Level GreenThese ocean cliffs on the

Victoria coast in Australia

are called the Twelve Apostles.

They form a background for

wild horses running through

a field. The inset photo is a

model of an aspirin molecule.

These elements represent the

Earth, life, and physical

sciences, respectively.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-877808-7MHID: 0-07-877808-5

Printed in the United States of America.

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Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted underthe United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’sEducation Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society”and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior writtenpermission, is strictly prohibited.

The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book weredesigned and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the redborder are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved.

Earth’s Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Chapter 2 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chapter 3 Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Earth’s Atmosphere and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Chapter 4 Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Chapter 5 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Chapter 6 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Chapter 7 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

The Basis of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Chapter 8 Life’s Structure and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Chapter 9 Cell Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Chapter 11 Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Chapter 12 Adaptations over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Human Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Chapter 13 Circulation and Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Chapter 14 Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Chapter 15 Support, Movement, and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Chapter 16 Regulation and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

The Interdependence of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496Chapter 17 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Chapter 19 Conserving Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Matter and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Chapter 20 Properties and Changes of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592Chapter 21 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Chapter 22 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650Chapter 23 Newton’s Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682Chapter 24 Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

ContentsIn Brief

Contents In Brief

iii

CONTENT

Alton J. Banks, PhDDirector of the Faculty Center

for Teaching and LearningNorth Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC

Jack CooperEnnis High School

Ennis, TX

Sandra K. Enger, PhDAssociate Director,Associate Professor

UAH Institute for Science EducationHuntsville, AL

David G. Haase, PhDNorth Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC

Michael A. Hoggarth, PhDDepartment of Life and

Earth SciencesOtterbein CollegeWesterville, OH

Jerome A. Jackson, PhDWhitaker Eminent Scholar in Science

Program DirectorCenter for Science, Mathematics,

and Technology EducationFlorida Gulf Coast University

Fort Meyers, FL

William C. Keel, PhDDepartment of Physics

and AstronomyUniversity of Alabama

Tuscaloosa, AL

Linda McGawScience Program Coordinator

Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc.Dallas, TX

Madelaine MeekPhysics Consultant Editor

Lebanon, OH

Robert NiersteScience Department Head

Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISDPlano, TX

Connie Rizzo, MD, PhDDepartment of Science/Math

Marymount Manhattan CollegeNew York, NY

iv

Authors

Series Consultants

Education DivisionWashington, D.C.

Alton BiggsBiology Teacher

Allen High SchoolAllen, TX

Lucy Daniel, PhDTeacher/Consultant

Rutherford County SchoolsRutherfordton, NC

Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhDAssistant Professor

Department of Educational Studies and Secondary Education

Bloomsburg UniversityBloomsburg, PA

Edward OrtlebScience Consultant

St. Louis, MO

Peter Rillero, PhDAssociate Professor of Science Education

Arizona State University WestPhoenix, AZ

Susan Leach SnyderRetired Teacher/Consultant

Jones Middle SchoolUpper Arlington, OH

Dinah ZikeEducational Consultant

Dinah-Might Activities, Inc.San Antonio, TX

Dominic Salinas, PhDMiddle School Science Supervisor

Caddo Parish SchoolsShreveport, LA

Cheryl WistromSt. Joseph’s College

Rensselaer, IN

Carl Zorn, PhDStaff Scientist

Jefferson Laboratory Newport News, VA

MATH

Michael Hopper, DEng.Manager of Aircraft Certification

L-3 CommunicationsGreenville, TX

Teri Willard, EdDMathematics Curriculum Writer

Belgrade, MT

READING

Elizabeth BabichSpecial Education TeacherMashpee Public Schools

Mashpee, MA

Barry BartoSpecial Education Teacher

John F. Kennedy ElementaryManistee, MI

Carol A. Senf, PhDSchool of Literature,

Communication, and CultureGeorgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GA

