Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

• Zone of Proximal Development- difference between what a child can do w/ help and w/o

• Scaffolding- use of shaping to wean student off of support and shrink the “zone of proximal development

Authoritarian Parents

• Often degrading, mean, controlling, rejecting .

• They set strict standards of conduct.

• Are very critical of children for not meeting those standards.

• They tell children what to do.

• They usually do not provide children with choices or options.

Their Children• Kids who live with

authoritarian parents tend to be more anxious, more withdrawn and unhappier than other kids.

• They often are successful in school because they tend to be cooperative and don’t challenge authority.

• However, when they get frustrated, it sometimes leads to anger.

• Tend to act out more later in life and are “sneaky”

Authoritative Parentsalso known as Democratic Parents

• Parent is warm, attentive, sensitive to the child’s needs and interests

• Children learn to be responsible for themselves and to think about the consequences of their behavior.

• Parents do this by providing clear, reasonable expectations for their children

• Very effective

Their Children

• These children tend to be very well-adjusted,

• They accept challenges readily.

• They are independent and cooperative with others.

• They stick to tasks longer than other kids their age.

• They have excellent communication skills.

Permissive Parents• Set few rules and those

they make are usually not consistently enforced

• Caring, but give too much decision making responsibility to the child.

• They do not set clear boundaries or expectations for their children's behavior

• They tend to accept in a warm and loving way however the child behaves.

• Not the most effective for healthy development

Their Children• Because these children are

forced to decide things for themselves at a very young age, they may make many bad decisions.

• These are the children you see throwing temper tantrums in the grocery store.

• They are often quite demanding, immature and rebellious.

• Many defy authority, lack interest in school and become underachievers.

• Due to unconditional support, they become “blamers”

Uninvolved Parents

• Emotionally detached, withdrawn, inattentive

• Indifferent to children and shows very little emotion toward them.

Their Children

• This group of children have the most problems dealing with the world

• They have little emotional control and often have trouble forming attachments.

• They are easily frustrated. • They have more academic problems and

delinquency issues. • Can result in inhibited (avoid relationships) or

disinhibited attachment disorder (mistake level of intimacy in relationships)

ParentingParentingStylesStyles

ParentingParentingStylesStyles

Gender Differences in Socialization

Females• Girls’ friendships are

characterized by having higher levels of intimacy with an emphasis on closeness with their friends.

• Friendships are formed in small groups.... usually 2-3 individuals

• Have a physical component

Males• Boys express themselves

intimately through shared activities such as playing basketball …not through sharing intimate conversations

• Groups are hierarchical in structure

• Friendships form in larger groups than females