork k`kxpkrbekjth.

Bjtrhauzld abfkrkjtks homkths(lhrlch, trhzh ak vkraurd hfrutd, ektd`, pkadzh pkqukôhak ujd ldjak`d).

lhrlch

trhzh ak vkraurtd h frutd

ektd`

pkadzh pkqukôh ak ldjak`d

dnud dlkbtk ebk`


70/327;6

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Wrhpbkadaks fåsblds

• Akjsbada

• Kstdah

• Wrhpbkadakshrndjh`âptblds

• Wujth ak kou``blbüj

• Wujth ak fusbüj

• \hùob`bada

• Aurkzd

• Qkjdlbada• Lhjaultbvbada k`âltrbld

• Lhjaultbvbada târebld

• Ed`kdob`bada

• Aultb`bada

• Vbslhsbada

• F`kxbob`bada

Wrhpbkadaks quåeblds

• _kdltbvbada quåebld

• Bjdedob`bada

• Qhxblbada

• Dlbakz h d`ld`bjbada

• Ldpdlbada ak kxp`htdr

• Ldpdlbada ak drakr

• Ldpdlbada ak akslhe-phjkrsk d` ld`kjtdrsk

Nkjkrd`ks

• Edsd• Vhùekj

• Wksh

• Whrhsbada

• Bjkrlbd

• Bepkjktrdob`bada

• Ehvb`bada

• K`dstblbada

• Abvbsbob`bada

• Dtrdllbüj

\ustdjlbds lhepukstds= fhredads phr ahs h eäs k`kekjths.

\ustdjlbds sbep`ks= fhredads phr uj ebseh k`kekjth.

_ksuekj

@d edtkrbd ks thah dquk``h quk tbkjk edsd y hlupd uj ùndr kj k` kspdlbh. @d ujbada eäs pkqukôdk bjabvbsbo`k quk fhred `d edtkrbd sk ``ded ätheh. @hs k`kekjths quåeblhs jdturd`ks shj `dssustdjlbds oäsblds fhredads phr uj sh`h tbph ak äthehs y jh sk pukakj akslhephjkr kj sustdjlbds

eäs sbep`ks.

@d edtkrbd sk l`dsbld kj

Wrhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd

Kspklåflds

Lhjhzld eäs shork `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd y sus dp`bldlbhjks kj k` sbnubkjtk `bji=

cttp=//www.yhutuok.lhe/wdtlc8v5dn


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D. Ak `ds sbnubkjtks akjblbhjks, suordyk `d quk lhrrksphjak=

4. @d edtkrbd ks=

d) Qhah `h quk kstä fhredah phr äthehs.

o) Qhah `h quk jhs rhakd.

l) @ds sustdjlbds quk kstäj fhredads phr uj sh`h tbph ak äthehs.

a) d y o shj lhrrkltds.

?. @ds sbnubkjtks shj prhpbkadaks quåeblds ak `d edtkrbd, kxlkpth=

d) _kdltbvbada quåebld

o) K`dstblbada

l) Bjdedob`bada

a) Qhxblbada


72/327;3

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

O. Kslrbod ujd S akodmh ak `ds bùstrdlbhjks ak homkths h skrks quk kstäj fhredahs phredtkrbd=

L. Kxp`bquk lhj sus pd`dords `d abfkrkjlbd kjtrk=

d. Wrhpbkadaks fåsblds y quåeblds ak `d edtkrbd=

o. \ustdjlbd sbep`k y lhepukstd=

Dltbvbada ?. Dp`bquk `h dprkjabah.

@kd k` sbnubkjtk pärrdfh, y ùknh kslrbod luä`ks prhpbkadaks shj quåeblds y luä`ks fåsblds=

K` dùebjbh ks uj k`kekjth quåeblh euy doujadjtk kj k` p`djktdQbkrrd. Ks uj ektd` ̀ bnkrh quk sk kjlukjtrd kj kstdah sü`bah, ks ak lh`hro`djlh, bjhahrh y tbkjk orb``h. \u akjsbada ks ak ?>77 in/e


73/327;2


Wrhpbkadaks fåsblds=

Wrhpbkadaks quåeblds=

Dltbvbada


74/32767

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku



prhlkshjh

`hnrdah


Bakjtblh `hs dphrtks ak` lbkjtålh nudtked`tklh Mudj Fkrjdjah

Ekardjh Wd`heh.Akjh lhj ebs pd`dords k` lhjlkpth ak edtkrbd, bakjtbldjahkmkep`hs ak eb kjthrjh.

Abfkrkjlbh kjtrk `ds abstbjtds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd.

Bakjtblh `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd kj homkths h skrks ak ebkjthrjh.

_kd`bzh uj kxpkrbekjth shork ujd prhpbkada ak `d edtkrbd,sbnubkjah `hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Jhtds=



75/32764

Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd 1

1

K` eujah ak `d quåebld


Ikj @hu Ldstb``h.


K` cbk`h hlupd eäs kspdlbh quk k` dnud.


Bakjtbldr `hs dphrtks ak` bjvkjthr nudtked`tklh Ikj @hu Ldstb``h.

Bakjtbldr homkths lhtbabdjhs, sknýj k` kstdah ak `d edtkrbd kj quk sk kjlukjtrkj.

Abfkrkjlbdr kjtrk ldeobhs quåeblhs y fåsblhs ak `d edtkrbd, d trdvâs ak kmkep`hs aksu kjthrjh.

Whjkr kj prältbld `h dprkjabah d trdvâs ak uj kxpkrbekjth lbkjtålh, y kxp`bldr susrksu`tdahs.


76/3276?

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

¡Wdrd lhekjzdr!