Rachel Swaters-KissingerScience Teacher

John Boise Middle SchoolWarsaw, MO

SAFETY

Aileen Duc, PhDScience 8 Teacher

Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISDPlano, TX

Sandra West, PhDDepartment of Biology

Texas State University-San MarcosSan Marcos, TX

ACTIVITY TESTERS

Nerma Coats HendersonPickerington Lakeview Jr. High

SchoolPickerington, OH

Mary Helen Mariscal-CholkaWilliam D. Slider Middle School

El Paso, TX

Science Kit and BorealLaboratoriesTonawanda, NY

Deidre AdamsWest Vigo Middle School

West Terre Haute, IN

Sharla AdamsIPC Teacher

Allen High SchoolAllen, TX

Maureen BarrettThomas E. Harrington Middle School

Mt. Laurel, NJ

John BarrySeeger Jr.-Sr. High School

West Lebanon, IN

Desiree BishopEnvironmental Studies CenterMobile County Public Schools

Mobile, AL

William BlairRetired Teacher

J. Marshall Middle SchoolBillerica, MA

Tom BrightConcord High School

Charlotte, NC

Lois BurdetteGreen Bank Elementary-Middle

SchoolGreen Bank, WV

Marcia ChackanPine Crest School

Boca Raton, FL

Obioma ChukwuJ.H. Rose High School

Greenville, NC

Karen CurryEast Wake Middle School

Raleigh, NC

Joanne DavisMurphy High School

Murphy, NC

Robin DillonHanover Central High School

Cedar Lake, IN

Anthony J. DiSipio, Jr.8th Grade Science

Octorana Middle SchoolAtglen, PA

Sandra EverhartDauphin/Enterprise Jr. High Schools

Enterprise, AL

v

Reviewers

vi

Mary FerneauWestview Middle School

Goose Creek, SC

Cory FishBurkholder Middle School

Henderson, NV

Linda V. ForsythRetired Teacher

Merrill Middle SchoolDenver, CO

George GabbGreat Bridge Middle SchoolChesapeake Public Schools

Chesapeake, VA

Annette D’Urso GarciaKearney Middle School

Commerce City, CO

Nerma Coats HendersonPickerington Lakeview Jr.

High SchoolPickerington, OH

Lynne HuskeyChase Middle School

Forest City, NC

Maria E. KellyPrincipal

Nativity SchoolCatholic Diocese of Arlington

Burke, VA

Michael MansourBoard Member

National Middle Level ScienceTeacher’s Association

John Page Middle SchoolMadison Heights, MI

Mary Helen Mariscal-CholkaWilliam D. Slider Middle School

El Paso, TX

Michelle MazeikaWhiting Middle School

Whiting, IN

Joe McConnellSpeedway Jr. High School

Indianapolis, IN

Sharon MitchellWilliam D. Slider Middle School

El Paso, TX

Amy MorganBerry Middle School

Hoover, AL

Norma Neely, EdDAssociate Director for Regional

ProjectsTexas Rural Systemic Initiative

Austin, TX

Annette ParrottLakeside High School

Atlanta, GA

Nora M. Prestinari BurchettSaint Luke School

McLean, VA

Mark SailerPioneer Jr.-Sr. High School

Royal Center, IN

Joanne StickneyMonticello Middle School

Monticello, NY

Dee StoutPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, PA

Darcy Vetro-RavndalHillsborough High School

Tampa, FL

Karen WatkinsPerry Meridian Middle School

Indianapolis, IN

Clabe WebbPermian High School

Ector County ISDOdessa, TX

Alison WelchWilliam D. Slider Middle School

El Paso, TX

Kim WimpeyNorth Gwinnett High School

Suwanee, GA

Kate ZieglerDurant Road Middle School

Raleigh, NC

The Glencoe middle school science StudentAdvisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.

The Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedbackon the design of the Student Edition. We thank these students for their hard work and

creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green studentfriendly.

