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Levels of Archaeological Theory
1. Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—classification)
2. Middle-Level—Describe Function (Experimental Archaeology/Ethnoarchaeology)
3. High-Level—Explain (Cultural Materialism-Processual Agenda)
4. Postprocessual Critique—Explain(Postmodernist interpretivism)
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
Ancient Hoko River Baskets
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
Basket attributes (Croes, 1977)
Basket shapes (Croes, 1977)
Sample basket type,
(Lachane, BC, ~2000 BP)
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Low-Level—Describe Data (observation/generalization—
classification)
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Middle-Level—Describe Function (Experimental Archaeology/Ethnoarchaeology)
High-Level—Explain (Cultural Materialism-Processual Agenda)
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
One way (a materialist approach) to classify (separate) components of a culture
• Infrastructure
– Modes of Production and Reproduction
• Structure
– Domestic and Political Organization
• Superstructure
– Values and Beliefs
Idea
tio
nal
Ad
apti
ve
Hoko River
Musqueam NE
3,000 BP
~1,000 BP
~1,000 BP
~1,000 BP ~2,000
BP
~3,000 BP
~2,000 BP
~3,000 BP
~500 BP
~2,000 BP
Basketry attribute
unrooted
cladogram
Basketry AttributesRooted Cladogram
Hoko River
Ozette
Musqueam NE
Qwu?gwes
AC
ConwayFishtown
Water Hazard
Biederbost
~3000 BP
~2000 BP
~1000 BP
Bas
ketr
y/Et
hn
ic T
rad
itio
ns
Phasesbased on stonebone and shell artifactsCoast Salish Wakashan
3,000 years of cultural identity through specific basketry styles for Squaxin Island Tribe and all Coast Salish Peoples
Slanted CladogramBased on basketry attributes
A
B
C
One way (a materialist approach) to classify (separate) components of a culture
• Infrastructure
– Modes of Production and Reproduction
• Structure
– Domestic and Political Organization
• Superstructure
– Values and Beliefs
Idea
tio
nal
Ad
apti
ve
Ancient Hoko River Fishhooks
Postprocessual Critique—Explain(Postmodernist interpretivism)
Hoko RiverVincent CookeExcavatingA 3000 yr oldCedar BarkCape and Pack Basket
The Post-processual critique rejects:
• The cultural evolutionary generalizations
• The processual search for universal laws
• Explicitly scientific methods
• The processual emphasis on objectivity and ethical neutrality
• The processual view of culture as an extrasomatic means of adaptation
• The processual emphasis on etic phenomena