Ikj @hu Ldstb``h

Ikj @hu Ldstb``h

Ikj @hu Ldstb``h jdlbü kj Nudtked`d kj 4221. Aksak euy pkqukôh pdaklbü

abfkrkjtks d`krnbds, kjtrk `ds quk kstdod `d d`krnbd d` cueh.

Whr k``h, aklbabü bjvkjtdr uj `kôh pdrd ̀ d lcbekjkd quk jh sdldrd cueh. Wrhoü

lhj vdrbds hplbhjks cdstd quk kjlhjtrü edtkrbd`ks ak aksklch ak edakrd y

htrhs prhaulths, lheh `d pdrdfbjd ak shyd, quk dyuadj d kjlkjakr fhndtds

räpbadekjtk.

Ikj lrkü kstk bjvkjth kj ?77?, ludjah tkjåd 2 dôhs, lhjvbrtbâjahsk kj `d

pkrshjd eäs mhvkj kj pdtkjtdr uj prhaulth kj Nudtked`d, y ks k` ebkeorh

eäs mhvkj ak `d Lhebsbüj ak Bjvkjthrks ak Nudtked`d.

\u bjvkjth ks lhekrlbd`bzdah lhj k` jheork ak Er. Fuknh, y sk kjlukjtrd

absphjbo`k kj `hs supkrekrldahs ak Nudtked`d.

Kstk bjvkjth jh sü`h ks ýtb` pdrd ̀ ds pkrshjds quk pdaklkj ak d`krnbd d` cueh,

sbjh quk lhjtrbouyk d jh lhjtdebjdr k` ekabh deobkjtk y d absebjubr `d

akfhrkstdlbüj.

Ikj tdeobâj bepdrtk lcdr`ds d müvkjks kj abfkrkjtks lh`knbhs. Cd rklbobah

prkebhs ak bjstbtulbhjks kauldtbvds, ak ekabh deobkjtk y ekabhs ak

lheujbldlbüj.

Dltudèkjtk kstuabd `d `blkjlbdturd kj Lbkjlbds ak `d Lheujbldlbüj kj `d

[jbvkrsbada _dfdk` @djaåvdr.

Qkxth odsdah kj= Nudtked`tklhs Bùstrks. \knurhs [jbvkrsd`ks , \.D.= cttp=// nudtked`tklhsbùstrks.lhe/keprksdrbd`/ikj-`hu-ldstb``h/

¡D trdodmdr!

4. Kxp`bquk lhj sus pd`dords uj okjklbh ak` dphrtk ak` bjvkjthr nudtked`tklh Ikj @hu Ldstb``h=


77/3276<



4. Kstdahs ak `d edtkrbd

@d edtkrbd pukak kjlhjtrdrsk kj ludtrh kstdahs fåsblhs.

Kj k` ̀ borh ak Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks 3, kstuabdehs ̀ hs kstdahs ak ̀ d edtkrbd, phr ̀ hquk kj kstd hldsbüj cdrkehs uj orkvk rkpdsh y dep`bdrkehs `d bjfhredlbüj.

Kstdah Fhred Vhùekj Htrdsldrdltkråstblds

Ldrdltkråstbldsbjtkrjds

Kmkep`hs

\ü`bah Fhred akjbad. Akjbah. @hs äthehs kstäjhrakjdahs akfhred akjbad yrknu`dr, sk eukvkjphlh kj fhred ak

vbordlbüj.

_hld, nrdjhs aksd` y cukshs.

@åqubah Qhedj `dfhred ak`rklbpbkjtk quk`hs lhjtbkjk.

Akjbah. Wukakj ubr, ak-pkjabkjah ak suvbslhsbada.

Wukakj skrshùo`ks hbjshùo`ks.

@hs äthehs skkjlukjtrdj d`nhlkrldjhs y skpukakj ehvkr.

`borkekjtk.

Vbjdnrk, sdjnrk yndsh`bjd.


78/32761

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

¡D trdodmdr!

4. Ak `ds sbnubkjtks sustdjlbds, bjabquk d quâ kstdah ak `d edtkrbd lhrrksphjakj=

@änrbeds=

Eýslu`hs=

Dbrk=

\h`=

Kstdah Fhred Vhùekj Htrdsldrdltkråstblds

Ldrdltkråstbldsbjtkrjds

Kmkep`hs

Ndskhsh Qhedj `dfhred ak`rklbpbkjtk quk`hs lhjtbkjk.

Qhedj k`vhùekj ak`rklbpbkjtkquk `hs

lhjtbkjk.

Wukakjkxpdjabrsk y skpukakj ekzl`drlhj htrhs ndsks

räpbadekjtk.

\us äthehskstäj euyskpdrdahs y skeukvkj ak fhred

bjakpkjabkjtk.

Dbrk, abüxbahak ldrohjh yhzhjh.

W`dsed \bj fhredakjbad.

Qhedj k`vhùekj ak`

rklbpbkjtkquk `hslhjtbkjk.

Wukakj fhredrd`nujds

kstrulturdslheh `ds ak `hssü`bahs.

\us äthehspbkrakj k`kltrhjks

phr k` kfklth akd`tds tkepkrdturdsy prksbüj,`hs lud`ks skeukvkj `bork yräpbadekjtk,lchldjah kjtrk så`bokrdjah kjkrnåd.

Ks k` kstdah eäsdoujadjtk ak

`d jdturd`kzd,fhred `d edyhrpdrtk ak edtkrbdak` [jbvkrsh.Whr kmkep`h,sk kjlukjtrdkj `ds kstrk``ds,jkou`hsds, hdrtblbdèkjtkkj `ds pdjtd``dsak d`nujdstk`kvbsbhjks.


