~\~,

Preface xiiiContributors

1.1

I-I

1-96

Section 1 STRUCTURALANALYSIS Part 1. Elastic Systems ].Graham andW.G.Godden ; Degrees of Freedom-Principles of Analysis-Equilibrium of Forces; Energy

Theorems: Classification- The Principle of Virtual Work- The Principle of

Minimum Potential Energy-The Minimum-Complementary-Potential-Energy

Theorem-Castigliano's Theorems- The Reciprocal Theorem-lnelastic Anal-

ysis; Classification of Structural Types: External Forces and Reactions-Iilde-

pendent Force Components-Pin-jointed Plane and Space Frames-Stiff-

jointed Frameworks; Methods of Analysis: Forces in Statically Determil)ate

Structures: Pin-jointed Lattice Frameworks-Beam Systems; Defl~ctions: Wil-

liot-Mohr Diagram-Numerical-Integration Method for Beams; Deflections by

Unit-Ioad Method: General Form of Solution-Linearly Elastic Pin-jointed

Frameworks-Linearly Elastic Beam Deflections-Linearly Elastic Beam-type

Structi.1res-Relative Deflections-Linearly Elastic St~ures: General Case-

Nonline!lfly Elastic and Plastic Structures-Deflection Due to Self-straining-

The Complementarv-Energy Method and Castigliano's Theorem; Influence

Lines: Statically Determinate Systems-Statically Indeterminate Systems; stati-

cally Indetermillate Structures: Choice of Method-Flexibility Coefficients-

The lJnit-load Method-Castigliano's Theorem-The Three-Moment Equa

tion~ The Column Analogy-Stiffness (;oeflicieni,,-:. 'l'he Unit-Displac~ment

Method-Slope-Deflection Equations-Moment-Distribution Method-The

Minimum-Complementary-Energy Method- The Minimum- Potential- Energy

Method; Matrix Methods: Deflections-Statically Determinate Structures-

Statically Indeterminate Structures-Choice of Method-Matrix Force

Method:.--Choice of Redundancies-Self-straining-Stiffness Matrix-Direct

Calculation of Stiffiless Matrix-The Matrix-Displacement Method-Con-

densed Stiffiless Matrix-Self-straining-Nonlinear Structures; Elements of

Matrix Algebra: Definitions--'Matrix Operations

Part 2. The Finite-Element Method W. c. SchnoDrich and]. Graham. Discretization of the Structure-Guidelines for Selection of Grid-Element

Models-Plane-Stress and Plain-Strain Elements-Plane Stress Analysis-

Beam and Plate Bending-Shells and Combined Direct Stress and Bending-

Three Dimensional Problems-~lement Stiffness Matrix and Nodal Force Vec-

tor-Equilibriuttt EqUations for the Assemblage-Solution for Displacements-

Solution for Element Strains and Stresses

~nntAnt.

2-1

CC.'CcC'CSection 2 COMPUTER APpLICATIONS IN STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING Steven].Fenves ; Basic Concepts- The Structu,al Design Process--"The Progr~m-Development

c Process; Program.;Devel.opment Tool.s: Structured Pr()gra:mming-Program-

ming Languages-Flowcharting-Decision Tables...;;.T~ols for Organizing Pro-

grams- 'Fools for Organizing Data-Computer Hardware; Interaction with

Computers: Modes of Interaction-Media of InteraGtion-Level of Communica-

tion; Program Types and Sources: Program Types--,-Sources of Programs-Other Services; Typical Applications: Analysis-Proportioning--,-Detailing-

PreDaration of Final Documents

Section 3 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN N. M. Newmark andW.T.Hall ~-1