Jack AndrewsReynoldsburg Jr. High SchoolReynoldsburg, OH

Peter ArnoldHastings Middle SchoolUpper Arlington, OH

Emily BarbePerry Middle SchoolWorthington, OH

Kirsty BatemanHilliard Heritage Middle SchoolHilliard, OH

Andre BrownSpanish Emersion AcademyColumbus, OH

Chris DundonHeritage Middle SchoolWesterville, OH

Ryan ManafeeMonroe Middle SchoolColumbus, OH

Addison OwenDavis Middle SchoolDublin, OH

Teriana PatrickEastmoor Middle SchoolColumbus, OH

Ashley RuzKarrar Middle SchoolDublin, OH

Student Advisory Board

vii

The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedbackon the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the

development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green.

John GonzalesChallenger Middle School Tucson, AZ

Rachel ShivelyAptakisic Jr. High SchoolBuffalo Grove, IL

Roger PrattManistique High SchoolManistique, MI

Kirtina HileNorthmor Jr. High/High SchoolGalion, OH

Marie RennerDiley Middle SchoolPickerington, OH

Nelson FarrierHamlin Middle SchoolSpringfield, OR

Jeff RemingtonPalmyra Middle SchoolPalmyra, PA

Erin PetersWilliamsburg Middle SchoolArlington, VA

Rubidel PeoplesMeacham Middle SchoolFort Worth, TX

Kristi RamseyNavasota Jr. High SchoolNavasota, TX

Teacher Advisory Board

Why do I need my science book?

Have you ever been in class andnot understood all of what waspresented? Or, you understoodeverything in class, but at home,got stuck on how to answer aquestion? Maybe you just wondered when you were evergoing to use this stuff?

These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for . . . besides a paperweight!

Before You Read● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,

and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the

science you will be learning about. The Chapter

Preview will give you an idea of what you will be

learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to

help get your brain headed in the right direction. The

Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.

● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four

sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first

page of each section will let you know what is most

important in the section. It is divided into four parts.

What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you

will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you

why you are studying this in the first place! The

Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,

either from your science studies or your prior knowl-

edge. The New Vocabulary words are words that you

need to learn to understand this section. These words

will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the

section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these

words as you are reading the section.

As You Read● Headings Each section has a title

in large red letters, and is further

divided into blue titles and

small red titles at the begin-

nings of some paragraphs.

To help you study, make an

outline of the headings and

subheadings.

● Margins In the margins of

your text, you will find many helpful

resources. The Science Online exercises and

Integrate activities help you explore the topics

you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci-

ence concepts you have learned.

● Building Skills You also will find an

Applying Math or Applying Science activity

in each chapter. This gives you extra prac-

tice using your new knowledge, and helps

prepare you for standardized tests.

● Student Resources At the end of the book

you will find Student Resources to help you

throughout your studies. These include

Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand-

books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an

Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource.

It will help you organize information, and

review before a test.

● In Class Remember, you can always

ask your teacher to explain anything

you don’t understand.

Science Vocabulary Make thefollowing Foldable to help youunderstand the vocabularyterms in this chapter.

Fold a verticalsheet of notebookpaper from side toside.

Cut along every third line of only thetop layer to form tabs.

Label each tab with a vocabularyword from the chapter.

Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, listthe vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learnthe definitions, write them under the tab foreach vocabulary word.

STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

ix

Look For...

At the beginning of every section.

In LabWorking in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the con-

cepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory

experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you not only will

find the steps necessary to follow the investigations, but you also will find

helpful tips to make the most of your time.

● Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that

science is something you use every day, not just in class. This may lead

to many more questions about how things happen in your world.

● Remember, experiments do not always produce the result you expect.

Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unex-

pected results. You can try the experiment again to make sure your results

were accurate, or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test.

● Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of obser-

vations and data. In your journal, you also can write any questions that

may arise during your investigation. This is a great method of reminding

yourself to find the answers later.

x

Look For...● Launch Labs start every chapter.

● MiniLabs in the margin of each

chapter.

● Two Full-Period Labs in every

chapter.

● EXTRA Try at Home Labs at the

end of your book.

● the Web site with laboratory

demonstrations.

Before a TestAdmit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are

ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will

help you be more successful taking tests if you use the

resources provided to you.

● Review all of the New Vocabulary words and be sure you

understand their definitions.

● Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class,

and in lab. Write down any question that you still need

answered.

● Review the Summaries and Self Check questions at the

end of each section.

● Study the concepts presented in the chapter by reading

the Study Guide and answering the questions in

the Chapter Review.

xi

Look For...● Reading Checks and caption

questions throughout the text. ● the Summaries and Self Check

questions at the end of each section.● the Study Guide and Review

at the end of each chapter.● the Standardized Test Practice

after each chapter.

Let’s Get StartedTo help you find the information you need quickly, use the Scavenger

Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1.

What is the title of this chapter?

What will you learn in Section 1?

Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the

concepts from Section 2 are important.

What is the main topic presented in Section 2?

How many reading checks are in Section 1?

What is the Web address where you can find extra information?

What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2?

There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins

of the chapter. What subject is it?

List the new vocabulary words presented in Section 2.

List the safety symbols presented in the first Lab.

Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section?

Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and you have a question about concept

mapping. Where could you find help?

On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review?

Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section 2 of the

chapter begins.

You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test.

Where could you find another quiz for more practice?

xii

xiii

Contents

Contents

In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test

Practice• Online practice at

green.msscience.com

Earth’s Materials—2

The Nature of Science—4Section 1 How Science Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Section 2 Scientific Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Lab Advertising Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Lab Model an Archaeological Dig . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Minerals—28Section 1 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Lab Crystal Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Section 2 Mineral Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Section 3 Uses of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Lab: Design Your OwnMineral Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Rocks—56Section 1 The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Section 2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Lab Igneous Rock Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Section 4 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Lab Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Preview . . . . . . . . . . 6A• New

Vocabulary . . . . . . 30A• Monitor . . . . . . . . . 58A

Contents

Cont

ents

Earth’s Atmosphere andBeyond—86

Atmosphere—88Section 1 Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Lab Evaluating Sunscreens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Section 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . .99

Section 3 Air Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Lab: Design Your OwnThe Heat is On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Weather—116Section 1 What is weather? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Section 2 Weather Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Section 3 Weather Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Lab Reading a Weather Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Lab: Model and InventMeasuring Wind Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test

Practice• Online practice at

green.msscience.com

xv

Contents

ContentsClimate—146Section 1 What is climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Section 2 Climate Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Section 3 Climatic Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Lab The Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Lab Microclimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Earth in Space—176Section 1 Earth’s Motions and Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Section 2 Earth’s Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Lab Viewing the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Section 3 Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Lab: Model and InventThe Slant of the Sun’s Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

The Basis of Life—210

Life’s Structure and Classification—212

Section 1 Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

Section 2 How are living things classified? . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Section 3 Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Lab Comparing Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Section 4 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

Lab: Design Your OwnComparing Light Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Identify the

Main Idea . . . . . . . 90A• New

Vocabulary . . . . . 118A• Monitor . . . . . . . . 148A• Make

Predictions . . . . 178A• Identify Cause

and Effect . . . . . . 214A

xvi

Contents

Cont

ents

Cell Processes—244Section 1 Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Section 2 Moving Cellular Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254

Lab Observing Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

Section 3 Energy of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

Lab Photosynthesis and Respiration . . . . . . . . . .266

Cell Reproduction—274Section 1 Cell Division and Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

Lab Mitosis in Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283

Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . .284

Section 3 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Lab: Use the InternetMutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Heredity—304Section 1 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Lab Predicting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Section 2 Genetics Since Mendel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314