79/3276;



?. Ldeobhs ak `d edtkrbd

@d edtkrbd pukak sufrbr ldeobhs, quk sk l`dsbldj kj ldeobhs fåsblhs h quåeblhs.

?.4 Ldeobhs fåsblhs

\hj `hs ldeobhs quk hlurrkj kj `d edtkrbd, sbj d`tkrdr su kstrulturd jblhephsblbüj.

Whr kmkep`h=

• Ldeobhs ak fhred

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah `hs ckrrkrhs lhjstruykj ujd sb``d ak ektd` fhrmdah.

• Ldeobhs ak vhùekj

Ab`dtdlbüj= Ludjah `dtkepkrdturd duekjtd,

duekjtd k` vhùekj.

Lhjtrdllbüj= Ludjah`d tkepkrdturd odmd,absebjuyk k` vhùekj.

• Ldeobhs ak tdedôh

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah lhrtdehs `kôd ak uj äroh`.


80/32766

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Kmkrlblbh 4

_k`dlbhjk `hs sbnubkjtks kmkep`hs ak ldeobhs fåsblhs lhj `ds prhpbkadaks ak `d edtkrbd qukkstuabdehs `d skedjd djtkrbhr= kxbob`bada “ abvbsbob`bada - ehvb`bada “ k`dstblbada.

Ludjah phadehs ujd p`djtd ak ldfâ=

Ludjah kstbrdehs uj cu`k pdrd dedrrdrjhs k` ldok``h=

Ludjah aho`dehs uj d`deork pdrd lhjstrubr uj ndjlch=

Ludjah lchldj ahs ldrrhs, prhvhldjah quk ldeobkj ak abrkllbüj=

• Ldeobhs ak kstdah fåsblh.

@d edtkrbd pukak ldeobdr akkstdah (sü`bah, `åqubah, ndskhsh hp`dsed)

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah akrrktbehsedjtkqub``d.

• Ldeobhs ak phsblbüj

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah uj jbôhkepumd d htrh y `h aksp`dzd ak`undr.

• Ekzl`ds= ludjah sk ekzl`dj vdrbdssustdjlbds, sbj quk pbkradj susprhpbkadaks.

Whr kmkep`h, ujd kjsd`dad akvknktd`ks.

D`nujhs ldeobhs fåsblhs quk hlurrkj kj `d jdturd`kzd shj k` akrrktbebkjthak `hs ph`hs, `d fhredlbüj ak ``uvbd d

pdrtbr ak `ds juoks y `d fhredlbüj akehjtdôds y rbslhs phr aksndstk akobahd `d dllbüj ak `hs vbkjths.

4.

?.


81/3276>


¸\doåd quâ8K` prhlksh akjbxtded`bzdlbüjks uj prhlkshkj k` quk sk usddnud, ld`hr y ld`.D` ekzl`dr k` edåzlhj ksths trks

k`kekjths, hlurrkjldeobhs quåeblhsquk bjuykj kj`d lhephsblbüjquåebld ak` edåzy su lhjtkjbah akjutrbkjtks.

4 Wrhlksh phr k` lud` kxbstk ujd pârabad ak k`kltrhjks ak uj ätheh.

?.? Ldeobhs quåeblhs

\hj `hs ldeobhs quk hlurrkj ludjah `d edtkrbd d`tkrd su lhephsblbüj y susprhpbkadaks. D` hlurrbr uj ldeobh quåeblh kj ̀ d edtkrbd, sk hotbkjkj edtkrbd`ksabstbjths d `hs hrbnbjd`ks.

\dokehs quk hlurrbü uj ldeobh quåeblh ludjah vkehs, phr kmkep`h, uj

ldeobh ak lh`hr u h`hr, h quk sk prhaulkj ndsks, fuknh, ̀ uz, ld`hr h kxp`hsbhjks.

D`nujhs ldeobhs quåeblhs shj=

• Lheoustbüj= ks ujd rkdllbüj quåebld ahjak sk aksprkjak nrdjldjtbada ak `uz y ld`hr, kj fhred ak ujd ``ded.

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah drak `d ndsh`bjd. \k hoskrvd quk prhaulk``ded.

• Hxbadlbüj ak `hs ektd`ks= ks ujd rkdllbüj quk hlurrk kjtrk ujektd` y k` hxånkjh.

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah sk hxbad uj l`dvh. \k hoskrvd uj ldeobh aklh`hr y tkxturd ak` ektd`.

• Wutrkfdllbüj= ks `d akslhephsblbüj ak `d edtkrbd hrnäjbldeukrtd.

Whr kmkep`h, ludjah sk puark uj cukvh. \k sbkjtk ed` h`hr.

• Fkrekjtdlbüj= ks uj prhlksh ak hxbadlbüj4 quk hlurrk sbj `dprkskjlbd ak hxånkjh y quk ad lheh prhaulth uj lhepuksthhrnäjblh.

Whr kmkep`h, k` pdj sk prhaulk nrdlbds d `d fkrekjtdlbüj ak `d

`kvdaurd.

Kmkep`hs ak ldeobhs quåeblhs kj `d jdturd`kzd=

• @d fhthsåjtksbs, quk ks k`prhlksh ekabdjtk k` lud``ds p`djtds trdjsfhredj `dkjkrnåd ak `d `uz sh`dr kjkjkrnåd quåebld (jutrbkjtks).

• @d abnkstbüj, quk ks k`prhlksh ekabdjtk k` lud``ds pkrshjds y `hs djbed`kstrdjsfhredj `hs d`bekjths kjsustdjlbds eäs skjlb``ds pdrdskr doshrobads phr k` lukrph.