Response of Simple Structures to Earthquake Motions-Earthquake Motions;Response Spectra: Elastic Systems-Design Response Spectra-Inelastic Sys-tems-Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems, Use of Response Spectra, Use ofTime HistQry-Motionsin Several Directions; Computation of Period of vibra-tion: Fundamental Mode-Higher Modes-Modal Participation Factors-Spring Constant for Equivalent Shear Beam; Design: General Considerations-Effects of Design on Behavior-Design Lateral Forces-Seismic Forces forOverturning Moments and Shear Distribution-Damping-Gravity Loads-Vertical and Horizontal Excitation-Unsymmetrical Structures in Torsion-Cur-tain-Wall Buildings-Core Walls-Parts of Buildings-Effects of Soil Condi-tions-Detailing and Quality Control-Cost

4-1Section 4 FATIGUE AND BRITTLE FRACTURE w. H. Munse Fatigue of Structural Steel: Significance of Fatigue-Fatigue of Structural

Steels-Factors Affecting Fatigue Strength-Structural Members-Fatigue

Resistance of Beams and Girders-Riveted Connections-Bolted Connec-

tions-Welded Connections-Design for Fatigue-Type of Detail for Fatigue

Design-Basic Allowable Fatigue Design Stress-Pro'tecting Against Fatigue;

Brittle Fracture of Structural Steel: Sigificance of Brittle Fractures-Examples

of Brittle Fracture-Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest--'-Factors Affecting Brittle

Frlicture-Susceptibility of Structural Steels to Strain Aging-Designing against

Brittle Fracture-Fabrication-Inspection

5-1

5-1

5-23

Section 5 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS. Part 1. Soil Mechanics H.G.Larew Nature and Causes of Soil Deformation: Settlement-Frost Movements-

Shrinkage-Subsidence-Soil Deformation- Time-dependent Deformation;

Strength Properties of Soils: Compressive Strength-Effect of Confining Pres-

sures-Transient and Repeated Loads; Factors Affecting Bearing Pressure:

Allowable Bearing Pressure-:.Permissible Settlement-Elastic-plastic Deforma-

tion-Shear Failures-Consolidation- Time Rate of Settlement; Cuts and

Embankments: Slope Stability; Compaction and Permeability: Compaction-

Permeability; Appendix

Part 2. Soil Exploration ThomasH.Thornburn General Foundation Conditions: Sources of Information-Glacial Materials-

Wind-laid Materials-Water-laid Materials-Organic Soils-Residual Soils-

Frozen Soils; Exploratory Procedures: Test Pits-Borings-Sampling-Bore-

hole Cameras-Boring Reports-Standard Penetration Tests-In Situ Strength

Tests~Correlations with Surficial Geolo!!V-Geonhvsical Survevs-Load

Contents vii

IInspection- Fact -finding S ur-

vev,"",",Borml!s

5-43Part 3. Retaining Structures and Foundations Herbert 0. Ireland. .

Earth Pressures: Sti:~sses in Earth Mass-Rankine's Theory-Coulomb's The-ory-Equivalent-Fluid Method-Trial-Wedge Method; Retaining Walls: Typesand BehaVior-Determining Earth Pressure.:.-Bases on Piles or Piers-BearingCapacity =Stability- Drainage-Other Considerations-Gra Vity W alls- Semi -gravity Walls-Cantilever Walls-Cdunterfort Walls-Joints; Abutments; Bulk-heads: FqrCes on £ulkheads-Peneti:atioll ofPiles-Anchorage; Footing Foun-dations: Footings on Clay~Footmgson Sand-Footings on Silt and Loess; RaftFoundations: Raft on Clay-Rafts on Sand; Pier Foundations: Open Excava-tions-Drilled Piers-Piers on Clay-Piers on Sand-Caisson Foundations-Foundation Requirements; Pile Foundations: Pile-driVing Equipment-Pile-driving Formulas-Pile Tests-Pjles in sand-Piles in Clay-SettlementofPileFoundati()ns-La~rally Loaded Piles-Batter Piles-Lateral Stability ofPoles-Guy Anchors-Foundations Subjected to Uplift-Improvement of Sub-soii-Construction Problems

6-1Section 6 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WilliamJ.