Section 3 Advances in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321

Lab: Design Your OwnTests for Color Blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324

Adaptations over Time—332Section 1 Ideas About Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334

Lab Hidden Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

Section 2 Clues About Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

Section 3 The Evolution of Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350

Lab: Design Your OwnRecognizing Variation in a Population . . . . . . .354

In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test

Practice• Online practice at

green.msscience.com

xvii

Contents

ContentsHuman Body Systems—362

Circulation and Immunity—364Section 1 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Section 2 Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Section 3 Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Section 4 Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381

Lab Microorganisms of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389

Lab: Design Your OwnBlood Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390

Digestion, Respiration, andExcretion—398

Section 1 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

Section 2 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405

Lab Identifying Vitamin C Content . . . . . . . . . . .411

Section 3 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

Section 4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

Lab Particle Size and Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

Support, Movement, and Responses—432

Section 1 The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

Lab Measuring Skin Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

Section 2 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439

Section 3 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

Section 4 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

Lab: Design Your OwnSkin Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

Get Ready to ReadStrategies• New

Vocabulary . . . . . 246A• Monitor . . . . . . . . 276A• Visualize . . . . . . . 306A• Question . . . . . . . 334A• Summarize . . . . 366A• Compare and

Contrast . . . . . . . 400A• Make

Inferences . . . . . 434A

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Regulation and Reproduction—466Section 1 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468

Section 2 The Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473

Lab Interpreting Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478

Section 3 Human Life Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479

Lab Changing Body Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . .488

The Interdependence of Life—496

Plants—498Section 1 An Overview of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500

Section 2 Seedless Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506

Section 3 Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512

Lab Identifying Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521

Lab: Use the InternetPlants as Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

Interactions of Living Things—530Section 1 The Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532

Lab Delicately Balanced Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . .538

Section 2 Interactions Among Living Organisms . . . . . . .539

Section 3 Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544

Lab: Design Your OwnIdentifying a Limiting Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550

Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Make

Connections . . . . 468A• Make

Connections . . . . 500A• Take Notes . . . . . 532A• Questions and

Answers . . . . . . . 560A• New

Vocabulary . . . . . 594A• Identify Cause

and Effect . . . . . . 620A

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ContentsConserving Resources—558Section 1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560

Section 2 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568

Lab The Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577

Section 3 The Three Rs of Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578

Lab: Model and InventSolar Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582

Matter and Energy—590

Properties and Changes of Matter—592

Section 1 Physical and Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . .594

Lab Finding the Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599

Section 2 Physical and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . .600

Lab: Design Your OwnBattle of the Toothpastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610

Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility—618

Section 1 What is a solution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620

Section 2 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626

Lab Observing Gas Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633

Section 3 Acidic and Basic Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634

Lab Testing pH Using Natural Indicators . . . . . .642

In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test

Practice• Online practice at

green.msscience.com

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States of Matter—650Section 1 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652

Section 2 Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657

Lab The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665

Section 3 Behavior of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666

Lab: Design Your OwnDesign Your Own Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674

Newton’s Laws of Motion—682Section 1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684

Section 2 Newton’s First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690

Section 3 Newton’s Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694

Lab Static and Sliding Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701

Section 4 Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .702

Lab: Design Your OwnBalanced and Unbalanced Forces . . . . . . . . . . . .706

Energy and Energy Resources—714Section 1 What is energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716

Section 2 Energy Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721

Lab Hearing with Your Jaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728

Section 3 Sources of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729

Lab: Use the InternetEnergy to Power Your Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738

In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test

Practice• Online practice at

green.msscience.com

Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Monitor . . . . . . . . 652A• Visualize . . . . . . . 684A• Take Notes . . . . . 716A

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Student Resources—746Science Skill Handbook—748

Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748

Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757

Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759

Extra Try at Home Labs—760

Technology Skill Handbook—772Computer Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .772