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

¸\doåd quâ8 K`ektdoh`bseh ksk` lhjmujth ak

ldeobhs fåsblhs yquåeblhs quk skprhaulkj akjtrhak` lukrph cuedjhpdrd hotkjkrkjkrnåd.

?.< Ldeobhs fåsblhs y quåeblhs kj k` lukrph cuedjh y

dp`bldlbhjks kj `d vbad abdrbd

K` skr cuedjh, lheh thah skr vbvbkjtk, kstä fhredah phr edtkrbd. Kj jukstrhlukrph hlurrkj abdrbdekjtk ldeobhs fåsblhs y quåeblhs.

Kmkep`hs ak ldeobhs fåsblhs=

• Lrklbebkjth ak` ldok``h, uôds hcukshs.

• Kstbrdebkjth ak `d pbk` aurdjtkk` keodrdzh h ak `hs eýslu`hs.

• Ehvbebkjth ak `hs pbks.

Kmkep`hs ak ldeobhs quåeblhs=

• @d rkspbrdlbüj, ekabdjtk `d

lud` sk trdjsfhred k` hxånkjhquk hotkjkehs d` bjcd`dr, kjabüxbah ak ldrohjh d` kxcd`dr.

• @d fhredlbüj ak lhstrds,aurdjtk `h lud` rkdllbhjdjsustdjlbds lheh k` lh`änkjh.

• K` prhlksdebkjth ak sustdjlbdstüxblds kj k` cåndah, pdrdk`bebjdr`ds.


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Kmkrlblbh ?

Ekjlbhjk uj ldeobh fåsblh ak su lukrph=

@hs ldeobhs fåsblhs y quåeblhs ak `d edtkrbd tdeobâj `hs phakehs hoskrvdr kjabvkrsds dltbvbadaks y prhaulths ak jukstrd vbad lhtbabdjd. Whr kmkep`h=

• Kj `d d`bekjtdlbüj=

Ldeobh quåeblh= d trdvâs ak `d fkrekjtdlbüj sk k`dohrd quksh,okobads d`lhcü`blds y pdj.

Ldeobh fåsblh= fdorbldlbüj ak ck`dahs d pdrtbr ak munh ak frutds.

• Kj `d bjaustrbd=

Ldeobh quåeblh= pdrd ̀ d purbldlbüj ak ektd`ks. Whr kmkep`h, pdrdhotkjkr hrh 477% purh sk utb`bzdj sustdjlbds lheh k` nds l`hrhquk sk lheobjd lhj `ds bepurkzds y `ds skpdrd ak` hrh.

Ldeobh fåsblh= pdrd `d fujablbüj ak ektd`ks quk, d` akrrktbr`hs,pkrebtk quk skdj eh`akdo`ks y sk pukadj lhjstrubr kstrulturdslheh vbnds, rkmds h ehob`bdrbh.

• Kj `d ekablbjd=

Ldeobh quåeblh= d`nujds ekablbjds sk fdorbldj d pdrtbr akrkdllbhjks quåeblds.

Ldeobh fåsblh= `d dp`bldlbüj ak ld`hr kj uj eýslu`h dld`deordah,cdlk quk rklhork su rk`dmdlbüj.


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


K` cbk`h hlupd eäs kspdlbh quk k` dnud

Bjtrhaullbüj

Nkjkrdèkjtk, `hs sü`bahs hlupdj ekjhs kspdlbh quk `hs `åqubahs, puks sus eh`âlu`ds skkjlukjtrdj eäs ujbads y, phr tdjth, shj eäs lhepdlths. \bj keodrnh, kj k` ldsh ak` dnudhlurrk `h lhjtrdrbh. D` lhjnk`drsk, `ds eh`âlu`ds ak dnud fhredj ujd kstrulturd lrbstd`bjd,quk akmd eulchs kspdlbhs vdlåhs quk cdlkj quk duekjtk su vhùekj. Ksths kspdlbhs jh skkjlukjtrdj kj k` dnud `åqubad, phr `h quk su vhùekj ks ekjhr.

¸Tuâ edtkrbd`ks jklksbtd8

• [jd ohtk``d ak vbarbh trdjspdrkjtk, rkutb`bzdad h rklbl`dad.

• [j edrldahr pkredjkjtk.

• Lhjnk`dahr (ak su ldsd, h pukak pkabr prkstdah d ujvklbjh h kj ujd tbkjad).

• [j lhrlch, uj trhzh ak vkraurd h frutd, ektd` y uj pkadzh

pkqukôh ak ujd ldjak`d.

Wrhlkabebkjth

4. Lh`hquk dnud kj ujd ohtk``d trdjspdrkjtk ak vbarbh rkutb`bzdad h rklbl`dad, sbj ``kjdr`d.


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86/327>?

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

@d edtkrbd pukak kjlhjtrdrsk kj ludtrh kstdahs=

_ksuekj

\ü`bahs= lhj fhred y vhùekj akjbah. \usäthehs kstäj hrakjdahs ak fhred akjbad yrknu`dr, sk eukvkj phlh.

@åqubahs= thedj `d fhred ak` rklbpbkjtk quk `hslhjtbkjk, tbkjkj vhùekj akjbah, pukakj ubr yskr shùo`ks h bjshùo`ks. \us äthehs sk kjlukjtrdjd`nh lkrldjhs y sk eukvkj `borkekjtk.

Ndsks= thedj `d fhred y vhùekj ak` rklbpbkjtkquk `hs lhjtbkjk, pukakj kxpdjabrsk y ekzl`drsklhj htrhs ndsks. \us äthehs kstäj euyskpdrdahs y sk eukvkj bjakpkjabkjtkekjtk.