LeMessurier, Hans William Hagen, and Lee C. Lim Design Procedures- Types of Steel-Shapes; Tension Members: concentri-

cally Loaded Tension Members- Threaded Members-Member Types and

Selection- Truss Members; Compression Members: Column Strength--'Con-

centrically Loaded Columns--'Effective Length-Amplification Factors and

Frame Stability-Proportioning-Local Buckling-Lacing and Perforated

cover Plates-Tapered Columns-Slender Compression Elements; Beams:

Allowable Stresses-Biaxial Bending-Shear-Deflection-Combined Bend-

ingand Compression; Plate Girders: Web-Flanges-Lengths of Flange

Plates-Lateral Buckling~Requirements for Stiffeners-Combined Bending

and Shear; Welded Connections: Welding Processes-Weld CI9-ssification-

W eldability -Electrode S--' Inspection -Fillet -welded J o ints-Groove-welded

Joints-Concentrically Loaded Connections-Beam Seat COnnections-Stiff-

ened Beam-Seat Connections-Framed Beam Connections-Moment-resistant

Beam Col)nections; Riveted and Bolted Connections~'R~vets-High-Strength

Bolts- Installation of High-Strength Bolts- Inspection of~igh-Strength Bolts-

Unfinished Bolts- Turned Bolts-Ribbed Bolts-Beilring Bolts-High-

Strength Tension Control and Tension Set Bolts-Friction-type Connections-

Bearing-type Conne~tions-Behavior of Riveted and Bolted Connections-

Allowable Stresses-Eccentrically Loaded Connections, Fasteners in Shear-

Eccentrically Loaded Conpections, Fasteners in Tension-Flexible Beam-Seat

Connections-Stiffened Beam-Seat Connections-Framed Beam Connec-

tions-Moment-resistant Beam Connections-Pinned Connections; Bearing

Plates and Splices: Beam Be~ring Plates-Column Bases-Compression-Mem-

ber Splices

"7 ..

Section 7 PLASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL FRAMES Lynn s. Beedle and

T.V,Galambos , Inelastic Bending-Indetenninate Structures; Analysis: Theorems-Statical

Method-Mechanism Method-Moment Check-Instantaneous Center-Dis-tributed Loads-MomentBalancing; Deflection Analysis: Deflection at ulti-mate Load~Deflection at Working Load; Design Requirements: Specifica-tions-Loads and Forces-General Design Procedure-Preliminary Design-Analysis; Secondary Design Considerations: Axial Force-Lateral Bracing-Local Buckling-Shear-Frame Instability; Connections: Comer Connec-tion,,-"-Tnt.,rior R.",m-to-Cohlmn Connections

viii Contents

8-1

R-l

8-6

Section 8 FABRICATION AND ERECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Part 1. Fabrication C.F.Harris ;.;;.; Drawing-Room Operations-Material Orders-Erection Diagrams-Shop

Drawings-Shop Operations-Fitting and Assembling-Suggestions for Design

Engineers

Part 2. Erection D.B.Rees Drawings-Specifications-Consultation with Erector-Budget Cost Esti-

mates-Bidding-Schedules; Design Considerations: Economy in Design-Lateral Stability-Girder Bridges~Splices-Geometric and Cambered

Shapes-Stress Participation-Expansion and Construction ]oints-Subpunch-ing and Reaming~Bolting, Welding, and Other Fasteners-Weighing Reac-

tions-Strain- g,age Measurements- Erection Stre sse s- Maintenance-Storage

and Shipment; Equipment and Methods: Equipment-Responsibility of Engi-

neer and Contractor-Erection of Buildings-Erectipn of Bridges-False-

work-Erector's Responsibility

9-1

Section 9 DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL

MEMBERS George Winter Thicknesses and Weights of Uncoated Steel Sheets-Materials-Shapes imd

Uses-Shear Diaphragms-Shear Strengths of Diaphragms-Folded-plate and

Shell Roofs; Design: Basic Design Stresses-Section Properties- Thin

Compression Elements-Compression Members-Flexural Members-Stiff-ened Compression Flanges-Beam Webs-Lateral Buckling of Beams-Com-

bined Bending and Axial Compression-Bracing of Channels and Z's-Connec-

tions-Effects of Cold Forming on Steel Properties-Test Determination ofStructural Performance .