Presentation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775

Math Skill Handbook—776Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776

Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786

Reference Handbooks—791Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791

Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792

Weather Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794

Use and Care of a Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795

Diversity of Life: Classification ofLiving Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796

Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800

English/Spanish Glossary—802

Index—825

Credits—845

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Unit Openers

Unit 1 How are Canals and the Paleozoic Era Connected? . . . . . . . . 2Unit 2 How are Bats and Tornadoes Connected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Unit 3 How are Cargo Ships and Cancer Cells Connected?. . . . . . 210Unit 4 How are Chickens and Rice Connected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Unit 5 How are Plants and Medicine Cabinets Connected? . . . . . 496Unit 6 How are Refrigerators and Frying Pans Connected?. . . . . . 590

VISUALIZING

1 A Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Crystal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Global Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Tornadoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 El Niño and La Niña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158–1597 How the Moon Formed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222–2239 Cell Membrane Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

10 Polyploidy in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 11 Mendel’s Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30912 The Geologic Time Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34613 Koch’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38314 Abdominal Thrusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41615 Human Body Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44116 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470–47117 Plant Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50418 A Food Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54519 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56720 Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60821 Acid Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63622 States of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66023 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69924 Energy Transformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

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3 Australia’s Controversial Rock Star. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Rainmakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407 Collision Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

14 Eating Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42623 Bigger, Higher, Faster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

2 Dr. Dorothy Crawfoot Hodgkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 The Year There Was No Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708 Cobb Against Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

12 Fighting HIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 13 Have a Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

10 A Tangled Tale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29815 First Aid Dolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46017 A Loopy Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52422 Incredible Stretching Goo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

1 Mama Solves a Murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 “Song of the Sky Loom”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109 “Tulip” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

18 The Solace of Open Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55219 Beauty Plagiarized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

11 The Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32616 Facts About Infants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49020 Strange Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61221 Salty Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64424 Energy to Burn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

Accidentsin SCIENCE

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1 Model an Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Distinguish Rocks from Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Observe and Describe Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Observe Air Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5 What causes rain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176 Tracking World Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477 Model Earth’s Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1778 Classifying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2139 Why does water enter and leave plant cells? . . . . . . . . . . . 245

10 Infer About Seed Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27511 Who around you has dimples? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30512 Adaptation for a Hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33313 Transportation by Road and Vessel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36514 Breathing Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39915 Effect of Muscles on Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43316 Model a Chemical Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46717 How do you use plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49918 Space and Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53119 What happens when topsoil is left unprotected?. . . . . . . . 55920 The Changing Face of a Volcano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59321 Particle Size and Dissolving Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61922 Experiment with a Freezing Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65123 Observe Motion Along Varying Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68324 Marbles and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

2 Observing Mineral Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Classifying Sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Determining if Air Has Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 Determining Dew Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206 Observing Solar Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497 Modeling the Moon’s Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1868 Modeling Cytoplasm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2259 Observing How Enzymes Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

10 Modeling Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28111 Interpreting Polygenic Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31612 Relating Evolution to Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

available as a video lab

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13 Modeling Scab Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36814 Comparing the Fat Content of Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40715 Recognizing Why You Sweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43616 Graphing Hormone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47617 Measuring Water Absorption by a Moss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50718 Observing Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54219 Measuring Acid Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56920 Measuring Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59620 Identifying an Unknown Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59721 Observing a Nail in a Carbonated Drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63522 Observing Vaporization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66223 Observing the Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70424 Building a Solar Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

1 Observing and Inferring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Inferring Salt’s Crystal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Modeling Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 Modeling Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 Measuring Rain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1356 Modeling El Niño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577 Interpreting Your Creature Feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 Communicating Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199 Observing Diffusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

10 Modeling DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29111 Comparing Common Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30812 Living Without Thumbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35113 Determining Reproduction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37914 Comparing Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41515 Observing Balance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45516 Interpreting Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48217 Observing Water Moving in a Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51318 Modeling the Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54819 Observing Mineral Mining Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56220 Comparing Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60321 Observing Chemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63022 Predicting a Waterfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66923 Measuring Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68724 Analyzing Energy Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