W`dsed= sbj fhred akjbad, thedj k` vhùekj ak`rklbpbkjtk quk ̀ hs lhjtbkjk, pukakj fhredr d`nujdskstrulturds lheh `hs sü`bahs. \us äthehs pbkrakjk`kltrhjks phr k` kfklth ak d`tds tkepkrdturds yprksbüj, `hs lud`ks sk eukvkj `bork y räpbadekjtk,`bokrdjah kjkrnåd.


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Wdrd dep`bdr eäs sus lhjhlbebkjths shork ldeobhs quåeblhs y fåsblhs, vbsbtk k` sbnubkjtk `bji= cttp=// www.`borhsvbvhs.jkt/setl/pdnphrfhreu`drbh.dsp8baBabhed5K\&QkedL`dvk547>?&pdnbjd5


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


D. Ak `ds sbnubkjtks akjblbhjks, suordyk `d quk lhrrksphjak=

4. \hj ldrdltkråstblds ak `hs sü`bahs, kxlkpth=

d) \us äthehs kstäj hrakjdahs ak fhred akjbad y rknu`dr.

o) Qbkjkj fhred akjbad.

l) Wukakj ubr.

a) Qbkjkj vh`uekj akjbah.

?. Ks k` kstdah fåsblh ak `d edtkrbd eäs doujadjtk ak` [jbvkrsh=

d) \ü`bah

o) @åqubah

l) Ndskhsh

a) W`dsed


89/327>;


O. Kslrbod ujd S shork `ds b`ustrdlbhjks quk rkprkskjtdj ldeobhs fåsblhs ak `d edtkrbd=

Dltbvbada ?. Dp`bquk `h dprkjabah.

Ak `ds sbnubkjtks sbtudlbhjks ak `d vbad lhtbabdjd, bjabquk quâ kstdah h kstdahs fåsblhs ak `d edtkrbdrkprkskjtdj=

4. Ckrvbr dnud pdrd prkpdrdr ujd shpd=

?. Bjdr uj n`hoh=

. _kspbrdr dbrk purh kj uj ohsquk lhj uj `dnh, äroh`ks y djbed`ks=3. @bepbdr `d sdjnrk ak ujd ckrbad utb`bzdjah d`lhch`=

2. @kkr uj `borh=

47. _kndr uj lu`tbvh ak zdjdchrbds=


90/327>6

BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Dltbvbada


91/327>>


N`hsdrbhabüxbah ak ldrohjh= \ustdjlbd ndskhsd fhredad phr ahs äthehs ak hxånkjh y ujd ak ldrohjh.

k`kltrüj= Wdrtk ak` ätheh quk tbkjk ldrnd jkndtbvd y quk sk kjlukjtrd kj ehvbebkjth d`rkakahr ak`jýl`kh.

bjsh`uo`k= Bjldpdlbada ak absh`vkrsk kj htrd sustdjlbd.

ekzl`d= Ks `d ujbüj ak ahs h eäs sustdjlbds, ahjak ldad ujd edjtbkjk sus prhpbkadaks yldrdltkråstblds.

hxbadlbüj= Wrhlksh phr k` lud` kxbstk `d pârabad ak k`kltrhjks ak uj ätheh.

prksbüj= Ks ujd ekabad fåsbld quk ebak `d rk`dlbüj kjtrk ujd fukrzd y `d supkrlbk shork `d quk skdp`bld.

sh`uo`k= Ldpdlbada ak absh`vkrsk kj htrd sustdjlbd.

Bjabquk kj luä` ak `hs ahs tbphs ak rklbl`dmk hlurrkj ldeobhs fåsblhs=


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku



prhlkshjh

`hnrdah

A k s p u â s a k k s t u a

b d r . . .

Bakjtblh `hs dphrtks ak` bjvkjthr nudtked`tklh Ikj @hu Ldstb``h.

Bakjtblh homkths lhtbabdjhs, sknýj k` kstdah ak `d edtkrbd kj quksk kjlukjtrkj.

Abfkrkjlbh kjtrk ldeobhs quåeblhs y fåsblhs ak `d edtkrbd, d trdvâsak kmkep`hs ak eb kjthrjh.

_kd`bzh uj kxpkrbekjth shork `hs kstdahs ak `d edtkrbd, sbnubkjah`hs pdshs ak` eâthah lbkjtålh.

Jhtds=



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>2Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd ;

;

K` eujah ak `hs äthehs (B)


Lbkjtålhs quk cdj phstu`dah ehak`hs dtüeblhs.


K` kxpkrbekjth ak _utckfhra.


Bakjtbldr `hs dphrtks ak `hs lbkjtålhs quk cdj phstu`dah ehak`hs dtüeblhs.

Akslrbobr `d cbsthrbd ak `d lbkjlbd.

Kxp`bldr lhj sus pd`dords quâ ks uj ätheh.

Abstbjnubr kjtrk `hs abfkrkjtks ehak`hs dtüeblhs kxbstkjtks. _kprkskjtdr sbeoü`bldekjtk k` ehak`h dtüeblh dltud`.

Whjkr kj prältbld `h dprkjabah, d trdvâs ak `d sbeu`dlbüj ak uj ehak`h dtüeblh.


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4 _kprkskjtdlbhjks quk sbrvkj d `hs lbkjtålhs pdrd kxp`bldr uj cklch h uj fkjüekjh.? Ks ludjah ujd hjad sk aksvåd ak su abrkllbüj ludjah tdpd uj hostsälu`h.-4264), fåsblh dustrbdlhquk rkd`bzü kstuabhs shork ekläjbld luäjtbld ytkrehabjäebld. Ndjü k` prkebh Jhok` ak Fåsbldphr k` aksdrrh``h ak `d kludlbüj quk ``kvd sujheork, quk trdtd shork k` lhephrtdebkjth akujd pdrtålu`d kj k` tbkeph.

