Lexical access in spoken word production

Ming-Wei LeeJohn N. Williams

(2001)

KKHCogSci.

The Question

• When bilinguals speak a word,are words of other language activated?

Contents

• Evidences for activation of unwanted language

• Inhibitory semantic competitor priming effect(Wheeldon et al, 1994)

• 1 Main/2 Sub Experiment(Design/Result)

• Summary/Proposal

Errors from normal &brain-damaged bilinguals

• Tongue slips made by Dutch-English bilinguals(Pouliesse et al, 1994)– "and then you neem a smaller, take a smaller elevator.“

– "twelve is a star with, a stuck of uh, a piece of star."

• Picture naming errors of a deep dyslexic Nepalese-English bilingual(Byng et al, 1984)– 1/5 errors in Nepalese naming were correct

names in L2 English

Bilinguals are slowin picture-naming

• Magiste(1979)– German-Swedish bilinguals were slow in

picture-naming than Swedish monolinguals.

– Because more words are activated?– Or the word frequency effect?

Picture-word interference

• Hermans et al.(1998)– Auditory distractor(L1) -> Picture

naming(L2) mountain• Semantically related distractor dal(valley)-

(mountain)• Phonologically similar to L1 equivalents of L2

target berm(verge)-berg(mountain)

L1(Dutch) L2(English)

Berg Mountain Target Word

Berm Verge Phonological similarity in L1

Dal Valley SemanticallySimilarity in L2

Picture-word interference

• Costa et al(1999)– Facilitation found by translation

equivalent word distractor– The suspected reason

• L2 proficiency• The modality of the distractor

Picture-word interference(Herman et al, 1999)

Picture-word interference(Costa et al, 1999)

Wheeldon and Monsell’s(1994)

Def. naming

Picture naming

The largest creature in the sea

The largest creature in the sea

“Whale”

“Dog”

Picture naming

Def. naming

The largest creature in the sea

The largest creature in the sea

“Whale”

Picture naming “Shark”

Def. naming

Long thin object to write with

Long thin object to write with

“Pen”

Wheeldon and Monsell’s(1994)

“Dog”Inhibitory Semantic Competitor Priming Effect

TransientFacilitatoryEffectDoes the inhibitory semantic competitor priming effectoccurs across languages?

Method

Regular block used for building walls

It rises in the east and sets in the west

Everest is the highest _______ in the world.

Regular block used for building walls

It rises in the east and sets in the west

Everest is the highest _______ in the world.

BrickBrick

SunSun

MountainMountain

Method

********

Method

Regular block used for building walls

It rises in the east and sets in the west

Everest is the highest _______ in the world.

Regular block used for building walls

It rises in the east and sets in the west

Everest is the highest _______ in the world.

Primed/UnprimedPrimed/Unprimed

Target Language

Target Language

Preceding Language

Preceding Language

Primed Condition Preceding Lang.

Target Lang.

Design(Priming Effect)

Primed Condition Preceding Lang.

Target Lang.

Primed(Semantic Competitor)

English

French

Unprimed(Controlled)

English

French

Within-lang. competitor priming inhibition

Within-lang. competitor priming inhibition

Cross-lang. competitor priming inhibition

Cross-lang. competitor priming inhibition

Design(Selected Language Bias)

Primed Condition Preceding Lang.

Target Lang.

Primed(Semantic Competitor)

EnglishEnglish

French

FrenchFrench

English

Unprimed(Controlled)

English

French

Does priming effect disappear?

Does priming effect disappear?

Result

• Preceding language was English(No inhibition of English words)

Target Lang.

Within-lang.CompetitorPrimingInhibition

Within-lang.CompetitorPrimingInhibition

Cross-lang.CompetitorPrimingInhibition

Cross-lang.CompetitorPrimingInhibition

Result

• Preceding language was French(English words are inhibited)

Target Lang.

No priming effect.Evidence for Selected Language Bias

No priming effect.Evidence for Selected Language Bias

Result

• Language Change Effect

Target Lang.

Preceding Lang.

Is cross-language competitor inhibition

genuine?• Cross-language competitor inhibition

might within-language inhibition in disguise,when subjects use translation at the word-form level in producing L2 words

산 산MountainMountain

Repetition Priming 산 산

평지보다 높이 솟아 있는 땅의 부분 .

평지보다 높이 솟아 있는 땅의 부분 .

산 산

평지보다 높이 솟아 있는 땅의 부분 .

평지보다 높이 솟아 있는 땅의 부분 .

산 산 MountainMountain

Summary

• Cross-language semantic competitor inhibition

• Selected-language bias(Inhibition of unwanted language)

• L1-to-L2 transit is more difficult than L2-to-L1 transit.

• No cross-language repetition priming effect = genuine cross-language semantic competitor inhibition.

Different Time Course ofDifferent Priming

SemanticalFacilitatoryEffect

Semantical Inhibitive Effect

RepetitionFacilitatoryEffect

Trial

2

3

4

5

6

Conceptual Lexicalization

Phonological

Within-lang. Within-lang.Cross-lang.

Within-lang.

Proposal

• Importance of different modality and the direction of process(production/sensory input)

Priming Target

I Word-seeing Pic-naming

Costa,1999

SR

Word-hearing Pic-naming

Herman, 1999

SR

Def-naming Pic-naming

This paper