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1 Advertising Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 Crystal Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3 Igneous Rock Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

4 Evaluating Sunscreens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5 Reading a Weather Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6 The Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7 Viewing the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

8 Comparing Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

9 Observing Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

10 Mitosis in Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11 Predicting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

12 Hidden Frogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

13 Microorganisms and Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

14 Identifying Vitamin C Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

15 Measuring Skin Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

16 Interpreting Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

17 Identifying Conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

18 Delicately Balanced Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

19 The Greenhouse Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

20 Finding the Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

21 Observing Gas Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

22 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

23 Static and Sliding Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

24 Hearing with Your Jaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728

1 Model an Archaeological Dig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–21

2 Mineral Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48–49

3 Sedimentary Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78–79

6 Microclimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168–169

9 Photosynthesis and Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266–267

16 Changing Body Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488–489

21 Testing pH Using Natural Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642–643

Two-Page Labs

One-Page Labs

available as a video lab

xxvii

Content Details

4 The Heat Is On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108–1098 Comparing Light Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236–237

11 Tests for Color Blindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324–32512 Recognizing Variation in a Population. . . . . . . . . . . . 354–35513 Blood Type Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390–39114 Particle Size and Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424–42515 Skin Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458–45918 Identifying a Limiting Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550–55120 Battle of the Toothpastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610–61122 Design Your Own Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674–67523 Balanced and Unbalanced Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706–707

5 Measuring Wind Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138–1397 The Slant of the Sun’s Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202–203

19 Solar Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582–583

10 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296–29717 Plants as Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522–52324 Energy to Power Your Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738–739

Use the Internet Labs

Model and Invent Labs

Design Your Own Labs

xxviii

Cont

ent D

etai

ls

Activities

3 Coal Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5 Dew Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

8 Cell Surface Area and Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

9 Calculate the Importance of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

11 Punnett Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

15 Volume of Bones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

16 Glucose Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

20 Converting Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

22 Calculating Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

23 A Swimmer’s Average Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

23 Skateboard Acceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

23 The Force on a Bike and Rider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

2 How can you identify minerals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 How does altitude affect air pressure? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6 How do cities influence temperature? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

7 What influences a planet’s atmosphere?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

10 How can chromosome numbers be predicted?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

12 Does natural selection take place in a fish tank?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

13 Has the annual percentage of deaths from major diseases changed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

14 How does your body gain and lose water?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

17 What is the value of the rain forests? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

18 How do changes in Antarctic food webs affect populations?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

19 What items are you recycling at home? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

21 How can you compare concentrations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

22 How can ice save oranges? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

24 Is energy consumption outpacing production? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

Applying Science

Applying Math

1

Content Details

Activities

Astronomy: 605, 704Career: 74, 161, 196, 198, 263, 277, 317, 480, 534, 631 Chemistry: 45, 65, 285, 452, 479, 547, 548, 569, 630 Earth Science: 10, 344, 347, 382, 469, 654, 730Environment: 132, 322, 507, 623, 627 Health: 215, 257, 404, 417, 515, 572, 691History: 369, 502, 654Language Arts: 338, 435Life Science: 96, 119, 153, 185, 603, 638, 673, 723, 725 Physics: 33, 61, 100, 127, 150, 226, 253, 263, 374, 440, 486, 658 Social Studies: 45, 229, 408, 563

7, 16, 44, 64, 68, 104, 130, 163, 165, 181, 188, 198, 216, 233, 264, 293,307, 345, 367, 417, 445, 451, 475, 483, 508, 519, 536, 540, 580, 598, 603,637, 640, 655, 661, 673, 692, 697, 732

26–27, 54–55, 84–85, 114–115, 144–145, 174–175, 208–209, 242–243,272–273, 302–303, 330–331, 360–361, 396–397, 430–431, 464–465,494–495, 528–529, 556–557, 588–589, 616–617, 648–649, 680–681,712–713, 744–745

Standardized Test Practice