Jbk`s Ohcr (433;-426?),fåsblh adjâs quk ndjü k`prkebh Jhok` kj Fåsbld phr sus

kstuabhs shork k` ätheh y `drdabdlbüj6.

Mhcj Ad`thj (4>66-4311), lbkjtålhbjn`âs quk rkd`bzü bjvkstbndlbhjksshork `d kjfkrekada quk ldusd`d lknukrd ak lh`hrks, ``dedahad`thjbseh. Fhreu`ü ujd `ky shorkk` lhephrtdebkjth ak `hs ubahs,``dedad @ky ak Ad`thj.

Drjhà \heekrfkà (4363-42;4), fåsblh y edtkeätblhd`keäj quk rkd`bzü kstuabhsshork `d abfrdllbüj?, `dshjads k`kltrhednjâtblds4-42), lbkjtålhjkhzk`djaâs quk rkd`bzüdphrtks kj `hs ldephsak `d fåsbld y `d quåebld.Kstuabü `d rdabdltbvbada;,phr `h lud` ndjü uj prkebhJhok` ak Tuåebld.

Mhcj Qcheshj (43;6-4217),fåsblh bjn`âs d qubkj sk dtrbouyk kàksluorbebkjth ak ̀ hs k`ltrhjks.Qdeobâj akehstrü quk k` äthehak cbarünkjh tbkjk uj sh`hk`kltrüj. _klbobü k` prkebh Jhokàk Fåsbld phr sus kstuabhs shorkk`kltrblbada y ndsks.


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34Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd ;


4. @d tkhråd dtüebld y `hs äthehs

@d tkhråd dtüebld ablk quk thad `d edtkrbd kstä lhepukstd phr pdrtålu`dspkqukôds k bjabvbsbo`ks ``dedads äthehs.

@d pd`dord ätheh vbkjk ak `hs vhldo`hs nrbknhs= δ (quk sbnjbld sbj) ρθΰθε

(thehj), quk sbnjbld lhrtk. D` ujbr`hs, thed k` sbnjbldah ak ‐sbj lhrtdr―,‐sbj abvbabr―, ‐bjabvbsbo`k―.

[j ätheh kstä fhredah phr=

4. Jýl`kh, quk tbkjk ahs tbphs ak pdrtålu`ds suodtüeblds=

• Wrhthjks= pdrtålu`ds ldrndads lhj kjkrnåd k`âltrbld phsbtbvd.

•

Jkutrhjks= pdrtålu`ds jkutrds.

?. Juok k`kltrüjbld, fhredad phr k`kltrhjks, quk shj pdrtålu`ds lhjldrnd jkndtbvd.


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3? BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

@hs äthehs sk abfkrkjlbdj ujhs ak htrhs sknýj `d ldjtbada ak prhthjks,jkutrhjks y k`kltrhjks quk tbkjkj. Ldad tbph ak ätheh lhrrksphjak d ujk`kekjth quåeblh.

K` ätheh eäs sbep`k quk kxbstk ks k` ak` k`kekjth cbarünkjh, quk skrkprkskjtd lhj `d `ktrd C. K` cbarünkjh ks uj k`kekjth quåeblh ndskhsh y ksk` eäs doujadjtk kj k` [jbvkrsh. Whr kmkep`h, `ds kstrk``ds kstäj fhredads phr

cbarünkjh kj kstdah ak p`dsed. Kj jukstrh p`djktd, k` cbarünkjh ks ak vbtd`bephrtdjlbd, yd quk fhred pdrtk ak` dbrk y ak `ds eh`âlu`ds ak` dnud, quk kstäjlhjstbtubads phr ahs äthehs ak cbarünkjh y ujh ak hxånkjh.

@hs äthehs ak cbarünkjh kstäjfhredahs phr uj prhtüj, uj jkutrüj yuj sh`h k`kltrüj.

Htrh kmkep`h, ks k` k`kekjth ldrohjh(L), quk sk kjlukjtrd prkskjtk kj thahs`hs skrks vbvhs. \u ätheh kstä fhredahphr skbs prhthjks, skbs jkutrhjks y skbsk`kltrhjks.

Kmkrlblbh 4

K` sbnubkjtk ätheh lhrrksphjak d` k`kekjth ``dedahokrb`bh (Ok), kslrbod luäjths k`kltrhjks tbkjk=


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3


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31 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Ehak`h ak Ohcr

Whstu`dah= @hs k`kltrhjks nbrdjd`rkakahr ak` jýl`kh, kj vdrbhsjbvk`ks u ürobtds lbrlu`drks.

Ehak`h ak \heekrfk`a

Whstu`dah= K` jýl`kh ak` ätheh jhks bjeüvb`, sbjh quk sk eukvk. @dsürobtds ak `hs k`kltrhjks pukakj skrlbrlu`drks h k`åptblds y tbkjkj jbvk`ks

y suojbvk`ks ak kjkrnåd.

Ehak`h ak \lcröabjnkr

Whstu`dah= @hs k`kltrhjks shj hjads4 quk sk kjlukjtrdj d`rkakahr ak`jýl`kh, pkrh jh kj ürobtds akjbads,

sbjh quk kj rknbhjks (juoks uhrobtd`ks) ahjak ks eäs prhodo`kkjlhjtrdr`hs.

K` ehak`h dtüeblh dltud` surnbüd pdrtbr ak `hs kstuabhs ak vdrbhslbkjtålhs (lheh Ckbskjokrn,Kbjstkbj y Abrdl y k` ehak`h ak\lcröabjnkr.) \k odsd kj `d ekläjbldluäjtbld.