10-1

Section 10 DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURAL MEMBERS JohnW.Clark , Materials and Specifications: Shapes-Codes and Specifications-Characteris-

tics of Aluminum Alloys; Design of Tension Members: Yielding and Fracture-.Welded Tension Members; Design of Compression Members: Column Formu-

las-Lacing-Local Buckling of Plates, Legs, and Flanges in Edge Compres-siOn-Stiffeners for Flat Plates in Edge Compression-Local Buckling of RoundTubes in End Compression-Welded Compression Members; Beams: Yieldingand Ultimate Strength-Lateral-Torsional Buckling-Local Buckling ofBeams-Shear Strength of Beam Webs; Plate Girders: Lateral Buckling-Design of Web-Vertical Stiffeners-Longitudinal Stiffeners-Bearing Stiffe-ners; Combined Loading: Combined Bending and Axial Load-Plate Bucklingunder Combined Stress; Connections: Riveted Connections-Bolted Connec-tions-Welded Connections; Design for Repeated Loads

11-1

Section 11 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL

MEMBERS Raymond C. Reese and Phil M. Ferguson Concrete-Reinforcement-Specjfications, Codes, and Standards-Strength

Design and Working Stress Design-ACI Load and Reduction Factors-Preci-

sion-Rectangular Beams-Continuity-Doubly Reinforced Beams-Tee

Beams-Special Beam Shapes-Shear and Diagonal Tension-Development

and Anchorage of Reinforcement-Splices-Bar Cutoffs and Bend Points-

Deflection-Column Design-Combined Compression and Bending-Column

Splices~Column With BiaxiaI Bending-Stairs-WalI Footings-Column

Footings-Walls-Slabs-Structural Framing Systems

Contents ix

12-1Section 1ZDE$IGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ,

MEMBERS T.Y.Linand Paul Zia Notation; Materials: Concrete-Steel-Grouting; Methods and Systems of

Pre stressing: ,T ensiqning M ethods- Pretensioning -Posttensioning Systems;

Loss of Prestress: Elastic Shortening of Concrete-Creep-Shrinkage-Relaxa-

tion in Steel-Slippage of Tendons during Anchoring-Friction-EffectivePrestress-Elongation of Tendons; Analysis for Flexure: Basic Concepts-

Stress in 'Steel-Cracking Moment- Ultimate Moment-Composite Sections;

Design for Flexure: Preliminary Design-Elastic Design-Ultimate Design-Balanced-load Design-Deflections; Shear, Bond, and Bearing: Principal Ten-

sion-Web Reinforcement-Prestress Transfer Bond-Anchorage; Typical Sec-

tions: Beam Sections-Span-Depth Ratios-Cable Layouts- T~ndon Protection

and Spacing-Partial Prestress-Combination of Prestressed and Reinforced

Concrete; Continuous Beams: Continuous-beam C Lines-Load-balancing

Method-Ultimate Strength of Continuous Beams

13-1Section 13 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHODS Francis A.

Vitolo General Considerations- F onnw6rk- Reinforcing Stee l-Concrete--' Em bed -

ded Items-Special Designs- Tolerances-Shop .Drawings-Material Samples;Inspectioli: The Resident Engineer; Contract Documents: Preparation-Speci-fications- Intent- ScoPe of Work- Drawings

14-1Section 14 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION w. H. Fleischer, V. C.

Frederickson, w. C. Hansell, and I. M. Viest Definitions-Elastic Properties of Cross Section-Plastic Strength ofCross Sec-

tion-Shear Connectors-Unsymmetrical Steel Sections-Negative-moment

Sections-Deflections and Vibrations; Building Design: AssumptiQns-Design

of Composite Beams-Steel Member Selection-Design of Shear Connectors-

Design Example; Bridge Design: Assumptions-Design of Composite Beams-

Steel Member Selection-Design of Shear Connectors-Design Example

15-1Section 15 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION Walter L,Dickey Materials: Bumed-Clay Units-Brick-Structural Clay Tile-Concrete Units-