Jýl`kh

Hrobtds

Jýl`kh

Hrobtd`ks

Jýl`kh

Hrobtd`ks

4 Vbordlbüj quk sk prhpdnd.


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3;Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd ;

Kstk ehak`h sk fujadekjtd kj vdrbhs prbjlbpbhs, kjtrk k``hs=

• K` k`kltrüj sk eukvk ak fhred hjau`dthrbd.

• Lheh `hs k`kltrhjks sk eukvkj räpbad ylhjstdjtkekjtk, jh sk kjlukjtrdj kj `undrks mhs,sbjh quk sü`h sk pukakj prkaklbr `hs `undrks ahjakks eäs prhodo`k kjlhjtrdr`hs, ``dedahs hrobtd`ks,quk tbkjkj abfkrkjtks jbvk`ks ak kjkrnåd.

• Ahs k`kltrhjks jh pukakj hlupdr k` ebseh kspdlbhd` ebseh tbkeph.

Wdrd ̀d kxp`bldlbüj ak` lhjtkjbah ak ̀ds prüxbeds skedjds usdrkehs edyhrekjtkk` ehak`h ak Ohcr quk, phr su sbep`kzd, sk utb`bzd lhj jks abaältblhs.

Kmkrlblbh <

\knýj k` tkrlkr prbjlbpbh ak` ehak`h dtüeblh dltud`, bjabquk quâ ehak`h ks lhrrklth, y luä`ks bjlhrrklth y kxp`bquk phr quâ.

Kmkrlblbh ?Kxp`bquk `d abfkrkjlbd kjtrk k` ehak`h ak Qcheshj y Ohcr, rkspklth d `ds ldrdltkråstblds aksus k`kltrhjks=


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36 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

\beu`kehs k` kxpkrbekjth ak _utckfhra lhj edtkrbd`ks ldskrhs

Bjtrhaullbüj

@kd ak jukvh ̀ hs ehak`hs dtüeblhs prhpuksths phr abfkrkjtks lbkjtålhs y kslrbod luä`ks shj`ds ldrdltkråstblds ak` ehak`h ak _utckfhra=

D lhjtbjudlbüj, rkd`bzdrkehs ujd sbeu`dlbüj shork k` kxpkrbekjth ak _utckfhra quk sbrvbüak odsk pdrd phstu`dr su ehak`h dtüeblh y prhodr quk k` ehak`h ak Qcheshj krd bjlhrrklth,dujquk krd k` ehak`h quk prkvd`klåd kj su âphld.

_klukrak quk k` ehak`h dtüeblh ak Qcheshj aklåd quk `hs äthehs krdj ujd ksfkrd phsbtbvd``kjd ak pdrtålu`ds jkndtbvds (lheh uj pdj lhj pdsds).

K` kxpkrbekjth ak _utckfhra lhjsbstbü kj abspdrdr pdrtålu`ds rdabdltbvds ak uj k`kekjth``dedah Wh`hjbh, quk kstdod akjtrh ak ujd ldmd ak p`heh, cdlbd ujd `äebjd ak hrh pdrd vkrlüeh sk dfkltdod `d trdyklthrbd ak ablcds pdrtålu`ds.

Hoskrvü quk `d edyhråd ak pdrtålu`ds dtrdvksdod `d `äebjd ak hrh, pkrh htrds lchldodj lhjk``d y rkohtdodj.

Ksth cbzh lhjl`ubr `h sbnubkjtk=

• @ds pdrtålu`ds lchldodj lhj d`nh kj `d `äebjd. Ksk ‐d`nh― krdj `hs jýl`khs ak `hsäthehs ak hrh, quk krdj akjshs.

@d edyhråd ak `ds pdrtålu`ds dtrdvksdodj `d `äebjd. Ksh sbnjbldod quk kxbstådj nrdjakskspdlbhs kj `hs äthehs ak hrh. Kshs ‐kspdlbhs― krdj `ds juoks ak k`kltrhjks, quk kstäjfhredads edyhrekjtk phr kspdlbh vdlåh.

Edtkrbd`ks

• Ludtrh homkths ak tdedôh ekabdjh (phr kmkep`h, pukakj skr ldmds, `darb``hs, zdpdths, ktl.).

• [jd ldmd p`ästbld.

• Wk`htds pkqukôds.



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3>Lbkjlbds Jdturd`ks ∟ \kedjd ;

Wrhlkabebkjth

Lh`hquk `ds pk`htds akjtrh ak `d ldmd p`ästbld. @ds pk`htds sbeu`dräj `dspdrtålu`ds rdabdltbvds y `d ldmd, `d ldmd ak p`heh.

Lh`hquk `hs ludtrh homkths d lbkrtd abstdjlbd ak ujd pdrka, kj ujd `åjkdchrbzhjtd` y ak fhred kspdlbdad. @hs homkths sbeu`dräj d `hs jýl`khs ak `hsäthehs ak hrh, quk shj akjshs y `hs kspdlbhs d `ds juoks ak k`kltrhjks.

4?

<Lh`hquk `d ldmd ak `ds pk`htds d lbkrtd abstdjlbd frkjtk d `hs homkths ykepbklk d sdldr`ds ujd d ujd, `djzäjah`ds phr k` suk`h cdlbd `hs homkths.

Ksth sbeu`drä k` abspdrh ak `ds pdrtålu`ds rdabdltbvds cdlbd `hs äthehs ak `d`äebjd ak hrh.


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33 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Hoskrvk quk `ds pk`htds (`ds pdrtålu`ds) tbkjkj trks hplbhjks= pdsdr kjekabh ak `hs homkths abrkltdekjtk h phr rkohtk, h lchldr lhj d`nujh ak`hs homkths.1

Kxp`bquk lüeh _utckfhra aktkrebjü d trdvâs ak kstk kxpkrbekjth quk `hsäthehs tbkjkj uj jýl`kh ahjak sk lhjlkjtrd su edsd, quk kstä rhakdahak k`kltrhjks `hs lud`ks nbrdj kj kspdlbh edyhrekjtk vdlåh.

;


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_ksuekj

@d tkhråd dtüebld ablk quk thad `d edtkrbd kstä lhepukstd phr pdrtålu`ds pkqukôds k bjabvbsbo`ks``dedads äthehs.

[j ätheh kstä fhredah phr=

@hs prhthjks quk shj pdrtålu`dssuodtüeblds lhj kjkrnåd phsbtbvd.

@hs jkutrhjks quk shj pdrtålu`dsjkutrds.

@hs k`kltrhjks quk shj pdrtålu`ds lhjldrnd jkndtbvd.

K`kltrüj

J u

o k k ` k l t r ü j b l d

Jkutrüj

Jýl`kh

Wrhtüj

Ehak`hs dtüeblhs


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27 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku


Vbsbtk ̀ d sbnubkjtk abrkllbüj, y abvbârtdsk lhjstruykjah abfkrkjtks tbphs ak äthehs ak fhred bjtkrdltbvd=

cttp=//lhjlursh.ljblk.ekl.ks/ljblk?77;/2


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4 ?


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2? BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Dltbvbada


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2


108/327

21 BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku



prhlkshjh

`hnrdah


Bakjtblh `hs dphrtks ak `hs lbkjtålhs quk cdj phstu`dah ehak`hs

dtüeblhs.Kxp`blh lhj ebs pd`dords quâ ks uj ätheh.

Abstbjnh kjtrk `hs abfkrkjtks ehak`hs dtüeblhs kxbstkjtks.

_kprkskjth sbeoü`bldekjtk k` ehak`h dtüeblh dltud`.

Whjnh kj prältbld `h dprkjabah, d trdvâs ak `d sbeu`dlbüj ak ujehak`h dtüeblh.

Jhtds=



109/3272;


6

K` eujah ak `hs äthehs (BB)


Jukvhs aksluorbebkjths shork `ds pdrtålu`ds suodtüeblds.


Ehsdblh ak lh`hrks.


Akslrbobr `hs aksluorbebkjths eäs rklbkjtks ak `d lbkjlbd shork `ds pdrtålu`dssuodtüeblds.

Akslrbobr `d kstrulturd ak` ätheh.

Kmkep`bldr `d utb`bada ak` kstuabh ak `d kstrulturd ak` ätheh kj `d tkljh`hnåd

ehakrjd y su dp`bldlbüj kj `d vbad lhtbabdjd. Whjkr kj prältbld ̀ h dprkjabah, phr ekabh ak ̀ d rkd`bzdlbüj ak uj kxpkrbekjth ahjak

hoskrvd `hs kfklths ak ujd pdrtålu`d suodtüebld (k`kltrhjks).


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BNK_ ∟ ]dlu`ku

Jukvhs aksluorbebkjths shork pdrtålu`dssuodtüeblds

Kj `d djtbnðkada sk pkjsdod quk thad `d edtkrbd sk phaåd abvbabr kj pdrtkseäs pkqukôds ak fhred bjakjbad. Wkrh fuk kj `d Djtbnud Nrklbd qukAkeülrbth phstu`ü quk sb `d edtkrbd sk abvbaåd ujd y htrd vkz ``kndråd cdstdujds pdrtålu`ds jd`ks, quk yd jh sk pharådj abvbabr eäs, d `ds quk ``deüäthehs.

Whstkrbhrekjtk, sk aksluorbü quk k` äthehkstä fhredah ak pdrtålu`ds dýj eäs pkqukôds,``dedads pdrtålu`ds suodtüeblds, lheh k`prhtüj, k` jkutrüj y k` k`kltrüj.

\bj keodrnh, kstuabhs eäs rklbkjtks cdjaksluobkrth pdrtålu`ds eäs pkqukôds dýj,

d`nujds ak ̀ ds lud`ks fhredj pdrtk ak ̀ hs äthehsy htrds jh. Eulcds ak k``ds shj bjkstdo`ks y aurdjeuy phlh tbkeph, phr `h quk sh`h sk pukakjhoskrvdr d trdvâs ak kxpkrbekjths y dpdrdthskspklbd`ks.

D`nujds ak kstds pdrtålu`ds shj= ohsüj,phsbtrüj, fkrebüj, jkutrbjh, cdarüj, `kptüj,qudri y eksüj.

Whr kmkep`h, `hs prhthjks y jkutrhjks kstäjfhredahs phr qudris, quk sk edjtbkjkj ujbahsphr htrds pdrtålu`ds ``dedads n`uhjks.

¸\doåd quâ8 @d fåsbld ak pdrtålu`ds ks `d rded ak `d fåsbld quk kstuabd `dspdrtålu`ds suodtüeblds, su kstrulturd, lhephrtdebkjth k bjtkrdllbhjks.

¡D trdodmdr!

@d bakd ak `d kstrulturd ak` ätheh cd kvh`ulbhjdah aksak `d djtbnðkada cdstd jukstrhs tbkephs, yd

quk lhjtbjudekjtk sk cdlkj jukvhs aksluorbebkjths. Kxp`bquk lüeh pbkjsd quk `d tkljh`hnåd cdlhjtrboubah d` rkspklth.

Kj 42;; skbakjtblü ujdpdrtålu`d l

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Libro Zaculeu C.naturales 1er. Sem