Mortar; Reinforced Masonry: Materials-Design-Allowable Stresses-

Beams-Walls-Columns-Diaphragms; Tests and Inspection: Compressive

Strength of Masonry; Detailing and Construction: Detailing-Concrete Foun-

dations-Workmanship

16-1Section 16 TIMBER STRUCTURES Kenneth P. Milbradt Structural Properties of Wood: Anisotropic Nature of Wood-Elastic Con-

stants- Directional Strength Properties- Factors Affecting Strength- Working

Stresses for "Sawn Lumber-Glued-laminated Lumber-Plywood; Fasteners:

Bolts-Split Rings and Shear Plates-Truss Plates; Beams: Flexure-Shear-

Bearing-Deflections-Lateral Stability-.:-C()ntinuous Spans-Pitched and

Tapered Beams; Columns: Solid Columns-Box Columns-Spaced Columns-

Beam Columns; Trusses: Proportions-Design of Members-Deflections-

Camber-Braci1)g-Trussed Joists; Arches: Three-hinged Tudor Arch-Two-

hinged Arches; Shell Structures: Domes~Barrel Vaults-Hyperbolic

Paraboloids

Contents

17-1Section 17 ARCHES AND RIGID FRAMES Thomas C. Kavanagh

(deceased) andRobertC.Y.Young Nomenclature and Classification; Analysis: Assumptions-Kem Relationships-

Arches and Closed Rings-Rigid Frames; Design of Arches: General Proce-

dure-Preliminary Selection of Shape--'-Approximation for Special Shapes-

Intermediate Design-Approximatiolls of Whitney Data-Final Design-\ Unsymmetrical Arches-Ultimate Design of Concrete Arches; Design of

Frames: Steel Frames-Concrete Rigid-frame Bridges-Design-Arched

Bents, Continuous Arches on Elastic Piers; Special Topics: Second-order The-

ory:-lnteraction of Arch and Deck-Buckling of Arches-Laterally Loaded

Arches and Frames-Skewed Barrel Arches and Rigid-frame Slabs; Construc-

tion and Details: Concrete Arches and Frames-Steel Arches and Rigid

Frame,,-Economics

18-1

18-1

18-103

Section 18 BRIDGES. Part 1. Steel and Concrete Bridges ArthurL.EUiott Loads-Maximum Moments and Shears in Simple Spans-Positive Moments in

Continuous Spans-Negative Moments ,in Continuous Spans-Shears in Con-

tinuous Spans-Impact-Wind-Other Loads-Grouping of Loads; Floor Sys-

tems-Concrete Floors-Steel Floors-Floor Beams; Bearing and Expansion

Details: End Bearings-Expansion Hangers-Deck Expansion Joints; Beam

and Plate-Girder Bridges: Beam Bridges-Plate-Girder Bridges-Composite

Beam Bridges-Continuous Spans-Spacing-Lateral Systems-Deflection-

Welded Plate Girders-Field Splices; Truss Bridges: Proportions-Loads and

Stresses-Secondary Stresses-Truss Members-Lateral Forces; Concrete

Bridges: Camber, Plastic Flow, and Shrinkage; Slab Bridges: Simple Spans-

Continuous Spans-Design of Bents-Typical Details, Continuous Slabs; T-

beam Bridges: Economics-Design of a T-beam Bridge-Design of Substruc-

ture-Typical Details; Box-Girc;ler Bridges: Economics-ProPOrtions-

Design-Substructure; Prestressed-Concrete Bridges: Standard Sections-

Stresses-Path of Prestressing Force-Friction Loss-Ultimate Load-Web

Reinforcement-Uplift-'-Live-Load Deflection; Bridge Railings: Railing

Design-Curbs and Sidewalks-Pedestrian Railings

Part 2. Steel-plate-deck Bridges Roman Wolchuk Applications-Economic Considerations-Structural Behavior-Deck Plate-

Rib Criteria-Design of Ribs-Design of Floor Beams-Stresses in Ribs and

Floor Beams-Design of Closed Ribs; Box Girders: Analysis of Box Girders-

Design in accordance with Linear Elastic Theory; Nonlinear Analysis of Box

Girders: Effect of Imperfections on Behavior of Steel Plating-Upstiffened Plate

Panel under Axial Compression-Stiffened Plate Panel under Axial Compres-

sion-Plate Panel in Shear-Load Bearing Diaphragm; Construction Details:

Fabrication and Erection of Decks-Erection of Box Girders; Wearing Surfaces:

Seal and Tack Coating-Surface Courses; Railroad Bridges

19-1Section 19 BUILDINGS. .

Part 1. General Design Considerations Stephen]. Y. Tang and S.G. Raider. .

Planning Building Structures: Selection of Structural Scheme-Spatial Require-ments-Wind Systems-Deflection-Structural Materials-Fire Resistance-Deterioration-Provision for Environmental Control Systems-Limitations ofVarious Systems; Loads: Dead Load-Live Load-Snow Load-Wind Loads;Floor and Roof Construction: Floor and Roof Systems-Floor Finish-Roofing;Wall Construction: Tvpes of Walls-Nonbearinl! Walls-Bearinl! Walls-Win-

19-

Contents xi

,d9.:VS; Stairs: Planning- Types- Framing-Steel Stairs-Concrete Stair~-Escalators; Miscellaneous Considerations: Openings and Voids-ThermalMo~elIient

19-50

19-63

Part 2. Industrial BuIldings E.AlfredPicardi Design Philosophy-Planning-Framing Systems-Wall Systems..:.-Bracing

Systems for Lateral Loads-Materials Handling

Part 3. Tall BuIldings MortonH.EUgatorand Anthony F.Nassetta Framing: Bay Sizes-Columns-Elevator Shafts-Moving Stairs-Stairwells-

Transfer Girders and Trusses; Wind Bracing: Medium-Rise Buildings (20 to 60

Stories)-Braced Bents, Rigid Frames, and Shear Walls-High-Rise (Above 60

Stories)- Tubular Frames, Tube Within a Tube, and Combinations-Fixed and

Partially Fixed Joints in Steel Structures-Wind Load Determination-Wind

Deflection-Wind-Shear Dissipation-Approximate Methods of Analysis-

Computer MethQ.ds

20-1Section 20 THIN-SHELL CONCRETE STRUCTURES David P.

Billington Thin-Shell Concrete Roofs-Behavior of Roof Structures-Thin-Shell Curtain

Walls; Structural Analysis: Thin-Shell Theory-Stability-Dynarnic Behavior-Behavior of Domes-Membrane Theory; Shell Walls: Cylindrical Tanks-Hyperboloids; Barrel Shells: Long Barrels-Sh9rt Barrels-General Procedurefor Shallow Shells-Shell with Edge Bearns-Transverse Frames-Barrel-ShellReinforcement; Folded Plates: Analysis of Folded Plate-Continuous FoldedPlates-Pres~ressed Folded Plates-Membrane Theory-Elliptic Paraboloids-Hyperbolic Paraboloids; Dimensioning; Construction

21-1Section 21 SUSPENSION ROOFS Lev Zetlin and I. Paul Lew Examples of Suspension Structures; Design of Suspension Systems: Anchorage

FQrces-Dynamic Behavior-Single Cable under Uniformly Distributed

Load-Configuration and Shapes of Suspension St~tures; Double Layer of

Prestressed Cables: Damped Suspension Systems-Structural Relationships-

Notation-Preliminary Design of Double Layer Cable System-Analysis of

Double Layer Cable System-Behavior of Pair-set of Cables-Application to

Preliminary Design of Cable Grids-Load Combinations for Selection of

Cables- Types of Cables-Fittings-Membranes

22-1Section 22 REINFORCED-CONCRETE BUNKERS AND

SILOS GermanGu1:finkel Introduction-Bin Pressures-Emptying Pressures in Funnel-Flow Silos-

Emptying Pressures in Funnel-Flow Silos-ACI 313-Shock Effects from Col-

lapse of Domes-Pressures Induced by Dustlike Materials-Earthquake

Forces; Wall Forces: Circular Silos~Rectangular and Polygonal Silos- Ther-

mal Effects; Design ofWalls:Minimum Thickness ofCircularWalls-MaximumCrack Width-Walls in Tension-Walls in Tension and Flexure-Walls in

Compression-Walls in Compression and Flexure-ln-Place Bending of

Walls-Walls Subjected to Thermal Stresses-Vertical Reinforcement-Details

and Placement of Reinforcement; Design of Bottoms: Bottom Pressure-Plane

Bottoms-Conical Hoppers- Pyramidal Hoppers- Hopper SupportingBeams-Columns-Roofs-Fail1lres-Dust Explosions in Grain Elevators and

Flour Mills; Examples

xii Contents

Section 23 STEEL TANKS Robert S. Wozniak 23-1

Reservoirs: Cap!lCity-Shell Design-Bottom Plates-Concrete Ringwall-Roofs; Standpipes: Design-Anchorage-Foundations; Elevated Tanks:Roofs-Suspended Bottoms-Balcony or ~ing Girder-Columns-Founda-tions; Accessories; Bins: Forces-Circular Bins-Shallow Bins-MiscellaneousDetails; Materials

24-1Section 24 TOWERS AND TRANSMISSION POLE

STRUCTURES Max Zar and joseph R. Arena Types of Towers-Materials-Height Limitations-Loads-Candelabra; Free-

standing Towers: Stresses'"'-Foundations; Guyed Towers: Wind-Design of

Guys-Ice Loading-Guy Tensioning-Guy Vibration-Design of Mast-

Foundations-E;rection; Transmission Towers: Types-Loads-Vibration-

Stress Analysis-Steel Tension Members-Aluminum Tension Members-

Steel Compression Members-Aluminum Compression Members-Limiting

Slenderness Ratios~Tower Tests; Pole Structures: Design-Material-Pole

Splices- Foundations

25-1Section 25 BURIED CONDUITS RaymondJ.Krizek Types of Conduits-Analysis and Design; Loads on Conduits: Loads on Ditch

Conduits-Loads on Projecting Conduits-Conduits in Wide Ditches-Loads

on Negative Projecting and Imperfect Ditch Conduits-Surface Loads; Rigid

Conduits: Supporting Strength-Bedding Classes for Trench Conduits-Bed-

ding Classes for Embankment Installation-Monolithic Conduits; Flexible Con-

duits: Ring Compression-Deflection-Pipe Arches-Arches on Rigid Founda-

tions; Pressure Conduits: Flexible Pressure Conduits-Rigid Pressure

Conduits; Modem Design Methodology: Elasticity Solution-Finite-Element

Solution-CANDE {Culvert ANalysis and DEsign); Additional Design Consid-

erations: Handling Criteria-Durability-Camber-Wrappings and Coatings;

Construction Considerations: Site Preparation-Bedding-Fill Construction-

Compaction Procedures-Strutting-Joints-Backp~king; Long-Span Corru-

gated Metal Conduits

26-1Section 26 CHIMNEYS MaxZarandShih-LungChu Materials-Diarneter and Height; Design Loads: Dead Loads-Wind Loads-

Earthquake Forces-Pressure Differentials- Temperature Differentials-Natu-

ral Frequency ofVibration; Steel Stacks: Allowable Stresses-Cone-to-Cylinder

]unction-Circurnferential Stiffeners-Anchor Bolts-Base Ring for Anchor

Bolts-Guyed Stacks-Braced Stacks-Resonant Vibrations; Reinforced Con-

crete Chimneys: ACI Standard~Vibration Due to Wind; Linings; Foundations

A-1Appendix. Torsional Properties of Solid Cross Sections; Torsional Properties of Closed

Thin-walled Cross Sections; Torsional Properties of Open Cross Sections; Effec-tive Length Coefficients for Columns; Buckling of Plates under Edge Stress;Stiffened Beam Webs

I ndex follows the Appendix.